Table of contents

International conference on fisheries and marine sciences (INCOFIMS) is an annual conference organized by Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia. The main aim is to provide a sharing platform that enables researchers, academics and practitioners from all over the world to share their most recent findings as well as to propose the best strategies to address issues and challenges which we have been currently facing in aquaculture and fisheries practices worldwide. The 1^st INCOFIMS was held successfully offline in Surabaya in 2018, the second in 2019 and the third in 2020.

The 4^th INCOFIMS was previously scheduled offline in Surabaya on 29^th September 2021. However, due to the Covid-19 pandemic and travel restriction for foreigners come into Indonesia as well as traveling within the Indonesian islands, we had the 4^th INCOFIMS in a virtual format with ZOOM on 29 September 2021, and hosted from Faculty of Fisheries and marine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya Indonesia. We were unable to postpone the event because INCOFIMS is our annual event and also most of the participants requested to have the conference in the virtual format (online)

The theme in the 4^th INCOFIMS was "Interprofessional collaboration for enhancing the aquatic ecosystem sectors". Technically, we had the conference divided into 2 (two) sessions in general: (1) keynote speaker session and (2) guest speaker session. In the keynote session, we had 4 (four) keynote speakers delivering a speech which were Prof Felipe Polivanov Ottoni, Ph.D.; Asst. Prof. Dr. Narongrit Muangmai and Dr. TB. Haeru Rahayu, A.Pi., M.Sc. Each keynote speaker had 1.5 hours for giving a presentation using ZOOM and 30 minutes for discussion in one virtual room. After the keynote speaker session, we proceeded to the guest speaker session in which all participants were divided into 7 (seven) rooms according to our subtopics for oral and poster presentations.

All papers published in this volume have been reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

• Type of peer review: Double Anonymous

• Conference submission management system: Morressier

• Number of submissions received: 195

• Number of submissions sent for review: 195

• Number of submissions accepted: 191

• Acceptance Rate (Submissions Accepted / Submissions Received × 100): 97.9

• Average number of reviews per paper: 2

• Total number of reviewers involved: 10

• Contact person for queries:

Name: Dwi Yuli Pujiastuti, S.Pi., M.P.

Email: dwiyp@fpk.unair.ac.id

Affiliation: Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Airlangga

Microplastic can highly accumulated in fresh water, sea water, sedimentary, and marine life species. Its tiny size and large quantity cause it to become ubiquitous and highly bioavailable in aquatic organism. The potential of probiotic supplement from lactic acid bacteria and Vitamin C has proven effective and beneficial in remedial process of living organisms that exposed to toxic materials in microplastic. This research wants to analyze the potential of feed supplement on morphometric and gonad weight of fish exposed to microplastics. Thirty six tilapias divided into two groups; one group given feed variant (commercial pellet, mixture of commercial pellet and probiotic, and mixture of commercial pellet and Vitamin C) and other group given microplastic concentrate variant (0; 0,1; 1; and 10 mg/L) for 15 days. The result shows changes in morphometry and the weight of fish gonad. A significant microplastic exposure reduce the size of tilapia's morphometry (body size, standard size, head size, and body width), go nad's weight, and tilapia's weight. The addition of probiotics increased the morphometry of tilapia exposed to microplastics.This research will give useful informations for fish farmers in developing fish resources and fish farming.

Prevention of disease in Osphronemus gouramy due to infection with A. hydrophila can be done by using immunostimulants, one of which is using Spirulina platensis extract. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of S. platensis extract on gill histopathology and survival rate of O. gourami after being infected with A. hydrophila. The fish were divided into three groups: fish without addition of S. platensis extract and infected with PBS (K-); without giving the S. platensis extract and infected with A. hydrophila (K+); and given extracts of S. platensis at 75, 150 and 300 mg/kgof feed and infected with A. hydrophila. The results showed the lowest value of gill damage was obtained in fish with the addition of 75 mg/kg of feed of S. platensis extract (1.22) and the highest damage was in K+ (2.67). The highest survival rate was found in the addition of 75 mg/kg of feed of S. platensis extract (91.67%) and the lowest was in K+ (70.83%). It can be concluded that the addition of S. platensis extract75 mg/kg of feed proved to be the most effective in reducing gill damage and increasing the survival rate of fish.

This study aimed to evaluate Pacific white shrimp larval quality from several shrimp breeding centers in East Java. parameters measured include 1) bolitas, 2) abundance of Vibrio spp. (water and shrimp body), and 3) muscle gut ratio (MGR). Larval samples were collected from 8 hatcheries located in East Java. The results showed that the percentage of bolitas in the hepatopancreas organ of shrimp larval in ponds 6, 7, and 8, respectively was <35%. Larval guts were found in all hatcheries, except for the 2^nd pond as many as 60%. The highest abundance of Vibrio spp. (yellow colonies) in water samples and fry bodies was found in the 6^th pond (26.5 × 10³ CFU mL^-1) and the 4^th pond (76.9 × 10³ CFU gr^-1). The abundance of Vibrio spp. (green colony) and the highest water sample was found in the 3^rd pond (3.8 × 10³ CFU mL^-1), while the larval was not detected. The larval found the highest percentage of MGR in the 3^rd pond (87.5%), and the lowest was in the 7^th pond (57.50%). Overall, our results demonstrate the infection of Vibrio spp. has involvement in the incidence of zoea syndrome in pacific white shrimp fry in hatcheries.

Freshwater snail Pila ampullacea shell can be used as alternative for calcium source. The shell has been known as solid waste and it also has been a major problem in the agriculture field. The present study aims to determine the effect of nanocalcium made from P.ampullacea shell to improve the molting and growth performance of red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus. A laboratory study was conducted for four weeks of feeding trials using 120 freshwater crayfish C. quadricarinatus. A total of four different levels of nanocalcium regimes including 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% were applied for experimental treatments and each treatment regime consisted of three replicates. Data was collected on molting frequency, absolute weight growth, specific growth rate, survival rate, food conversion ratio, and water quality parameters. The results suggests that dietary nanocalcium treatments were significantly different in absolute weight growth, specific growth rate, and molting frequency, survival rate. However, the nanocalcium of P.ampullacea shell showed no significant difference in feed conversion ratio. The highest absolute weight growth, specific growth rate, molting frequency, survival rate was obtained from 2% of dietary P.ampullacea nanocalcium.

Silver rasbora (Rasbora argyrotaenia) is a freshwater fishery commodity that has high economic value. However, fulfilling the demand for silver rasbora still relies on catches from nature, so cultivation is needed. The problem that occurs in the cultivation process is the Edwardsiella tarda infection which causes Edwardsiellosis disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the bacterial viability of E. tarda from silver rasbora after infection with immersion methods. The Total Plate Count (TPC) from blood, liver and kidney was taken from infected fish after 14 days immersion with bacterial suspension. The results showed that E. tarda infection had occurred in the blood, liver and kidneys as indicated by an increasing the density of bacteria in each organ along with the increasing of the concentration of infected bacteria. The highest density of E. tarda bacteria infected in silver rasbora was in the blood and the least was in the kidneys.

Fettucine is one type of pasta that is generally made from wheat flour with a mixture of eggs and water. Wheat flour is rich in carbohydrates and low in fiber can cause obesity. One of the alternatives to overcome this problem is to increase fiber consumption by utilizing fishery commodities such as seaweed to be the main ingredient in making fettucine, namely Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed flour. This study used experimental laboratory research methods to determine the effect of adding Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed flour as a source of fiber to the nutritional value and organoleptic characteristics of fettucine. The design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with one factor, consisting of 4 concentration treatments and 3 replications. The results showed that there was a significant difference between treatments (P<0.05). The highest nutritional value is obtained from the addition of 50% containing water (26,18%), ash (3,58%), protein (3,04%), fat (5,83%), fiber (3,29%), and carbohydrate (58,08%). Meanwhile, organoleptic test results with hedonic parameters showed the best treatment at the addition of 20% with an average color value (6,50%), aroma (6,77%), texture (7,17%), and taste (6,87%).

Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70) is a stress protein that can appear in all cell types. HSP70 test is useful as a biomarker (biological response marker) that can be used as a stress marker in fish. Liver and kidney tissue, including types of organs that play an important role in metabolic processes in fish, make it possible for these tissues to respond to the presence of HSP70. This research aims to determine the effect of sublethal exposure to organophosphate pesticides on the expression of HSP70 in the liver and kidneys organ of Silver Rasbora, and to determine the comparison of HSP70 expression between the liver and kidneys organ of Silver Rasbora that exposed to sublethal organophosphate pesticides. This research was conducted in November 2020 - February 2021 using a completely randomized design (RAK) method consisting of 5 treatments and 4 replications. Each treatment consisted of a concentration of 0.001 ppm, 0.005 ppm, 0.01 ppm, 0.05 ppm and control treatment of 0 ppm. Silver Rasbora were acclimatized and maintained for 7 days and subjected to pesticide exposure treatment for the last 96 hours. The main parameters in this research were the expression of HSP70 in the liver and kidneys of Silver Rasbora and the supporting parameters observed were survival rate, temperature, pH, ammonia, and dissolved oxygen (DO). The main parameters were analyzed using the one-factor ANOVA test and Duncan's advanced test. Meanwhile, to determine the average difference between liver and fish kidneys, the independent sample T test was used. Supporting parameters were analyzed descriptively using tables and graphs. The results showed that exposure to sublethal organophosphate pesticides affected the appearance of HSP70 expression in the liver and kidneys of Silver Rasbora. The HSP70 value in both organs increased with increasing pesticide concentration. The liver organ has an average HSP70 value higher than that of the kidneys organ.

The addition of seaweed raw materials to produce a varied taste of dodol, the texture of dodol is softer and rich in fiber, especially soluble fiber. To maintain the quality of dodol with edible film packaging materials, it can reduce packaging waste, maintain aroma and appearance, and prevent contamination and microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the application of carrageenan edible film packaging used on the quality of seaweed dodol. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with three treatments and four replications. The parameters tested were the measurement of the total number of bacteria, water content, and organoleptic. Data were analyzed using ANOVA test and continued with Duncan's test. The results showed that packaging with edible film carrageenan was able to maintain the total number of bacteria in dodol according to SNI until the 48th hour at room temperature storage, which was less than 5.0x105 colonies/g. The total number of bacteria in the seaweed dodol packaged in edible film was 1.61x105 colonies/g, which was lower than the seaweed dodol using baking paper packaging. The packaging of seaweed dodol using edible film can maintain the sensory value of the product for up to three days at room temperature.

Products made from fishery products are easy to decline in quality, for that a coating is needed that is able to improve the quality of the resulting product. Edible film from surimi which is used as a coating on nugget products is able to maintain the quality of fish crackers as seen from the value of water content, protein content, fat content, ash content.

Blood cockle (Anadara granosa) can accumulate heavy metals in the waters. The purpose of this study was to analyze the heavy metal content of lead, cadmium, and arsenic in blood cockle in Jepara waters through fish landing area Kedung and to determine the effectiveness of liquid smoke as a source of acetic acid in reducing heavy metal in blood cockle. The addition of liquid smoke concentrations of 0%, 4%, 5%, and 6% in distilled water, then the blood cockle soaked for 60 minutes and repeated 3 times. Control and blood cockle soaked in liquid smoke were tested for heavy metals (ICP-MS), protein, water, pH, and organoleptic levels. Heavy metal levels of lead, cadmium and arsenic in blood cockle in Jepara were 0.41±0.08(mg/kg), 1.25±0.07(mg/kg), and 1.28±0.17(mg/kg). The results showed a significant difference P<5% in the reduction of heavy metals with liquid smoke. The lowest decreasing value at concentration of 4% of 25 until 27%, while the highest decrease was at a concentration of 6% 57 until 78%. Soaking blood cockle with liquid smoke as source of acetic acid effectively reduces heavy metal levels and maintains the quality of blood cockle.

Barbonymus gonionotus is a species of cyprinid native to river drainages in southeastern Asia, which occurs in the Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand, Laos and Indonesia. This study aims to identify the molecular phylogenetic of Barbonymus gonionotus in Java, Indonesia based on the Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit I (COI) gene. Specimen from the Opak river had 656 base pairs with the Identity values 100% to Barbonymus gonionotus. The genetic distance of Barbonymus gonionotus in the Java was 0.000-0.005. Phylogenetic tree of Barbonymus gonionotus in the Java is provided.

Polysaccharides from carrageenan have potential as bioplastic forming materials. Bioplastics have water resistance (hydrophobic) properties which can be improved by using modified starch. Modified Starch is a material that can reduce the hydrophilic properties of bioplastics. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of modified starch application on carrageenan- based glass bioplastics on biodegradability and water resistance and to determine the best bioplastic formulation for biodegradability and water resistance. This research was conducted using experimental methods in the biodegradation test and the resistance or swelling test. The experimental method in this study used a completely randomized design (CRD) at a significance level of 5% (α = 0.05). The results of this study indicate that the addition of high modified starch can increase the water resistance of bioplastics but the addition of high modified starch will result in slower biodegradability.

The main constraint in pacific white shrimp culture with high stocking density (super intensive), can cause a decrease in water quality and shrimp were stress and are susceptible to disease. The purpose of this study was to analyze stress levels (blood glucose levels) and the development of ectoparasite infestations. In this experimental study, used 2 ponds with an area of 2000 m² per pond, stocking densities in pond I were 150 individuals/m² and 350 individuals/ m² in pond II, with a maintenance period of 90 days. The results showed that the shrimp was stressed during rearing, with blood glucose levels of white shrimp at a high stocking density of 350 individuals/ m² ranging from 43-54 mg/dL significantly different from blood glucose levels at stocking density of 150 individuals/ m² (p<0.05). The ectoparasites found were the genera Zoothamnium, Epistylis and Vorticella. The development of the infestation of the three genera showed an increase starting on the 30th, 60th and 90th days, the degree of infestation from mild to moderate, but on the 90th day there was a significant difference (p<0.05), with a moderate degree of infestation in the stocking density. 100 individuals/m² and weight at stocking density 350 individuals/ m².

Climate change is very influential on the mangrove ecosystem. Adaptation and mitigation are urgent needs to minimize the impact of climate change. This study aims to analyze the sustainable management of mangroves in mitigating and adapting to climate change. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach. The results showed that most of the community stated that the condition of the mangroves on the coast of Rembang Regency was in good condition, but in general the community had not been fully involved in Mangrove management. In mangrove ecosystems management, active community involvement is needed to maintain its sustainability. Good mangrove conditions can mitigate climate change. To adapt climate change can be done with programs that can maintain mangrove ecosystems such as using environmentally friendly fishing gear, not cutting down mangroves, developing ecotourism, and maintaining local wisdom

Gouramy is one of the freshwater consumption fish which has high economic value. Goramy including consumption fish which is superior in cultivation activities, but the availability of carp seeds cannot meet the very high market demand. So the proper and sustainable cultivation of goramy is needed to meet market demand. The purpose of this study was to determine the techniques and constraints of goramy nursery. The method used is descriptive method with data collection including primary data and secondary data. This research was carried out in 23 December 2019 - 22 January 2020 at the Instalasi Perikanan Budidaya (IPB), Pasuruan, East Java. The stages of gouramy nursery techniques include pond preparation, seed distribution, feeding, water quality management and handling of pests and diseases.

Leachate has the potential to pollute rivers because it contains high organic and inorganic materials. Acute toxicity to fish may occur in the short term. This study aims to determine the effect of acute leachate toxicity on mortality and histopathological features of carp gill organs. This study used the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) used five leachate treatments (0.5%; 1%; 1.5%; 2% and 2.5%) with four replications. Each treatment used ten fish. The results showed that the higher the leachate concentration, the higher the mortality of carp. Even mortality reached 100% occurred in groups of fish exposed to 2.5% leachate for 96 hours. Histopathological changes in carp gill organs showed hyperplasia, hypertrophy, edema, and congestion due to exposure to leachate.

Fish is a potential source of protein in supporting the nutritional adequacy of Indonesian people. Fish are obtained from cultivation and catching efforts. The research results in Sidoarjo showed that the source of raw materials is dominated by the cultivation (aquaculture) of the type of fish Bandeng marketed in fresh form. On the other hand, processed fishery products in micro and small enterprises are dominated by processing fish Bandeng into smoke products, presto, and otak-otak. This business option is done for capital reasons, ease of process and technology, marketing reach (demand and suplay), and ability to fulfill market absorption. The National lockdown (PSBB) and Local lockdown (PPKM) conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic require that almost all activities be carried out from home; this impacts production activities in UMKM due to shaky raw material supply chains and limited market access and a decrease in people's purchasing power. So that micro and small enterprises a very significant reduction in production. Meanwhile, the condition of product quality is still far from standard. This encourages research concepts that allow micro and small enterprises to have awareness in improving product quality and conducting halal certification.

Red Curly Chili (Capsicum annum) and Salak Pondoh (Salacca edulis Reinw) are one of Indonesia's agricultural commodities that have high economic value. This research aims to determine the effect of salak chili paste paste formulation on its sensory properties, the effects of salak chili paste paste formulation on the levels of bioactive compounds (capsaicin, flavonoids, phenols, and antioxidant activity, and the effect of salak chili paste paste formulation on total microbes during storage. This research was divided into three stages, which is (1) sensory analysis by trained panelists, (2) analysis of bioactive compounds using a Microplate Reader, (3) analysis of the number of microbes (TPC). The results showed that (1) formulation 37.5 % Curly Red Chili var. Hailux and 12.5 % Salak Pondoh var. Semeru was preffered by the panelists, and had the highest levels of capsaicin bioactive compounds (0.539 mg/g), phenol (0.361 mg GAE/g), and flavonoids (0.462 mg QE/g). (2) formulation 12.5 % Red Chili Curly var. Hailux, and 50 % Salak Pondoh var. Semeru has the highest antioxidant activity (99.87%). (3) formulation of 50 % Salak Pondoh var. Semeru has the antimicrobial activity of 1.4 x 10⁶ CFU/ ml.

Grouper fish has a fast growing nature so it can be mass produced to serve market demand. The purpose of implementing field work practices is to determine the technique of raising brown-marbled grouper broodstock at the Balai Perikanan Budidaya Air Payau (BPBAP) Situbondo, East Java and to find out the problems that are often faced in the maintenance techniques of brown-marbled grouper broodstock. This research was carried out on 23 December 2019-25 January 2020. The method used is the descriptive method with data collection including primary data and secondary data. The maintenance technique for brown-marbled grouper broodstock includes several stages of activities, namely preparation of containers, procurement of broodstock and parent selection, water quality management, feeding, pest and disease control. The obstacles that exist in the maintenance technique for brown-marbled grouper broodstock are erratic weather and power outages.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of barnacle powder as a feed substitution in diet on digestibility of crude protein and crude fiber in 100 rex male rabbits. It was an experimental study using a completely randomized design with four treatments and five replications. The substitution of barnacle flour was given for four weeks and each diet was 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%. Data collection was carried out in the fourth week (for seven days) which included data on consumption, manure weight and analysis of treated feed and manure analysis. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance and Duncan test. The average crude protein digestibility (%) of P0, P1, P2, and P3 for each treatment were 76.84±0.81; 76.45±1.41; 76.09±0.60; and 77.47±1.01. The results showed that there were no significant differences (p> 0.05) in crude protein digestibility but the results showed a significant difference (p> 0.05) in crude fiber digestibility. The average crude fiber digestibility (%) of P0, P1, P2, and P3 for each treatment were 36.67±2.86; 50.81±1.57; 49.42±1.30; and 45.93±2.77. It showed that substitution of barnacle flour in diet can replace the source of protein in fish meal for the complete diet of rabbits.

Diet and feeding ecology studies are a principal tool to understand the functional role of fish within their habitat. Like most coastal habitats, seagrass meadow provides food and refuge for many biotas. Karang Congkak Island is a small uninhabited island situated in the northern part of the Kepulauan Seribu National Park and surrounded by a seagrass ecosystem. The current study aims to analyze diet composition changes and trophic attributes of the common silver-biddy, Gerres oyena, in the seagrass ecosystem of the Karang Congkak Island. The research was carried out monthly from March to September 2018 by towing the beach seine net. Data analysis includes diet composition, niche breadth, and feeding strategy. During the study period, 1,196 individuals of G. oyena were captured, and most of them were juveniles. Fifty-nine types of prey were documented and arranged into six groups, namely phytoplankton, algae, zooplankton, zoobenthos, crustaceans, and unidentified material. G. oyena shows an ontogenetic change, from zooplanktivore to crustacivore and zoobenthivore. Moreover, this species has a TROPH value ranging from 3.00-3.31 and is categorized as omnivorous that tend to feed on animals. The interpretation of prey-specific abundance and niche breadth confirms that this species developed specialized and generalized feeding strategies.

The aim of this study was to investigated the characteristic of chemical and sensory properties of Long Jawed Mackerel fish balls which is uses canna starch concentration as a filler. The design of the research used Completely Randomized Block Design with one factor, canna starch concentration which is consist of 7 level concentration (control with tapioca starch, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%). The sensory parameters were observed scoring methods (color, scent, flavor, and texture), and hedonic methods (overall acceptance) by 20 panelists. Chemical parameters were observed a score of moisture content, and ash content. The best fish balls with concentration of canna starch based on sensory, moisture, and ash content were continued observed a score of protein, fat, and carbohydrate content. The result showed that the usage of canna starch as a filler affected the sensory and chemical characteristics of long jawed mackerel fish balls. Fish balls with 5% canna starch concentration was the best concentration as a filler which has sensory characteristic grayish white color, fish specific scent, fish specific taste, chewy texture, overall acceptance likes, and has 73,70% moisture content, 1,46% ash content, 16,51% protein content, 4,66% fat content, 3,67% carbohydrate content.

Yeasts and bacteria used in the fermentation of kombucha Gracilariaverrucosa require nutrients to be able to grow and function optimally. The carbohydrate content of seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa is one of the factors that affect the growth of bacteria and yeasts that play a role in producing kombucha beverage products. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of comparison of seaweed concentrations on total bacteria and yeast kombucha seaweed during the production process. The method used in this study is an experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD) with six treatments and 4 replications. The result of this research is that the concentration of seaweed affects the total total bacteria and yeast during the kombucha production process. Tests on the total bacteria showed that the total number of bacteria treated by P0 increased up to day 3 with the highest total bacteria at 1.7x107 CFU/ml. On the 3rd day total yeast also increased, the highest yield of total yeast in treatment P1 was 1.9x107 CFU/ml.

Fishery products are foodstuffs that are prone to pathogenic microbial contamination which can cause food poisoning and disease in consumers. Therefore, fishery products need attention related to food safety. Pathogenic bacteria that often contaminate fishery products include E. coli and Salmonella which can cause disease in humans. This study aims to examine E. coli and Salmonella bacteria that contaminate fishery products that will be exported from Juanda Airport, East Java. The research method used was microscopic examination using conventional methods consisting of isolation and biochemical tests (for E. coli bacteria); prediction test, affirmation test and IMVIC test (for Salmonella bacteria). The results showed that fishery products consisting of Barramundi Skin On, Frozen Vannamei, Frozen Black Tiger Shrimp, Breaded Shrimp, Classic Frog Thighs, Skip Jack, Frozen Octopus, Frozen Mackarel, Frozen Sardine, and Frozen Squid were contaminated by bacteria that are not E. coli and Salmonella groups.

The catfish farming business is an activity that offers the opportunity to earn large profits, but it also has the potential for business risks. The aims of this research is to ascertain the characteristics of catfish business farmers and to analyze the level of production risk. This research was carried out in Pokdakan Mina Jaya and Mina Baru Gondosuli Village, Gondang, Tulungagung. The research location was chosen purposively and the sample method used was snowball sampling. The data analysis method used analysis of income and analysis of risk. The results showed that the profit of the catfish farming on each planting season was IDR 81.631.322. The production risk and income risk analysis showed that the coefficient of variance was CV < 0,5. The lower limit of production risk and income risk was L > 0. Then, based on the value of coefficient variance's production and income showed that there was a little of risk catfish cultivation production faced by farmers. The relation between the coefficient of variance (CV) and the lower limit (L) of production risk and income risk represent that the catfish cultivation do not suffer from production risk due to small production risks.

Spirulina sp. is a blue green microalga (Cyanophyceae) with cells that colonize to form spiral-shaped filaments. Spirulina has active ingredients that can function as antioxidants. Spirulina can be processed into products that have economic value and various benefits. The aim of this study was to investigate the evaluation of the culture of Spirulina sp. both on the laboratory scale and semi-mass scale, using Walne nutrient plus vitamin B12, KCl, NPK, ZA, CaO and Urea. The working method started from the preparation of tools and materials, culture media, stock of fertilizers, sterilization of tools, seed maintenance, measurements of water quality parameter and growth calculations. Culture on a laboratory scale was done with a volume of 2 L of water, while culture on a semi-mass scale was done with a volume of 80 L of water. Culture of Spirulina sp. While reached its peak of population on day 9, accounting for 9.065 cells/mL, but then the figure decreased on the following days, while on a semi-mass scale the growth continued to show an increase until day 15 with a density of 23.275 cells/mL and had not experienced any signs of decline in population.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Cirripedia sp. flour as a fish flour substitution on body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and feed consumption of the rabbit. The experimental design used was 4 treatments and 5 replication each. This research were 100 Rex buck aged 4 months. The feed treatments used were P0 (complete feed 100% with 15% fish flour), P1(complete feed 100% with 12.5% fish flour and 2.5% Cirripedia sp. flour), P2 (complete feed 100% with 10% fish flour and 5% Cirripedia sp. flour), P3 (complete feed 100% with 7.5% fish flour and 7.5% Cirripedia sp. flour). The data were recorded at the fourth week after observation based on feed consumption, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio. Data were analyzed with ANOVA (Analysis of Variance). Average feed consumption of P0 to P3 were 114,54, 112,09, 114,04, 112,71 g. Average of body weight gain of P0 to P3 were 20,01, 20,87, 20,72 and 20,75g. Average of feed conversion ratio of P0 to P3 were 5,79, 5,41, 5,62 and 5,48. The result showed with no significant difference (p>0.05) among the treatment in feed consumption, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio in the rabbit.

One of the main focuses in developing bioremediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) is to optimize the hydrocarbonoclastic degrading bacteria such as Gordonia terrae. However, the analysis of the bacteria's capability to degrade PAHs in different concentrations is sparsely explored. This study aims to evaluate the remediation of PAHs by Gordonia terrae by analyzing bacterial activity, PAH degradation, pH, BOD, and COD. The initial PAH concentrations used were 15 ppm, 30 ppm, and 45 ppm for 14 days of incubation. The results show bacterial activity gradually increases in each concentration up to 10-day incubation and decreases in up to 14-day incubation. Moreover, the total PAHs were gradually decreased to 54%, 69%, and 77% in the 15 ppm, 30 ppm, and 45 ppm of initial concentrations, respectively. The final pH values were 6 for all concentrations. At the same time, the BOD and COD values of each concentration gradually decreased until the end of the experiments. This study shows that Gordonia terrae can degrade PAHs, which was achieved optimally after 10 days of incubation. Furthermore, this study indicates that PAH degradation is influenced by bacterial activity, pH, BOD, and COD.

A drink that is synonymous with high caffeine content, namely coffee. One way to produce low-caffeine drinks is to make drinks from mangroves (Rhizophora stylosa). The content of compounds in mangrove fruit (Rhizophora stylosa) can be used as processed materials that can be consumed and provide benefits to human health. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of roasting time on caffeine content. This research was experimental using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The treatments used were variations of roasting time, namely P0 (0 minutes), P1 (45 minutes), P2 (50 minutes) and P3 (55 minutes). The results of roasting time has a significant effect on each parameter tested. The treatment at the roasting time of 55 minutes (P3) had the best value on the parameters of colour, flavour, texture, moisture content and caffeine content. In this study, it was found that all treatments of roasting time from P0, P1, P2 and P3 had caffeine content values far below 2%, according to SNI 01-3542-2004 with a maximum of 2% and a minimum of 0,9%. The best content value was at P3 (treatment with roasting time 55 minutes) of 0,814%, which is the best result of low-caffeine mangrove drinks.

Semak Daun Island is commonly used as a tourist destination site in the Kepulauan Seribu Marine National Park. Seagrass beds are found along the coast of this small island and have an essential role as shelter and feeding areas for various aquatic biotas, such as small-sized fishes of Samoan Silverside, Hypoatherina temminckii. Samoan silverside is usually used as bait in the tuna fishery. The present study aimed to determine growth pattern, diet composition, trophic level, guild, and feeding strategy of Samoan silverside in the seagrass ecosystem of the Semak Daun Island. Fish samples were captured using seine net monthly from February 2018 to March 2019. A total of 1,481 H. temminckii were collected, and all were juvenile. Results indicate that juveniles of Samoan silverside feed mainly on zooplankton and shows specialist predator as its feeding strategy. Moreover, this species occupies trophic levels ranging from 3.00-3.99 and exhibits a positive allometric growth pattern. Thus, the current study confirms that the seagrass ecosystem of the Semak Daun Island is the nursery and feeding grounds for the juvenile of Samoan silverside.

The use of pesticides in agriculture continues to increase. One of the classifications of pesticides is organochlorine endosulfan insecticide that can cause river pollution. One type of fish that is often cultivated in ponds is tilapia. River pollution can trigger stress and even fish death. The stress level of the fish can be seen from the value of its blood sugar levels. This research was conducted on March 20 - April 28, 2021, in Microbiology Laboratory and Anatomy-Aquaculture Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Airlangga, to determine the toxicity effect of sublethal endosulfan organochlorine insecticide on blood sugar level value and tilapia seed life rate. This study used experimental methods with CRD through exposure to different organochlorine concentrations, namely P0 (0%), P1 (10%), P2 (30%), P3 (50%), P4 (70%) with four replays. Analysis of the data was processed using ANOVA and DMRT, which showed that sublethal toxicity of endosulfan organochlorine insecticides had an effect (p<0.05) on blood sugar levels and the level of tilapia seed resistance. Using only a concentration of 10% has increased blood sugar levels significantly on the 7th day and continues to increase until the 28th day (114.50 mg/dL). Also, the level of fish life insecurity indicates a value below the Indonesian National Standard (72.50 %).

Indonesia is known for its rich fisheries sector. The portion of fish that can be consumed is only 40-50% of the total, the rest is disposed of as waste. Chitosan can be found in fish scales. This study aims to determine the effect of chitosan edible coating from scale waste in extending the shelf life of grapes and the level of consumer acceptance of chitosan edible coating. Chitosan was extracted through deproteination, demineralization, and deacetylation process. Chitosan solutions were made with various concentrations. Based on the results, the chitosan obtained had a yield of 36,32%, water content 3,86%, and ash content 89,54%. In the antibacterial activity test, the inhibition zone formed by chitosan was smaller than 0% chitosan. In the calculation of the De Garmo test obtained the concentration of 0,5% was the best concentration of chitosan. Based on the results of the shelf life estimation test, chitosan coating treatment still cannot replace paraffin wax in extending the shelf life of grapes. In the organoleptic results between samples with coating compared to samples without coating, the results show that the provision of chitosan coating can be accepted by consumers without changing the organoleptic characteristics of the grapes.

Types of polysaccharides such as carrageenan are potential materials used as biofilms. Modified starch is a material that can reduce the hydrophilic properties and increase the mechanical properties of bioplastics. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of using carrageenan and modified starch on mechanical properties and biodegradation. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design factorial. The treatments applied were the concentrations of carrageenan (2 and 3 gram) and modified starch (0, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 gram). The results showed that the addition of high carrageenan increased tensile strength, water resistance but decreased elongation and slowed biodegradation. The addition of modified starch improves the mechanical properties but slowed the biodegradation.

Burns are traumatic injuries that require intensive therapy. Tilapia skin is known to contain high collagen properties and was developed for wound dressing. This study aimed to investigate the characterization of Tilapia collagen-loaded chitosan nanofibers synthesized by electrospinning for wound dressing. This study evaluated three group materials, i.e. (G1) chitosan, (G2) Tilapia collagen, and (G3) Tilapia collagen-loaded chitosan. The electrospun method was performed by alloy the chitosan nanofibers containing 8% w/v Tilapia collagen. The mix solution was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier- transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, pH level, swelling test, water capacity test, and cytotoxicity test. As result, Tilapia collagen-loaded chitosan showed the better swelling test, water capacity test, cytotoxicity test, and FTIR evaluation compared to the collagen or chitosan group. However, all group materials showed similarities in pH level and SEM evaluation. In conclusion, Tilapia collagen-loaded chitosan nanofibers could be considered as a wound dressing based on positive results during characterization.

The use of recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) in nurseries of cantik grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × Epinephelus microdon) has the potential to make the culture environment more stable and maximize production perfomance, but the work of RAS decreases with the accumulation of waste in the water used. Remediation of water with microorganisms (bioremediation) can improve the performance of RAS. This research aims to determine the best dose of commercial probiotics in water bioremediation to be used in nurseries of cantik grouper seeds. This research was conducted for 7 days using a completely randomized design with four treatments and three replications. Treatment doses of probiotics tried: 3 ml/m³, 6 ml/m³, 9 ml/m³ and 12 ml/m³. The container used was a concrete tank measuring 1 m × 2 m × 0.8 m filled with 1 m³ of seawater and 3.2±0.3 cm of cantik grouper seeds with a density of 500 fish/m³. The addition of probiotics up to 12 mL/m³ had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the survival rate of cantik grouper fish for 7 days of rearing, ranging from 99.1% to 99.3%. The best results of the bioremediation process were obtained with the addition of 6 mL/m³ probiotics with the lowest range of ammonia and nitrite about 0.0896–0.9303 mg/L and 0.0977–8.4880 mg/L. The addition of a probiotic dose of 6 mL/m³ can inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria such as Vibrio spp. in water at the beginning, middle, and end of maintenance reached 2, 48, and 140 CFU/mL.

This study aimed to determine the effect of different laserpuncture doses on the gonadal maturity of female striped catfish. The fish 800 to 1000 g with I gonad maturity were used. This study was used a red diode soft-laser with doses of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 Joule. The positive control was injected chorionic gonadotropin hormone (CGH) and ovaprim™ intramuscular and the negative control was not used any treatment. Red diode soft-laser was shooted at the reproductive point every week for three weeks, while the CGH and ovaprim™ were injected in the final week. Gonad maturity level and gonadosomatic index (GSI) were measured in the last week. The result showed that laserpuncture had significant effect (P<0.05) on the gonadal maturity and GSI of female striped catfish. A dose of 0.4 Joule laserpuncture have the best gonadal maturity level in stage IV. Meanwhile, highest GSI were treated at dose 0.4 Joule laserpuncture, which was 3.4%. Induction of laserpuncture at the reproductive point once a week for three weeks accelerate gonadal maturity of female striped catfish.

Kurau Village is one of the potential villages to become one of the centres of fishery production. These processed products are a mainstay that provides income for the fishing community of Kurau, apart from fresh fish products. The types of products that can be found at the Curve Barat souvenir centre are amplang and getas. This study, the purpose of this study was to determine the proximate content of food ingredients produced by fisheries in the form of amplang and brittle produced from community groups in Kurau Village, Central Bangka Regency Bangka Belitung. This information becomes essential in food products that must be included in the packaging of amplang and getas products. There are three amplang products (squid amplang, squid ink amplang, and crab egg amplang) and one shrimp getas tested proximately. The test results showed that all of these products only had a protein content range of 2.79-3.53%, fat 2.41-3.93%, and the highest proximate content was BETN (Nitrogen-Free Extract Material). Nevertheless, these snacks are MSE (Medium and Small Enterprises) products that can be a driver of economic activity in Kurau village. However, attention to the nutritional value conveyed on the packaging must continue to be developed to provide an understanding of the value of processed fishery products.

Fish sauce is synonymous with salty taste and distinctive fish aroma. The good quality of fish sauce is supported by the amino acid content, proximate analysis and the assessment of the organoleptic preferences of the product by the panelists. This research aimed to determine the effect of increasing the concentration of pineapple extract on the organoleptic characteristics of fish sauce and the most abundant amino acid content in fish sauce and the best quality of fish sauce treatments. The research is based on randomized design of 4 days fermentation with salt : pineapple extract concentration ratio of 20%:5%, 20%:10%, 15%:15% and 25%:20% respectively. Research analysis such as amino acid content and proximate analysis were evaluated by the ANOVA test and DMRT test, while organoleptic test was evaluated by Kruskal Wallis test. The higher of the concentration of pineapple extract, the lower of amino acid content of the fish and the taste getting sourer. The best treatment for milkfish sauce was found in the treatment with salt concentration : pineapple extract = 15%:15% indicated by the highest amino acid content of glutamate, lysine and aspartate compared to other treatments, the highest protein content and water content and the best organoleptic assessment.

Sun radiation contains ultraviolet rays consisting of UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C. This ultraviolet light can cause adverse effects on the skin such as the appearance of sunburn (erythema), pigmentation, skin aging, and can also cause skin cancer (melanoma). To reduce the adverse effects on the skin, it is necessary to use sunscreen that protects the skin from exposure to ultraviolet rays. Brown seaweed is one of the natural ingredients that can be used as a natural ingredient for sunscreen. This is because genetically brown seaweed is more often exposed to sunlight so it can synthesize components that can absorb ultraviolet light. Sargassum sp. It is known to have polysaccharide compounds such as alginate and fucoidan which have potential as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory. The purpose of this study was to determine the photoprotective activity of the polysaccharide compounds found in Sargassum sp.

The earthquake in West Sulawesi that occurred in the last few months has disrupted several fishing facilities and activities. Public buildings and facilities were damaged, which caused deep trauma to the communities in Mamuju and Majene. This research was conducted during the recovery of post-earthquake conditions in Mamuju, West Sulawesi. Proximate analysis was carried out on three traditional processed products of the Mamuju community, which can be found in the traditional market of the Mamuju Seaport in the form of 2 dried anchovies and one dried shrimp product. The test results on the three products showed that the protein content was 43.22-44.03% and fat 2.92-3.14%, which indicated the quality of the processed product was quite good. Furthermore, the dried shrimp product contains protein, fat, 37.0% and 0.39%, respectively. This fishery product is quite potential for preparing nutritious food ingredients, but product packaging is still minimal and allows for a faster quality deterioration process. In addition, government support through related agencies in the form of assistance in improving the quality of processed products in Mamuju must be increased. The fishery resources in West Sulawesi is generally very potential to be developed as a source of income for regional development in the future.

Gourami is an important economic fish in Indonesia. The increasing demand for gouramy must be balanced with increased seed production by aquaculture activity. One of the important activities in the gouramy aquaculture is hatchery. This study aims to determine the performance of gouramy hatchery at IPB Pandaan. The working method used in this study was descriptive method by utilizing primary and secondary data. The hatchery gouramy in IPB showed good performance with fertilization rate with value of 72.36% and hatching rate of 85.55%. The water quality parameters were also suitable for hatchery gouramy activity. The temperature ranged from 28-29°C, pH levels ranged from 7.1-7.9, DO level ranged from 4.32-5.79 mg/L.

Gelatin is a derivative of collagen which is found in connective tissue, skin and bones. Gelatin can be obtained from cow, pig or fish. Teleost fish bones have collagen protein content ranging from 15-17%. Common carp belong to the teleost fish group and research on gelatin from carp bones using different maceration solutions has never been done before. The purpose of this researchment was to determine the effect of different maceration solutions on the characteristics of gelatin from carp bones and to determine their conformity with the standard. This research is a laboratory experimental with Completely Randomized (CRD) consisting of 3 different designs of maceration solutions (NaOH; C₆H₈O₇ and a mixture of NaOH and C₆H₈O₇). The results showed that there was an effect in different maceration solutions on the characteristics of carp bone gelatin which was tested with the best treatment using a mixture of NaOH and C₆H₈O₇ solutions. Some of the characteristics of gelatin in this researchment are accordance with standards including water content, ash content, viscosity, gel strength, as well as color and pH in several treatments.

Varuna literatta (Fabricius, 1798) is one of the organisms that inhabit the estuary area facing the sea and will enter the estuary area at high tide. V. literatta has been caught throughout the year in its whole form or its eggs are used to meet human consumption needs as a source of animal protein, besides that V. literatta has a very important role in maintaining the balance of aquatic ecosystems. The presence of V. literatta in the waters as a decomposer which is able to provide the nutrients needed by primary producers in these waters. On the other hand, there has been no attempt to domesticate V. literatta, because according to the IUCN 2021 V. literatta in Southeast Asia is a species that has not been evaluated. This status can cause a decrease in the population of V. literatta because there is no regular evaluation and there are no rules that regulate the catch of V. literatta. This is reinforced by information obtained from fishermen that the catch of V. literatta from year to year is decreasing. This study aims to obtain information including reproductive aspects of V. literatta in an industrial area located on the coast of Gresik Regency. Sampling was carried out at three stations (Kalimireng river, Mengare river, Kalilamong river) at each high tide from June-August 2021. The samples obtained were then counted and differentiated between males and females, then body length and weight were measured to determine growth patterns and abundance. The results showed that the male and female V. literatta had a negative allometric growth pattern. The growth of V. literatta is also differentiated by sex. The highest abundance of V. literatta was obtained from Manyar station.

The liquid from rumen's cattle is expected to be used as nutrients in microalgae culture. This study aimed to examine the use of waste of rumen's cattle as a source of nutrients with different doses in the culture of Thalasiossira sp. The research design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments with 3 replications of (A) 1 ml conwey/l of seawater, (B) 1 ml of waste/l of sea water, (C) 10 ml of waste/l of seawater, (D) 1 ml of waste + 0.4 gr NaN03/l of seawater, and (E) 10 ml of waste + 0.4 gr NaN03/l of seawater. The calculated parameter were the population density of Thalasiossira sp., diatom diameter, protein content and water quality. The results showed that the waste of rumen's cattle could be used as an alternative source of nutrients in the culture of Thalasiossira sp. and the peak of the population was reached on day 3. Measurement of protein content ranged from 9.9 to 11.8% and the diameter of the diatoms ranged from 5-10 m. The measurement of the water quality of the media was in the range of temperature 24-26 ^oC, pH value 7 and salinity 32-34 ppt.

The intensification of the penaeid shrimp culture industry have been accompanied over the last two decades by an increased incidence of infectious pathogens. Vibrio sp. has become a major source of concern for shrimp culture because of their close association with low survival rates in hatcheries or growout ponds. The antibioctic use to aim this disease but it harmful to use continuously. Resistance of pathogen and retention are such side effect left after antibiotic used. Chitosan is a biocompatible and biodegradable natural polymer with established antimicrobial properties against specific microorganisms. This research demonstrates its antibacterial activity to inhibit growth of Vibrio harveyi comparing with oxoninic acid. Inhibition growth of Vibrio harveyi was tested using diffusion method on TSA added 2% NaCl by additional disc paper which has been soaked in chitosan suspension consentrations 0,8; 1,0; 1,2; 1,4; 1,6% (w/v), asetic acid 1%, and oxolonic acid disc (2μg), each treatment was repeated three times. In this study chitosan showed an antibacterial activity. The lowest antibacterial activity showed by the lowest concentration 0,8% (w/v) and the higest antibacterial activity showed by the highest concentration 1,6% (w/v).

The purpose of this study is to assess marine health on the scale of coastal water and reveal its potential to provide a benchmark for sustainable marine development activities in Tuban Regency. This study uses IKLI (Indeks Kesehatan Laut Indonesia) which is an OHI (Ocean Health Index) framework that has been modified according to the needs and the Indonesian environment. IKLI indicator used is adapted to the Tuban coastal environment. The results showed the overall IKLI value was 58 (out of 100) for the 2016-2020. IKLI value is based on 10 types of marine destinations, namely as a source of food (87), as a support for traditional fisheries (70), as a product of natural materials (65), as a source of livelihood and economy (90), as a provider of tourism and recreation services (80), based on the five objectives shows that the coastal ecosystem of Tuban contributes significantly to community livelihoods and the regional economy. The measurement of low-value IKLI for marine destination types as carbon storage (45), coastal protection (30), protection of species and iconic places (35); clean sea-water (33) and marine biodiversity (41) mean the coastal waters of Tuban with sandy beaches indicate the impact of sea-level rise and excessive activities in coastal areas causing pollution levels to increase.both.

Synthetic antioxidant BHT is widely used in bath soap products as an antioxidant and prevents rancidity in bath soaps, but BHT is harmful to the skin if the addition is excessive. So we need natural antioxidants that can replace the role of BHT as an antioxidant. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of substitution of BHT with β-carotene Gracilaria sp. on the physical properties of liquid bath soap and determine the best concentration of BHT substitution with β-carotene Gracilaria sp. added to liquid bath soap formulations. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 3 substitution treatments for BHT with β-carotene, namely (1g BHT : 0g β-carotene), (0,5g BHT : 0,5g β-carotene), and (0g BHT : 1g β-carotene) in 100 ml of liquid soap, with 6 repetitions each. Parameters observed were pH, foam stability, viscosity, hedonic, physical stability, and antioxidant activity. The results of this study the substitution of β-carotene Gracilaria sp. the liquid bath soap had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the pH parameter and no significant effect (p<0.05) on the foam stability test and viscosity test parameters. Based on the hedonic test value, soap with the addition of 0,5 g BHT: 0,5g β-carotene has the highest test value to produce the best quality soap.

Microbes that produce phytase enzymes are needed for livestock and fisheries. Animal feed treated with phytase will increase the availability of minerals, amino acids, and energy. For this reason, it is essential to growing phytase-producing bacteria on alternative media that are cheap and easy to obtain. This study aims to determine the ability of some bacteria that produce phytase to grow on alternative media such as molasses and tempeh waste. The indicators used were the growth rate of several phytase-producing bacteria within 3, 4, 5, and 6 hours of culture. The results showed that some bacteria were able to grow on alternative media of tempeh and molasses waste, although slower than growth on commercial media (LB). For this reason, tempeh and molasses waste can be used as alternative media to grow phytase-producing bacteria to produce cheap probiotics for livestock and fisheries.

The purpose of this study was to determine which plants are effective and can affect the concentration of ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate in the cultivation of Striped Catfish in aquaponics systems. This research was conducted from 22 February to 23 March 2021 at the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Airlangga University, Surabaya using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) research method with 4 treatments and 5 replications. The three plants used were kailan, lettuce, and pakcoy. One-way analysis (ANOVA) was used to compare the control group with the treatment at a significant level of P<0.05. Multiple Range Test (DUNCAN) was used to identify significant differences between the treatments. The results showed that the lowest concentrations of ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate were obtained by the treatment using lettuce plants with values ranging from 0.039-0.723 mg/L, 0.207-0.370 mg/L, and 6.181-9.923 mg/L, respectively.

This study aimed to determine the effects of different feed on growth rate and survival rate of Ctenopoma (Ctenopoma acutirostre). Ctenopoma used in this study had weight 0,65 grams each from 300 fish and maintained in aquarium with dimention 20 cm x 20 cm x 20 cm used densities 5 fish/litre. This study used Completely Randomized Design with 5 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments were A (silk worms), B (freezed blood worms), C (freezed artemia), D (freezed daphnia), and E (commercial feed). This study conducted for 60 days rearing with observed parameters such as spesific growth rate, length, weight, and survival rate. The data were analyst descriptively. Samples data were recorded and conducted on day 0, day 10, day 20, day 30, day 40, day 50, and day 60th. Treatment A were resulted highest growth with weight of 1.94 gram, SGR of 2.28%, and length of 1.38 cm although showed no different on survival rate.

The aim of this study was to determine the potential of sappan wood extract as a feed additive on feed conversion and organic matter digestibility on the buck exposed to heat stress. The study used with 4 treatments and 5 repetitions. The experimental animals were 100 bucks of Rex type at 5 months of age. The average weight of the buck was ±1.8 kg. Afterward, the bucks were divided into 4 groups and given different treatment for 4 weeks, namely K+ (basal feed + heat stress), K- (basal feed + ambient temperature), P1 (basal feed + sappan wood extract 100 mg/kg + heat stress) and P2 (basal feed + sappan wood extract 300 mg/kg + heat stress). Data were recorded in the fourth week after observation based on the feed conversion ratio and Organic matter digestibility. The average score of the feed conversion of K+, K-, P1, and P2 was 6.79; 6.41; 6.10; 6.14 respectively. The average score of organic matter digestibility of K+, K-, P1, and P2 was 74.247; 74.310; 73.916; 73.804 respectively. The results of this study indicated that there were significant differences (p <0.05) in the treatment and control group.

Melanotaenia ajamaruensis or Ajamaru Rainbowfish is endemic species of Lake Ajamaru, Papua, Indonesia. It belongs to Rainbowfish group, with data deficient status. They have attractive color, especially on male and has potential as an ornamental fish, but the percentage of male is low. A study was conducted to find out their reproductive ability at various sex ratios (male:female = 1:1; 1:2; or 1:3) with two replications for 40 days (January-February 2021) at Research Center for Limnology, LIPI. Observations were also conducted on sexual maturity age, egg diameter, size at a certain age. The ratio of 1:3 have the highest value on number of spawning (NoS): 25 times, number of eggs (NoE)/female: 54 eggs, number of larvae (NoL)/female: 49 larvae, fertilization rate/FR (%): 97.16; hatching rate/HR (%): 97.93; larvae survival at seven days /SR7 (%): 90.34, and eggs incubation time/EIT (days): 5.24. The sexual maturity on 8 months old. Egg diameter (mm): 0.98±0.043, larvae size (mm) at (0 day), and at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 weeks old were: 3.2±0.68; and 6±0.74; 11.70±1.77; 19.48±1.86; 21.65±2.64; 25.0±2.94 respectively. Daily growth rate 0.26 mm/day That is indicates that M ajamaruensi could adapted well to ex-situ habitat and the reproduction could takes place with a small number of males (1:3).

Holothuroidea are common individuals of benthic communities in numerous marine biological systems. They work as supplement recyclers and bioturbators of delicate bottoms and are preyed upon by fishes, birds, mollusks, crustaceans, and other taxa. Sepanjang Beach has a coral community composed of coral reefs and dominated by algae in the surface, which is a habitat for a variety of complex and diverse benthic invertebrates, one of which is holothuroidea. However, little is known about the diversity of holothurians in the area. From 2014 to 2015 there were 5 species found on Sepanjang coast, namely Holothuria leucospilota, Actinopyga echinites, Stichopus horren, Holothuria scabra, and Holothuria hilla. Samples were collected on June 9, 2021 at Sepanjang Beach using the purposive random sampling method and identified based on the type of spicules taken on the dorsal and ventral integument. The results obtained found 7 species, namely Holothuria papilifera, Holothuria cinerascens, Holothuria impatiens, Holothuria pardalis, Actinopyga miliaris, Holothuria hilla, and Actinopyga sp. The absence of previous records of these species may be associated with their low densities and cryptic habits. This research acts to fill knowledge about distribution and diversity of holothurians in the south coast of java island, especially Sepanjang beach, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta.

Length-weight relationships (LWR) and condition factors (CF) were calculated for thirteen fish species using 621 specimens from Pabean Bay, West Java, Indonesia. This study is the first reference on length–parameters and condition factors for fifteen species, namely: Ambassis vaschelli, Arius sp., Asterhombus intermedius, Butis amboinensis, Eleuthronema tetradactylum, Gerres abbreviatus, Johnius coitor, Glosogobius sirkumspelitus, Karalla dussumieri, Lutjanus ruselli, Pomadasys kaakan, Pseudorhombus arsius, Sardinella gibbosa, Strongylura strongylura, and Terapon jarbua. Fish caught montly from January to December 2015, using gillnet and set net. The results of LWR and CF from fifteen fish species indicated that the growth pattern was: 3 species were allometric positive (b>3), 1 species was isometric (b=3), and 11 species were allometric negative (b<3).

Yogyakarta has a lot of beaches, especially in the Gunungkidul district. Sepanjang and Nglolang are tourist beaches in Gunungkidul, while Porok is a research station for the Faculty of Biology UGM. One common types of waste in the ocean is microplastic. The presence of microplastics in aquatic ecosystems in high numbers can threaten the population of benthic organisms and the stability of the ecosystem. Tripneustes gratilla, one of the sea urchins, can be used as an indicator of environmental pollution because it eats algae and detritus at the bottom of the water. This study aims to determine the microplastic content in seawater, beach substrates, and Tripneustes gratilla organs. Sampling by purposive random sampling, Analysis of microplastics in water, substrate, intestinal and gonads organs. The results obtained that there were four types of microplastics found: fragments, films, fiber, and monofilaments. The most common type of microplastic found is film. The abundance of microplastics on the substrate is higher than that of water. The abundance of microplastics in the intestinal organs of T. gratilla was higher than its gonads. Based on these results, T. gratilla has the potential as a bioindicator of microplastic pollution in the coastal environment of Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta.

This paper aims to provide an overview of the potential opportunities for developing tilapia aquaculture and its development problems. The research was conducted in Karang Intan District, Banjar Regency, South Kalimantan in 2021. The method used was a sensus method to 150 respondents and conducting in-depth interviews with representatives of tilapia hatchery business actors in four villages, namely Karang Intan, Padang Panjang, Pandak Daun, and Jingah Habang Ilir. The results of the study indicate that the potential opportunities for developing hatchery aquaculture businesses in Karang Intan District include opportunities for developing aquaculture in Banjar Regency are human resources related to higher education, productive age, mastery of assets and own capital, as well as the availability of adequate land area, potential for a large enough land area owned by business actors, the enthusiasm for work from business actors and the opening of the market. The problems faced include the availability of superior broodstock, the threat of drought, a pandemic disaster due to restrictions, and a flood that only occurred in January this year.

This study aimed to evaluate plankton in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) cultivation in Bulukumba Regency, South Sulawesi. The study was conducted in six intensive ponds for 84 days from November 2019 to February 2020. Plankton samples were collected every 10 days for 8 weeks based on the day of culture (DOC) of Pacific white shrimp since the first rearing in the pond using plankton net (mesh size of 25 μm). Then, planktons were preserved to 5% formalin buffer in 250 mL of sterile plastic. Next, the plankton densities and compositions were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The results showed that plankton dominance in Chlorophyta species and the presence was evenly distributed across all shrimp ponds in the field. The number was relatively stable in all shrimp DOCs and was the highest proportion as well; Chlorophyta (73 to 83%), Diatom group (7.75 to 15.63%), and blue-green algae (BGA) group (7.13 to 13.50%). Plankton can be used as a biomonitor of pollution and shrimp health in dominance and the percentage proportion of each species. Regular monitoring is highly recommended to minimize plankton growth, especially the BGA type that can harm shrimp health in the intensive system.

Carp (Cyprinus carpio) is a freshwater fish commodity that has high economic value and is growing rapidly it is widely cultivated in Indonesia. Based on data from the Maritime and Fisheries, carp production in Indonesia during 2015-2019 increased by 12.09%. Bromelain enzyme gives the best results in hematology, which can affect blood coagulation by increasing the ability of serum fibrinolytic. Purpose of this study was to determine the effect of bromelain enzyme, infestation Argulus japonicus, interaction and relationship between platelet count and hematocrit value in carp. Analysis of data used in this study is Analyze of Variance, while to determine the relationship between platelet count and hematocrit value using the Spearman Correlation. Results statistical tests showed that there was no effect (p>0.05) between different dosage enzyme bromelain in pineapple core on the platelet count, but there was an effect (p<0.05) on hematocrit value. Statistical test results showed that there was no effect (p>0.05) between infestations Argulus japonicus differentiation platelet count and hematocrit value. Results statistical tests also showed that there was no interaction and relationship between platelet count and hematocrit value in carp that were infested with Argulus japonicus and given the enzyme bromelain in pineapple core.

Porok Beach is one of the beaches in Gunung Kidul which has high diversity of fish species, especially in the intertidal zone. The diversity of fish species in Porok Beach needs to be maintained for its sustainability. This research aims to determine the diversity of fish in the intertidal zone of Porok Beach, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta. The research was conducted on 17^th October 2020 and 29^th August 2021 with a purposive random sampling method by using a hand net. The results show that there are 5 families and 10 species of fish that were discovered, which consists of 5 species from family Pomacentridae: Pomacentrus brachialis, Stegastes obreptus, Plectroglyphidodon leucozonus, Abudefduf sordidus, and Abudefduf vaigiensis; 2 species from family Gobiidae: 1 individu of Acentrogobius caninus and 2 individu of Istigobius ornatus; 1 species from family Blenniidae: Blenniella gibbifrons; 1 species from family Clinidae: Springeratus xanthosoma; and 1 species from family Serranidae: Grammistes sexlineatus. This indicates that the condition of the intertidal zone in Porok Beach supports many fish species to live well.

Vannamei shrimp that are cultivated intensively require various steps to support the success of cultivation, one of which is observing the health condition of the shrimp. Shrimp health monitoring is carried out once every 10 days along with sampling activities. One of the parameters in shrimp health monitoring is a microscopic examination of the hepatopancreas using the wet preparation method. The indicators for determining the condition of the hepatopancreas organ that was observed microscopically were wrinkle, lipid, gregarine, necrosis, and microvilli whose results were expressed in percentage form. The purpose of this study was to determine the cause of changes in the condition of the hepatopancreas indicator which has an important role in the health of vannamei shrimp. This research was conducted in intensive ponds of PT. Lombang Sumber Rejeki which is located in Lombang Village, Batang - Batang District, Sumenep Regency. Data processing is done using Regression analysis. The peak increase in increase in the percentage of wrinkles occurred at the 4th sampling or the 40th DOC. Wrinkles increased in intensive ponds were significantly affected by lipid, microvilli, and gregarine conditions. Lipid indicators in hepatopancreas were significantly influenced by the type and amount of feed-in shrimp. Vibrio population combined with the average daily feeding can significantly affect the gregarine population. The microvilli are affected by the incidence of necrosis in the hepatopancreas tubules, the cause of the necrosis is thought to be due to factors other than the Vibrio population in the hepatopancreas.

Silver rasbora (Rasbora argyrotaenia) is a high-value commodity. The problem in cultivation of silver rasbora is long goanadal maturation period. The gonadal maturation period can be accelerated by manipulation of feed using omega-3. Omega-3 can affect reproductive performance, egg development, and fish embryogenesis. The purpose of this study was to determine effect of addition of omega-3 in feed on gonadal maturity level and fecundity of silver rasbora. The observed parameters are gonadal maturity level, gonado somatic index, gonado index and fecundity. This research applied a completely randomized design (CRD) method which consist of four treatments, namely control (0 mg/kg feed), P1 (2500 mg/kg feed), P2 (5000 mg/kg feed), and P3 (7500 mg/kg feed). The result of this study was indicate addition of omega-3 to feed increased gonadal maturity at GML IV stage and had a signicantly effect on the gonado somatic index, gonado index, and fecundity of female silver rasbora. The optimal dose of omega-3 for silver rasbora gonads is 7500 mg/kg of feed, which results in an increase in gonadal maturity to GML IV with a GSI of 18,89 ± 2,24%, a GI of 143,63 ± 6,66 and fecundity of 924,76 ± 9,21 eggs/parent.

Climate change negatively impacts the lives and livelihoods of humans, especially in coastal area. Shrimp farming is one of the activities in this area. Banyuwangi is the largest shrimp producers in East Java. The aim of this research is to know the impact of climate change on shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) farming in Banyuwangi, East Java. The present study was carried out (from June to July 2020). Focused area on Wongsorejo, Kalipuro, Kabat, Blimbingsari, Banyuwangi, Tegaldlimo and Muncar. The study was conducted using both primary and secondary data sources. Data collection techniques with survey and interview, and the instrument are questionnaire. Secondary data sources from literature and data from GIS. Analysis of the collected data was carried out using SPSS or an excel sheet, and geospatial tools (ArcGIS). The study shown that the climate change has an adequate effect on shrimp farming activities. This can be seen from the high percentage of production failures during the rainy season. Fluctuations in water quality also often occur in shrimp ponds. In addition, the incidence of disease sporadically appears in some ponds.

Bacteriocins are antimicrobial compounds produced by diverse members of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Bacteriocins can be used as food bio preservatives to increase the shelf life of food naturally by preventing or killing foodborne pathogens. One of the lactic acid bacteria that produce bacteriocin is Enterococcus faecium. Some LAB grown on semi-synthetic complex media such as MRS (de Mann Rogosa Sharpe) can make a high population of bacterial cells and relatively large bacteriocins. This study aimed to observe the growth of E. faecium on MRS and LB media under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Cultures were performed for 4.5h, 5h, 5.5h, 6h, 6.5h, and 7h. The amount of bacteriocin produced was investigated by SDS-PAGE. Meanwhile, the inhibitory activity was measured against Listeria monocytogenes (LM). The results showed that E. faecium grew better in deMan Rogosa Sharp (MRS) medium under anaerobic conditions than in MRS medium under aerobic conditions as well as Luria Bertani (LB) media under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The SDS-PAGE results showed a protein band measuring about 90 kDa, which was thought to be a bacteriocin. The inhibition test showed a clear zone in the LM culture, which indicated that the bacteria produced bacteriocins that could inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria.

Spawning in the aquaculture of giant gourami is an important factor which determines the success of production because it supports the sustainability and improvement of the quality and quantity of giant gourami fry in aquaculture activities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feeding in the conditioning of giant gourami (Osphronemus gouramy) broodstock. The methodology carried out included the preparation of spawning ponds, broodstock selection, broodstock feeding, spawning, conditioning, nest inspection and egg collection, egg handling, egg hatching, and larval rearing. The eggs produced were 21.452 eggs with 18.714 fertilized eggs and 2,738 unfertilized eggs, and the Fertilization Rate (FR) value obtained during the study was 87.3%. Eggs that successfully hatched into larvae were as many as 16.238 while eggs that did not hatch were as many as 2.341 eggs, and the Hatching Rate (HR) value obtained was 87%. The water quality data obtained from the broodstock pond and the hatching pond included DO with a range of 5.88 – 6.11 mg/L, a temperature of 27.2°C – 28.2°C, and a pH ranging from 7.21 to 7.27.

Sardinella lemuru resources are abundant, nutritious, high omega-3 and have high economic value in artisanal fisheries. Its production volume landed for over a decade, but the most significant increase was peak southeast monsoon 2019 at Canggu fishing ground. However, prior-conventional kinship assessments genetically need to be confirmed. These research objectives encompass both molecular identification and genetic relationship of Canggu S. lemuru with the others. Similar morphological samples had collected of ten individuals. Chelex 10% was used for genomic DNA extraction, CRK-CRE primer with Hotstart-50 PCR thermal profile had applied for amplification. 1% agarose electrophoresis and Sanger sequencing had examined for both quantity and quality of D-loop amplicon. Identification using the algorithm of BLASTn. Phylogenetic tree analysis uses the neighbor-joining method. The genetic identity of 10 D-loop Canggu samples was high (97.46%-98.47%) as Philippines S. lemuru (MK579633.1-MK579742.1). The phylogenetic significantly shows low barrier inter-waters from low to moderate genetic distance. Inter-waters samples are very close in intraclade, but it still has a different mutation rate in another clade. Means suggested that Canggu S. lemuru is more diverse in nucleotide base substitutions encouraging high variation. These study results provide needed information that southern translocation occurred among waters, its dispersal connection.

Barbonymus gonionotus, a fish species in the family Cyprinidae, is known from Western Indonesia. In Java, it was previously known only from the mainland and had never been reported from Madura Island, east of Java This paper provides the first description of B. gonionotus from the Kemuning River in Madura Island. The specimens of B. gonionotus were characterized as follows: dorsal fin rays 12; ventral fin rays 9; pectoral-fin rays 15-16; anal-fin rays 9. Description of specific morphological characters of sampled specimens is provided.

The high market demand for baby lobster (Panulirus spp.) so far has been only met by natural catches. On the other hand, the recruitment rate for the lobster seeds in nature is very small (<0.1%). To prevent this from happening, a breakthrough in lobster hatchery technology must be developed immediately. A starting point to develop a lobster hatchery is to know the natural habitat of lobster peurulii and imitate it to provide a suitable environment for their indoor culture. Therefore, this research aimed at investigating the natural habitat of spiny lobster at one of the most common fishing grounds for spiny lobster in East Java, which is Kili-Kili Bay, Karang Gongso, Trenggalek Regency. The measured parameters were mostly focused on physical characteristics including the substrate, DO, transparency, dissolved oxygen salinity, temperature and depth in the waters. The results showed Kili-Lili Bay had in general 18-25 m depth, the salinity of 30-35 ppt, temperature 27-29°C, dissolved oxygen of 5-6.7 and transparency of 5-6,5 m, and sandy substrate. These results can be used as preliminary knowledge to build an artificial environment for lobster hatchery indoors.

The mass death of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) is the cause of the outbreak of mass death of cultured fish in floating net cages in Batur Lake, Bangli, Bali. The data were collected employing a field survey as material for formulating countermeasures. The sampling area is the Batur Lake, Bangli area, the center for tilapia cultivation in Bali Province. The results of our field investigation show that the upwelling phenomenon caused the cause of the mass death that occurred. The incident happened at the beginning of August, which began with changes in water temperature and wind direction (wind-driven motion). Changes in water temperature cause a mass of nutrient-rich water to move to the lake's surface, thereby reducing dissolved oxygen (DO) levels, which are contained in the water. The high stocking density and accumulation of nutrients from agricultural and anthropogenic activities are the main factors for this outbreak. With this outbreak of mass mortality of cultured fish, the government and relevant authorities are expected to manage the health of the aquaculture environment wisely and issue circulars regarding this case, especially in the center of tilapia cultivation in Batur Lake.

This study was purposed to know the effects of feeding rate on growth and feed conversion ratio and obtain the optimal feeding rate in silver rasbora (Rasbora argyrotaenia) culture. The study was conducted on January-March 2019 in the aquaculture facility and laboratory of Universitas Airlangga, Banyuwangi Campus. A total of 400 silver rasbora fry with a total length of 2.5 ± 0.5 cm and body weight of 266.1 ± 9.51 mg was obtained from the aquaculture facility of Universitas Airlangga, Banyuwangi Campus. There are 5 feeding rate treatments (4 replicates) in this study including at satiation, 1 %, 3 %, 5 %, and 7 % from fish biomass. All treatments and replication were conducted on 20 glass aquaria (30 × 40 × 50 cm³) with a 20 fish/aquarium stocking density for 40 days. Based on the results, the feeding rate significantly (P < 0.05) effect to all parameters. The optimum feeding rate in this study is 3 %, where lower feeding consumption obtained the same growth with other treatments.

Stingray liver oil extraction method (Dasyatis sp) using alkaline digestion method with the addition of 2% concentrated NaOH reagent and HCL to maintain pH 8-9 by heating at 50°C for 3 hours can produce a yield of 35.74±0.38%. then with the addition of 3% magnesol XL adsorbent and centrifuged for 15 minutes at a speed of 5000 rpm can improve the quality of stingray liver oil (Dasyatis sp) by producing an FFA value of 0.40%±0.02, PV of 2.37±0, 05 mEq/kg, p-anisidin 5.72±1.95 mEq/kg, TOTOX 8.27±1.80 mEq/kg, AV 1.74±0.01 mg NaOH/kg, clarity 75, 19±1.7%.

Clarias sp. is one of the most common types of freshwater fish. The utilization of Clarias sp. is only limited to fresh consumption, whereas the nutritional content of Clarias sp. is potential as a source of nutrition. High protein and low-fat content make Clarias sp. can be processed into diversification of traditional food such as otak-otak products. The otak-otak products can be used as functional food, but there is a weakness i.e. the low of Calcium of otak-otak products. This study aims to determine (1) fortification of Moringa oleifera leaves on organoleptic and (2) mineral content of Calcium the otak-otak products. The method used is an experimental method with a simple Completely Randomized Design. Independent variables of this study were concentration of Moringa oleifera leaves powder 4%, 8% and 12% while dependent variable was Calcium content. The results showed that fortification of Moringa oleifera leaves powder had a significant effect on organoleptic aroma, taste, texture, appearance and Calcium content of the otak-otak products. The best fortification of Moringa oleifera leaves powder is 4% with the results of aroma of 41.00; taste 37.25; texture 38.00 and appearance of 38.05. Calcium content of otak-otak products reached 3.09±0.099 mg.

The massive plastic production in Indonesia is an effort to meet the demand for the food packaging sector, which is nearly 40% of the total plastic demand. Plastics are not environmentally friendly because they are not degradable. Carrageenan-based biodegradable packaging in the form of bioplastic is an alternative, but it has disadvantages such as low resistance to water. Modified starch can be used to improve bioplastic characteristics. This research aimed to determine the application of modified starch in biodegradable packaging to its biodegradability and mechanical properties. This research is experimental which consists of primary parameters and supporting parameters. The independent variables used were modified starch (0, 1, 1.5, and 2 g). The experimental design used a completely randomized design (CRD) and data analysis using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the DMRT follow-up test. The results showed that the application of modified starch in biodegradable packaging based on carrageenan had a significant effect (p <0.05) on water resistance and the best test results were 2 g of modified starch (P3) with a water resistance value of 50.96% ± 4.86. Meanwhile, the results of biodegradability, tensile strength, and elongation were not significantly different.

In striped catfish cultivation water quality greatly affects the condition of fish. The use of an aquaponic system can improve the water quality, because the basic principle of aquaponics is to utilize fish waste and fish feed residues that are not consumed and it can be used as a nutrients for kailan, lettuce and pakcoy. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the three plants can affect blood glucose levels and the level of oxygen consumption of catfish. The research method using an experimental method with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments and 5 replications. At P0 are control (without plants), P1 (kailan), P2 (lettuce), and P3 (pakcoy). The main parameters observed were blood glucose levels and oxygen consumption levels. While the supporting parameters are measurement of temperature, DO, pH, plant measurements at the beginning and end of the study. The results showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.05) on blood glucose levels and oxygen consumption levels in aquaponic system cultivation. The treatment that gave the best value for blood glucose levels and oxygen consumption was the use of lettuce plants (P2).

A bearded gudgeon Pogoneleotris heterolepis (Günther, 1869) with c. 19 cm of total length was photographed on 10 June 2021 in Kapuas river, West Kalimantan province, Indonesia. This rare finding is represent a first country record of P. heterolepis in Indonesia after previously only recorded in Sarawak, Malaysia.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of local raw materials feed and fermented feed on the growth of giant prawns. This study was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 3 treatments with 3 replications, each treatment was (A) commercial feed as a control; (B) feed based on local raw materials and (C) feed based on fermented local raw materials. The study was conducted at Sukawening Village, Dramaga District, Bogor Regency. The giant prawn that used has an initial weight of 0.31±0.005 g with stocking density of 50 fish/m2. The container used was a tarpaulin pond measuring 2x3x0.5m2. The study was conducted for 53 days. Observation variables include growth parameters, feed conversion, protein and fat retention, body amino acids and digestive tract enzyme activity. The results showed that feed based on local raw materials was able to produce relative growth (620±10.43%), specific growth rate (3.80±0.28%/day), protein retention (43.26%) and fat retention (36.1%) higher than other treatments and gave the lowest feed conversion value (1.07) compared to commercial feed and feed based on fermented local raw materials. These results indicate that feed based on local raw materials potential to be applied to giant prawn culture.

Z. arugamensis was a parasite that often infested hybrid grouper (E. fuscoguttatus x E. lanceolatus). This study aimed to differentiate the Z. arugamensis intensity and the skin histopathology of hybrid grouper from concrete and soil ponds. The research method was a survey and data analysis using the IBM SPSS 21 Mann Whitney U Test. This study used 50 of hybrid grouper each from soil and concrete ponds. The intensity of Z. arugamensis from soil ponds was significantly different p < 0.05 with concrete ponds. Z. arugamensis infestation from soil ponds were 13 individuals including the intensity of Z. arugamensis in the medium category of 6.69 individuals/fish. Z. arugamensis infestation from concrete ponds were 10 individuals, including the intensity of Z. arugamensis in the light category was 2.9 individuals/fish. The results of histopathological scoring of hybrid grouper skin from soil ponds were significantly different, p≤0.05 with concrete ponds. The results of skin histopathological scoring of hybrid grouper from soil ponds were 1.1 for 13 fish while from concrete ponds it was 0.5 for 10 fish. This study showed that there was a significant difference in the intensity of Z. arugamensis and skin histopathology of hybrid grouper from concrete and soil ponds.

Ambon Bay is a part of Ambon Island located at the Eastern Indonesia. The bay has an area of 124.5 km2, and consists of a shallow inner bay and a deeper outer bay. Ambon bay has a complete tropical ecosystem of coral reef ecosystem, sea grass area and mangrove ecosystem including natural resources which associated to those three ecosystems. Monitoring result on coral ecosystem had been done for 33 years from 1986 – 2019 indicated the percentage of coral coverage were declined. On 1986, percentage coverage of live coral was on good category (coverage percentage of live coral >50%), but on the last 30 years shown declining. Percentage of live coral coverage is on very good category, and then turned to good category, then to amber until worst. Few location at Ambon Inner Bay (IAB) Halong and Kate Kate) even have no more coral reef now, live coral coverage is 0%. This is caused by sedimentation of land clearing at the higher level and solid trash. It is suggested to restore the coral reef ecosystem by transplantation technique and reduce the trash into the coral reef area.

Gelatin is a polypeptide derived from collagen in the skin and bones of mammals or fish. The utilization of bader bang especially bader bang fish bones as raw material for gelatin is still not widely found. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different extraction solutions on the characteristics of bader bang fish bone gelatin and to compare the characteristics of the bader bang fish bone gelatin produced with the standard. The study was carried out using a completely randomized design (CRD). The best results from the three treatments were found in the extraction of gelatin in the treatment NaOH 0,2% + H₂SO₄ 0,2% The characteristics of water content, ash content, viscosity and gel strength complied with SNI 06-3735 and British Standard 757.

Milkfish (Chanos chanos) crackers are Indonesian snacks made from fish, which are quite popular among communities. Indonesia has many spices that can be used as food additives, such as turmeric for natural coloring. Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) has an aromatic odor and contains curcuminoids which are beneficial for the body. This study was aimed to determine the consumer acceptance of milkfish crackers added with different amount of turmeric concentration. This research was conducted by using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with one factor which is the different amount of turmeric added consisting of 4 concentration with 3 replications. The results showed that there was a significant difference between treatments (P<0.05), the results of nutritional value showed the best treatment for milkfish crackers with the addition 0.05 g turmeric with an average value of water content (2.64%), ash content (1.75%), protein content (10.54%), fat content (7.51%), and carbohydrate content (77.53%). The result of the organoleptic test showed the best treatment for the milkfish crackers with the addition 0.5 g of turmeric with an average value of color (8.6), aroma (8.4), taste (8.53), and texture (8.8).

Pedada fruit has a nutritional content that can be used as a food source because it contains high carbohydrates, but this fruit is easily spoiled because of the water content, which reaches 79%. Therefore, apple mangrove processing into flour to increase added value, one of the product is ingredient of the dried noodles. The purpose of this study was to investigate the nutritional content and panelist preference of dry noodles with addition of mangrove apple (Sonneratia caseolaris) flour with various concentrations. The research method used was experimental with a completely randomized design (CRD) as an experimental design. The treatment used was the substitution of mangrove apple powder (Sonneratia caseolaris), which is P0 (0%), P1 (5%) P2 (10%), and P3 (15%). The main parameter observed was the fibre content of dry noodles. The supporting parameters observed were proximate and organoleptic of dry noodle products. Data analysis used One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and followed by the further test of Least Significant Difference (LSD) 95%. The results showed that increasing the concentration of apple mangrove fruit flour (Sonneratia caseolaris) could increase the fiber content of dry noodles.

The advanced challenges from the vannamei shrimp cultivation nowadays keep on pushing the fisheries industry on improving its productivity, however, with minimum use of water resource and an efficient land. This research aims to discover the growth and survival rate of vannamei shrimp that is cultivated in a circular tarpaulin pond with a microbubble aeration system. This research shows that microbubble can increase the amount of dissolved oxygen (DO) within the tarpaulin pond, in which the value of DO in the system blower is 3.69 Mg/L and 5.05 Mg/L in the microbubble system. The DO value within the tarpaulin pond with the microbubble system also affects the growth and viability of the shrimp, in which the growth of shrimp cultivated in the microbubble tarpaulin pond is greater (10.16 gr) than those cultivated in the blower pond (8.77 gr). Moreover, microbubble is more efficient on the use of shrimp's feed provided with the smaller FCR value than the blower group. The application of microbubble in the circular tarpaulin pond with a high density of population can increase the amount of dissolved oxygen and therefore support the growth of aerobic bacteria to prevent air quality degradation in consequence to increase the viability of the shrimp.

Carp (Cyprinus carpio) is a freshwater fish that has several advantages such us fast growth, easy maintenance, good nutritional value and economic value. The demand for carp products is quite high. Based on data from the Directorate General of Aquaculture (2018), there was an increase in production of 33,954 tons from 2010 to 2017. According to Faroq (2020), feeding mixed with pineapple core enzymes can increase the highest daily growth rate and feed efficiency. A more efficient feed is expected for fish to survive more when infected with the Argulus japonicus parasite. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of bromelain enzyme on pineapple core on SR, SGR, and FCR in carp (Cyprinus carpio) infested with Argulus japonicus. This study used a factorial completely randomized design with of 4x2 treatments with bromelain enzyme doses of 0% and 2.25% and the degree of argulus infestation, it is mild, moderate, and severe. The results showed that survival rate (SR), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion (FCR) were not significantly different from use bromelain enzyme in carp infested with Argulus japonicus.

Shrimp is one type of fishery commodity that can be processed into fishery products. Fishery products are included in the type of food that is susceptible to pathogenic microbial contamination. One type of pathogen that can contaminate the product the main fishery in shrimp is the White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV). The purpose of this study is to determine the technique of checking the WSSV virus on frozen products of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon). Research carried out in December 2019 – January 2020 at the Fish Quarantine, Quality Control and Safety of Fishery Products Surabaya II. The material used in the research is 3 samples of frozen tiger prawn product and 1 sample of frozen white shrimp product. Sample extracted using the Silica Extraction Kit and detected molecularly using the method conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). This research is observational, then the data obtained were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that all samples shrimp negative for WSSV virus.

Cantang grouper is one of economical commodities in seawater and profitable in the resource fisheries sector. One of cultivation systems for Cantang Grouper is Floating Net Cage. Changes in water quality can cause stress in fish, can be seen in blood glucose value. This study aims to determine the correlation and water quality factors that influence to glucose level of kerapu cantang fish in floating net cage. This research was using a survey method with samples 10% of the population in 3 units of floating net cages with 4plots. The parameters are blood glucose of cantang grouper and water quality. Data analysis using SPSS ver.22 with linear regression test.The results showed water quality factors simultaneously has a strong correlation and influences to blood glucose of cantang grouper in floating net cage with linear equations Y = 1170,248 + 1639,818(X₁) – 1010,567(X₂) + 17,093(X₃) – 39,998(X₄) – 127,117(X₅) + 23,691(X₆) – 15,418(X₇) + 0,257(X₈) + 225,965(X₉). Y = Glucose; X₁ = NO₂; X₂ = NO₃; X₃ = NH₃; X₄ =Dissolved Oxygen; X₅ = pH; X₆ = Temperature; X₇ = Salinity; X₈ = Transparancy; X₉ = Current. Therefore, current, pH, and dissolved oxygen are the influences to blood glucose of cantang grouper in floating net cage.

Snakehead fish (Channa striata) is a carnivorous freshwater fish commodity that has high economic value. However, this cultivation takes a long period due to its poor growth rate. Maggot has been proposed as a possible alternative to fish feed because it is less expensive and has nutritional value. This study aimed to determine the effect of the dietary combination of maggot and pellets on the growth rate and feed conversion ratio of snakehead fish. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and four replications. The treatments were P0: 100% pellet, P1: 100% maggot, P2: 75% pellets and 25% maggot, P3: 50% pellets and 50% maggot, P4: 25% pellets and 75% maggot. The result showed a combination of pellet feed and maggot feed had a significant improvement (p<0.05) on the growth rate of snakehead fish. However, there were no significant differences in the feed conversion ratio (p>0.05). The treatment of 75% pellet feed and 25% maggot feed (P2) generated the highest growth rate of 0.154 g/day and the lowest feed conversion ratio of 3.121. It can be concluded that the combination of maggot and pellet experienced better growth performance and feed conversion ratio of snakehead fish.

Cyprinus carpio L. is one of the most important freshwater fish and has been intensively cultivated. However, microbial infection become restricting component that can cause economic loss in carp production and the use of commercial antibiotics for therapy produces adverse side effects. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential of Ocimum sanctum L. crude extract on haematology of Cyprinus carpio against A. hydrophila infection. For this purpose, fish that have been infected were immersed in different doses of Ocimum sanctum L. crude extract (50, 150, 250, 350 ppm) and compared with the control group. After 1 week of immersion, total erythrocytes, total leukocytes, and deferential leukocytes (neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes) were recorded. The result showed that significant increase of total erythrocytes was obtained at the concentration of 350 ppm Ocimum sanctum L. crude extract. Furthermore, decreasing of the total leukocytes about 55.06×10³ to 25.77×10³, also decreasing deferential leukocytes (monocytes 40%, neutrophils 31% and lymphocytes 49% from the positive control). These results suggested that 350 ppm of Ocimum sanctum L. crude extract is beneficial to enhance the haematological status of common carp against A. hydrophila.

Turtles have a unique behavior, namely laying eggs on the same beach where they hatched. Turtles as protected animals continue to experience a decline in population caused by various factors including the degradation of nesting habitats. This study aims to determine the condition of the Cemara Beach habitat as a turtle nesting habitat. The research was conducted during September-November 2020 with a survey method by measuring the parameters of the Cemara Beach habitat which include sand temperature, air temperature, air humidity, beach width, beach slope, vegetation types and predators. The data collected was then analyzed descriptively qualitatively. The average air temperature is 28.07oC, the average sand temperature at a depth of 50 cm is 29.95oC, the average air humidity is 71.53%, the average beach width is 40 m and the average beach slope is 11.80 which shows the sloping beach category. The types of vegetation that grow along the coast are ketapang (Terminalia catappa), sea pine (Casuarina equisetifolia), horse tread (Ipomoea pes-caprae), cikumpai cikarao (Lepturus repens). As for the presence of predators identified during the observation, namely ghost crabs (Ocypode cursor).

This study used a combination of chicken manure and chicken broth which was fermented first with the aim to knowing the effect and the best dose of the combination of chicken manure and broth so as to increase the amount of Daphnia magna production optimally. This research is experimental using Completely Randomized Design method which consists of 4 treatments with 5 replications. Data analysis was processed using ANOVA and Duncan. The results showed that the fermentation of manure and chicken broth with a dose of P3 (7.5 mL/L) on day 8 gave the highest yield (41950 ind/L) compared to other treatments. Based on ANOVA analysis, it was shown that the combination treatment of chicken manure and broth compared with no combination on the count of Daphnia magna production had a significant effect (P<0.05). Duncan's test results showed that P3 treatment was significantly different from P0 and P1 but not significantly different from P2 treatment, with an average difference of P2 (5mL/L) 7419 ind/L and P3 (7.5mL/L) 8328 ind/L for 14 days growth.

Most catfish farmers do not make efforts to manage water quality. This causes high organic matter. Therefore, water management is carried out through the Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS). Continuous use of water in the RAS system causes filter performance to decrease, so technological improvements are needed with the addition of probiotics. The research was conducted on 22 February – 23 March 2021 at the Chemistry and Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Airlangga to determine the influence of probiotic additions on the RAS system total organic matter and the survival rate of catfish.The study was conducted experimentally using RAL by adding different doses of probiotics, namely P0 (Control), P1 (0.5 ml/L), P2 (1 ml/L), P3 (1.5 ml/L) and P4 (2 ml/L ) with four replays. Data analysis using ANOVA and DMRT showed that the addition of probiotics in the RAS system has an effect (p<0.05) on total organic matter and survival rate. Organic matter was highest at P2 (46.89 mg/L) and lowest at P2 (34.07 mg/L). Survival rates were highest at P2 (85%) and lowest at P0 (71.25%).

One of the provinces experiencing chronic problems regarding the emergence of cases of malnutrition and malnutrition is West Nusa Tenggara Province. The province, which is known as the national rice barn, is indeed facing the problem of cases of malnutrition and undernutrition from year to year. As with the typical characteristics of coastal ecosystems, coastal communities also have sociological characteristics. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of ecological adaptation patterns in the form of livelihood diversification for coastal Sasak households and Sasak rice fields, and to examine the socio-cultural system on the nutritional status of children under five in the coastal and Sasak Sasak communities. The research method used is to combine quantitative and qualitative methods with a post-positivism paradigm approach. The first assumption that underlies this research, is based on Steward's understanding through his theory of cultural ecology, that the adaptation of society to the environment will produce a distinctive cultural form. The results showed that the form of livelihood diversification for upper-middle-class households who owned agricultural land applied debt, manipulative, and vertical cooperation strategies. It was found that the relationship between nutrition for pregnant women and toddlers through meaning is a reflection of the cultural value orientation of the Sasak community. The meaning of the number of children plays a role in the causes of cases of malnutrition and malnutrition in coastal areas. Meanwhile, in the rice fields, on the other hand, there is a tendency for divorce to occur which causes families in the rice fields to be more fragile. The effect of ecological adaptation by households of children under five in coastal Sasak and Sasak rice fields is reflected in the value orientation which is closely related to the source of causes of cases of malnutrition and undernutrition.

This research is a quantitative descriptive study that aims to determine the heavy metal contamination of Pb and Hg. Sampling was carried out exploratively in the waters of Lekok Beach, Pasuruan Regency. The data obtained were analyzed by descriptive analysis by comparing the quality standards of the Minister of Environment Decree No. 51 of 2004. And analyzed by correlation test to determine the relationship between the content of heavy metals Pb and Hg in seawater and sediment with feather shells. The results of this study indicate that shellfish (Anadara antiquata) can accumulate heavy metals Pb and Hg. The average accumulation of heavy metals Pb and Hg in Anadara antiquata was 2,315 ppm and 1,100 ppm. The average heavy metal content of Pb and Hg along the sea waters of the Lekok coast are 0.204 ppm and 0.073 ppm. In the sediment the average metal content of Pb and Hg is 5.318 ppm and 1.215 ppm. The heavy metal content has exceeded the quality standard limit that has been determined by the Decree of the Minister of the Environment No. 51 of 2004 and RNO, so that it can be harmful to human health who consume shellfish. The results of the correlation test showed that there was a positive correlation between the heavy metal content of Pb and Hg in sediment and seawater and the heavy metal content of Pb and Hg in shellfish.

Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70) is the main stress protein synthesized by fish where there is a stressor, one of which is salinity. This study aims to determine the effect of salinity on the ekspression of HSP70 in the gills and kidneys of srikandi tilapia using the ELISA method. The parameter observed was the expression of HSP70 in the gills and kidneys of srikandi tilapia. These parameters were analyzed using one way factor ANOVA. The lower HSP70 expression was found in the P3 and the highest was found in P5 treatment. There was no difference in the gills and kidneys in the P1, P2, P3 treatments. However, the three treatments were significantly different freom the P4 and P5 treatment.

The aims of this research is to determine the optimal management of the paddle wheel based on the availability and balance of dissolved oxygen in shrimp ponds for efficiency in aquaculture operational costs. The methods employed are : (i) Field Observation for Oxygent Budget on included inputs oxygen and Outputs Oxygent and; (ii) Electricity usage during rearing periode. Results of analysis to Shrimp Culture (50 shrimp/m²) which obtained efficiency for paddle wheel electricity/kg shrimp as 1.04 kwh/kg shrimp/cyclus or 2.08 kwh/kg shrimp/years. Operational Cost is decreased as IDR 119 046 879/hectare/MT or IDR 238 093 758/hectare/years and profitable which obtained is increased to as IDR 55 788 853/hectare/cyclus atau IDR 111 577 707/hectare/years. While to shrimp culture (126 shrimp/m²) which obtained efficiency for paddle wheel electricity/kg shrimp as 1.61 kwh/kg shrimp/cyclus atau 3.22 kwh/kg shrimp/years. Operational Cost is decreased as IDR 355 936 618/hectare/cyclus atau IDR 711 873 235/hectare/years and profitable which obtained is increased to as IDR 186 435 278/hectare/cyclus or IDR 372 870 557/hectare/years.

The aims of this research is to analysis of organic waste (Total Suspended Solid) loading from shrimp culture activity are to Intensive, Semi Intensive, dan Traditional Plus. The methods employed in the research are; (i) field survei for shrimp culture technology and feed management applied in Mangara Bombang coastal area; (ii) Estimated Waste Organic Loading (Total Suspended Solid) based on Using Feed. Results of analysis to intensive shrimp culture (126 shrimp/m²), intensive shrimp culture (50 shrimp/m²), semi intensive shrimp culture (25 shrimp/m²), and traditional plus shrimp culture (8 shrimp/m²) show that generated for used feed are 10.058,25 kg/hectare, 2.789,54 kg/hectare, 1.681,4 kg/hectare, and 658,67 kg/hectare. While waste organic loading (Total Suspended Solid) obtained the generated are 9228.519 kg TSS/hectare, 2387.462 kg TSS/hectare, 1155.287 kg TSS/hectare, and 487.90 kg TSS/hectare.

Tuna (Thunnus sp.) is a high-economic fish that is most sought after in the Indonesian seas. Tuna has good nutrition for the human body, content such as high protein, vitamin and mineral content, and has a delicious taste, so this fish can be diversified. One of the products is fish floss that can be used as functional food. This study aims to determine: (1) determine effect of banana blossom addition in fish floss to organoleptic parameter (2) determine effect of banana blossom addition in fish floss to peroxide value and water content. The method used in this study is an experimental method with an experimental design in the form of a simple Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The independent variables in this study were the concentration of banana blossom 30%, 50%, and 70% while the dependent variables were organoleptic, water content and peroxide value. The best fortification of banana blossom is 70% with organoleptic score of appearance 5.178; scent 4.922; texture 5.078; and taste 4.944. The peroxide value in the tuna floss product with 70% banana blossom concentration is 0.578 meq/kg and water content 13.33%.

Vibriosis is one of the bacterial diseases that caused by a group of Vibrio bacteria. The total abundance of Vibrio bacteria that exceed the normal threshold can cause the mass death in vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) aquaculture. The study aimed to analyze the abundance of Vibrio sp. in vannamei shrimp rearing ponds. The abundance of Vibrio bacteria was analyzed using total plate count agar methode on TCBS and CHROMagar Vibrio selective media. Histopathological analysis was also carried out to determine the effect of Vibrio sp. abundance to hepatopancreas organ damage in vannamei shrimp. Three species of Vibrio bacteria founded in C1, C2 and C3 ponds and identified as V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus and V. alginolyticus. The total abundance of Vibrio bacteria in the C3 pond at 77 days of culture was higher than C2 and C3 ponds i.e 2.75 x 102 CFU/mL with 66,67% of hepatopancreas organ damage. Vibrio bacteria abundance in aquaculture ponds affects the percentage of shrimp heparopancreas damage.

This study aims to determine the bioaccumulation of heavy metals lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg) in green mussels (Perna viridis), sediment, and water in green mussel cultivation in Pasuruan waters, East Java based on different seasonal variations. The study was conducted in the rainy season (February) and dry season (July). Green mussels, sediment, and water were taken from the green mussel cultivation in the winding waters of Pasuruan. Samples were taken at harvest age, namely the age of 6 months of maintenance. Samples of seawater, sediment, and green mussels were taken 3 times. Heavy metal testing follows SNI 01-2354.6-2006. Based on the results of the study, the Pb content in the sediment increased in the summer compared to the rainy season, from 3.76±0.77 mg/Kg to 6.99±0.16 mg/Kg (P0.05). The level of Hg in green mussels in the rainy season was 1.03±0.04 mg/Kg also did not show a significantly different value (P>0.05) compared to summer, namely 1.02±0.02 mg/Kg.

Sardinella lemuru is a small pelagic fish that contains high omega-3 which is distributed in the eastern Indian Ocean including the Bali Strait. Lemuru including high-fat with omega-3 content. This different fat content depends on the size of the fish, maturity, season, and type of food. The research objectives were to obtain abundance and diversity of microalgae composition as food and determine the level of omega-3 in the stomach of lemuru. The research was conducted at the 8 station with different waters characteristic. The data obtained were analized using t-test. The omega 3 content of lemuru in the second transitional season was 35.25% higher than the fish caught in the western season (21.4%). Lemuru feed on phytoplankton dominated by the Bacillariophyceae group with Chaetoceros gracilis in the second transitional season. These phytoplankton suspected important role as raw materials for forming omega 3 in the body of lemuru.

The increasingly fierce competition in the sale of food products is currently encouraging people to improve the quality of sales service and food quality. The reality on the ground shows that some of the processing of food products does not use methods and methods that meet good hygiene and sanitation standards. As a result, processed food products will become unhealthy for human consumption. The Joint Business Group (KUB) of Shellfish Fishermen in Banjar Kemuning Village, Sedati District, Sidoarjo Regency seeks to improve the quality of food products from shellfish that will be sold to the community by implementing sanitation and hygiene standards in every process of processing food products from shellfish. Therefore, for the application of sanitation and hygiene standards in improving the quality of food products from shellfish in Banjar Kemuning Village, Sedati District, Sidoarjo Regency. The best approach to ensure the safety of food products from this shellfish, which is primarily in the process where the shellfish live and where the shellfish are obtained. For shellfish caught in the waters, proper handling processes related to sanitation and hygiene should be carried out, because shellfish caught in nature have a risk of bacterial contaminants and some heavy metals that are harmful to human health.

Gelatin is a type of protein obtained from natural collagen found in skin and bones. One of the fishery products that is thought to contain collagen This research was conducted using laboratory experimental method in this study used a completely randomized design (CRD). The data obtained were then analyzed by ANOVA method and further test using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a significance level of 5%. The color and aroma data were analyzed using the Kruskal Wallis method and further testing using the Mann-Whitney method. The results of the treatment of 0.2% NaOH base (P1), 0.2% CH₃COOH acid (P2) and 0.2% NaOH mixture and 0.2% CH₃COOH (P3) have the main characteristic results as follows: yield 13.5 %; 12.3%; 15.8%, pH 10.6; 5,6; 6.7, gel strength 241 bloom; 251 blooms; 273 bloom, viscosity 3.6 cP; 4.5 cP; 6.8 cP, 8.6% moisture content; 5.3%; 4.8%, ash content 2.6%; 1.8%; 0.8%, the color is brownish yellow (alkaline); yellow (sour); yellowish white (mixed); aroma i.e. smell (alkaline and sour); neutral (mixed). The best treatment was found in the mixed treatment (P3) NaOH 0.2% and CH₃COOH 0.2%.

Giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) is a fisheries commodity that has a high economical value. The purpose of this study is to determine hatching rate and survival rate of giant freshwater prawn in Installation of Brackish Water Culture Mayangan. This research was carried out at Installation of Brackish Water Culture Mayangan from December 2018 until January 2019. The work method used in this research is descriptive method. The giant freshwater prawn hatchery technique is carried out using a natural spawning system. Newly hatched larvae still have egg yolk as food reserves which will run out in 3 days. After that, the larvae will be fed with natural feed, namely Artemia sp. The results showed that the hatching rate and survival rate of giant freshwater prawn were 54.7% and 40.6%, respectively. Water quality parameters of giant freshwater prawn larvae for pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen were 7-8.7, 27-28°C, and 7-8 mg/l, respectively. Ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate for this study were 0.14-0.32 mg/l, 0.006-0.007 mg/l, and 0.2-0.4 mg/l.

The dissolved oxygen (DO) is crucial water quality parameters for shrimp farming. The farmers need aerator to break water into fine drops or creating bubbles that can enhance dissolved oxygen level in the pond. Turbo jet surface aerator is the one type of aerator. This aerator works by rotating propeller which is connected by a hollow shaft to the motor. The angular adjustment that is used from the engine holder is 20°. Therefore, the propeller can rotate in half submerged position which is 4.5 cm immersion depth. This turbo jet surface aerator is designed using 0.5 HP electric motor, 7 blades, and 2 floats. The measurement result shows the turbo jet surface aerator can be used to enhance DO level up to 2.8 mg/L with the average of DO level of 6.8 mg/L. Turbo jet surface aerator can be operated properly for 168 hours nonstop with the electric motor temperature of 69°C.

Lake Mahalona is located in Towuti District, South Sulawesi Province. There are 29 species of fish found in Lake Mahalona and most of them are endemic fish. The presence of alien species deliberately or unexpected is one of threats causing the declining of the number of biodiversity in fresh waters. This study aims to determine the relative abundance of alien fish species Flowerhorn in its fishing ground area at Lake Mahalona. The research was conducted from January to June 2021 at six stations. Fish samples were obtained by using gill nets. The total Flowerhorn caught during the study were 15,677, the most caught in January was 3,346 and the least in June was 1,451. The Flowerhorn in January were the most number of fish at Kusapa (735), February and March at Muara (566 and 618), April at Tandumata (593), May and June at Badilla (434 and 375). The highest number and relative abundance of Flowerhorn fish were found at Kusapa in January (735 and 33.23%), while the lowest number and relative abundance of Flowerhorn fish were found at Lengkomali in June (129 and 4.62%). Flowerhorn as a alien fish species is distributed throughout the Lake Mahalona station. Flowerhorn fish occupy a lot of habitats with lots of aquatic plants, sandy and rocky substrates.

Sili (Macrognathus sp.) is one of freshwater fishes that has high economic value in Asia, since it is beneficial as a consumable fish and an ornamental fish. The economic potential of Sili triggers overfishing, especially in East Java. Domestication is a method to preserve Sili in East Java, preceded by identifying potential species of Macrognathus sp. from the natural catchment. This study aims to characterize the morphological differences of Macrognathus sp in several regencies in East Java based on morphological and morphometric phenotypes. Samples were collected at five different locations, specifically: Tulungagung (Boyolangu Watersheds), Kediri (Brantas Watersheds), Mojokerto (Brantas Watersheds), Lamongan (Bengawan Solo Watersheds), and Malang (Karangkates Reservoir). The main parameters observed were morphology and morphometry. The morphological analysis used identification guidelines, while morphometric data were obtained through 14 parameters measurement then analyzed using one-way Anova test on SPSS 25 software. Based on the morphological and morphometric analysis, it is known that the species of Sili in some regencies in East Java are Macrognathus tapirus and Macrognathus aculeatus. The results showed that samples from Tuban and Kediri are Macrognathus tapirus. Furthermore, the samples collected from Mojokerto, Lamongan, and Malang are Macrognathus aculeatus. One-way Anova test showed Sili from the five locations were significantly different based on the result value of p<0.05.

Live feed is one of the most important factors of the success of fish farming, especially in fish hatchery activities. Live feed that has the potential to support cultivation activities is Daphnia magna. One of the problems on Daphnia magna culture is feed availability that can meet the nutrients in Daphnia magna. The aim of this research was to study the effect of providing feed from combination of chicken broth and chicken manure on the nutritional value of Daphnia magna. This study was experimental using the RAL method consisting of 4 treatments with 5 replications, namely control treatment (P0) 7.5 mL/L dose of feed, (P1) 2.5 mL/L dose of fermented feed, (P2) 5 mL/L dose of fermented feed and (P3) 7.5 mL/L dose of fermented feed. Data analysis was processed using ANOVA and Duncan. The result of this study has a significant effect (P<0.05) on nutritional content of Daphnia magna with the best dose in P3 which can affect the highest protein (51,98%) and highest fat (12,17%) of Daphnia magna. The highest fiber (13,32%) of Daphnia magna was found in the P1 treatment and the highest carbohydrates (37,51%) of Daphnia magna was found in the P0 treatment.

Tetracycline is an antibiotic that frequently used to treat various bacterial infections. However, the residue of the antibiotic are often found in food of animal origin, including fish and can be hazardous if consumed by human. This study aimed to determine the effect of water replacement on the residual levels of tetracycline in the liver of tilapia after therapy. Fifty four tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) were divided into 3 groups, namely group A, B, and C. Group A as a negative control was injected with 0.25 ml NaCl 0.9% without water replacement, group B as a positive control was injected with 0.25 ml tetracycline (50 mg/kg) without water replacement, and group C was injected with 0.25 ml tetracycline (50 mg/kg) with 25% water replacement twice a day for 6 days. Subsequently, 3 tilapias were euthanized from each group daily with cranial concussion. Samples of the liver were taken. Liver were analyzed by HPLC for tetracycline residual level and analyzed with Two Way ANOVA. The results showed that there were significant differences in residual level between groups and day. It can be concluded that 25% water replacement can decrease residual level in the tilapian liver.

Striped snakehead culture in bucket system with high stock rate at a good living environment, and also adequate feeding can lead to the maximization of production. However, if the stocking density is too high, it can inhibit the survival and growth of fish caused by competition for space, feed and oxygen as well as increased metabolic waste. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different stocking densities on the specific growth and survival rate of snakehead fish (Channa striata) in buckets. This study used is Completely Randomized Design consisting of 5 treatments and 4 replications, namely P0 (1 fish/L), P1 (2 fish/L), P2 (3 fish/L), P3 (4 fish/L) and P4 (5 fish/L). The ANOVA results showed that the difference in stocking density had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the growth rate of specific weight and length as well as the survival rate of fish. DMRT showed that P1 was the highest result for specific weight and length growth rates (0.90%/day and 0.80%/day) and the lowest at P4 (0.62%/day and 0.40 %/day). In addition, the highest of survival rate are also shown at P1 (95.42%) and the lowest at P4 (32.75 %).

The commercial complex enzymes containing protease, lipase, and amylase are potentially used for exogenous dietary enzymes on giant gourami (Osphronemus goramy) as growth booster indirectly. The aims of this study are to know the effect of the exogenous dietary enzymes on giant gourami growth and to obtain the optimal dose of this enzyme. The research was conducted on January-April 2019 in the aquaculture facility and laboratory of Universitas Airlangga, Banyuwangi Campus. A total of 200 giant gourami juveniles (5.5 ± 0.5 cm in total length) were obtained from the fish hatchery centre of Kabat, Banyuwangi, Indonesia. All fish was divided into 20 glass aquaria (40 x 30 x 30 cm³) and reared for 40 days with exogenous dietary enzyme treatments in the diets following: control (no enzyme), 2.5 ml/100 g feed, 5.0 ml/100 g feed, 7.5 ml/100 g feed, 10.0 ml/100 g feed (4 replication in each treatment). The parameters were observed in this study are daily growth rate (DGR), specific growth rate (SGR), and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The exogenous dietary enzyme significantly (P < 0.05) effect to all parameters, the best result was showed in 10.0 ml/100 g feed treatment as optimum applicate dose.

Fish farming in the bucket is a fishery technology that is being developed using an aquaponic system. Striped snakehead fish (Channa striata) is one of the economically important types of fish but the cultivation of striped snakehead fish using an aquaponic system has never been carried out, so it is necessary to know the optimal stocking density of striped snakehead fish to minimize the risk of stress for fish. This study aims to determine the effect of different stocking densities on ammonia (NH₃) and nitrate (NO₃) concentration on striped snakehead (Channa striata) culture in the bucket. This research using 5 treatments and 4 replications, namely P0 1 fish/Liters; P1 2 fish/Liters; P2 3 fish/Liters; P3 4 fish/Liters; and P4 5 fish/Liters. The observed parameters are ammonia (NH₃) and nitrate (NO₃) concentration. The results of this study showed that the value of the ammonia concentration was between 0,089-0,609 mg/L and the nitrate concentration was between 0,931-1,539 mg/L. Based on the results of this study, it can be cocluded that treatment of different stocking density affect the concentration of ammonia (NH₃) and nitrate (NO₃) in the cultivation of Snakehead fish (Channa striata) in the bucket.

The coral reef plays an important role in the marine ecosystem. These ecosystems are currently in decline due to a variety of factors such as irresponsible fishing, live coral capture for commercial purposes, seawater acidification, and others. Several attempts have been made to improve the situation, one of which was the transplantation method. Three Acropora species, Acropora Brueggemanni, Acropora Nobilis, and Acropora yongei, were planted at the best depth using the PVC rack method (5 meters) Tirtawangi Beach is located in Banyuwangi, East Java, Indonesia. We tracked the survival and growth of three transplanted corals on a monthly basis. A descriptive analysis was performed to determine the relationship between both and environmental parameters. The survival and growth rates of three Acropora corals transplanted at the optimal depth were discovered to be different for each species. Meanwhile, the three species' survival rates ranged from 96 to 100 percent, and their growth rates (mean SD) were 0.35 ± 0.11, 0.81 ±0.39, 0.47 ±0.15 cm.month-1, respectively. Furthermore, fragment adaptability to environmental changes is a major factor determining fragment growth, survival, and regeneration.

Rice is an essential and strategic commodity because of its role as the staple food of Indonesian society. The purpose of this study is to facilitate farmers in planning system of planting patterns based on water balance model. It is useful to reduce the risk of crop failure in the centre for food crops. Therefore, it is necessary to make a good plan in regulating rice cropping system pattern based on water balance model. The method used is Thornhtwaite and Mather. The data needed to conduct this research are rainfall, temperature data, evapotranspiration data and soil sample data of each sub-district in Parigi Moutong. The results showed that there were some sub-districts not suitable to be planted rice, i.e. Palasa, Siniu, Ampibabo, Suli and Torue. Therefore, other plant alternatives are needed to support food security of Parigi Moutong. The appropriate sub-districts as centres for paddy, i.e. Moutong, Sausu, Toribuli Tinombo Selatan, Dolago and Baliara. The results of this research make researchers easier to map the area after it is known which areas are suitable to be a centre for food crops especially paddy. Finally, it needs great support from the government to create strong food security in Parigi Moutong.

Lobster is one of the commodities from the fisheries sector that has high economic value. The problem faced is that there is still limited biological information on lobster species in Indonesia, including identifying genetic diversity. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential ofscalloped spiny lobster. Lobster identification was carried out morphologically and molecularly on the most dominant lobster species at Kondang Merak Beach, Malang. The method in this study used observation and experimental methods. The results of recording data on natural lobster catch from local fishermen from Kondang Merak,scalloped spiny lobster is the most dominant species compared to other types of lobster (painted spiny lobster, ornate spiny lobster). Morphologically, the most dominant lobster sample (MAL-01) obtained from this research location was Panulirus homarus. The lobster has a color pattern and meristic characteristics that are in accordance with the morphological identification reference used. Molecular identification of scalloped spiny lobster (DNA barcoding) has shown that the lobster specimen is a scalloped spiny lobster (Panulirus homarus) which has the same sequence as KF548574 (100%) in the BLASTN results with the Genbank Database.

Urban lakes play an important role in supporting quality of human life. There are more than 200 urban lakes in Jabodetabek areas, some of which are experiencing high risk of disappearance due to pollution, eutrophication, and sedimentation. There have been limited long monitoring of limnological data on appropriate management practice to protect the integrity of this vulnerable system. This aim of study is reveal seasonal variations of water quality in Lake Cibuntu Lake Dora, and Lake Lotus in Cibinong, West Java to support the management strategy of lakes. Water quality data including water depth, conductivity, Total Dissolved Solid, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, nutrient, were collected biweekly from July 2018 to July 2019. This result revealed that Lake Cibuntu and Lake Lotus have high variability of water depth compared to Lake Dora with the range 31 to 120 cm, 32 to 84 cm and 72 to 113 cm. The dynamic of water depth seems having an effect to the water quality variability in observed lakes. In term of nutrient, it showed a different pattern of variability fluctuation between observed lakes. The pattern of seasonal variability of water quality appeared to be related with seasonal of the year and water source.

Increasing in production and use of synthetic plastic materials constantly are responsible for the global increase in plastic debris in freshwater environments especially rivers. River is believed to be one of the important way to transport microplastics from inland to the Ocean. The study was conducted to assess early detection of the occurrence, abundance and distribution of microplastics (MPs) in lower Cimandiri River, West java, Indonesia, in which its water flows to the Indian Ocean. The water and sediment samples were collected in September 2020 from seven sampling sites in the upstream river tributaries, in the downstream segments and in the estuary. The analyses were done using a monocular stereo microscope in the laboratory. Preliminary detection showed that the abundance of microplastics was as high as 96 - 325 particles/m³ in the water and 620 - 950 particel/kg in the sediment of Lower Cimandiri River. Fibers accounted for > 70 % of the MPs types, and the size of < 300 mμ was the dominant MPs found (> 60%). Predominated small size MPs could pose a threat to the eels population sustainability. High MPs detected in Lower Cimandiri River could be a potential source of MPs pollution to the Indian Ocean.

The aim of this research was to determine the effect of Caesalpinia sappan L. extract on body weight and carcass weight of bucks exposed by heat stress. This research used a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 5 replications. The experimental animal were 5 month old bucks of rex type. The bucks were divided into 4 groups and given different treatments for 28 days, namely K + (complete feed + heat stress), K- (complete feed), P1 (complete feed + Caesalpinia sappan L. 100mg/kg feed + heat stress), and P2 (complete feed + Caesalpinia sappan L. 300 mg/kg feed + heat stress). The observed variables were the body weight and the carcass weight of the bucks. Parametric data was analyzed using ANOVA. The average body weight was K+ (2220.00), K- (2239.80), P1 (2241.60), P2 (2242.00). The average carcass weight was K+ (1132.40), K- (1232.00), P1 (1233.00), P2 (1233.20). The results of study showed that there was a significant difference (P<0.05) between the treatment and control group. Based on the research conducted, it can be concluded that the administration of Caesalpinia sappan L. extract can maintain the body weight and carcass weight of buck exposed to heat stress.

Enrichment is the process of adding an ingredient aiming to compliment and increase the nutrient feed. Potential snail flour served as a media enriched in Moina sp. because it has a high nutrient content. The objective of the study was to assess the provision of Moina sp. enriched with golden snail flour to the growth and survival of larvae of jelawat fish (Leptobarbus hoevenii). This research was conducted at Sungai Gelam Freshwater Aquaculture Center, Jambi and Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung. The research design was a complete randomized design (RAL) with 4 different treatments of golden snail flour doses, namely A (control), B (4 g/l), C (8 g/l), D (12 g/l), with 3 repetitions. Data absolute length growth, absolute weight growth, and survival rate were analyzed using the Anova test and continued with the BNT test. The results showed that the application of Moina sp enriched with golden snail meal 4 g/l and 8 g/l had a significant effect on long growth and weight but had no significant effect on the survival rate of jelawat fish.

The Asian Seabass farming can be successful with optimum environmental conditions. Water quality as a culture media must always be maintained to suppress the occurrence of pathogen attacks on fish. The study aims to determine the effect of temperature, pH, and salinity in the maintenance of body weight Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer) at different stocking. The field experiment method was applied in this study using a 6.28 m3 tank using 2 treatments, namely P1 (density 1000) and P2 (density 1400) fish measuring 2-3 cm for 30 days. Parameters observed included observations of growth and water quality (temperature, pH, and salinity). The result showed that there was an effect of temperature, pH, and salinity on the growth of Asian Seabass. The temperature, pH, and salinity showed an effect on body weight by P1 (35.2%) and P2 (28.9%). The conclusion of this study is that the density of 1000 shows a higher effect that the density of 1400 on the growth of Asian Seabass.

White snapper (Lates calcarifer) is a fish with high economic value that can meet domestic and foreign needs. It's aquaculture activity has become a commercial business. The growth of white snapper is relatively fast and has high body resistance to environmental changes. BBPBAP plays a role in the fulfillment of superior seeds through nursery activities for white snapper. This study aimed to identify and analysis the performance of white snapper nursery activity in BBPBAP Jepara. Nursery techniques for white snapper included pond preparation, seed stocking, grading, feed management, water quality management, pest and disease control, and seed harvesting. Nursery of white snapper was carried out in concrete ponds with stocking densities ranging from 1000-1500 fish/pond. The percentage of white snapper nursery in the form of seed survival rate at harvest was 80%, feed conversion ratio was 1.51. The average results of water quality parameters in white snapper fish rearing ponds included salinity ranging from 30-35 ppt, DO ranging from 3.2-3.8 mg/L, and water temperature ranging from 28.6-32.6 °C.

Gourami (Osphronemus goramy Lac.) is one of the freshwater fish commodities that has high economic value because of its delicious meat taste which is very popular with all people. However, the feed commonly used by carp cultivators is factory-made feed, namely commercial feed which usually costs quite a bit because some of the ingredients for commercial feed are imported from abroad. Therefore, it is necessary to find a solution to reduce the cost of aquaculture production by replacing commercial feed with homemade feed made from local raw materials. The purpose of this study was to examine the use of local raw materials formulated to make feed suitable for the growth of gourami and to analyze the cost of producing carp feed made from local raw materials. This study consisted of 4 treatments and 3 replications using a completely randomized design (CRD). The treatments consisted of treatment A (Protein 30%), B (Protein 33%), C (Protein 36%), and D (Commercial). The results of this study showed that the treatment of feed A, B, and C produced the same growth as commercial feed, and treatment of feed A resulted in the lowest cost of feed production compared to other treatments.

Lake Singkarak is one of the volcanic lakes in Solok Regency, West Sumatra Province. Bilih (Mystacoleucus padangensis) is an endemic fish species and has important economic value in Lake Singkarak. Concerning will be occured degradation of the fish population in nature due to change of environment and intensive fishing. The aim of this research to obtain information on distribution and habitat characteristics of endemic fish Bilih in Lake Singkarak on May 2021. The fish captured with experimental gillnet mesh size 0.625; 0.75; and 1.0 inches at four stations. The number of Bilih fish caught during the study was 521 fish, most were found at Sumani station was 332 fish with a grain value of 45% sand, 37% silt, and 18% clay. The highest average length of male and female Bilih were 77.9 and 80.7 mm, and the highest average weight size of male and female fish was 41 and 46 mg, respectively, which was found at Sumani station. The highest GMS IV Bilih were found at Sumani station and at Paninggahan station dominated GMS III. The length and weight of male Bilih in GMS IV were the highest at 77.3 mm and 42 mg as well as female Bilih in GMS IV were at 80.6 mm and 46 mg at Sumani station. Bilih are distributed in all stations in the waters of Lake Singkarak. In general, the measurement results of water quality in Lake Singkarak during the study ranged from 27.87 – 28.91 °C for temperature, pH 8.59 – 9.24, Dissolved Oxygen ranged from 4.56 – 7.02 mg/L, Oxidation Reduction Potential ranged 30 – 155 mV, Conductivity ranges from 0.137 – 0.145 mS/Cm, Total Dissolved Solid ranges from 0.089 – 0.093 mg/L and the Sechi depth ranges from 2.27 – 3.78 meters.

Many people are interested in shrimp farming because the large profits. One type of shrimp that is often exported is vannamei shrimp. This study aimed to analysis the feed management of vannamei shrimp at BBPBAP Jepara. The working method used in this study was descriptive method by utilizing primary and secondary data. There were 3 ponds observed, namely A51 (268,500 density), A52 (292,000 density) and A61 (399,000 density). Observation time until shrimp is harvested. The method of feeding was to spread the feed evenly to the pond by walking around the pond plot. The percentage of white snapper nursery in the form of seed survival rate at harvest was 80%, feed conversion ratio was 1.51. The average results of water quality parameters in white snapper fish rearing ponds included salinity ranging from 30-35 ppt, DO ranging from 3.2-3.8 mg/L, and water temperature ranging from 28.6-32.6 °C. It could be concluded the white snapper nursery in BBPBAP Jepara showed good results.

One of the main focuses in microbial ecology is the analysis of microbial communities in water, especially concerning bacteria. The results of the analysis related to the abundance of bacteria will be essential knowledge for the development of aquaculture, especially those relating to the dynamics of pond water quality. This study aims to analyze the total abundance of bacteria and water quality dynamics in the water of Litopenaeus vannamei aquaculture that applies a recirculation system. The study was conducted for three months on a concrete pond plot with an area of 2500 m2. Samples of bacterial abundance were taken from pond water, while water quality checks were carried out at ponds and pond outlets. Sampling was carried out at weeks 1, 3, 5, and 8 during the cultivation phase. Bacterial abundance was calculated using Environmental DNA (eDNA), which refers to DNA extracted from the environment without isolating the target organism. The water quality parameters observed were pH, conductivity, DO, turbidity, temperature, and salinity. This study suggested that the abundance of bacteria from the first to the 8th week were 15.3x107; 17.1x107; 36.6x107; and 35.4x107, respectively. Moreover, DO ranged from 3.2 ppm to 7.6 ppm; temperature ranged from 30 °C to 33.3°C; turbidity raged from 12 NTU to 57 NTU; salinity ranged from 19 ppt to 24 ppt; conductivity ranged from 2.93 s/m to 3.54 s/m, and pH ranged from 6.6 to 7.0. This study indicates that the recirculation aquaculture system in Lamongan, East Java may obtain the optimum water quality and controlling the abundance of bacteria to support the aquaculture of Litopenaeus vannamei.