Table of contents

3^rd International Scientific Conference of Engineering Sciences and Advances Technologies (IICESAT), College of Material Engineering, University of Babylon, Iraq in 4-5 June, 2021.

Ahmed J. Obaid¹, Salah Albermany¹, Mohammed S. Shamkhi², Shubham Sh. Sharma³

¹Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq.

²College of Engineering, Wasit University, Iraq.

³Mechanical Dept. RCED Center, India,

E-Mails: ahmedj.aljanaby@uokufa.edu.iq; salah.albermany@uokufa.edu.iq; msewan@uowasit.edu.iq; shubhamsharmacsirclri@gmail.com

IICESATConference Proceeding 3^rd edition, Involved Our Peer Reviewed Papers that reviewed and presented through the 3^rd International Scientific Conference of Engineering Sciences and Advances Technologies (IICESAT) which held in College of Material Engineering, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq in 4-5 June, 2021. IICESAT Aims to bring together all aspects and research works in scientific platform to discussed the latest and new trends in topics covered under broad areas such as (but not limited to) various aspects of engineering fields.

IICESATConference got very significant interesting from authors comes from several countries, in which we receive participation from more than 19 countries which are: French, UK, Ukraine, Russia, Nepal, India, Vietnam, Thailand, Taiwan, Indonesia, Algeria, Morocco, Surya, Poland, Philippines, Uzbekistan and Many other Countries where the authors are successfully presented their works and attend our conference sessions who managed by our scientific and organizing committee Members, and answered all the questions that directed to them by session chairs and attendances. We successfully held this conference within 2-Days (4 and 5 June 2021), where on the first day we successfully listened to the keynote speakers presentations then the session started from 12:00 PM in Iraq Standard Time till 03:30 PM, and for evening sessions started from 5:00 PM till 8:00 PM. We would like to express our thanks and appreciation to all our session chairs for their hard work and attend our (27) sessions through two days and more than 8 hours per day to deliver the presented works in a successful manner.

IICESAT conference hosted 27 plenary sessions, 12 Session in first day and 13 sessions in 2nd day, where on the first day (4 June 2021) the Inauguration program started from (10:00 AM) till (12:00 PM).Then Sessions Started directly by dividing the authors into their certain session who managed by 12 Chairs, for each session (1 chair from scientific committee,, 1 from Organizing committee board and 1 from Conference Editors chairs board). We are glad to express our gratitude for all of the participants, keynote speakers, organizing committee members, Scientific Committee members, and other Guest Chairs and Patrons for their support and achievement, and we extend our thankful to all our reviewers (228+), for their times and valuable notes. We extend our thanks to our international committee members for the gaudiness of their participants and promote this conference in their regions, and successfully attend very attractive presents. Also, we thank our authors for their effective contribution in our conference and participated with us in the 3rd Edition of conference proceeding.

List of Venue of the Conference, The Reason(s) why IICESAT Conference Held Virtually, Technology, Technical Difficulties and Drawbacks of Conference Virtually, The Main Technical Difficulties of Virtual Meetings can be summarizing as follow, Conference Committees, Conference Tracks, Invited Speakers, Organizing Institutions, Special Thanks to Conference Partners, Conference Flyer, Conference Proceeding of 1^st Day (4 June 2021), Conference Sessions (Day 2: 5 June 2021) are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of Journal of Physics: Conference Series have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

• Type of peer review:

IICPS Conference follow Double-Blind Review where all received articles are checked for similarity through a Plagiarism Software. All the Articles passed the Plagiarism checking, will sent though the organizing and Scientific committee Members for 2-3 Reviewers for evaluation based on certain reports that includes the important questions which used by many publishers to evaluate the papers the submitted to them, based on our reviewers reports forms and their decisions, and Editors decision the paper either accepted, Accepted with (Minor/Major) revision or rejected.

• Conference submission management system:

The main Submission system for our Conference Easychair Submission System (easychair.org/), where the paper can be submitted, and tracked through this system, all papers has its own ID, for evaluation progress later.

• Number of submissions received:

We received more than 512 submissions from all authors that comes from more than 23 countries, we consider only 325 papers for further progress, the conference organizers, scientific committee, guest Editors consider only the (260) Accepted Papers that fulfil the requirements for further process.

• Number of submissions sent for review:

Total Number of Papers that Consider for review Process are 325 and based on scientific committee decision and guest editor decision and alternative reviewers we accepted only 260 papers.

• Number of submissions accepted:

Out of 512, papers we select 325 papers as initial Accepted Articles, we processed these papers and consider only 260 because the following reasons:

• Some Corresponding authors do not complete the revision in well.

• Some Papers do not complete the Copyright and Payments.

• Some papers either published somewhere.

• Some papers rejected based on editor's decision.

• Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted/Number of Submissions Received X 100):

Total Number of Received Papers = 512.

Total Number of Accepted Papers = 260.

• Average number of reviews per paper: 2-3 Reviewers for Each Paper

• Total number of reviewers involved: 228 Reviewers

Any additional info on review process:

○ Each paper Assigned to 2-3 reviewers once passed the technical check.

○ Once Review Reports received the decision of Guest Editor will be as 3^rd reviewer on each certain paper.

• Contact person for queries:

Main Guest Editors:

• Ass.t Prof. Dr. Ahmed J. Obaid,

Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics, University of Kufa, Iraq

ahmedj.aljanaby@uokufa.edu.iq

• Prof. Dr. Salah Albermany,

Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics, University of Kufa, Iraq

salah.albermany@uokufa.edu.iq

• Mohammed S. Shamkhi,

College of Engineering, Wasit University, Iraq

msewan@uowasit.edu.iq

Shubham Sh. Sharma,

• Shubham Sh. Sharma,

Mechanical Dept. RCED Center, India

shubhamsharmacsirclri@gmail.com

The polymeric materials in this study underwent mechanical tests (tensile test, impact resistance and hardness), which explained the use of polymeric materials in engineering and industrial applications that need good mechanical properties compared to metals, ceramic materials and woods, and this is a good thing because it is characterized by low cost and high efficiency with application performance In this study, the polycarbonate polymer was characterized by its high tensile strength in the event of breakage, but the elongation values decreased compared with the polypropylene and polyethylene polymers, which were characterized by high elongation at the expense of tensile strength, as the polycarbonate polymer acted as a brittle material as for resistance to shock, which reflected the amount of energy absorbed From the striking hammer, the impact resistance of high-density polyethylene increased compared to other polymers, as well as the hardness whose values were close to the three types of polymers used, which confirms the importance of these types in the application used in engineering.

Digital image processing has numerous applications in many sectors of the world. It expands from initial information registration into methods and thoughts combining pattern recognition, computer vision, and machine learning. The wide utilization has pulled in many researchers to integrate with a range of related specializations. This work gives a study of the latest development and theoretical ideas clarifying an improvement of computer vision particularly with pattern recognition and image processing, utilizing various regions of their field implementation. Digital image processing causes researchers to analyze images to get important data and comprehend information. It utilized a technique of multi-range implementation and huge information analysis. This work aims to focus on the latest studies related to image processing, pattern recognition, and computer vision. In this paper, Computer vision standard has been categorized into groups. For example, pattern recognition, image processing, and AI. Additionally, we give a short clarification of the forward-thinking data about the methods and their realization. This survey is restricted to computer vision, and more research can include detecting the conduct and properties of the object including people actions.

This work focuses on the finite element method (FEM) that has been used to study the effect of cooling on damage initialization in skin subjected to CO₂ laser. The bio-heat equation was used to simulate the temperature distribution in a skin. The result of this work was compared with the analytical solution of the same problem with good nearby results. From the result of this work, it was observed that increasing the convection heat transfer coefficient of the skin could increase the possible time required to cause damage during subjected the tissue to the laser. Also, it was found that the decrease in the environmental temp. can cause the same effect on the initialization of damage. This observation is very useful in treating skin through various laser medical procedures to avoid thermal damage.

Pozzolanic materials are used extensively at the present time due to their availability in large quantities, especially materials that are considered waste from construction works and industrial waste. In this research, various pozzolanic materials were used, such as glass powder; ceramic powder, and brick powder, seven mortar mixes (M, M1, M2, M3, M4, M5 and M6). This research has been prepared and focuses on the impact of using these materials in mortars as cement replacement. M1, M2, M3 The cement was replaced as 30, 35, 40% by glass powder and ceramic powder (10% glass with 20, 25 and 30% ceramic powder) by weight of cement. M4, M5, M6 was replaced as 30, 35, 40% by glass powder and brick powder (10% glass with 20, 25, 30% brick powder) the cement by weight. The specimens were cast in a cube of 50 x 50 x 50 mm and the water curing regime was applied until the testing age. The fineness of the powder used in glass, ceramics and bricks is less than 45μm. Changes in compressive intensity for both samples have been examined. The optimal replacement that provided the better strength was found to be 40 percent replacement (10% glass with 30% brick powder).

The paper aims to study the properties of various local and imported terrazzo tiles manufactured by ten different factories. Five of the terrazzo tile samples are local while the others are imported from Turkey and Iran. Thirty samples have been tested for each factory with total number of 300 tiles. Samples of tiles have been randomly selected from local market and then tested according to the testing methods of terrazzo tiles and ordinary tiles (31, 1989) and compared with Iraqi specification (1042, 1984). Tests result showed that all local samples conform to the specification while imported samples do not conform to Iraqi specification. The Turkish samples were out of tolerances in thickness (-15, -13 mm) for both samples. The Iranian samples were out of limits in total absorption test (10.4, 11.6 %) for both sample. The higher modulus of rupture was 7.22 MPa in a Turkish sample. The best abrasion resistance was 1.87 mm average thickness reduction in an Iranian sample. The best result of SO₃ content was 0.274% in local sample Kamalyah factory. Over all, according to the adopted specification all local samples can be classified as conformable to specification limits.

Titanium (Ti) is widely applied for biomedical implants owing to its exceptional properties such as biocompatibility, corrosion behavior and wear resistance. However, these implants may undergo from some unfavorable results coming from the lack of their surface properties. Therefore, the development of required surface properties of Ti implants is an important issue. In particular, Ti dioxide (TiO₂) nanotubes (NTs) have displayed auspicious features to modulate the biological responses of Ti. In this study, the anodization process was carried out onto the surface of commercial pure titanium (CP-Ti) substrate in an electrolyte contains a 0.8M NaF in 1M H₃PO₄ at constant applied voltage of 10 V for 30, 90, and 150 min. The structure and morphology, topography, along with adhesion strength of both non-anodized and anodized Ti samples have been investigated

Iraq suffers from electricity shortages, through the local market and government institutions, has preliminary and applied information in the field of renewable energies, represented by solar energy, wind energy and bio-energy, at a simple level and small capacities, and in the near future it will rise to the levels of high energy stations. Note that the National Energy Strategy has set the percentage of renewable energy participation from total electric energy to reach 5%, about 2 Gigawatt by the year 2030. The plan includes several interval times, including the introduction of renewable energy in the agricultural sector to withdraw and pump water in drip irrigation systems, and the use of solar water heaters and heating systems and lighting systems operating with photovoltaic solar energy, as well as manufacturing all solar energy supplies and systems such as batteries, inverters, electric charger, solar heaters and solar panels, the effect of education and rationalization of consumption, increasing the efficiency of the use of electric energy, recycling waste to get rid of environmental pollution and producing biogas by Medium and large entrepreneurial systems in Iraqi cities. As well as the introduction of green building techniques in building homes, buildings and residential complexes to reduce electrical energy consumption with the introduction of solar-powered air conditioning systems. Reducing risks in renewable energy projects depends on several factors, including technology risks, monetary currency, natural resources, electrical grid risks, political risks, and the most dangerous are the risks resulting from terrorism and thefts at present in Iraq and requires an advanced and secure security system. Based on public datasets and reasonable assumptions, the provisional results obtained suggest the following; solar PV zones are located in the western region of Al-Anbar along the Jordanian Border. Despite the large capacities of these clusters, they are located at more than 300 km from Baghdad; wind zones are spread across the north-western area of Al-Anbar and south-eastern region, from Baghdad to Al-Basrah governorates.

The proposed Implementation is on the Android Application to extract using Tesseract OCR in which the following concepts will be used, which are Adaptive Thresholding, Connected Component, Fine Lines, and Recognize Word. Using this Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Technology, an Application generated text which is printed on a clean, B/W or colourful background can be converted into a computer readable form ASCII. With the help of this Android Application using Tesseract OCR, the system has two ways for Text Extraction. The first one is to capture a photo while the second one uploads an image from the gallery after that system can proceed for as per the user requirement which portion of the image they want to crop or edit. After editing the picture, it converts into the text. This Android Application is for two languages, English and Hindi.

This paper introduces the properties of an elliptical filter and Butterworth filter characteristics when narrowband noise passes through them, which has the same behavior in both, traffic and stop range. The amount of ripple in each band can be adjusted independently as it has a faster gain transition between the pass and stop band, so a compression has been made between elliptical and Butterworth filters response to narrowband noise in order to find a new ways to increase their immunity to noise. MATLAB Simulink Software has been used as a simulations environment.

XLPE is currently commonly used in high voltage underground cables. Several researchers recently chose several nanofillers to improve the electric tree's strength in the polymer matrix. Alumina AL₂O₃ nanofiller have been utilized to investigate the effects on the electrical treeing in XLPE. The percentage concentration were used as follows with different amounts "0.3wt." % and "1wt."% from weight of base material. The needle-plane electrodes were used in this investigation and gap selected between needle and plane earth is 3 mm. The growth and morphology of treeing in XLPE insulation have been observed by using charge coupled device camera CCD_c and microscope system. Scanning of electron microscopes SEM has been investigated the nanoparticles spread in base material. The outcomes show the tree inception voltage TIV values 12.5, and 14.8 KV "0.3wt." % and "1wt."%, respectively in XLPE composites that is mean the TIV increase with increase concentration nanofiller, while the tree propagation time at 2mm length increase about 40 min and 2 hours in "0.3wt." % and "1wt."% AL₂O₃/XLPE, respectively compared with unfilled XLPE, as well as the breakdown time BDT enhancement by4.347% and 13.043% for 0.3wt% and 1 wt% nano AL₂O₃ composites compared with unfilled XLPE insulation. And showed pictures taken with a SEM Diffusion and accumulation of nanoparticles in the XLPE material.

Polyether ether ketone and which combined with carbon fiber by 20% and 30% as reinforcement which purchased from a company Tangyin Sanyou Engineering Plastic Co. Itd/China. the degree of crystallization An significant role in semi-crystalline thermoplastics is played by (e.g. toughness, stiffness and solvent resistance). Primary aim of this work is to use density, DSC and FTIR to Research into the various induced degrees of crystallinity in PEEK composites Strengthened with carbon fiber (CF). In this research, three sheets were used: virgin poly ether ether ketone (PEEK), (PEEK+20 percent carbon fiber), and (PEEK+30 percent carbon fiber). the samples' mechanical and thermal properties produced ones were examined and compared in this study. The density test findings displayed a rise in crystallinity levels by (35.9, 54.4, 88.2) respectively, But a decrease in the degree of crystallinity when examining by DSC. The mechanical properties such as Tensile strength, Young's module and impact strength It showed an improvement in properties with an increase in the percentage of reinforcement with CF. In addition, FTIR for pure PEEK, (PEEK+ 20 percent CF) and (PEEK+30 percent CF) is found to induce minor shafting in peaks by adding 30 percent of carbon fibers and does not cause new peaks to appear and this suggests that there is no chemical reaction between the fibers and the PEEK matrix.

In a photovoltaic system, electronic transducer control is highly essential for sufficient use of solar systems. The present article suggests to modify the Perturb and Observe MPPT (i.e., Maximum Power Point Tracking) with a fog controller to control a DC-DC impulse converter in a photoelectric system under shade and variable cases of the weather. The present study includes a proposal of a different method to the MPPT from a photovoltaic (PV) system for the purpose of obtaining the maximal power from a photovoltaic system. In the traditional approaches, the capability of the tracking includes the power output fluctuations. The modelling and simulation of the PV system with the suggested algorithm has been performed with the use of the MATLAB/SIMLINK software. The model results of the simulation show that the Per-turb and Observe (P&O) based fuzzy control algorithm has been considered as a fast transient state, with fewer and smooth fluctuations in the power signal generated.

The heat exchanger is a thermal device use for heat exchange between higher fluid temperature to lower fluid temperature. Growing need to improve the heat exchangers effectiveness and develop a broad range of investigations for enhancement heat transfer rate along with minimizing the size and cost of the industrial apparatus accordingly. The purpose of the present work to review the articles that related to major types of double pipe heat exchanger and factor effect on heat transfer rate and pressure drop the double pipe heat exchanger considers one of the apparatuses which are used in among industries. Researchers proposed several models of double pipe heat exchanger heat exchangers. Double pipe heat exchangers are used in many industrial processes, cooling technology, refrigeration device, sustainable energy applications and another field. Different classification of Double pipe heat exchangers includes parallel, counter and cross flow. Research operate were also conducted to improve the effectiveness of Double pipe heat exchangers by using turbulators, inserts, rips at both ends, modifying the geometry of channels, methods of injection fluids and, etc. This study reported various research works of Double pipe heat exchangers research works in a technique to satisfy the right effectiveness deciding parameter.

Delay and disturbance analysis (DD) is a significant cause of claims and conflicts in the Iraqi building industry, frequently resulting in time and expense overruns. The extent to which each contracting party is responsible for the postponed job execution and additional expenses incurred is often at the heart of the dispute. Various methodologies have been developed over time to answer this question. This research was undertaken using a mixed-method approach, which involved a detailed examination of the related literature first. Due to programming and record-keeping shortcomings, the primary finding is that DD testing methodologies with major defects in the literature were the most widely found in use. To encourage the use of more efficient methodologies that ensure greater efficiency, a scheme integrating best practice recommendations for promoting better record-keeping and programming practice has been established efficient claims settlement with fewer chances of conflicts.

The importance of Super-capacitors (SCs) stems from their distinctive properties including long cycle life, high strength and environment friendly, they are sharing similar fundamental equations as the traditional capacitors; for attaining high capacitances SC using electrodes materials with thinner dielectrics and high specific surface area. In this review paper, all types of SCs were covered, depending on the energy storage mechanism; a brief overview of the materials and technologies used for SCs is presented. The major concentration is on materials like the metal oxides, carbon materials, conducting polymers along with their composites. The composites' performance was examined via parameters like capacitance, energy, cyclic performance power and the rate capability also presents details regarding the electrolyte materials.

Cement kiln dust (CKD) is a by-product material of cement manufacturing. The composition of this material is approximately like the cement composition but it carries high ratio of alkali which is harmful material if it is used in structural construction members. In this study it was used after removing most of alkali by washing, in cement mortars as partial replacement of cement. After washing it was left to be dried. The material was grinded by Los Angeles machine firstly and then milled by a planetary mill in periods of 1,1.5,2,2.5,3,3.5, and 4 hours respectively to reach nano sizes of particles. It was added to cement mortars using five ratios, 0% (without milling as control ratio) and an addition of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% ratios compared to cement weight respectively. The properties which were studied include compressive strength of mortar through curing periods 7, 28, 56 days, physical and chemical properties of the mortars. The results of this work ensure the work of one of the authors in the literature and an improvement in mortar compressive strength reaches 35%. Other physical and chemical properties were also improved. Depending upon the governed results washed CKD can be used safely in cement mortars.

In the turning process, the quality of the working surface depends on the operating parameters. In this work method was used Taguchi to study the effect of operating transactions on the surface quality of the operator (the barrel). In this study four parameters were used which are sample length (L), sample diameter (D), feed rate (F), and cut depth (T). The objective of this work is to improve the quality of the surface of the machine through the control of the main input parameters for the process of turning aluminum and steel materials. It was selected orthogonal group L9 to study the impact of key factors on the variable response, i.e. barreling. The contribution of key factors and their interaction with the optimal level were determined using ANOVA. The results showed that the cutting depth was 0.5 mm and the feeding rate was 0.5 mm/roll yield minimum barreling. In addition, ANOVA results indicated that among four major factors, the specimen diameter and cut depth significantly contributed to reducing barreling.

Peak load periods have a great impact for energy demand in smart grid. These times is directly related to the consumption of residential sector, thus utility need to add additional generation capacity during peak time to support the demand required. This paper proposes a demand response system for residential household. Analytical Method (AM) is used to optimize the load consumption based real data of typical residential home. The consumption data are measured using smart plugs that have been designed and implemented to communicate with household's smart devices. The simulation results show the peak load was reduced by 37.64% and the energy consumption cost bill was reduced by 29.52%. The proposed method is compared with other optimization methods such as Bacterial Foraging Optimization (BFO), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to highlight the finding. The proposed approach indicated a greater saving period to produce the final results.

The design and realization of Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) controller based on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is presented in this paper. The controller intended to control the temperature of medical oven. A novel design of digital ANFIS is presented here for the implementation process. Different controllers are designed and their results are compared using MATLAB program to show the ANFIS superiority. The designed controllers tested for cell cultures application at 37.5. A reduction is made for the designed digital ANFIS due to the used FPGA limitations. The reduced design minimizes the utilized slices from 366% to 3% and LUTs from 364% to 3%. The reduced design reached an optimum size for this controller to utilize a smallest memory size. A real-time FPGA implementation of the proposed digital ANFIS have been done and verified through Xilinx ISE 14.6 using the VHDL language. The VHDL code for the controller is produced, aggregated and downloaded on the FPGA Spartan 3A/AN FPGA kit. A comparison between the simulation and implementation results is made. The matching between these results proves the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed digital ANFIS and the excellent performance of the FPGA based controller.

Just 15 to 20 percent of the PV modules solar radiation's turned to electrical energy while the rest's transformed into thermal energy, resulting in a decrease in the efficiency of the electrical energy. Thus, to useful from the each electrical and thermal energy generated by the PV module, a hybrid thermal photovoltaic system is the perfect choice. A hollow rectangular box was used as a water flow channel to absorb heat from the photovoltaic's. Then, this heat extracted from photovoltaic's will be used in secondary applications, which leads to improved performance of photovoltaic modules and increased electrical conversion. The hybrid PV/T system consists of two sides of a rectangular channel made of insulating material, which are built-up on the bottom and top side of the PV panel, where the upper material is glass to transmittance the solar radiation and lower material is insulation foam, with a depth 5 mm of each one and through which water flows along the channel. The front side of the thermal collector contains transparent glass that allows solar radiation to pass through it to reach the PV module.3D numerical simulation was performed by COMSOL Multiphysics® software, and is validated at different volume flow rates of 1LPM to 5LPM, by Boundary Conditions investigation to keeping the inlet water and ambient temperature at 27°C and solar irradiation at 1000 W/m².Hence, the benefit of this work is to evolve the electricity yield of photovoltaic (PV) module, thus increasing the electrical adequacy, also can be obtained the hot water by the heat absorption from the PV module by use heat exchanger. The results of the simulation had shown that the (PV)/T system produced 14.2% Maximum Electrical Efficiency (η_el), while the Maximum Thermal Efficiency(η_th)was 82%, all the result set at the temperature of ambient and inlet water to the thermal collector channel at 27°C, Where the range of the volumetric rate of water flow ranges between (1-5) LPM and solar radiation between (600-1000) (W/m²)

One of the promising areas of improvement of sensors for monitoring the condition of track sections is the development of controlling sensors, which are less dependent on changes in ballast resistance, longitudinal asymmetry and standard value of shunt sensitivity, such a direction is the development of adaptive track circuits [1-5]. The article proposes a control sensor with an adaptive receiver, principle of operation of which is that monitoring the state of the track section depends on the parameters of adjacent monitoring sensors, included in the common controlled zone CZ.

Mathematical model and analytical expressions have been developed taking into account the resistance of the rails and the resistance of the insulation being carried out [6]. Proposed the coefficients of a rail fourpole with one of the choke-transformer, powered with one side. The calculated expressions of the fourpole and the criteria for the sensitivity of the rail circuit when one line is broken are presented and derived, and also the minimum transmission resistance [6].

Oil is one of the important sources of the economy in all countries, and everyone is interested in the slogan of energy conservation and rationalization. Energy saving and energy conservation are also linked to natural issues, particularly those identified with environmental change and high temperatures, and this implies the requirement for a fair response. Despite the distinction in the requirement for energy every once in a while. Research aims to improve performance. Oil companies using energy management systems. Oil companies in Iraq whose work is characterized by a technical nature were searched, and a rigorous and tested questionnaire was used to collect data. Bodies and divisions of the Iraqi Oil Companies, which are directly related to the topic of the research, and a random sample was chosen from the community. The study reached a set of results, the most important of which are (an integration formula between energy management systems can be developed to be used to improve the quality of performance of oil companies).

Laser transmission welding (LTW) is one of the latest evolutions in joining technology. Simply, it involves joining two similar or dissimilar materials by melting and fusing two parts at their interface using laser radiation. The upper material is transparent in order to allow the laser radiation to pass and heat the second material which is in this case an absorbent material. This technique is also known with other names such as Laser Plastic Welding, Through-Transmission Welding and Laser Assisted Metal to Polymer Joining. The developments occurred in this field have also enabled LTW to approach different Lasers like Diode Laser, CO₂ Laser, Nd: YAG Laser and Fiber Laser. This review aims to explain LTW process, working procedures, effect of Laser types and process parameters on this approach. It especially clarifies using LTW to weld thermoplastics materials together or with metals. It also attempts to help scholars to have an overview on LTW technique and achieve their answers related to this topic.

This research aims at presenting Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) technology as one of the alternatives and efficient methods for treating industrial wastewaters at a variety of conditions. In the last decade, this technology became more popular and widely utilized worldwide, due to the fact that the need for clean water keeps to rapidly increase with the increase in the population of the world grows year by year, which is why a high number of the waste-water treatment facilities are necessary expand, for the purpose of providing additional capacity with the minimal costs. The present study aimed at covering the most significant MBBR processes, like the fundamental process of the treatment, biofilm kinetics, and MBBR operation principles. This review includes as well a large number of the relevant researches that have been performed at the lab and pilot scales, in addition to cover the important procedures on the basic process of the treatment, which affects the influent types as well as the carrier type. None-the-less, this review concluded yet has been compiled herein and reported to be acquiring more sufficient insights and outlook upon the theme with a view to meet the new method. For that purpose, the most feasible technology may be the advanced biological process (i.e., the bio-reactor systems), which include the MBBR system

Rutting is one of the big problems in hot-mix asphalt (HMA) pavements. The primary mechanism of HMA rutting is shear deformation, often caused by high stress in HMA layers during traffic loading, especially at high temperatures. Current HMA rutting tests are not necessarily designed to capture HMA shear properties such as shear strength, shear strain, and shear module. The present work explores the behavior of the shear strength properties of HMA modified with Crumb Tire Rubber (CTR) and two types of filler (brick and lime dust in comparison with passing sieving No.200 as control filler) by developing a Simple Punching Shear Test (SPST) under control of temperature and loading rate. A series of laboratory sample tests to formulate and set up the SPST protocol and the related test parameters, derive the SPST results analysis sample to capture the HMA shear parameters from the results and comparatively evaluate the shear properties of HMA mixes. Results have shown that the SPST is relatively receptive to the form of modifier and filler. Using limestone dust as with (5%) CTR content increased higher shear strength, the rate of increase was about (44.44%) and (51.38%). Also 5% to 7% CTR content with lime dust filler lowering shear strain more than for brick dust filler.

The treatment of some skin damage have been studied influence the laser beam CO2 and the Nd:Yag with wavelengths (10600nm and 1064 nm) respectively as foundation of radiation. The current research aims to verify effect of altered laser dosages of the skin in an attempt to recognize how the laser achieves medicinal effects to treat skin lesions. And the aims to establish the correlation between laser dose and biological influence and so after that calculate its low dose with higher medical influence and minimal harm to. The number of cases included four different diseases, ranging between 18-50 years. Areas of the body were exposed to laser beams and different wavelengths by type laser user. The first case, represent the image of a girl suffering from autoimmune disease, Nd:YAG laser was used with Q-swtich Nd: YAG to treat this condition and the wavelength is 1064 nm, second case, image of a person suffering from the impact. Fractional Co2 Laser and wavelength 10600 nm where used and third case: An image of a person suffering from costs, treatment by using Q-switch Nd-YAG laser short pulse has a wavelength of 1064nm.

Openings in beams cause load path and stress discontinuities. Several research experiments have been conducted in recent years to improve the area surrounding the opening using various techniques. In this research investigate the effect of hybrid concrete (normal concrete and steel fiber reinforced concrete) on the beams with transfer opening subject to combined loading (torsion and bending). Six specimens of reinforced concrete beams with the same dimension and reinforcement were tested. The variable where distance of hybrid area around opening (150, 225, 450 and 1500) mm. The opening in reference concrete beams was decrease in the ultimate twisting moment (18.28%) with respect to solid one (without opening). The ultimate twisting moment increases by (32-68%) as steel fiber reinforced concrete is used around the opening. Simultaneously, the twist angle was increased by about (27.6- 46.7%). In addition, relative to the control specimen, the first crack was delayed by bout (41.6-75) %.

Due to the industrial development and the growing modernity, the elevator systems have become indispensable in many multi-story buildings. When electrical elevators are employed to transport people, riding comfort becomes a very important issue, especially when high-speed elevators are used in high-rise buildings. The elevator systems should provide a good stop accuracy and excellent levels of ride comfort. Passengers experience some problems that affect their comfort such as vibration and jerk that occur when travelling between elevator floors especially when starting and stopping the cabin. To minimize the effects of these problems, the cabin must be driven in such a way as to ensure smooth operation and smooth starting and stopping. Therefore, there is a need to control the voltage and frequency of the electric motor that drives the elevator cabin.

This paper introduces a look at the different types of variable speed drives and how they're used in electric elevator systems, discussing current systems as well as recent development in the field. Therefore, a variable-speed design that provides smooth movement is needed to include a smooth ride, accurate leveling, and a large number of start and stop operations First, some basic principles in driving systems, such as load curves and driving speed/torque, as well as their relationship to stability, are discussed; reference curve generation; speed curve profiling of the elevator system to achieve smooth transmission. The latest study in this topic reached the implementation of an elevator prototype driven by permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMSLM) loaded by 24kg. The motor was controlled by voltage frequency drive (VFD) programmed with offline S-curve to get a smooth start and smooth stop for the elevator cabin and constant travel speed with the least jerk possible, estimated by 88% compared the that without using the driver.

This search presents a study for some types of fresh water generators FWGs, giving an overview of each type and comparing them with other types, and knowing the design criteria for different designs, as well as studying their advantages and disadvantages, including thermal desalting which types are vapor compression (VC), multi stage flash distillation (MSF), multiple effect distillation (MED), and multiple effecte evaporator, adsorption desalination, membrane distillation (MD), freezing desalination, and hydrate desalination. Then we studied the non-thermal desalination process, which includes electro-dialysis (ED), ion exchange desalination (IX), extraction desalination process, and additional types of fresh water generators FWGs.

This research aims to investigate experimentally the attitude and performance of hybrid reinforced concrete Dapped End Beams. The study consists of testing thirteen specimens, all of which have similar dimensions (1000 * 120 * 250 mm). Three specimens were considered as control specimens (non-hybrid concrete) and the other specimens were strengthened in (nib and D-region) by using two types of concrete (high-strength concrete, steel fiber reinforced concrete) and with construction joint. The experimental results showed that the presence of the construction joint in the reentrant corner of specimens with non-hybrid normal concrete and specimens with non-hybrid high strength concrete leads to a decrease in strength of about (33%) and (6%), respectively and does not lead to a decrease in strength in the concrete specimens reinforced with steel fibers. Also, the presence of the construction joint in the D- region in normal non-hybrid concrete specimens and non-hybrid high strength concrete specimens as well as non-hybrid steel reinforced concrete specimens leads to an increase in the strength of about (0.5%), (10%) and (1%), respectively.

Cathodic protection has wide applications in various structures and is an effective electrochemical technique for mitigating or preventing corrosion of metal structures. To apply this technique, open circuit voltage (ocp) was measured under all conditions. The experiments consisted of samples of carbon steel immersed in solutions of NaCl concentrations (0.5, 1.5, 3) g/L at (20 and 30) ° C, different pH values (4-7-10) and different potentials (-). Application of 700, -900, -1000, -1200 mv in forced current cathodic protection (ICCP). The anodic cathodic protection (SACP) (AL alloy) was also implemented with the same parameters. The density of the protective current increases with increasing temperature and concentration due to the increase in the mobility of ions in the solution, as the conductivity of the solution increases and with the decrease in the pH. The experimental results showed that increasing the DC current leads to an increase in the cathodic protection current. Therefore, the ICCP method is more effective than the SACP method, the higher the DC power supply.

The marine propulsion system is a system that a ship depends on in travelling and maneuvering in the existence of different types of waves, which reduce the efficiency of the system. In this work, different types of vibration such as torsional, lateral and longitudinal and their effect on ship and propulsion system are studied. Vibration seriously threatens the reliability and safety of the ship. The finite element method is established to study vibration at different rotational speeds. In this work vibration, analysis and modeling with simulation for cases of lateral and torsional vibration are performed by using MatLab software. In addition, ANSYS 2019 R3 is used to study some cases of marine propulsion system. In this work, effective parameters that play important role in vibration reduction such as the diameter, stiffness, couple unbalance and mass unbalance are discussed. The results of that analysis provided can help to predict the problems. In general, to achieve better stability and safety, all the conditions of the propulsion system must be taken into account to diagnose the problem. Hence, the data which are provided in diagrams and tables can be used as a guide in the design stage or maintenance stage to treat system problem and then take the proper action.

This paper concentrates on evaluating the wastewater properties and performance of the hospital wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) for two hospitals in Basrah province Al-Taaleme hospital, and Al-Fayhaa hospital. Samples were collected from the WWTS influent and effluent then evaluated pollutants containing by using American Public Health Association (APHA) methods and in comparison to standard guidelines. Laboratory tests of wastewater were conducted to investigate ten parameters: chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), PH, temperature, electric conductivity (E.C), total suspended solids (T.S.S), total dissolved solids (T.D.S), dissolved oxygen (DO) sulfate (SO₄), phosphate (PO₄), ammonia (NH₃) and nitrate (NO₃) which have been chosen to assess the quality of wastewater. The results showed that all pollutants were in compliance with the standard limit in Iraqi standard specification B₁ for the year 1998, except for the NH₃ results for Al-Fayhaa hospital (B), which were 12 mg/L while the standard was 10 mg/L, and COD effluent was exceeded the Iraqi standards for both hospitals Al-Taalemee hospital (A) and Al-Fayhaa hospital (B), which were 155 mg/L and 150 mg/L respectively while the standard was specified effluent by 100 mg/L, and for SO₄ effluent was exceeded the Iraqi standards for both hospitals Al-Taalemee hospital (A) and Al-Fayhaa hospital (B) was 760 mg/L and 650 mg/L respectively while the standards were specified by 400 mg/L.

This study examined the effect of ground shells of walnut (GW) as fine aggregate on the fresh and hardened properties of cement mortar before and after being subjected to elevated temperatures. The experimental work consists of two series with different water to cement ratio (w/c) and various percentages of GW. In each series, the ratios of GW were varied in range (0-30% at an increment of 10%). The fresh density and slump test were used as fresh properties and the dry density with compressive strength were measured at the curing ages of 7, 14 and 28 days as hardened characteristics. Also, the dry density and compressive strength at 28 days curing age were examined after exposure to an elevated temperature of 400 °C and 600 °C for two hours. The results indicated that the all tested properties were reduced by using GW. The optimum utilized ratio of GW is 20% for the first series with w/c of 0.5 which led to producing lightweight cement mortar and is suitable for structural purposes before and after exposure to 400 °C. However, the rest of the mixtures are suitable for non-structural purposes.

Blades are one of the basic components of a gas turbine and its main function is to rotate the shaft associated with the generator motor. Gas turbine model MS9001E used power plants at south Baghdad station, the blades are subjected to harsh working conditions such as high vibration, temperatures and pressures, thus highlighting the importance of studying the materials used in Manufacture of blades that work under harsh operating conditions. In this research, stress, strain and deformation produced by the centrifugal force that the blade is subjected to be studied, as well as studying the natural frequencies of the blades. Three-dimensional was created through the program solidwork 2018 and then exported to the program ansys 2019 for analyzing. Two alloys of materials (GTD-111) and (IN-738) were analyzed and compared between them, and the results showed that alloy (GTD-11) is the best and is suitable for use in the manufacture of blades.

The research studies experimentally behavior of composite two-way slab that consist of flat steel plate and concrete with screws as shear connectors. The screws differ in length and diameter with distributed of them according to shear stresses [dense distribution nearest from support] and by using the same weight of screws in each slab (819±8) g.

Six composite slabs was cast in this work and tested under equivalent uniform distributed repeated load [EUDRL]. The various parameters were investigated in this work including the diameter of screws (6.3, 4.2, 3.5) mm and length of screw (25 and 12.5) mm.

The results of the present experimental study demonstrated that the composite slab with diameter of screws (4.2mm) and length (12.5mm) is the best among others composite slab in this work. The strength of the best tested composite slab (using screws of (4.2mm diameter and 12.5mm length) is closed to that of reinforced concrete slab (R/C) with difference about (7.1%). On other hand, the ductility of composite slab is better than of (R/C) slab by about (6.7% to 24.74%).

Patient privacy and image protection is an obligation. Data privacy, data protection, and security must be provided by using encryption to ensure confidentiality. Currently, there are numerous standard traditional encryption algorithms. Most of these are suitable for a text file. It is challenging to employ these algorithms for images or videos directly because of strong adjacent pixels correlations. Decreasing the correlation among the surrounding pixels reduces the detail. An algorithm based on a quadratic map is applied as a preprocessing step to nullify the relationship between pixels and reduce the entropy. The AES image encryption is performed for confusion and diffusion, which are necessary for confidentiality. The security analysis findings indicate that the sensitive encryption and decryption techniques are highly dependent on any improvement in the key. The encryption solution is broad enough to avoid brute-force attacks. Thus, during the transfer of medical images over the network, protection can become an issue.

In this paper, quenching and tempering effects on the machining conditions of medium carbon steel were investigated. The samples were quenched in a saltwater and polymer solution after heated to austenitizing temperature at 870°C, then, the tempering process of the samples were conducted to reduce internal stresses and hardness. In the tempering process the samples were heated again to 400°C with a soaking time was one hour, so cooled in still air. So the samples were machined by lathe machine with selected cutting conditions. The results appeared the effect of heat treatments on hardness, surface finishing, cutting force and microstructure that were evaluated before and after heat treatment with various cutting conditions.

Electric discharge machining (EDM) is one of thermo-electric, non-conventional machining process. By EDM process can be machining of hard conductive materials which is complicated to machine by traditional machining, complicated shapes, with micro or macro removal rate. Each cutting process was controlled by several parameters, from that's a voltages values. The aim of this work was study the effect of changing these values on material removal rate (MRR) of AISI 444 stainless steel. The EDM parameters were used in this study are voltage (140, 240) V, current I_p (12, 24, 50) A, pulse on time T_on (100, 200, 400) μs, and pulse off time T_off (3, 6.5, 12) μs. For the design of experiments, the full factorial was used to analysis the result on Minilab 19 software. The results show the (MRR) was increasing with increasing in voltage. Maximum (MRR) that be achieved is (144.2308) mm³/min at higher value of voltage, current and pulse on time.

The purpose of this study is to shed light on the fog system to cool the inside air to the compressor in the gas station to generate electricity. Where it mainly focused on the suitability of the fog system to the hot Iraqi climate throughout the summer period, a simulation analysis of the operation of the gas turbine unit using a fog system at an ambient temperature in the range of 25-55 °C was conducted in the southern Baghdad second station. The fog system proved to be highly effective in raising the effective power, the thermal efficiency and the effective efficiency coefficient of the gas turbine unit as well as a apparent decrease in the specific air flow rate, the specific fuel consumption and the specific heat consumption in the gas turbine unit compared to not using fog system for cooling and for the same operating conditions.

Iraqi sunflower was used in the current study and blended with diesel fuel into different ratios. The results indicated that lowest level of gaseous emissions (CO, HC, and CO₂) and PM produced from B100 compared with other fuels tests. Furthermore, the CO and unburnt HC decreased with high conditions of engine loads and speeds. The high concentration of NO_X emissions was found from the combustion of B100, B50, and B20 compared with diesel fuel. The emissions of NO_X and exhaust gas temperature improved from increasing the operating conditions of engine loads and speeds. The effect of biodiesel blends on the gaseous emissions and particulate matter (PM) was investigated under variable engine operating conditions of loads and speeds. The best reduction was achieved with medium conditions of engine loads and speeds compared with low and high loads and speeds for all fuels tests. The higher oxidation rate of soot particles inside combustion cycle from the burning of B100, B50, and B20 decreased the total concentration of PM.

A novel design of wearable antenna depending on metamaterials inspired-fractal Minkowski-shaped for industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) applications is presented. The antenna consists of a conventional monopole and a Chebyshev transformer coupled with a unit cell of a fractal Minkowski curve to obtain three bands covering the ISM and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) applications. To enhance the antenna performance, the authors proposed the Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) layer of 3×4 array is introduced into the design structure. The authors used material FR4 dielectric as a substrate to design the antenna with dimensions of 51mm x 45mm x 1.6mm and fed by a 50 Ω port. The Antenna performance is analyzed numerically using CST Microwave Studio (CSTMWS) depending the Finite Integral Technique (FIT). Various investigation analyses have carried out to verify optimum antenna performance. The proposed antenna realizes reconfiguration by using the PIN diode. In both cases (switching= ON, OFF) the antenna achieves good bandwidth, |S₁₁|<-10dB, and excellent impedance matching.

In this paper, some linear optical properties such as (absorbance and transmittance) of an organic dye (Calcein -W) in Methanol and Epoxy resin with different concentration were studied by using UV/VIS spectrum.

Nonlinear optical properties of Calcein –W anesthetized in epoxy resin matrix using different concentrations (5*10⁻⁵, 1*10⁻⁴, 5*10⁻⁴, 1*10⁻³ mol/l) at ambient temperature were studied by using open and closed aperture of Z-scan technique, with continuous wave from Neodymium-doped Yttrium Garnet (Nd: YAG (CW)) laser beams of 532 nm wavelength as an excitation source. The "nonlinear refractive index" (n2), "nonlinear absorption coefficient" (β) of Calcein –W doped film is experimentally determined.

Local scour considered as one of the main hazard factors that damaging bridges and in order to understand and controlling this problem, numerous researchers investigated its impact around pier or abutment in isolation but few take into account the consequences of pier proximity to abutment. This study aims to show the effect of pier-abutment scour interference. Under clear-water conditions, laboratory experiments were conducted utilizing vertical-wall abutment and two shape of pier (rectangular and ogival) at three different spacing (23.75, 16 and 9cm), and the influence of other parameters on reducing scouring process were also investigated. Approximately all results showed the increasing in pier scour depth with decreasing in abutment scour depth when reducing the spacing between them, where the maximum pier readings of scour depth was recorded at the smallest spacing. Also, scour increased with increasing flow intensity, Froude number and decreasing flow depth. Moreover, the maximum scour depth caused by rectangular shape was more than ogival shape by percentage about 11%.

The 2024AA has good mechanical properties and used for many application, there was many research in the field of friction stir welding in past 20 years age, now many research focusing in the friction stir processing technology which has many advantage according to the mechanical properties investigation, in this paper comparing the 2024AA base metal with friction stir process 2024AA with different feed rate and rotation speed, the feed rate that has been used is (20, 35, 50 mm/min), although in the rotation speed (1400, 2000 rpm) where used. The mechanical properties has been investigate, the hardness has been tested in different location. The tensile strength in 2024AA has been found 460 MPa, as comparing with 35, 1400 friction stir processing the ultimate tensile stress found to be 420 MPa so that percentage of improving 9.5 %. The flexural stress in 2024AA has been found 828 MPa as comparing with 35, 1400 friction stir processing the flexural stress found to be 745 MPa so that percentage of improving 11.1 %.

This study presents the design and manufacture of a low-cost driving simulator device that achieves results comparable to advanced simulation devices with a high cost. The aim is to use it in a variety of laboratory studies to understand the behaviour and performance of the driver and vehicle and in designing the elements of the road infrastructure and using it as a driving training device. (51) participants of both genders and of different ages participated in the performance of driving experiences in the city environment scenario, where the experiment lasted (30) minutes for the purpose of evaluating the validity of the manufactured simulator by filling out a questionnaire consisting of (9) questions. The results indicate that all participants (100%) were impressed with the design of the device, the ease of use of the device's controls (steering wheel, gearbox and pedals) and the realism of the approved driving simulation program, and by (52.9%) the simulated experience was very good. With a percentage of (96.1%), they evaluated the device between the device being (realistic - very realistic) (100%), and the participants evaluated the device on a scale of (0-100). The summary of the results is that the device has a high acceptance.

The present work investigates the effect of addition different concentration of nano Alumina (Al₂O₃) and nano zinc oxide (Zno) by (1%, 3%, 5%) weight fraction with epoxy as the matrix on the tensile, impact and hardness properties. Preparing the samples by using hand lay-up technique, magnatic sterrier, vacuum chamber and ultra-sonication method. The results show that there are increases in tensile strength and impact toughness at 3% Al₂O₃ nanoparticles (21%) and (189%) respectively compare to pure epoxy. Due to adding 3% Zno nanoparticles there are increase in tensile strength by (21%) and increase impact strength (28%) compare to pure epoxy. In addition, the hardness improved slightly when increase nanoparticles materials of both components.

Challenges in joining sheet metals can be encountered using traditional friction welding and the solution is achieved by friction crush welding. In this work, the influence of flanged edge heights (2, 2.5 and 3 mm) and gaps (0.5 and 1 mm) between Cu sheets of Cu-Cu joints on the microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated. The welding experiments were performed using tool rotational speed of 1500 rpm and feed rate of 150 mm/min. Optical microscope, SEM, hardness and tensile tests were used to evaluate Cu-Cu joints successfully. The results indicated that the significant characteristics of Cu-Cu joints were obtained using 2.5 mm flanged edge height and 0.5 mm gap between Cu sheets. These characteristics were 66 HV hardness and 118 MPa tensile strength. Fracture surface analysis of FCWed joints indicated the brittle-ductile mixed fracture mechanism.

shape memory alloys (SMAs) exhibit an interesting research topic. The currentss limitationss to thes SMAsss is thats the cost of SMAss, mades outs ofs expensive elements such as Ni and Ti. In this work, the influence of different amount of nickel (Ni), boron (B), and boron oxide (B₆O) additionss ons the structure, mechanicalss, electrochemical, and tribological behaviourss of Cu - Zn - Alss SMAsss have been investigateds.

Cu–25Zn–4Al SMAs were produced by powder metallurgy technique with and without the addition of 0.5, 0.7, and 1 wt.% of Ni or B. After mixing the powders for 4hr, the alloys were prepared using 675MPa compact pressure. The alloys were subjected to sintering process in vacuum tube furnace with three stepsss. For microstructural and phases characterisation of alloyss withs and withouts the additions of elements (Ni, B), optical microscopy (OM), scanningss electronss microscopyss (SEM), and XRD diffractions analysiss weres carrieds outs. The transformation temperatures of alloys with and without the addition of elements (Ni, B) were measured by differentials scannings calorimetrys (DSC). The shape memory properties of alloyss withs and withouts the additions of elements (Ni, B) were investigated using shape memory effect test (SME). Electrochemical corrosion tests for alloys with and without the addition of elements (Ni, B) were carried out using potentiodynamic polarization technique. XRD and microstructural analysis showed that all alloys compositions consisted of the predominating Cu₅Zn₈ phase. The results of transformation temperatures showed that the Ni and B additions have strong influences ons the transformations temperaturess of Cu – Zn – Al SMAs.

The results of electrochemical corrosion tests showed that an increased in Ni or B content up to 1wt. % improved the corrosions resistances of the unmodified Cu – Zn – Als SMA in 3.5 NaCls. In the second part, the influence of different amount (1,3, and 5 wt. %) of boron oxide (B₆O) additionss ons the mechanicalss and tribology properties of Cu – Zn – Als SMAsss with the addition of 1wt.% Ni or 1wt.% B has been investigated. s Hardness measurements was usedss to assessss the mechanicalss propertiesss of 1, 3, and 5 wt.% B₆O modified Cu – Zn – Al – Ni or Cu – Zn – Al – B alloy compositions. Wet sliding wear process was investigated for 1, 3, and 5 wt.% B₆O modified Cu – Zn – Al – Nis or Cu – Zn – Als – B alloy compositions in distilled water at 2, 5, and 10 N normal load at room temperature. The resultss of hardness measurements show that an increase in B₆O content up to 3 wt.% improved the hardness of Cu – Zn – Als – Ni and Cu – Zn – Als – B SMAss. The tribological results show that the wear resistance of Cu – Zn – Als – Ni and Cu – Zn – Al – B SMAs exhibiteds the best results with 3 wt. % of B₆O addition. Further increase or decreases of B₆O contents decreases the wears resistances of the alloys.

Applied low frequency vibration in a single point incremental forming technique has recently been used. Through process of the Single-Point Incremental Forming (SPIF), the precision was affected by forming force and can cause sheet metal fracture. The magnitude of the forming forces is necessary for designing suitable models for the metal forming of the Incremental Layer. Using vibration with various values of frequency (20, 40, 60, 80, 100) Hz with amplitude (0.1mm) can decrease the forming force. It is established that the reduction rate in axial force is about (11.63%) at the frequency of (100 Hz), it is the lowest for the selection of frequencies introduced. The experimental force result has been compared with analytical solution

The most desirable alternative fuels are biodiesel among several of alternative fuels to use in diesel engines. The biodiesel used in this study is sunflowers oil which derived from local renewable sources. Also, biodiesel considered a best alternative to conventional diesel because it clean and environment friendly. The experimental results shown that the biodiesel blends (B20, B50, and B100) increased the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) compared with pure diesel fuel. According to the results, it is indicated that the biodiesel blends reduced the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and exhaust gas temperatures (EGT) during the combustion of B20, B50, and B100 for all engine operating conditions. The exhaust gas temperature and BSFC increased with increase the operating conditions of engine loads and speeds. The data indicated that PM concentrations reduced with biodiesel blends combustion compared with diesel under variable engine loads and speeds. Besides that the concentrations of PM reduced by 16.847, 28, and 43.34% combustion of B20, B50, and B100, when compared with petroleum diesel under the same conditions of engine loads and speeds. The results give insight that the oxygen content in the biodiesel has favourable effect on reducing the PM concentrations.

In this research, the effects of hybrid nanoparticles Fe₃O₄+Ni on the magnetic and dielectric properties of epoxy resin are investigated. Microstructural characterization was performed by Field Emission scanning electron microscopy FESEM, X-ray diffraction spectra XRD, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The magnetic properties were investigated by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and the dielectric response was investigated by a precision impedance analyzer (Agilent 4294A) LCR meter at room temperature with different frequencies. The study dealing with hybrid nanocomposite (epoxy/Fe₃O₄+Ni) consisting of epoxy resin as the matrix material reinforcing by magnetite nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄) with different weight percentages (3wt.%, 6wt.%, 9wt.%, 12wt.%, 15wt. %) and constant weight percentage 2wt% of nickel (Ni) nanoparticles. The samples were prepared using the casting method. The epoxy with the hardener is weighted and mixing in a 2:1 ratio and then add reinforcement materials Fe₃O₄+Ni into the epoxy. Microstructural analysis showed that a uniform distribution and homogeneously dispersed in the epoxy matrix. The results of this work exhibit that the Increasing additive weight percentages of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles with a constant weight of Ni nanoparticles into epoxy resin led to improvement in the magnetic and electric properties of hybrid nanocomposites compared with pure epoxy.

This paper aims to design the pipeline who is considered a set of related data processing elements in a series where the result of one element is the introduction of the next one, and it can be used to increase performance and speed at the same time, and we use it in computer systems or home appliances. Increasing the voltage in the pipeline increases the power. When the clock frequency increases to increase the performance of the pipeline, the power increases but at the same time the possibility of an error increases. System errors will lead to a wasted in energy consumption which in turn reduces system efficiency. The problem is how to reduce the power in the pipeline system without effecting the process speed or frequency so that we mention the same throughput with this power. We will deal with N bit full adder and study the effect of increasing these bits on both the time delay and the power consumption of the pipeline gate, and the results show that there is a direct relationship between the number of bits and the power. The razor circuit is used with the pipeline so that the errors that will occur in the pipeline will be detected and corrected within one clock cycle instead of wasting the time and energy on incorrect data, thus the power consumption will be reduced. By introducing a Fuzzy logic controller to the pipeline, it was possible to minimize the power consumption of the system by monitoring the number of bit errors and the consumed power. Also, we will make a comparison of the pipeline when using the controller and when not in use, and we will notice the effect of the controller in reducing the power consumption of the pipeline.

This study investigates the behavior of Built-up steel columns. The effect of shape, distribution, and angle of inclination of the lacing have been studied, Finite element simulations are performed with ANSYS. A brick element with eight nodes and a shell element with eight nodes were adopted, After completing the study of the convergence between the laboratory analysis and the numerical analysis, the parametric study can begin by changing the dimensions of the lacing and the method of distributing the lacing in the structure of the manufactured steel column to make a comparison between the numerical analysis and the Experimental analysis for modeled models and determine the positive and negative points for each type of lacing used.

We present a comparative theoretical study of the electronic and thermoelectric properties of staggered and eclipsed ferrocene sandwiched between gold electrodes. These molecular junctions have been explored in two different configuration trans and cis conformation. In this work, we investigate the spin properties, in addition to thermoelectrical properties for all cases. Our results show that there is a variation in spin properties in staggered ferrocene when move from trans to cis configuration. However, in eclipsed ferrocene case there is no spin effects. Moreover, the room temperature electrical conductance in cis staggered ferrocene case is higher than other cases near the DFT Fermi energy. Furthermore, the thermopower of these junctions are rather high ranging about 150 µV/K. However, the thermoelectric figure of merit ZT of staggered ferrocene in cis configuration has the highest value with 1.06.

Communication of the human brain with the surroundings became reality by using Brain- Computer Interface (BCI) based mechanism. Electroencephalography (EEG) being the non-invasive method has become popular for interaction with the brain. Traditionally, the devices were used for clinical applications to detect various brain diseases but with the advancement in technologies, companies like Emotiv, NeuoSky are coming up with low cost, easily portable EEG based consumer graded devices that can be used in various application domains like gaming, education etc as these devices are comfortable to wear also. This paper reviews the fields where the EEG has shown its impact and the way it has proved useful for individuals with severe motor disorder, rehabilitation and has become a means of communication to the real world. This paper investigates the use of Cubic SVM algorithm In the EEG classification. EEG feature extraction is Implemented by maximum overlap discrete wavelet transform (MODWT) to reduce the dimensionality of data. The Sliding Window Technique is used to calculate the mean within each window samples. The feature vectors are loaded into the support vector machine (SVM) and optimize tree.

Window solar air collector is a significant instrument for heating residential buildings in cold regions. This paper presents an experimental investigation of the thermal performance of a window solar air collector with seven moveable absorber plates, as each plate contains 28 circular perforations. The 7 plates opened and closed at different angles in unison manually by a specific mechanical mechanism. The effect of changing the plate angles have been tested, alongside the effect of mass flow rates and the intensity of solar radiation. Experimental results shows that the highest air temperature difference is gained at vertical plates position (angle 0°) at mass flow rate 0.0097 kg/s and irradiance 730 W/m², and the maximum thermal efficiency were 71% at mass flow rate 0.0224 kg/s. In addition, the temperature difference between inlet and outlet air has increased by 24% in case of angle 0 than in angle 45°. In contrast, a flexibility between sunlight penetrating into the room and hot air from the collector will be gained when the plates set on angle 45°.

In this paper, a new design, fabricate and investigate the performance of the parabolic trough systems (PTC) by using double pass water passage in evacuated tube technology. This system can be used for heating water in winter season without assistive devices. The double-pass method utilizing to improve thermal performance for PTC by increasing the path of water flow in the evacuated tube and then increase the rate of the outlet temperature. Besides, the evacuated tube was used to decrease the thermal losses, which is caused an increase in thermal efficiency. The experiments were test and simulate the different solar radiation approximate to winter season and at many flow rates 0.00305, 0.0055 and 0.0083 kg/s. The higher temperature difference was 46 ° C at minimum mass flow rate 0.00305 kg/s. The maximum thermal efficiency was 69.7 % at 0.0083 kg/s.

Improving the adhesion bonding strength between asphalt-aggregate combinations has a significant influence on the field performance and durability of asphalt pavement and minimizing the moisture damage that can appear in form of losing adhesion in asphalt-aggregate system by using modifiers will increase the service life of pavements.

The work of adhesion, de-bonding work, wettability and energy ratios were estimated based on surface free energy theory to evaluate the potential moisture-induced damage of combinations of pure and modified asphalt binders by (Styrene–Butadiene Styrene (SBS), Butyl Rubber (BR), and anti-stripping agent BG plus) with different types of aggregate. The sessile drop method is used to determine the components of the surface energy of different aggregate and asphalt binder types by performing direct contact angle measurements.

The experimental results showed that in general, the addition of SBS and BR modifiers will increase adhesion work and decrease de-bonding work and decrease ER₂ and wettability for both types of asphalt binders and aggregates while the addition of an anti-stripping agent (BG plus) caused a reduction in adhesion work and de-bonding work and increase ER₂ and wettability between the asphalt binder and aggregate surface and that will provide a better possible aggregate-asphalt binder bond strength and asphalt mixture's resistance to moisture-induced damage.

An appropriate road network imposes on planners take into account factors such as land use, slope, soil type, hydrology, and agricultural area. Due to various considerations and desires, the planning process is difficult hence there may be confusion in interest in the decision-making process. The use of a geographic information system (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) assist planners in achieving more detailed and desirable results. Thus, reducing the complexity of the planning process and helping various stakeholders for drawing to general conclusion. The study site was chosen on an area between the cities of Ramadi and Heet in Anbar Province, western Iraq, where it suffers from congestion and traffic accidents. This research aims to integrate a set of evaluation criteria using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and a spatial multicriteria model to find the optimal path in the study area. In this study, two alternate paths were proposed and compared with the current path to find the best path. Finally, the results indicated that the first alternative is 36% better. This research succeeded in proving that it is possible to decide a rural highway route between two cities using GIS and MCDA.

Nowadays, solar energy is one of the important clean energies through converting the light sun into electricity by photovoltaic solar cells which is a semi-conducting material. Solar radiation is one of the most important factors in determining the amount of produced energy through absorbing it by the solar cells. On the other hand, heat is one of the sources of energy loss if it rises more than the prescribed limit, thus reducing the amount of electrical energy generated and reducing production efficiency. Therefore, this paper focuses on designing, testing and comparison the photovoltaic panel system (PVS) with and without Active cooling process via water in Baghdad environments. The active cooling system (ACS) was placed behind the solar cell in order to absorb the generated heat that is isolated from the environment. The testing of both models was conducted in April 2021 in Baghdad. As a result, PVS with cooling performed well compared with uncooled, where uncooled model at highest panel temperature produced about 8 % from operation efficiency. While, the ACS worked on increasing the system performance up to 16.5% by decreasing the panel temperature. The efficiency conversion has recorded to be 50% and 52% at two mass flow rates. Water flow rate increased the heat transfer through cover glass which led increasing the efficiency. Finally, ACS for PVS can improve the efficiency by about 12% as an average value. At high temperature environment, cooling system should be employed to get better PVS performance and reducing the payback period.

The Base Station (BS) is a WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) centralized scheduling mesh topology decision maker for scheduling the whole network including allocation of packets between the Subscribers (SSs) in the network through the BS. Hence, the system, which, by interference, especially affects the nodes, close to BS. A network routing algorithm was built for mesh topology named Energy Bit Minimum Routing (EBMR), which is used to optimize the chosen path. all nodes were fitted with a multi-channel and four scenarios were planned: the first scenario is called the Multi-Transceiver fitted both SSs with a multi-transceiver except at the brink without cap the number of parent nodes. Whereas the second scenario was called Closest Multi-Transceiver system no ceiling on the number of parent nodes, in this scenario only the nearest BS is fitted with multi-transceiver SSs. The third scenario used the Multi-Transceiver system but with cap the number of parent nodes by 30% for whole nodes network. The fourth scenario used the closest Multi-Transceiver system but with cap, the number of parent nodes by 30%, for whole nodes network. In scenarios, the system content considers 120 users as maximum. It will improve the network capacity, throughput, channel scheduling range and channel utilization ratio (CUR). WiMAX mesh topology is used to centralize scheduling and improve the performance system by finding the best route to centralizing the mesh network EBMR; consequently, it increases latency, CUR and distance scheduling, avoiding messing, otherwise. Multi-transceiver network is used to prevent primary interference and multi-channel network used to stop secondary interference. This paper develops two styles of network: the multi-transceiver multi-channel network and the closest multi-transceiver multi-channel device that uses the Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) algorithm for EBMR-CS^3,4 (Energy Bit Minimization Routing and centralized Scheduling). This algorithm is optimizing network efficiency by having higher throughput by preventing interaction with adjacent nodes and the scheduling duration and growing the device's channel utilization ratio (CUR).

NanocompositesMethod prepared by casting with variousPreventatives' of cadmium sulfide (0,1,2,3, and4) wt%. Dielectric constant increases with increasing frequency and filler concentration. dielectric loss decreases as frequencyincreases, whereas it increases as Cadmium Sulfide concentration increases. The electrical A.C conductance of (PVA- PVP- CdS) Increased composites as the filler and TheFrequency are increased. Electron Scanning microscopy shows morphological the surface of (PVA-PVP- CdS)Numerous composites films or pieces allocated random distribution of particles on the top surface, homogeneous and coherent. in (PVA-PVP) blend and with different wt.% of Cadmium sulfide films have good linear attenuation coefficients for gamma-ray radiation.

Photovoltaic power generation becomes an important technology in recent year, because of its advantages such as clean energy, pollution reduction, no gas emissions, maintenance and operation requirements are low. So it is a new path for generating electric power. This paper will study the performance comparison of two photovoltaic systems of three-phase grid-connected micro-inverter and study their design methods of reactive power control. The first design is suggested that the photovoltaic PV system based on an interleaved DC-DC boost type converter with its maximum power point tracking control (MPPT) for each boost converter. A voltage source inverter type (VSI) is used as a three-phase micro-inverter. By controlling the direct and quadrature components of inverter output currents, reactive power controlling is achieved at 90.76% efficiency. The second design is suggested that the photovoltaic panel is connected DC-DC converter of an interleaved flyback type. Each sub-converter is controlled by an individual (MPPT). The circuit of active third-harmonic current injection in recent years have received much interest, this technique contributed to get better quality of current injected into the utility grid and to control the reactive power with good efficiency 95.07%. A line-commutate current source inverter type (CSI) with filter is used. The developed micro-inverter of (1000W) offers an expanded range of reactive power control with balanced three-phase output power. Each system design in this study has proven its effectiveness in obtaining control of reactive power and nearly sinusoidal three-phase output currents. The effectiveness of the suggested systems are clarified by using the MATLAB Simulink program and the results of the simulation show the validity of the suggested micro-inverter system.

Numerical study of mixed convection heat transfer in multi-Lid driven concentric trapezoidal annulus filled with H₂O-Cu-Al₂O₃ hybrid nanofluid has been investigated. Three cases for multi-Lid driven have been studied: single lid-driven, double lid-driven move in the same direction, double lid-driven move in the opposite direction. The lid-driven walls move with a constant speed with constant cold temperature T_C and the other inclined walls are insulated while the inner trapezoidal cylinder heated at constant temperature T_h. Finite volume method used to solve the continuity, momentum, and energy equations by SIMPLE algorithm. The results validated by comparing with previous study with a good agreement of accuracy. The working fluids was: water with hybrid nanoparticles (volume fraction ϕ = 0 to 10%). The Richardson numbers changed from 0.01 to 10, to cover all convection heat transfer modes, and aspect ratios were 0.5 and 1. The results show that, the opposing flow produced highest maximum stream function. Moreover, in aiding flow (case 2) produced a heat transfer coefficient on the top and bottom walls of outer cylinder higher than that produced by the opposing flow (case 3). Generally, the skin friction increases with increase in the volume fraction of nanoparticles due to increasing the viscosity of fluid causes increase in shear stress and leads to increasing the pressure drop. Additionally, the aiding flow produced fiction factor higher than the opposing flow.

The NSM technique began to apply as a modern technique to treat defects in structural elements and to increase the shear and flexural strength of structural elements. For this technique to be effective, a series of practical experiments were conducted to characterize the behavior of the element strengthened by the NSM technique for flexure and shear. Shear strengthening with GFRP rods is the focus of this paper for concrete beams that contain 30% coarse aggregate replacement ratio of thermstone (volumetric ratio) obtained from the rubble of demolished buildings. A total of 7 beams were loaded under four-point load test, the parameters examined were the angle of inclination and the distance between the GFRP bars, the presence and absence of stirrups and the thermstone aggregate replacement ratio. The characterization of the tested beams includes failure mode, load-deflection curves, load-strain curves of stirrups, rebars and GFRP rods and the surface concrete strain in the shear zone of beam. The results showed that the use of GFRP rods to strengthen concrete beams was effective, especially in the presence of stirrups, where the gain in shear strength was 29.6% and 22.2% when the distance between the GFRP bars was (200 and 300) mm, respectively with the presence of stirrups. While the gain in shear was just (3.7% and 11.1%) in the absence of stirrups, when the distance between the GFRP bars was (200 and 300) mm, respectively.

Fiber-reinforced composites are widely used in world industries such as transportation vehicles, sports tools, space crafts, and more. This research investigates the influence of the number of layers and fiber distribution on the mechanical properties of woven fiber-reinforced composites by changing the number of layers or the manufacturing process. Hand lay-up and infusion processes are used to manufacture the composite plates. Three mechanical tests are conducted for all composite plates, such as Interlaminar shear stress (ILSS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and ultimate flexural strength (UFS). Furthermore, analyzing the microstructure of the laminates is conducted to evaluate fractal dimension (FD). It is observed that the distribution of the fibers measured by FD had an effective role in improving the mechanical properties. Also, the use of vacuum molds had an additional role in improving the mechanical properties. One could conclude that all the mechanical properties have proportional relationships with FD.

The aim of the study is to demonstrate the extent of the effect that occurs to continuous reinforced deep beams when performing a parametric study in terms of support settlement and different support conditions for dual span continuous deep beams (CDBs), in terms of failure load and failure mode, using the ANSYS 2020 nonlinear finite element program. As the parametric study relied on the laboratory study conducted by Yang et al. [8]. Six samples were taken from continuous reinforced concrete beams with two spans with the extension of the shear to the depth ratios (0.5, 1). This was done to ensure that the form was handled appropriately. The pre-owned model to research the behavior of deep RC girders under static support conditions with different beam heights. Whereas, it was observed that there is a marked variation in the value of the failure load under the influence of different support conditions and the support settlement that occurs in them. This inspection is characterized by real, conceivable results of support conditions and support settlement in presenting two span continuous reinforced concrete deep beams.

The present work demonstrates the growth of Zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films from its powder precursor by using non-conventional sol-gel technique. The structural, morphological and optical properties of obtained thin films were studied under different annealing temperatures. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed hexagonal wurtzite structures for both annealed and pristine thin films. The crystallite size was found between 14 and 16 nm. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) images showed that the films have approximately uniform morphologies, consisting in several flower-like aggregates with nanosized multi petals. From the optical properties it was found that with the increase in the annealing temperature there is an increase in the absorption coefficient in the visible wavelength range. It was also noticed that the increase in annealing temperature caused a decrease in bandgap (E_g) and increase in Extinction coefficient. Urbach energy decreased with the increase annealing temperature up to 250°C, afterwards the Urbach energy increased with the increase in the annealing temperature. The causes for these observations are discussed.

"Plasma nitriding" is a surface hardening process that involves diffusion of the atoms of nitrogen onto the surface of metal under different plasma nitriding conditions. The new alloys used in the field of Biomedical applications are Lean Duplex Stainless Steel. The alloys of Lean DSS are corrosion resistant, lightweight, and have good mechanical properties such as fatigue strength, but in aggressive environments, they lack "wear resistance". In a vacuum chamber of air (3 mbar), 400 V, and 30 mA, a lean duplex stainless steel (2101) alloy rod was plasma nitrided. The procedure of plasma nitriding was carried out at various times. The effect of plasma nitriding at different times (5, 10, 15, 20, 25) hrs on the chemical structure of LDX 2101 DSS alloy and the form of phases was investigated using OM, FESEM with EDS, XRD, and antibacterial test, tafel potential polarizaton and cyclic polarization for Orthopedic application. The results show that layers and phases S, Fe3N, and Fe2-3N were formed on the alloy's surface, which would improve mechanical properties and corrosion resistance in Ringer solution at 37 °C.

Nano-silica particles have been successfully synthesized from Iraqi western region sand (Al-anbar sand) by SOL-GEL method, the raw materials for this work were sodium hydroxide, concentrated sulfuric acid, de-ionized water in addition to the Iraqi sand. In this method; solid sodium silicate is dissolved in deionized water and then precipitated by adding concentrated sulfuric acid. The selection of the used Iraqi sand based on XRF analysis, then the produced Sample was studied using XRD, BET surface area, AFM, FT-IR, and SEM analysis, BET Surface area and average particle size were (438,215 m2/g) and (6 nm) respectively.

IEEE 802.16e is a platform capable of meeting those standards in modern wireless networks that demand broad bandwidth and high-speed mobility. One of the most significant problems with IEEE 802.16e is that although the handover technology provides smooth high volume data services at a high speed scale, it only specifies a mechanism without including precise methods or algorithms for handover that can be delegated. Another issue is handover signaling during the re-entry process when a mobile station requests access to the next possible base station. This paper proposes PAA (Pre-Authorization Algorithm) which accepts incoming requests quickly because it already has the incoming request's information saved. PAA reduces call dropping for high speed users at the edge of cell and mitigates the ping-pong effect. Finally MATLAB was used to present the results that shows reducing in signaling time.

Many years ago, the shape memory alloys properties of Nickel Titanium (NiTi) were first discovered in the early 1960s, as shape memory alloys had many applied applications, in which oxidization problems were not of concern for the most part. However, over the past decades, NiTi alloys have been increasingly considered in external and internal biomedical devices, for example cardiac stent wires, orthodontics, vascular and bone fractures, fixing plates and screws, self-expanding urinary tracts.. The aim of the research is to study the effect of the elements mobidium and zirconium on the shape memory alloys. When adding small amounts of zirconium leads to a smoothing of the granular size, when adding Mobidium improves the hardening process. The alloy was prepared from primary powders of nickel and titanium, using metallic powder technology, under pressure of 800 MPa. Then the sintering method was carried out in a 4-10 tor vacuum at 950 ° C. The results upon XRD analysis revealed that NiTi were completely changed into NiTi (both cubic and mono phases) and Ni3Ti phase. The samples are ground in a dry atmosphere and the samples are polished after sintering. Optical microscopy, x-ray diffraction techniques. hardness test was conducted using Vickers hardness machine. It was observed that as the Zr content is increased, the hardness values, in VPN, increased. For instance, equi at 30% of Ni Ti had a hardness of 127.05 which increased significantly as Zr content was increased to 20 at %. This is mainly observed due to precipitation hardening which occurs due to the presence of multiple phase in alloy D. Increase in hardness also suggests that the workability. It was observed that as the Mo content is increased, the hardness values, in VPN, increased. For instance, Ni Ti had a hardness of 127.05 which increased was increased to 40at%. This is mainly observed due to precipitation hardening which occurs due to the presence of multiple phase in alloy G. Due to molybdenum, Optical microscopy reveals surface characteristics such as open pores and grain borders, as well as the distinction between the phases NiTi and Ni3Ti.

Vanadium pentoxide (V₂O₅) thin films were fabricated by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on fused silica substrate at temperatures (T_s) ranged from ambient temperature up to 300°C. UV-VIS-NIR spectral measurements, X-ray diffraction (XRD) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were made to understand the influence of substrate temperature on optical, structural, and compositional properties. The substrate temperature displayed a robust effect on the construction and visual characteristics. The photosensitive band gap of PLD V₂O₅ films was powerfully dependent on the substrate temperature and was reduced from 2.36 eV to 2.08 eV with the growth of substrate temperature from ambient temperature to 300°C. However, the refractive index showed an increase from 2.28 to 2.69 for the same temperature range. V₂O₅ films grown at T_s = 300°C exhibited a crystalline nature as evidenced by XRD and SEM studies. The chemical composition of V₂O₅ films has been studied by XPS and the data revealed pure V₂O₅ compound was formed.

In this research, experimental and numerical investigates were conducted on the effect of adding Nano fluid (α −AL₂O₃, γ − AL₂O₃, CuO) with different concentrations (1 %, 3%, and 5%) on the thermal properties of water. The heat exchanger system was designed with fin types with different holes (circular, triangular, elliptical and without holes). Thermal properties such as thermal conductivity, viscosity, specific heat, heat transfer coefficient, Nusselt number, Reynolds number have been studied experimentally and numerically. The results showed that the thermal properties increase with increasing the concentrations of nanomaterials and the Nusselt number increases with the increase of Reynolds number, and that the best type of fin is the fins with triangular holes. Copper oxide is the best at concentration (5%).Numerical simulation carried out on present heat exchange using consul computational fluid dynamic (CFD) the comparison between experimental and numerical results showed good.

Shear strengthening with GFRP rods is the focus of this paper on concrete beams that contain aggregate replacement ratios of thermstone and bonza (pumice materials), obtained from the rubble of demolished buildings. A total of nine beams (2400×160×300mm dimensions) were loaded under a four-point bending load test. The parameters examined in this research were the replacement ratio of lightweight coarse aggregate (20% and 30% volumetric ratio), type of lightweight aggregate replaced by (thermstone or bonza) and strengthened in shear by GFRP rods using NSM technique. The characterization of the tested beams includes ultimate load, failure mode, load-deflection curve, load strain curves of stirrups, bottom longitudinal rebars, GFRP rods at the shear zone of concrete. The results showed that the use of GFRP rods to strengthen concrete beams was effective. As the failure mode was transformed from a shear failure in the reference beam that was cast using normal concrete to a concrete compression failure in the beams which was occurred when using suitable and sufficient amount of strengthening by GFRP rods for selected used lightweight aggregate replacement ratios.

Nanostructured ZnO thin films were developed on medical-glass substrates using a sol gel dip coating process and calcinated at various temperatures (350, 450, and 550 C°). The impact of Co doping and effect temperature calcination on the structural, optical and electrical properties of ZnO:Co nanostructured thin films were investigated using XRD, SEM, Hall effect, and UV-Visible spectra measurements. Both nanostructured films have hexagonal-wurtzite crystals composition according to XRD analysis with the average crystallite sizes of ZnO:Co nanostructured thin films are of (26.7-102.1) nm. The FESEM findings show that the undoped ZnO thin film has the smoothest and more regular surface compared to the doped ZnO films, indicating that both films with nanoscale ZnO particles. The average transmittance of all films is about 69–91 % in the visible range and the band gap energy decreased from 3.283 to 3.205 eV with increase of temperature calcination. The Hall impact indicates that all thin films are n-type and the electrical conductivity increase from (12.4-16.2) in the ZnO:Co thin films. This one of the outstanding property of ZnO thin films, both undoped and doped with cobalt, enables the fabrication of transparent electrodes for flat panel displays, metal-insulator-semiconductor diodes, and solar cells.

A virtual power plant (VPP) comprises decentralized generation integrated with energy storage and intermittent loads. Such a plant is an independently-controlled single production unit for the electrical grid and market. Frequency changes and power supply interruption are among the several scenarios that lead to peak grid loading. Considering the material and financial challenges, it is necessary to determine an optimal resource scheduling solution; VPP can address these challenges. This study evaluated two different domestic-sector situations in Iraq. MATLAB Simulink was used to simulate a VPP test system comprising loads, energy storage technology, and distributed generation. An analysis of the economic aspects concerning the network and involved resources was performed. The outcomes indicated that home electricity bills reduced by up to 50%. Simulations suggest that using VPP is beneficial as against distribution generators (DG) systems relying solely on intermittent renewable power generation.

the main goal of this present investigation is to study the effect of the (Al₂O₃) addition on corrosion resistance and dimensional change of the high copper dental amalgam. One alloy has been prepared via casting composed of silver (47%), tin (30%), copper (22%), and zinc (1%). (Al₂O₃) addition is added in distinct percentages of the (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2) wt.%. Specimens were prepared according to ADA specification No. 1. The specimens have been stored at 37±1 C° using a chamber prepared for this purpose. corrosion resistance improved with addition from 0.5% to 2% (Al₂O₃) and observed that dimensional change of amalgam improved after (Al₂O₃) additions.

Most previous works regarding the impedance compression network ICNs reported in the literature consist of dual branches to carry out the compression functionalities. Although this type of circuits are efficient, they are complex and have large sizes. This work proposes a complex impedance compression network with only a single branch for wireless power transfer (WPT) circuits, operating at 2.4GHz under a wide input power range and a variable load. The design size is about 4x4.2mm² which thereby, produces a simple, and small design. The simulation results demonstrate that the improvement in efficiency is by 10%, as compared to a design without ICN. The improvement can increased by utilizing the particle swarm optimization PSO algorithm where the best dimensions of the ICN components will be selected relying on the suitable fitness function in the PSO algorithm to the given desired goals. The impedance matching is also enhanced in which it stands behind the conversion efficiency increment. The circuit size is very slightly increased and it becomes 4.2x4.3mm². The final design has a conversion efficiency about 76%, with more than 15% improvement to a design with only a matching circuit or without using the automation techniques. Eventually, results show that the enhancement is obtained not only the designated input power but also along a range of the input power.

Home Automation System (HAS) has seen an increase in popularity as developments in connectivity and information technology. A Smart Home (SH) is a form of advanced applications for the Internet of Things (IoT) that allows users to track and manage their electronic devices through the internet. This paper describes an affordable, secure, WiFi- based smart home or home automation system, that enables the monitoring of home devices by homeowners at local and remote locations. The Arduino Mega 2560 and Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+ were used to configuring the server automation framework. Further, various sensors were used to observe current, voltages, humidity, temperature, movement, flame, smoke, gas, doors and other household conditions. The proposed automation system can monitor home conditions via the Blynk IoT Platform for both Android or IOS.

Solar photovoltaic to derive a small dc domestic refrigerator is becoming beneficial for remote areas where electricity is not available. This article presents an experimental energetic and exergetic analysis for a small dc refrigerator driven by a solar photovoltaic (PV) panel. The performance parameters, such as exergy losses compressor, exergy losses condenser, exergy losses expansion valve, exergy losses evaporator, efficiency exergy refrigerator, average optimum exergy efficiency (refrigerator), efficiency system (PV panel plus dc refrigerator) were investigated. The mentioned parameters were measured along the time of the day under the climate of Baghdad city. The experimental test has been carried out with load refrigerator (5 liters of water), to the evaluate the average optimum value of the refrigerator exergy efficiency under different thermostat. this work aims to identify an optimal average exergy loss for D.C refrigerator during the day, which can work at the optimum condition in evaporator temperature. The average exergy losses optimum value in evaporated temperature (-6) is 24.63

Wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is a common metal 3D printing technique that offers several benefits, including the high rate of deposition, cheap price, and efficacy for complex parts. Even though (WAAM) has demonstrated its ability to meet the demands of manufacture components on medium-to-large size made of (Al) for the automotive and other related industries, WAAM cannot currently use as a complete production procedure due to practical issues such as mechanical properties that aren't matched and the presence of significant residual stresses. the AM technologies offer promising new benefits with the MMCs as a solution for some challenges. This article reviews the MMCs Mixing technique and their critical issues, AM classification, WAAM process with advantages and challenges. also reviews WAAM of some AMCs with different reinforcements and power sources. The results of the study of the influence of reinforcement particles on the structure showed that they were changed grains structure from the columnar dendrite to equiaxial dendrites after the solidification and improves hardness.

It is highly recognized throughout the entire literature that there are many serious attempts to investigate the structural behavior of Reinforced concrete (RC) beam column joint. These studies tried to cover many key elements that usually govern the intended behavior of such structural element. It can be also from any simple survey during that literature that the reported failures in the past confirm the fact that the used design methods did not play the required role in providing good safe design. The most classic trend in strengthening the reinforced concrete joints was the addition of transversal bars. However, there are agreements throughout the recent contributions that increasing the level of reinforcement illustrated and optimum value and the extra addition may give negative results. In contrast, many alternative rehabilitation techniques were examined in the past such as Slurry Infiltrated Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SIFCON) blocks and Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) sheets which gave good results regarding mechanical strength, stiffness and ductility behavior. The current study tries to present an overview with respect to past research programs that deals with such concern of science.

In the present work the corrosion behavior of both aircraft aluminum alloy 2024 and 6061 were studied by cyclic polarization test in Rainwater, before and after heat treatment at room temperature (25 °C). The corrosion resistance of both alloys decreases after these alloys were solution treatment at a temperature of 495 °C for 2hr for AA2024 alloy and artificial aging at temperature (150, 200, 250, and 300 °C) for 1 and 2 hours this decreasing was from 1.767× 10⁻³ to 1.031× 10⁻³ mm/y, and for solution treatment at a temperature of 530 °C for 2hr for AA6061 alloy and artificial aging at temperature (150, 200, 250 and 300 °C) for 1 and 2 hours this decreasing 6.279× 10⁻³ to 1.204× 10⁻³ mm/y.

This study reviews a variety of coating types, which include, alloys, nickel, palladium, nickel alloys and composite coatings, on the super-alloy substrates with the use if the Slurry Coating- approach. Attempts have been performed for representing a general view of the conditions of plating and highlighting the significance of the layer concerning the efficiency of the high-temperature coatings that are applied on the super alloys that are utilized extensively on the components of the gas-turbine.

One of the methods of surface hardening the majority extensively used surface hardening procedure which can be used in many metals in their entirety in today's applications. Induction coil is concentrated to the localized area where the necessary piece is hardened of the material. A high inductance coil is used to heat the surface of steel into the austenitic region. High heat transformation rates result in instant quenching by oil, resulting in a steep temperature gradient. This method necessitates external quenching because it induces phase conversion from austenite to martensite. This review paper ensures an overview of the principles of induction surface hardening, as well as some of its advantages over traditional hardening techniques. The results of experiments and computational approaches reported by different researchers are discussed.

Solid-state transformer (SST) is one of the new technologies that has kept pace with the development of renewable energy sources such as the solar energy and wind turbines. The SST consists of a high-frequency (HF) transformer and power electronic converter at both ends of the HF transformer. Despite the high efficiency of the traditional transformers, is they are quite large in size and also very heavy. In order to reduce the size and weight of the transformers, SST is used as an alternative for the conventional transformer which also brings along other advantages. The type of core material, the type of wire used, and the method of winding the coils on the HF transformer core affects the core losses, copper losses, the cost, efficiency, and power density of the HF transformer. In this paper a new method has been proposed to form the core of the HF transformer used in SST where a hollow core is used, thus reducing the size and weight of the HF transformer along with the reduction in the core loss. The proposed core is designed using ANSYS Maxwell 3D software in addition to calculating the inductance matrix and the coupling coefficient. Finally, the proposed model of a high-frequency transformer was simulated using MATLAB Simulink software.

The majority of lubricating oil properties are the product of a material being used to enhance or produce the desired properties. Different materials with various nanostructures are now being used as new additives to improve lubricants' properties due to their peculiar characteristics. In this study, oleic acid was used to surface-modified TiO₂ and CuO nanoparticles to enhance the dispersion and stability of Nanofluid. The X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy FT-IR used to characterize the nanoparticles. The main objective of this paper was to investigate the influence of adding TiO₂ -CuO nanoparticles on the thermal-physical properties such as kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, pour point and flash point of base oil and nano-lubricating oil, which is prepared by different concentration (0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, and 1 %) by weight, and also the contact pressure (load – carrying capacity) was examined by using commercial portable Timken tester. The results showed increases in viscosity index and flash point of nano-lubricant oil by 7.69% and 7.07%, respectively.

Many concrete recycling strategies have emerged and many studies were devoted so as to find the best alternative to recycle concrete waste in order to produce recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) with a quality that competes with natural aggregates which contribute to concrete mixtures and try to establish effective and practical treatment methods in applications of new concrete mixtures, where concrete is considered a building material. Concrete is considered as one of the basic materials in architecture because of its durability and strength and contributes to the worldwide constructional movement and proved its robustness, durability and flexibility in architectural applications as it is considered one of the most widespread material and in the meantime forms a burden impact on the environment at the end of its function in the structures, so it was necessary to employ technological strategies in order to face this dilemma that began to deteriorate our environment.

Therefore, the research problem is determined as the need to clarify the concept of concrete recycling and concrete waste recycling in Iraq, due to lack of local knowledge, to produce recycled concrete aggregate, applicable in the fields of architecture and can be used in new concrete mixtures.

The aim of this research is to provide knowledge on different methods of recycling concrete from construction and demolition waste (C&DW) and the possibility of reusing its components in new concrete mixes, and to raise a debate about the reality of concrete waste in Iraq and the recycling concrete technology and suggest the most effective technological strategy to solve the Iraqi concrete waste crisis.

The prevention of coronavirus outbreaks requires cleaning and refreshing the closed environment where people live and operate. As a result, new environmental control methods must be developed. Also, water shortages represent an urgent problem, mainly countries that are island states and countries that have long coastlines which don't have sufficient water resources such as lakes and rivers. This paper is an experimental, theoretical and numerical study of air purification and water generation by air conditioning and refrigeration equipment. The unit is based on a standard compressive cooling cycle principle. The experimental device will be established and tested in Basra city, south of Iraq, during September and August from 2020. The experimental device was tested for different days with different climatic conditions. Theoretical data has been completed by the (EES) program and the Numerical study by (ANSYS 2020R2) to verify and study more cases in a short time with no cost. The maximum production rate is 45.7 L/Day with the system's performance factor of COP Max=4.0, Min=2.3, and Aver. =3.4. Therefore, the device can be used in coastal areas to meet water needs and provide a healthy environment.

This research deals with the effect of the electrolyte flow behavior on electrochemical continuous stirred tank reactor performance. The reactor was simulated to remove organic pollutants from the wastewater and to determine the conditions for removal that will examine the effect of the electrolyte flow through the reactor. The flow behavior has been investigated using the pulse tracer technique at selected operating conditions. A model comprises three hydrodynamic parameters (bypass, active volume, and recirculation fractions) that have been used to analyze the residence time distribution. The modeling results indicate that with the increasing of the space-time, the bypass and the active volume fractions were decreasing, while the active volume of the reactor was decreasing. The obtained non-ideal space-time of the reactor using the hydrodynamic parameters and the relationship of the tracer concentration with time was much less than the ideal space-time, because of the great effect of bypassing fraction. Finally, the experimental results for the organic removal were closeted to the results that simulated at non-ideal space-time. This comparison proving a significant impact of non-ideal flow on the reactor performance, and showing that the proposed model was well-describing the behavior of the electrolyte through the reactor.

The main objective of this work was to investigate the effect of natural additives with an animal and vegetable source in the form of (short fibers and particle) on the mechanical and thermal properties for epoxy. (wood dust, date palm fiber, cow bones and sheep wool) were selected as natural additives with different weight ratios such as (%5,%15,%25) reinforcements for the epoxy matrix based composites, which were produced by the hand lay-up technique. mechanical test such compression strength and thermal properties such thermal conductivity were carried out according to ASTM standards to characterized these composites. It was found that the mechanical and thermal properties can be increased or decreased depending on the type of material additives, its origin, as well as the weight percentage used.

This paper aims to study the physical, electrical, magnetic properties and microstructural analysis of aluminum matrix incorporated with different amounts of Fe₃O₄ at (2,4,6,8 and 10wt.%) with a constant amount of Ni at 2wt.%. Al/Fe₃O₄ +Ni hybrid nanocomposites specimens were prepared using the powder metallurgy method. Aluminum matrix nanocomposites (AMNCs) are important alloys because of their high strength, wear resistance, and lightweight, which enables them to be used in different thermal environments in a variety of applications including automotive, electronics, and aerospace. Many examinations, including Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM)) analysis, were performed on the specimens in this study to determine the microstructure and phases of the nanocomposites, and study important properties such as density, porosity, magnetic and electrical properties, to evaluate these properties of the hybrid nanocomposites. FESEM analysis revealed that Fe₃O₄ and Ni nanoparticles were homogeneously distributed in the Al matrix in this study. The results of these tests showed that increasing the weight percentage of Fe₃O₄ and constant weight percentage of Ni nanoparticles decreases the porosity and increases the density and increases saturation magnetization (Ms) as well as improved electrical properties.

Nowadays, in Iraq, especially Baghdad, many accidents are recorded daily, and the occurrence is different in terms of severity (fatal, injury, property damage only) with different seasons, days and even times, as a result of the anxiety and great concern that these accidents pose on the part of drivers of these highways. Therefore, this study has become necessary to find out the causes which have direct interference with the accident impact on these roads. On the other hand, many researchers in the field of traffic engineering in Iraq didn't address the severity of accidents on highways. In addition, this study is the first to find out the main causes of accidents for the most important main and vital highways that are used on a daily basis by drivers on the Al- Rusafa side in Baghdad (Mohamed Al-Qasim Expressway, Army Canal expressway). Furthermore, the data utilized in this research consists of a sample size of (236) forms and it was collected from traffic officers for period 2006 to 2019. After analysis by using Logistic Regression Model, there are three variables closely linked to the severity of accidents on Mohamed Al-Qasim Expressway (cause of an accident like (wrong turn, loss of control, closing (safety distance), vehicle body type, speed). Also, and four variables on Army Canal Expressway (road condition, day, vehicle body type, speed) resulting from the Binary Logistic Regression model.

The cross printed dipoles antenna is the best solution to generate wide band circular polarization, in this design prepared cross rectangular printed dipoles (antenna1) then added four inner quadrants parasitic (antenna2) with perfect arrangement and excellent dimensions. The quadrants, (inner parasitic) rotate sequentially round the crossed dipole, are used to persuade new resonance and increase the activity bandwidth, additional improving the AR bandwidth. The results show that the antenna achieves an impedance bandwidth (IBW) of 88.38% (4.66-12.04 GHz) for |S11| < −10 dB and a wide axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) of 55.80% (5.75-10.2 GHz). The proposed antenna would be utilized in C-band applications and for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. The structures modelled and analysed by the Ansoft's HFSS simulation software.

Because of their tendency to accumulate in the body and their highly toxic potential, heavy metal pollution is becoming one of the main problems globally. The presented study examined the likelihood of eliminating heavy metals by means of the Bulk Liquid Membrane (BLM) method, which is a tool of high importance in various applications of such type. BLM is a simple type of liquid membrane which is showing excellent membrane stability yet insignificant solute fluxes. Therefore, this study outlines the BLM's membrane resistance in removing heavy metals and recovery from the waste-waters. The cadmium (Cd) ions are fully prepared from the acidic aqueous solutions in this study with the use of the BLM. With regard to stirred transfer cell type, an experimental research has examined the recovery and extraction of Cd ions from synthetic wastewater solution via carrier Tri-butyl-phosphate TBP [C₁₂H₂₇O₄P] with the use of BLM as an approach of separation. The impact of some parameters such as feed and stripping stirring speed, carrier concentration, membrane stirring speed, initial feed concentration, temperature, feed, and stripping phase pH is assessed for Cd removal. At pH 4 for feed, pH 10 for strip, 10 %(v/v) carrier concentration, 2 ppm initial concentration, 150 rpm,(S:F) = (1:1) in toluene, and the room temperature the maximal efficiency of extraction and stripping of cadmium (II) metal ions was 82 % and 93 %.

The use of the cyclic prefix in the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CP-OFDM) system recently it is the technique widely used method in many wireless communication systems, which depends on the use of the rectangular pulse shape for the transmission. However, the use of the rectangular pulse shape in the filter leads to appearance of many problems such as out of band emission and also the necessary need to use what is known as the cyclic prefix for the purpose of preventing interference, which leads to decrease the spectral efficiency due to the exploitation of part of the spectrum for the purpose of protection from interference. For the purpose of getting rid of these problems, the filter bank multicarrier (FBMC)system has been proposed who uses filters to construct the typical pulse that can be used in this system. The main idea in this system is how to choose the appropriate filter system for the FBMC/OQAM because this filter plays a fundamental role in the system. In this research, we will be focused on presenting a new prototype pulse shape that can be used in the fifth-generation networks(5G) of communications and also for the purpose of improving the performance of this system and overcoming the previously mentioned obstacles. During this research we will present two models to form the used pulse model, and then we compare these shapes with the most common pulse shape like (Rectangular, RC, PHYDYAS, Hermite). Through this comparison, the efficiency of these pulses can be determined by studying several different parameters that have a direct impact on performance, such as (BER, SIR, PAPR).

A functionally graded material is a high-performance engineering material that can withstand extreme working conditions without losing its properties or failing during operation. The design, fabrication, and characterization of Al-Ni integrated into single functionally graded materials are presented in this study. FGM (Al-Ni) have been successfully fabricated using the powder metallurgy process. FGMs samples are made up of five layers, starting with Al on one side and ending with Ni on the other. The FGM (Al-Ni) samples used in this research were made up of the following percentages: (100 Al, 25 Ni-75Al, 50Ni-50Al, 75Ni-25Al, and 100Ni) wt%. The samples were pressed with a load of 800 MPa and sintered at temperature 600°C for 3 hours. In this research we applied the wear test and X-ray analysis of FGM (Al-Ni) samples where the intermetallic phases that formed were (AlNi₃, Al_0.9Ni_1.1, Ni₅Al₃, Al₃Ni_2, Al₄Ni₃, AlNi,), in addition to optical microscopy images.

This paper included an explanation of one of the methods of protection from corrosion, as it dealt with the use of electroplating technology by using solid ceramic particles embedded in chromium on carbon steel as a base material as an effective way to increase the service life of fluid-carrying tubes, considering that they are exposed to a joint effect of chemical and physical action. The formation of composite coatings on carbon steel and the factors affecting the success of these coatings in addition to a group of studies that dealt with these factors and their impact on increasing the resistance to conditions surrounding the metal represented by resistance to chemical corrosion in the presence of erosion (such as the concentration of solid particles in the paint solution, the temperature of the paint solution, the effect of The current density on the quality of the coatings and the effect of the thermal treatment on the coatings). The current density, the concentration of solid particles and the temperature have the greatest influence in determining the efficiency of the composite coatings.

Simulation and modeling are very strong tools to design and simulate engineering cases that can be difficult to ably experimentally. In microscale domains, simulation and modeling play a very strong role to maintain results for specific cases that are hard to explain in microfluidic devices experimentally. Microfluidic devices were developed for mixing, separation, drug delivery, and microspheres formation. Drug delivery and microfluidic devices and modeling have a tight relationship that can solve and discuss the behavior of microspheres under variable formation process conditions. The main goal of this research is to discover the microspheres formation behavior under different flow rates. Experimentally, starch microspheres were formed with a different shape ranging from oval to spherical shape. This difference in shape was the main goal to study in this paper. To understand the shape changing, a numerical simulation study has been introduced using (ANSYS workbench 16.1) program, to simulate and study the microspheres formation process and the effect of flow rate varying on microspheres formation.

This paper investigates the Effect of Ag Nanoparticles on the PMMA-SPO-PS Blend, the samples of nano composition were prepared by adding Ag nano particles percentages of (1,3,5,7 mgm)wt % to the (SPO-PS-PMMA) blend, the thick films, It was the best blend when forgetting to mix (7mgm) silver nanoparticles were prepared by solvent with pure benzene at different time, The dielectric constant increases with increasing concentration and at frequency (from 100H_z to 3.E06H_z), and decreases with increasing frequency, the A.C electrical conductivity increases with increasing the frequency of applied electric field and concentrations of the (Ag) nanoparticles..

A numerical approach utilizes to investigate the optimal die design parameters of the ECAP technique. The Deformation behavior and strain distribution are affected by die geometry and processing parameters. were analyzed and evaluated. In addition, the influence of the inner channel angle (ICA) and the outer channel angle (OCA) on the behavior of plastic deformation during ECAP process also studied using a finite element technique. The numerical investigation implemented over a range of die angles (90°, 110°, and 135°) with inner corner radius (0, 3, 4, 5, and 8 mm) with their corresponding values considered for the outer corner radius (0, 10, 12,14,15 and 20 mm). The results obtained regarding the force required, maximum stress, maximum strain, and equivalent stress evaluated over a range for die inner angle radius and die outer angle radius. These results show that the size of the inner and outer curvature radii has a big effect on deformation homogeneity of the billet. had an influence on both the quantity and distribution of effective strain. With the increment of inner and outer curvature radii, the effective strain value decreased in the deformation regions. Moreover, the optimum conditions in terms of strain distribution and homogeneity of billet are associated with a radius of the inner fillet of 4 mm and radius of outer corner of 12 mm. The impacts on the von Mises strain and the press force. The optimal compromise between applied force and von Mises strain balances small press forces and high von Mises strain and homogeneity indices.

This investigation aims to study the characterization of MgO nanoparticles prepared using two different routes via microwave method and sol-gel route. The characteristics of the fabricated of MgO nanoparticles were examined by FESEM, XRD, FTIR and BET. The results of XRD for microwave method and sol-gel route revealed peaks indicating the uniform crystalline. The images of FESEM of MgO nanoparticles by microwave method evinced an irregular shape, but the MgO nanoparticles synthesized by sol-gel route were found crystallites, nano spherical shape. The results of this work manifested that the MgO nanoparticles prepared via sol-gel route had smaller grain size as (≈ 50 nm) compared to the microwave method (≈ 72 nm). The specific surface area of the MgO nanoparticles using sol-gel route was more than with microwave route. FTIR examination reveals that the presence of Mg-O in the sample.

A manual mechanical prestressing system was manufactured which used to apply a post-tension force to the high-stress steel wires in the curved slab member. The study aims to experiment with the use of a mechanical prestressing technique of thin curved sections to assess the prestressed force influencing the behavior of a curved slab at the initial and final loading stages. Two advantages achieved in the system; pulling the steel wires at all positions simultaneously and application of the pulling force perpendicular to the cross-section of the curved slab. To check the efficiency of the prestressing system, two reactive powder concrete curved slab members were cast and tested under a uniformly distributed load. The first one is reinforced with micro steel fibers while the second one is reinforced with micro steel fibers in addition to four high-stress steel wires. The experimental results showed the applicability and facility of using this manual mechanical system to perform the post-tension forces of thin curved slabs. Applying the post-tension prestressing force in the curved slab member increased the cracking and ultimate loads to about 311% and 381% respectively compared to the non-prestress curved slab, whereas the failure mode was occurred by flexural-tensile stress near the edge beams for both curved slabs.

A column is a structural member that bears an axial compressive load and is more likely to fail due to buckling than due to material strength. Some of these columns work at high temperature and this temperature effects the behavior of buckling. Then the designer must takes this factor into consideration. The present work involves the high-temperature buckling of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy rod(column) at different range of temperature (room temperature to 200°C). This work study the critical buckling load (P_cr) under the above temperature dynamically. The (Pcr) can be predicted by Euler theory. It has been observed that the Euler theory is not satisfy to applied under high temperature unless using temperature safety factor. The results show that elevated temperature weakens the structure and decreasing its mechanical and buckling properties. From the experimental results, empirical equations were derived to predict yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, critical buckling load and temperature safety factor at high temperature.

The most often encountered laborer as a consequence prosthetic titanium (Ti) implant, failure is infection. Implant surfaces that are antibacterial due to nanoscale titanium modifications appear as an appealing peri-implantitis prevention approach. In this study, composite coating preparation) and antimicrobial properties (hydroxyapatite, hydroxyapatite/nanosilver) on titanium substrate by Micro Arc Oxidation(MAO). Preparation the electrolyte in the electrolyte, cell was an aqueous calcium acetate monohydrate solution of 0.1.3 mol/L ((CH3-COO)_2..Ca.H₂O) and 0.0.6 mol/l sodium biphosphate dihydrate (NaH₂PO₄.2H₂O) in distilled, water, pH of electrolyte was 2.3 after that, nano silver was added to the electrolyte in different proportions (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2) g/L, and the coating times were also different (30, 45, 60) sec at a constant voltage 200 V. To observe the morphology a AFM test was done and must be known if there are bacteria present or not on Ti substrate and composite coating (HA, HA/nAg) samples by the antibacterial test. In addition, the surface, roughness was measured to study the extent of bacterial adhesion. The result of the tests for coated samples better compared with the uncoated sample. As a result, in the antibacterial test, composite coatings (HA, HA/nAg) were found to be more effective than Ti samples in destroying bacteria that had formed on their surfaces.

Thanks to unique properties, such as light weight, good biocompatibility, high strength, and relatively low cost, shape memory alloys are of interest to researchers. In this work alloys NiTi and NiTiCu with different weight percents were made from the copper element using the casting method by (VAR) furnace. Where the elements were melted at (1350°C) without a crucible to obtain best alloys of high purity, and after that the manufactured ingots were cooled with ice water to obtain the best homogeneity. The melting process was followed by the annealing process by an electric furnace at (750°C). After completing the manufacturing process, specimens were prepared for microscopic and mechanical tests, and wires were drawn for the purpose of electrical testing. Several tests and examinations were carried out to ensure that the alloys manufactured are SMAs. The microscopic examinations that were performed via OM showed that the copper element is uniformly distributed within a NiTi matrix. The results showed FESEM that the microstructure is symmetric and homogeneous, and also showed phase (TI 002) and (Ti₂Ni) and some defects. DSC examination showed the initial and final degrees of the austenite and martensite phase. In addition, the results of DSC showed that the best stable alloys are alloy NiTi and NiTiCu-3 and that the hysterical loop decreases with an increase in the percentage of copper. The results of the shape memory effect showed that the best SME was (88.98%) for alloy NiTiCu-3. As for the microhardness, it increased when the copper element was increased, so the maximum hardness of the specimen was at 2 wt.% Cu, and it seemed to decrease with the increase in the copper element. The electrical test that was performed using the 4T sensing method of wires showed that the conductivity value increases with the increase in ratio of Cu with the decrease in the resistance. The best conductivity ratio was for alloy NiTiCu-3 where the conduction ratio was 24096.4 (Ω.Cm)⁻¹ and it had the lowest resistivity 41.5 (Ω.Cm)10⁻⁶. Strain rate was tested and the resistivity, so the increase in the strain rate was observed with the increase in the copper element and the decrease in the resistivity.

This paper describes special tests through the Matlab/Simulink program with induction machine to estimate the parameters of the equivalent circuit step by step because they have a direct impact on the performance of induction machine while running steady-state machines and dynamic status. There are three tests to determine the parameters of the induction machine (R₁, R₂, X₁, X₂, X_m) is a DC test and No-Load test (open-circuit test) and Blocked rotor test (short-circuit test). Despite the fact that temperature and the skin effect are not taken into account in DC resistance modelling, the results obtained are approximate and rational. For control and verification, the parameters of an induction machine can be accessed through the above three tests. Simulation and experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method. This work can be easily applied by students to enable them to know the parameters in the absence of the information provided in the motor.

Because of their superior mechanical properties, metal implants are the ideal choice for long-term reconstruction of hard tissues like the hip and knee joints. Zr and its alloys are widely recognized as biocompatible metal implants because of the self-regulating oxide coating that prevents the surface from corrosion and restricts ion release. The Osseo incorporation of these critical elements requires surface modification. The surface of metal implants is modified via micro-arc oxidation (MAO). The goal of this study is to give a summary of contemporary Micro-arc oxidation (MAO) research on zirconium and related alloys in biometal implants.

The aim of the research is to investigate the structural behavior of deep beams with a longitudinal opening reinforced by steel pipes. The experimental program included a test of (10) specimens with dimensions of (1500mm) length, (500mm) overall height and (250mm) width. One of these specimens was casted with solid section (without longitudinal opening) to keep it as a reference specimen for comparison purposes. The variables considered in this research were, the shape of the openings (circular, square, and rectangular) was adopted, opening size (three variable sizes of circular openings 4in,3in, and 2in) were used, in addition to the void's ratio. The Load-deflection curves and crack patterns for the tested beams were discussed. The experimental results showed that the structural behavior of specimens with circular openings was approximately equal to the reference beam, where it gave efficiency about (103%) with respect to the reference beam. The specimens with square and rectangular openings gave an average load carrying capacity about (81%-35%) respectively with respect to the reference beam. Also, its noticed that the specimens containing rectangular openings were inefficient and caused early collapse. Using of steel pipes to reinforce the longitudinal opening was observed to be efficient for improving the load carrying capacity and stiffness of deep beams, the results showed that the ultimate load was increased by 22.6% compared to the beam with unreinforced opening.

Conventional street lighting control systems is manual control, light sensitive control, and simple timing control while energy consumption and operators are unable to monitor street lights, that significantly disrupts management and maintenance. This work is based on the idea of maximize the maintaining and minimize an energy loss. Much of the energy produced daytime is saved in a solar cell and then will use to glow street lights throughout the night. The system also provides an energy-efficient operation mode by adapting the automated method. The lights switch on/off automatically according to vehicle movement or day/night sensor as well as to reduce management cost and monitor status information for each street lighting unit. In this paper two sensors are utilized that are Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) sensor to signalize a day/night time and Infrared Obstacle (IR) sensors to discover the movement on the street. Arduino microcontroller is utilized as a brain to control the street lighting system. In the other hand sensors data are analyzed and stored in Thingspeak cloud after are sent by Arduino UNO. Experimental results show that the system is stable and reliable as it can be applied as a model system.

In this work the thermo hydraulic performance of double pipe heat exchanger made of stainless-steel with inner and outer diameters are (11.43 and 16.83cm) respectively, 0.305cm thickness and150cm length, studied numerically by using Solid Works 2016 package. It is used to the purpose of preheat heavy fuel oil flow in the outer pipe by hot air flow inside the inner one. Helical tape with different pitches (11, 14, and 17) cm the inner side of the inner tube and helical fin with different fin spaces (10, 20, and 30) cm over the inner tube are used as an enhancement heat transfer device. The study was conducted with specific identifiers, Reynold's number (Re) values are (31668, 47361, 63008, 78589) for air side (inner tube), oil inlet temperature is (313) K and flow with rate of oil (0.1 and 0.06 kg/s). The results were first verified by using both the inner helical tape and outer helical fin separately and comparing the results of them with the plain tube, and then combining each of the helical tape and helical fin together and indicating the improvement in heat transfer rate, the result show that the maximum heat transfer is (4559.726 W) obtained by merged the helical tape with smaller pitch (11 cm) and helical fin with low fin pitch (10 cm) at oil flow rate (0.1 kg/s) as compared with (2052.385W) for plain tube, the maximum enhancement percentage in heat transfer rate and overall heat transfer coefficient were is (122.167 % and 142.941%) at the same conditions. The maximum enhancement in Nusselt number (Nu) and convection heat transfer coefficient were (224.572 % and 129.523 % W/m². K) respectively were achieved by using helical tape with pitch (11 cm). At higher Reynolds number, the higher-pressure drop for air side is (7437.8 pa) obtained when using minimum pitch for helical tape and it is (1086.26 pa) for oil side by using helical fin with pitch (10 cm).

Titanium and titanium alloys are broadly used in biomedical applications, particularty orthopaedic and dental implants, due to their suitable properties, such as low modulus, high specific strength to weight, high machining, high corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. Micro-arc oxidation (MAO) is one in every of many surface modification processes that can provide porous, adhesive, and bioactivity for implantation, resulting in better and more improved osseointegration. Furthermore, antimicrobial surface coatings hold a lot of promise for reducing infection-related errors. This study provides a summary of the biological evaluation of bioactive coatings. It primarily focuses on ways for enhancing the biological characteristics of MAO-coated titanium and related alloys. The overview is to discuss the MAO process of the titanium implant to enhance bone/implant interaction.

The effect of three stir casting temperatures (ST) (900, 1000, and 1100 on magnetic and microstructure properties of AA5052 reinforced with 5wt% TiO₂ nanoparticles has been investigated using the stir casting technique. It was found that the magnetic properties decrease with increasing stir casting temperature and the least magnetic saturation (Ms) and magnetic susceptibility (Xm) occurred for nanocomposite fabricated under stir casting temperature (1000 °C) also the maximum coercivity (Hc) and residual magnetization (Mr) occurred in this nanocomposite. The values of magnetic saturation (Ms), coercivity (Hc) and residual magnetization (Mr) obtained for nanocomposite under (1000 °C) are 2.714×10⁻⁶ (A/m), 4676.55530 (A/m) and 3.25032 ×10⁻⁸ (A/m), respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used to analyze the microstructure, and it is discovered that well-distributed nano particles lead to decrease grain size in the parent phase.

Welding of dissimilar metals is one of the most substantial requirements of industries and extensively used in engineering applications. Dissimilar friction crush welding between oxygen-free copper (C1020) and aluminum (1145-H1) sheets with a thickness of 1 mm was investigated in this work using different flange edge heights (2, 2.5 and 3 mm) and gaps (0.5 and 1 mm) between Cu-Al sheets. Tool rotational speed of 1500 rpm and feed rate of 120 mm/min were used in all welding experiments. Evaluation of Cu-Al joints was performed successfully using optical microscope, SEM, XRD, EDS, hardness and tensile tests. Several FCW experiments were carried out to obtain the optimum properties by adjusting the flanged edge height and gap between dissimilar sheets. Cracks are the main defect encountered in Cu-Al joints. The XRD results showed that no new reaction phases were formed in the Cu-Al joints. EDS results showed no pronounce diffusion of elements in the crush zone and mechanical coalescence was responsible for welding. The results also indicated that the FCW parameters has a significant effect on the hardness and tensile strength of Cu-Al joints.

The noticeable progression in the power electronic devices pushes a crucial demand to develop dielectrics with low loss, good temperature stability and high energy-storage density in addition to enhanced energy recovery characteristics. These properties are very important in order to use in advanced pulsed capacitors. Capacitors form a main part of many modern electrical and electronic devices. In this regards, relaxor ferroelectrics form an appropriate candidate for ceramic-based capacitor applications, due to their low loss and high energy density. This review provide theoretical basis at first, which help to evaluate the capacitors characteristics that contribute to high energy storage behavior. Moreover, serves to give an overall summary on latest development on electric energy-storage performance in the candidate materials, particularly in bismuth based peroviskite materials. For example, Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃, BiFeO₃ and their solid solutions with BaTiO₃ or with K_0.5Na_0.5NbO₃.

This study analyzes the results obtained from field measurements to one of the main water pipe operating with the dead end system in Karbala city (located in the middle of Iraq is located 105 kilometers south of the capital Baghdad) utilizing Water CAD software. Moreover, the study is conduct to evaluate the existing mainline supply water from AL-khairat area where is the location of the pumping station to improve existing water main line efficiency. The field readings at different junctions' locations is take and which branch out the mainline at seasons in summer, autumn, winter, and different times by using an ultrasonic device. The collected data then simulated in WaterCAD software using an extended period scenario to determine future network defects. Based on the results, The hydraulic analysis demonstrates the extra flow is required to increase pressure and velocity in junctions. The existing pumping, that is a design amount of about 1200 m3/hr is not sufficient to deliver water to the end zones of the line, since the produced quantity of the pumps in the mainline does not exceed 950 m3/hr which was less than the design capacity as shown by field readings, because damaged many parts of which, It needs to increase the design capacity of not less than 2000m3/hr and this conclusion was made based on analysis of the obtained data. In addition, it is necessary to replace the old pumps with new ones in order to provide adequate flow that achieves the pressure and water velocity required.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of the different strengthening techniques on the behavior of continuous one-way slab with insufficient length of development of rebars at the internal joint. The insufficient length of development of rebars in the zone of negative steel reinforcement leads to a reduction in force which has dangerous consequences that affect the structure and its serviceability. This study proposed three strengthening techniques to compensate the insufficient development length which including: internal strengthening by confining the lap zone by spiral bar, externally strengthened by CFRP sheet and steel plates. Six one-way concrete slabs with dimensions of 2200 mm length, 500 mm width, and 125 mm thickness were casted and tested under static load. The main variables adopted in this study are: the length of development, type of strengthening, and presence of construction joint. All slabs were loaded to failure. Form results, it's found that the presence of construction joint and insufficient length of development of rebars at internal support of the continuous one-way slab had a tangible influence on the structural behavior, also, the insufficient length of development resulted in a deterioration of the structure, decrease in stiffness, and change in the mode failure. It was observed that the strengthening techniques used in this study able to compensate the reduction in stiffness and enhancing mode of failure. All the proposed strengthening techniques was efficient especially steel plates which gave a high increasing in ultimate load by about 16.14 % and by about 8.7-3.73% for the other.

Soil fabrics (geotextiles) are a permeable textile structural composition, and are mainly use in civil engineering applications associated with soil, rocks, or water. The American specifications (ASTM-D1316) indicated in the definition of this type of fabrics that they are use in some installations for civil and structural engineering, as the traffic increases day by day, many road related problems happen. Due to the heavy volume and heavy traffic the roads were damage very early, to avoid such a situation, we can use the geotextile.

Geotextiles can be roughly in to two-type woven and nonwoven, in this research, non-woven (geotextile-50 pressed) was use in the work. The effect of geotextile sheets on improving the load-settlement characters of five-layered soil (three-layer clay, two-layer recycle concrete aggregate); moreover, the use of geotextiles has been study to reduce the required thickness of the sub-base layer of the road. Given the widespread use of bearing testing rate in the projects of road construction, it has used this test in this research, it was a test California bearing ratio (CBR) on the soil of five layers including the rubble of recycled concrete layer recycled (RCA) in the top (sub base)) and the clay soil place bottom(subgrade)

These tests were conduct different the situations, including the use of test geotextile and test not use geotextile. In this research, the performance of nonwoven geotextiles, interconnect between the soft subgrade and the sub-base of the recycle of the recycle concrete aggregate (RCA) in the flexible paving system was good as the Geotextiles improve and increase the CBR value about (20%) of the road layers as well as the geotextile worked on reduce permeability about (50%).

Geotextile also worked to separate or (isolate) two materials that are not alike, such as two soil layers with different properties, such as separating the subgrade layer from the subbase layer.

This paper studied the effect of waste Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) on the workability and mechanical properties of the produced cement based mortar. However, five different waste PET weight fractions of 0, 5, 15, 25 and 50% were replaced with river sand in cement mortar mixtures with constant cement content and water to cement ratio of 525 kg/m³ and 0.48, respectively. The workability of the mixtures is enhanced by increasing the replacement level of plastic waste PET. On the other hand, the dry density, compressive and flexural strengths were reduced as waste PET incorporation increased except the mix contained 5% of PET which improved the compressive and flexural strengths. As a result of the dry density and compressive strength results, it was determined that the mixture containing 25% waste PET is considered as a lightweight mortar and suitable for structural purposes.

As a promising energy storage device, the rechargeable Zinc-air fuel cells (ZAFCs) has attracted an increasing attention because of their high energy density, cost-effectiveness, non-toxic (in terms of the manufacturing materials of the cell as well as the products of the reactions), the rich abundance of zinc, compact system design, as well as its environmental benignity. Rechargeable Zinc-air fuel cells (ZAFCs) are investigated as a possible technology for fast responding large-scale electrical energy. a broad study was performed to examine the influence of different ranges of parameters such as electrolyte flow rate (0-250 mL/min), electrolyte concentration (10- 60% by weight KOH), electrolyte temperature (26-60°C), active or passive air supply (0-8 L/min), and the effects of each parameter on the cell performance was studied and analysed and the best parameters were chosen to maintain the most effective cell operation.

Photovoltaic/thermal system (PVT) is a modern technology that increase the productivity of a PV panel through nanofluid cooling. In this study, the use of a group of nano-coolants consisting of nano-CuO plus water and surfactant was investigated. The study was conducted using a solar simulator and studied the thermophysical properties of the prepared fluids to demonstrate their effects on the PVT system cooling. Adding nanoparticles to water caused an increase in density and viscosity, but at a limited rate, and it did not have an effect during the experiments. The thermal conductivity of the nanofluids showed a clear increase compared to water, and the highest conductivity measured was 100.3% (when adding 2% nano-CuO). The Zeta potential test was used to measure the stability of the prepared nanofluids, and the results showed the high stability of all the prepared nanofluids. The stability of the suspension improved as the proportion of added nanoparticles decreased. The electrical, thermal, and total efficiencies improved with employing nanofluids to cool the PVT system compared to cooling with water alone. The maximum efficiencies obtained when adding 2% nano-CuO to the water were 29.92%, 61.08%, and 91% for electrical, thermal, and total efficiencies respectively..

Aim: synthesis, characterization, and application of modifying nanocomposite TiO₂ doped with Magnesium for photodegradation of antioxidant system Larvae and Pupae of Aedes Aegypti Catalysts Preparation of Mg-doped TiO₂ to determine activity of oxidative stress (MDA) and glutathione S Transferase, were known as a parameter of defense system resistance and immune maintained. This study was undertaken to assess the potential role of growth of stages of Aedes Aegypti correspondence with oxidant and antioxidant balance triggered by nanoparticle exposure. The amounts of these parameters in cellular samples were investigated using the following materials and procedures, intake 100 larvae and 100 pupae as subjects with (study subjects) and 3-9 days' age-matched with healthy subjects as controls. at the second of the admission, as a marker of lipid peroxidation, and therefore an indicator of the activity of standard free radicals Nanoparticles Photo Catalysts, TiO₂ doped with Mg, the standard prepared Nanopowder changes from the forbidden band TiO₂ standard doping with atoms of Mg ،Mg) using the sol-gel method, for Mg-doped TiO₂ nanoparticles, the estimated band gap energy is 2.92 eV. Tissue MDA was used to estimate thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and liquid glutathione reductase activity was assessed using Goldberg DM's method. Results: When compared to controls, there was a dramatic rise in MDA content and glutathione s transferase efficiency in larvae and pupae populations exposed to photo catalyst modified nanoparticles. Conclusion: Increased MDA support to oxidative stress in larvae and pupae samples supports enhanced oxygen-free radical generation, as indicated by our findings. Increased antioxidant enzyme activity could be a compensatory mechanism in response to increased oxidative stress. The findings point to glutathione s transferase's antioxidant activity in response to increasing oxidative stress in the treated group.

The diesel engines is used in many industrial applications in addition to that in cars. In this type of engine the fuel-air mixture will burn behind the piston inside the cylinder and will produce high temperature. Developing diesel engines to be more efficient, less fuel consumption, low gas emissions, and high performance that has been pursued for more than two decades. Increased combustion temperature can enhance engine power and efficiency while lowering specific fuel consumption and CO emission rates. Ceramic thermal barrier coatings have been identified as the most promising method for achieving these goals. Due to the abundance of materials and technologies, it is necessary to understand the best material suitable for depositing and the techniques required to complete the process. Many researchers have studied a wide range of materials like ZrO2, Al2O3, mullite, YSZ, and forsterite to develop suitable systems that use thermal barrier coatings. Additionally, many techniques such as EB-PVD and ASP have been developed to meet the requirements of these systems. This paper will examine the materials and technologies that can be used to improve internal diesel engine performance.

In this study, the effect of important variables on the corrosion rate of Zinc metal was studied with free corrosion, weight loss, and polarization techniques. The test system was designed to measure corrosion potential, corrosion rate, limited current density, and the polarization technique. The experiment used a 0.1M HCl solution as its medium. Temperatures (20,30, 40, 50, and 60) C and rosemary inhibitor concentrations (1 and 5) g/L were used to study the efficacy of the zinc corrosion process. The results showed that the corrosion rate increased with increasing temperature but decreased with increasing inhibitor concentration in acid solution. The maximum inhibition efficiency in Weight Loss Experiments observed at 5g/L of rosemary and 20 °C is 49.07%. The corrosion potential became more negative with increasing temperature and became nobler (less negative) with increasing inhibitor concentration. It has been shown that rosemary is good as a green inhibitor in acid solution.

Human Activity Recognition (HAR) is gaining more interest in recent years due to its growing role in many human-related sectors such as the health sector especially with elderly people and motion restricted patients. In recent years, there has been great progress in identifying human activity using various machine learning approaches. However, traditional methods of feature extraction are the most challenging in the feature selection process. Deep learning is a promising approach in the human activity recognition research area and has overcome the feature selection problem. However, several challenges are still open to research issues such as classification performance. This paper describes how to identify specific types of human physical activities using the accelerator and gyroscope data generated by the smartphone user. A deep convolutional neural network architecture has been proposed to perform HAR efficiently and effectively the system has been trained and tested over a dataset generated with the aid of 50 volunteers with four activities (walking, running, walking up-down stairs finally sitting-standing on the chair) events in real-world conditions. We chose four classes, each of which performs well, get to know our range of activities achieving 99% for validation and 99.8% for testing overall accuracy

There are two important subjects in the local and global areas, the first is the environmental pollution and the second is economic advantages of recycling and reusing of industrial materials. One of the most important industrial materials is cork waste. Because of many good properties of cork, like compressibility and a good ability to mould according to human needs, this material become as an important material in several life categories. This research work includes production of new type of light weight concrete and studies the mechanical and thermal properties. Several proportions of raw materials were used to produce this type of concrete. This study is intended to produce light weight concrete with low thermal conductivity so that it can be used for concrete masonry units. Polystyrene aggregate was added as percentages by weight of cement to improve the thermal properties of this type of concrete. Mechanical, and thermal tests with difference ages were made in this work. For polystyrene concrete with polystyrene cement ratio (p/c) of (2.67 – 6)%, the 28-day compressive strength range is from (4.31 – 2.67)MPa, flexural strength range is from (3.05-1.719) MPa, density range is from (1493-1213) kg/m³, and thermal conductivity range is from (0.91-0.782)% as a percentage by that of reference mix. The study show suitability of this type of concrete to be used in concrete masonry units of non-bearing walls.

According to future predictions, reliance will be largely on solar panels to provide electrical energy. Given its importance, the factors that maintain or increase its efficiency must be studied. Among the factors that reduce its efficiency are temperature, shade, dust and many others. The effect of the temperature on the performance and efficiency of a photovoltaic (pv) panel is the one of the main important facing the renewable energy, especially in hot regions, e g. South part of iraq. The high temperature to which the pv module is exposed in hot weather reduces the open circuit voltage and the efficiency. In this work, use two methods for cooling, namely water cooling and air cooling. The first method of cooling was air cooling by using dc fan that placed in the back of pv module. While the second method water cooling divided in two techniques, the first technique done by using two pieces of aluminum for cooling (water cooling blocks) placed in the rear of pv module and the second technique of water cooling by using copper perforated tube for spraying water placed in the front of pv module. The average of experimental results shows that the use of technique spraying water cooling are highest enhancement in efficiency than others techniques (water cooling blocks and dc fan) and more effective at high pv temperatures.

The present study includes an experimental investigations for the behavior and the load carrying capacity of hybrid beam-column connections subjected to static and repeated loading condition. The goals were to evaluate the effect of using slurry infiltrated fiber concrete (SIFCON). Experimental program consists of testing six beam-column connections, two of them casted with normal concrete and the other using SIFCON in crtical section in addation to normal concrete. Also, the program testing three of connection subjected to static load and the similar other subjected to repeated loads. Results show an improve in flexural behavior for specimens with SIFCON as compared with normal concrete under static and condition, on the other hand, the reduction in flexural strength when was exposed to repeated loads in comparison with that under static loads reach 2.6% at hybrid connection. While, the reduction was increased to 5.1% for the specimen without SIFCON.

With the growing evolution of wireless communication technologies, there is still a need for higher data rates, increased system capacity, and improved service quality. OFDM WiMAX technology is now regarded as one of the most common solutions for Broadband Wireless Connectivity in Urban Areas, capable of offering faster implementation and lower costs than standard wired options. This paper proposes effective adaptive algorithm processing with MMSE for use in wireless networks based on SISO and MIMO OFDM WiMAX, enabling network performance to be enhanced in the case of non-LOS wireless communications, which are standard in urban conditions. On the performance of the system, signal attenuation, the effects of several paths l, different mobility speeds and Doppler shift were studied. Combines the adaptive algorithm with MMSE, achieves improved joint channel estimation and signal detection which performs the technique effectively mobile. SNR, MSE and noise components are used to analyses mathematical models of adaptive modulation for transmitting images in SISO and MIMO systems. Simulation results show that the adaptive algorithm with MMSE would improve throughput. For example, when SNR equal 15 dB, the probability of MSE for BPSK based on MIMO principle is equal to 0.0016 with adaptive algorithm. Also, for the same value of SNR, the probability of MSE for BPSK based on MIMO principle is equal to 0.164 without adaptive algorithm. It can also be concluded that when processing signals in a receiving system under conditions of multi-path signal propagation, the use of adaptive algorithms with MMSE has a positive effect on noise immunity.

In this paper, pure magnesium alumina (MgAl₂O₄) and magnesium alumina spinel nanoparticles doped iron (MgAl_2-XFe_XO₄) where (X= 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05) were by sol-gel method. The calcination operation was performed at a temperature of 800 ° C at a rate of 5 ° C/min. The resulting materials of MgAl_2-XFe_XO₄ nanoparticles were determined using,, XRD, FT-IR, EDX, SEM methods. XRD results show that MgAl₂O₄ and Fe⁺³:MgAl₂O₄ nanoparticles have a single-phase at 800 ° C. FTIR analyze confirmed the presence of MgAl₂O₄ and Fe⁺³:MgAl₂O₄ as well as FTIR analysis shows its composition and structure. Surface morphology examinations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) show that the nanoparticles synthesized in this way are estimated to be angular, uniform and about 50-70 nm in size.

Two-dimensional numerical modelling of water natural convection inside a chamfered triangular cavity, that is being partially heated from below has been investigated in this paper. The walls of the cavity are considered isothermally isolated except a source part of heat which is inserted at the bottom wall while the inclined wall is considered as cold wall. A COMSOL Multiphysics 5.5 has been used to solve the numerical solutions. This paper considered some variables such as Rayleigh number (Ra = 103 to 106), heating length ratio (HL= 0.2, 0.4, and 0.5) and the ratio of the chamfer's radius (R= 0.1, 0.2, and 0.25) while all other physical parameters are considered constant such as the length of the cold wall and the adiabatic wall. The results have been validated with previous published work in order to ensure the accuracy of the current coding. The main results observed an increase in streamlines and isotherms with the rise of Rayleigh (Ra) number and the rise of heating length ratio; additionally, the average Nusselt number (Nu_avg) value increases with the rise of the Ra number and the length of the heating source. For example, average Nusselt number increased from 2.0443 at Ra=10³ to 7.2793 at Ra= 10⁶ for (R=0.25 and HL = 0.5).

One of the most important construction activities worldwide is the repair and rehabilitation of damaged concrete structures. Many concrete structures are decaying, sometimes early, and need remediation to restore their protection and serviceability. As a result, in recent years the need for repair and safety has increased dramatically. This paper reviewed some studies about the potential for geopolymer to be used as a repair material and highlighted the main factors effect bond strength between GP and OPCC. The bond strength of GP was assessed using splitting tensile test and slant shear test. The results of bond strength indicated that this form of GP could be employed as a potential repair material..

For many surgical applications such as knee implant, metal-to-metal Hip jointing and denta implants, CoCrMo allays are the main choice. The present study aims to study the effect of Tungsten on Microstructure and Corrosion resistance of CoCrMo (F75) alloy. Tungsten has been added to the base alloy in various weight ratios (0.5, 1 and 1.5 wt. percent). The alloys have been made using powder metallurgywhich has been sintered with two stages at 500°C (2 h) and 850°C (6 h) under Argon atmosphereMicrostructures observation, Corrosion resistance, open circuit potential and Brinell macro-hardness, have been performed. In the microstructure test this phase (CoCr and CoCrMo) was appeared. Corrosion test results have shown that with the addition of (1,5% W) the highest corrosion resistance was found, which gives the lowest rate of corrosion (4.310 mpy) in Ringer's solution. The hardness of F75 alloy improve after the addition of tungsten in Ringer's solution, Also hardness increases as tungsten additives increase, which have the highest percentage (1.5%W) gave the highest hardnes

Waste material recycling in mortar production not only provides a promising resource for producing high-quality mortar, but it also aids in properly addressing the waste disposal issue. This study investigates the potential of utilizing blast furnace slag wastes as a supplementary cementitious material in blended cement-based mortars.

The experimental program includes investigation of compressive strength of cement-based mortar composites contained different types and percentages of slag wastes. The mortar specimens were prepared and cured following related international standards. After curing, the compressive strengths of the tested specimens were assessed and compared with control specimens. The influence of the chemical composition of the investigated slag types on the resulted strength of the blended cement mortar was also discussed. Results of this study revealed that the chemical compositions of the raw slag wastes have significant effects on the pozzolanic activity of the produced slag. Slag samples contained higher percentages of calcium oxides present the most promising results regarding the production of supplementary cementitious material.

Cefepime is a fourth-generation antibiotic with the Stoichiometry C₁₉H₂₄N₆O₅S₂. It is a 1.5 nm molecule. The electronic structure and related spectroscopic properties of cefepime are discussed in the present work. The thermodynamic interaction of the cefepime molecule with water molecules is also discussed. Density functional theory at the B3LYP/6-311G** level is used. Results show good agreement with available structural experimental results such as bond lengths. The iso-electrostatic potential energy shows the position of positive and negative potentials. The HOMO-LUMO energy gap is increased to more than 4 eV due to interaction with water molecules. The highest peak in the experimental IR spectrum (1773 cm⁻¹) is confined between the calculated cefepime highest peak at (1694.4 cm⁻¹) and the hydrated cefepime molecules at (1819-1823 cm⁻¹). Many other evaluated properties such as Raman spectrum, dipole moment, Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of interaction with water do not have experimentally measured values. The most stable Gibbs free energy is when cefepime interacts with two H₂O molecules.

Lodging changes are an intriguing intercession with regards to post-war lodging regions. Two contextual investigations show that lodging changes can fill the hole among solidification and huge scope destruction. It is regularly said that this causes less natural effect. In any case, very little information regarding this matter is accessible yet. Naturally contrasting lodging changes versus new development not just needs to manage ecological effects during development, yet in addition with ecological effects after some time. An equilibrium must be looked for between these two sorts of natural effects. That is possible by learning typical yearly natural impacts from the hour of interesting advancement up to and including discard around the completion of-life of the housing change or new turn of events. This is against current evaluations of differentiating choices over a comparable lifetime. The system will be attempted in the accompanying period of the assessment.

In this work, pulsed laser deposition technique (PLD) with the Nd: YAG laser (1064 nm, 6 Hz, 500 mJ) had been used to prepare the pure and Ag-doped silicon carbide (SiC) films on the quartz substrates with various dopant ratios (1% wt, 3% wt, 5% wt, and 7% wt) of Ag. The optical absorbance measurements of SiC films have been studied by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV–Vis). The optical parameters that calculated are absorbance, transmittance, reflectivity, absorption coefficient, optical energy gap, extinction coefficient, refractive index and complex dielectric constant. The results showed that the absorbance spectrum had been decreased as the doping ratio increasing. The optical energy gap was decreased from (2.62 to 2.02 eV) as the doping ratio increasing.

A pure and Ag-doped silicon carbide (SiC) films on the p-type silicon (110) wafers were prepared with various dopant ratios (1, 3, 5 and 7%) using pulsed laser deposition technique (PLD) with the Nd: YAG laser (= 1064 nm, 500 mJ, 6 Hz). The samples were deposited under high pressure up to (10⁻⁴ mbar) at a substrate temperature of 250 °C. The thin films have been examined for (NO₂ and NH₃) sensing at different operating temperatures. The maximum sensitivity of pure SiC of NH₃ gas about (12%) at 200 oC and (14.42%) for NO₂ gas at 100°C while the maximum sensitivity of Ag-doped samples about (24.39%) of NH₃ gas at 200°C for (1%wt) and (62.98%) of NO₂ gas at 25°C for (3%wt). For the pure sample, we found that the fastest response time was (18.9 s, 22.5 s) for NH₃ and NO₂ gases at (300 °C,100 °C), respectively, while for impure samples (3% wt) about (12.6 s, 13.5 s) of NH₃ and NO₂ at 100°C. The results also showed that the lowest recovery time for the pure film was 33.3 s for NH₃ gas at 100°C, while for NO₂ gas its value was (30.6 s) at 200°C. Also for the SiC: Ag (3% wt, 5%), it was found that the fastest recovery time was about (45 s) for NH₃ gas at 25 °C and (41.4 s) for NO₂ gas at 100 °C.

This study clarified the importance of hydroxyapatite in the biological and medical field as alternatives for damaged parts of the bones and teeth. The aim of this study is to preparing the hydroxyapatite from a biological source, bovine femur bones, for its efficiency and low cost. The bovine bone has been converted to hydroxyapatite by a heat treatment method at 1000 °C for 3 hrs. The resulting powder was characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscope and particle size. The regression models used for the optimization mechanical and physical properties, by taking density as an independent variable, porosity, hardness and compressive strength as dependent variables. Through regression analysis, it was found that the value of the correlation coefficient (R) is (0.990), while the value of (F) in the ANOVA test was (15.97). In addition to the T-test, which indicates the presence of statistical differences between the variables.

Recently, many studies have been carried out on self-cleaning characteristic because it is being regarded as one of the most interesting topics in biomimicry because of its potential applications in energy conversion, and biomedical and environmental protection. In this study, spin coating process has been introduced to coat bricks surfaces with TiO₂ nanoparticles based polymer composite coatings modified using CaCO₃ particles for self-cleaning and environmental purposes. The matrix solutions were prepared from Polystyrene. Particle size analyzing PSA and x-ray diffraction XRD were employed for characterization of the particles. The coatings were characterized by SEM and AFM techniques, and contact angle measurement CA. Results proved that CA increased with the increasing of PS ratio and additions of nano-TiO₂ and CaCO₃.The composite coatings have dense topography with roughness increased with increasing of the CaCO3 addition, and porous morphology characterized by clear distribution of the nano TiO₂ particles and larger CaCO₃ modification particles. Also, it could be concluded that the %20PS/%6TiO₂/1gCaCO₃ coatings, could give promised effect in modification of bricks surfaces from superhydrophilic substrates to Superhydrophobic with higher contact angle 167.3987°. This results will encourage the future research in surface engineering of bricks surfaces using CaCO3 particles for self-cleaning and environmental applications.

From food wastes, there are many materials that can be used as building materials like eggshells. This paper examined the effect of ultra-fine eggshell powder (UFESP) as a partial cement replacement by (0–25% with 5% increments) in weight on fresh and compressive strength of sustainable Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) with a constant water to binder ratio and binder content of 0.38 and 450 kg/m³, respectively. All mixes were tested for fresh properties of slump flow diameter and time, V-funnel time, L-box height ratio, dry density and compressive strength. The results of fresh properties for all mixtures satisfied the requirements recommended by EFNARC for SCC. However, the compressive strength of SCC mixes increased by the addition of UFESP up to 15% compared to the control mixture, then decreased and recorded 42 MPa for the mix containing 25% of UFESP. Meanwhile, the dry density decreased as UFESP utilization increased in the mixtures.

Natural additives are largely available and have good environmental properties, therefore it mostly added as reinforcing material in a large number of polymeric materials. The intention of this study is to prepared green composite products to utilize as an insulating material and also in internal components of automobiles and the shipbuilding industry. For that reason, six composites were prepared that using particles from the date palm waste (palm mesh, seed of fruit, and trunk) as reinforcing fillers at (10, 20, and 30) wt.% loading as well as a hybrid of each three fillers in an epoxy matrix. The result included that the variation of thermal properties with the filler volume fraction and also with the type of fillers. At maximum volume fractions (30%), the seed date palm attained the lowest values of thermal properties of 0.138W/m.K, 720 m²/s, and 0.0201 J/kg.K for the thermal conductivity, specific heat, and thermal diffusivity respectively. Epoxy hybrid composites have the lowest thermal conductivity than other composite materials, making them more suitable for thermal insulation materials.

The current research includes a practical study of the thermal performance of solar collector integral storage system (ISCS) in which different types of heat exchangers are immersed in its enclosure for comparison. The first type is a straight tube heat exchanger (ST) and the other is a heat exchanger in the form of a coiled tube (CT). The effect of single and double glass layers and fluid flow rates inside the heat exchanger on the natural convection heat transfer of ISCS system is experimentally evaluated by determining the temperature difference of inlet and outlet water through the heat exchanger immersed into the ISCS enclosure, the temperature distribution inside the enclosure, the ISCS efficiency, and the amount of thermal storage during evening times. Three sets of experiments are performed for a different water flow rates (1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 Lpm) inside the heat exchanger that is immersed in the thermally insulated enclosure and different glassing layers. The first set represents the presence of a heat exchanger in the form of a straight tube with a single glass was layer on the top face of the enclosure that is called (STSG). The second set uses a coiled tube heat exchanger with a single glass on the upper side of the enclosure and it's named as (CTSG). The last set of experiments is represented by a heat exchanger in the form of a coiled tube with a double glass on the upper face of the enclosure and it's abbreviated as (CTDG). At water flow rate of 1 Lpm, the CTDG exhibited higher temperature difference (28 °C and 19.9 °C than (19.4 and 11.4 °C) for CTSG and (12 and 7.3°C) for STSG during day and night times, respectively. The results reveal that the thermal efficiency (84.5 - 77.8 %) of the (CTDG) case at water flow rate of 2.5 Lpm was higher than the efficiency (68.8 - 56.6%) of (CTSG) case and that (41.7 - 39.7%) of STSG) case during day and night times, respectively. It was also observed that the internal energy exceeds the amount of solar radiation during the day and provides a thermal storage at night due to the complete isolation of the collector. The temperature measurements near the tube allow the calculation of the Rayleigh number during the heat transfer process, and empirical relationships haves been deduced for each set of experiments between the Nusselt number and the Rayleigh number.

The advantages of Ti6Al4v alloy are high strength, low density, and And the advantage of it being non-toxic and the human body does not reject it. Because of these properties, Ti6Al4v are distinguished by their unique properties. To manufacture high strength and lightweight components for biomedical applications, Ti6Al4v alloy is suitable for purpose because of its properties necessary for manufacture. The properties of TiAl4v alloy about its mechanical properties, its corrosion resistance, wear testing, biocompatibility, and bone fusion in biomedical applications, are discussed in the paper. Although TiAl4v alloy has desirable properties, studies have proven to release the two elements of aluminum and vanadium. These two elements are toxic and affect the biocompatibility of Ti6Al4v despite its unique properties. To avoid that, researchers are looking for a way to solve the problem by addition alloy elements that are less toxic and have good mechanical properties. Examples of these elements are zirconium and tantalum..

We provide a brief overview of recent calculations and predictions of electronic properties for single-molecules and discuss some principles underpinning strategies for enhancing their electronic performance. Quantum interference effects in the electronic properties of (Pyridine-2Cyclopentene Metallic) organometallic-type molecules possessing four aromatic rings were investigate theoretically. In this paper, electronic transmission properties were study for different types of organometallic molecules. A calculation also provides a powerful tool to estimate the electrical and electronic properties. Furthermore, to probe the electronic structure of all compounds in this study we compute the UV-visible, iso-surface and energies calculations. It is finding that the (HOMO and LUMO) energy changing with replace metallic atoms as well as the energy gap changes as the metal different. Therefore, this indicates the energies depend on the type of the metallic atoms in the studied molecules. All calculations were performed using density functional theory at three parameters with the Lee-Yang-Parr functional (B₃ LYP) levels with SDD basis sets.

Biomaterial surface modifications are crucial for matching the dynamics of the biological system and improving bioimplant efficiency. Surface modifications that are tailored to the material's biocompatibility, bondability, and host cell associations can significantly improve the material's biocompatibility, bondability, and host cell associations. In this investigation, silver, yttria and silver/yttria thin covers preparation and antimicrobial characteristics on St.St. 316L by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). The mechanical property of the coating has been evaluated by Vickers micro-hardness test, surface characterization studies of the coatings such as LOM and an antibacterial test has been conducted to ensure the coating's antibacterial efficacy.

Small significance earth dams during the dry period for locals at most semi-arid cannot be overestimated. Water stored in the same of these dams is little or no lack of domestic water and drinking water for residents during dry periods. The main limitation is the lack of knowledge of the storage quantities of small dams in the study area and knowing this form of field data regularly is costly and needs a long and arduous time. Remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) can be used in this study due to their ability to measure and analyze the amount of water stored in some small reservoirs. In this paper, the Water Natural Difference Index (NDWI) is used to detect the surface area as the base to estimate small reservoir storage capacities. The model equation created by this study provided a tool to know the amount of water available per day in the small reservoirs during the dry season and thus was able to obtain clear pictures of the water resources system by the planners. This method may help the planners and water managers will quickly make decisions on how to utilize and manage the available water given the various competing uses.

The satellites and the data that is provided by are an effective way to distinguish the characteristics of agricultural crops, crops density, and the changes that affect the vegetation cover. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) has been widely used in conducting a quantitative assessment of plants that cover the surface of the earth, as it revealed many problems facing the agricultural environment, especially those located in arid or semi-arid areas. This study dealt with analyzing the vegetation cover of the plateau NH-38-2 located in Al-Najaf, Iraq by finding the NDVI using remote sensing technology and Geological Information System (GIS), in addition to finding its value for the study area. The study showed that the vegetation cover is largely non-existent and ranges between (0-1) as the region suffers from desertification, which requires the relevant authorities to rectify the matter by developing projects that will increase the vegetation cover as it helps to improve the environment. In addition, the study showed that there is an area that does not exceed 110 km² that contains vegetation, which is a very small area compared to the total area under study, which is 15225 km².

The present study reports on the development of cost-effective hybrid geopolymer foam from metakaolin via a direct foaming mechanism to produce pores differ in amount and size to be suitable for wide range of applications such as filtration, catalyst support, acoustic and thermal insulation. The main goal of this research project has been to investigate the possibility of producing geopolymer foam with high compressive strength and high porosity at the same time. The complexity of the structure, the variety of the process parameters, and the impure nature of the starting materials make it hard to optimize the preparation process of HGPF and to evaluate the influence of each processing parameter on the final conducted characteristics. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) has been utilized to examine the influence of the main process parameters, on the compressive strength, and the physical characteristics of the samples with final aim to optimize the preparation process. The study involved investigation of batch (0.2 of K2O). The studied parameters were (silica content, water amount, OPC%, H2O2 %, and Olive oil %).

The powder metallurgy (PM) method was used to create the alloy. The sintering process was carried out in an inert high-temperature tube furnace in the presence of inert gas at a temperature of 1000 ° C for 8 hours (Argon). In this article, the effect of (B) at three wt.% (0.4,0.8,1.2) on the corrosion rate, hardness, and microstructure of alloys was examined. X-ray diffraction (XRD), open circuit potential, electrochemical tests (Tafel extrapolation method), and Macro hardness Brinell were used to study the effect of adding (B) in various amounts to alloys. Saliva was utilized as the corrosion solution for the testing. The inclusion of the alloy element (B) increased hardness and a decrease in particle size, as seen by the microstructures. Furthermore, the corrosion resistance of the master alloy improved next the addition, as shown by Corrosion potential has increased while corrosion current densities have decreased. The corrosion rate for A, A1, A2 and A3 was 14.50, 7.42, 2.03and 2.77 (mpy) respectively.

Application of Geosynthetic to resolve several geotechnical engineering problems is widely accepted and effective methods. It improved the foundation's bearing ability as well as minimizes the settlements associate to footings resting on weak soils. Their use is not only restricted to footings in fact they are widely used in improving the subgrade performance of the pavement sand for slope stabilizations. Over the past few decades numerous researchers have contributed their valuable results based on laboratory tests or numerical investigations. The present study aims to provide a detailed literature survey of research work associated with soil reinforcements together under a common hood which can help the upcoming researchers to understand the work done in this field simply and effectively. It also aims to highlight the effect of depth of geosynthetics, their respective width, relative density of sand or other geo-parameters and layers' number provided with geosynthetic affect the bearing capability and settlement behavior of reinforced and unreinforced soil structures.

Experimental investigation and optimization of machining parameters in electrical discharge machining (EDM) in terms adding particles Nano-reinforced among the various mechanical processes, the process of manufacturing in electrical discharge machines is one of the most effective and cost-efficient manufacturing processes in the manufacture of stainless steel. It has been dealt with in this article investigate each of operating parameters such as peak current (Ip), pulse on time (P_on) and pulse off time(Poff), insulating liquid with Nano powder (AL₂O₃) in EDM compounds AISI 304. In the present research work, the influences of certain process parameters on surface roughness(Ra) and material removal rate(MRR) were investigated on stainless steel carried out with powder mixture with particles size average of [5 nm]. Operating parameters are taking into consideration three factors based on the Taguchi method. The results from this work will be useful for manufacturing engineers to select appropriate set of process parameters to machine stainless steel.

In this paper, the effect of alpha particles on cadmium selenide thin film properties was invistecated. (CdSe) thin films prepared on glass bases at 50°C and 70°C tempartures, and pH=9 using the chemical bath deposition method. The irradiation was performed on (CdSe) films use the alpha particles source Americium (Am-241) with activity of 50μCi and energy 5.3MeV for a period irradiation of 5 hours. The samples were characterized by using the XRD, FESEM and EDX techniques. The optical measurements have been obtained by using the UV-V spectrophotometer. The results showed that there are effects of alpha particles on the optical and structural properties of the films. It was found that the energy gap increases slightly after the CdSe thin film irradiated, the absorption coefficient (α) is increases with irradiation due to the increase in the energy gap. The structure of the CdSe films has been transformed slightly from the cube structure to the hexagonal structure. The grain size increases with irradiation where the relative density increases clearly. The shape of the CdSe thin film at 70°C is affected by irradiation more over than at 50°C.

The design of sustainable and economic concrete mixes can be considered as a potential challenge for building's engineers and experts. Thus, this paper presents the possibility of designing such concrete mixes using low to moderate amounts of cement and using waste glass and steel slag powders. The use of three groups from concrete mixes have been prepared by control mix, 20% cement replacement, 25% cement replacement and 30% cement replacement by such powders. The compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength and the dry density of concrete have been studied. Besides, the economic efficiency for the different concrete mixes has also been studied. The results show that the use of combination of glass and steel slag powders of 20% replacement of cement (10% each) exhibited a significant balance between strengths values and economical consideration.

in this research, antibiotics (tetracycline, ceftriaxone, and metronidazole) were removed in a batch reactor each one separately and together using ozone microbubbles (OMBs) method. The antibiotic removal efficiency was analyzed under different reaction conditions, including initial solution pH, ozonation time, ozone production rate, and initial antibiotic concentration. It was found from the experiments that the elimination of antibiotics by ozone microbubbles was higher at the basal medium between (7-8). In addition, as the ozone production rate was raised from (3.33-16.66) mg/min, the removal efficiency increased, as did the antibiotic concentration (1-100) PPM. Also, the removal tests were carried out under optimal conditions using the conventional ozonation method, and the microbubble technology and the results were compared under the same operating conditions. The microbubbles were found to save a lot of time and reduce the amount of ozone used.

At the current time, textile product quality is the most attractive factor for the consumer market. Iraqis' textile yarn industries are facing a lot of difficulties and competition of cotton yarn products, which has been increased versus artificial fibers. The main problems include the physical and chemical characteristics of cotton yarn because of genetic, environmental, harvesting, and ginning factors. The Statistical control process is a powerful and useful methodology used to solve problems in textile yarn industries to achieve process stability, improve process capability, and reduce process variability. The main objective of this study is to apply control charts and comparison control chart performance of yarn spinning data for quick detection of process shifts that occur to take corrective action. Therefore, in this study, the control charts have been applied at the Wasit state company for textile industries to control the quality of cotton yarns produced. Applying control charts in all yarn spinning stages is a very important issue, especially in production cost and yarn quality. Quality control charts selected for variables that include ($\bar{X}$-R and $\bar{X}$-S charts) are constructed to describe tenacity, elongation, and the coefficient of variation. Thirty samples size of yarns with five reading of observations per sample of count 1/27Ne are drawn from spinning machine. Minitab is statistical software used to construct the control charts because of its good reputation which is confirmed by the results achieved in our research. The final results of this study will help us to distinguish yarns parameters in the points of the economy and the quality, by comparison, their above-mention parameters.

Micropitting is a fatigue failure phenomenon that concentrates at the surface roughness level between interacting surfaces. This type of surface fatigue is commonly recognized to exist in gears and bearings, where specific film thicknesses are sufficiently low that the rough surfaces run in the EHL condition, where the direct asperity contacts are prominent. This paper is an experimental and theoretical study to investigate a number of fatigue failure theories concerning the multi-axial fatigue models which are depended on a critical plane analysis in the mixed lubrication regime. These failure theories are namely the Findley, the Matake, the Dang Van, McDiarmid and, Fatemi and Socie model, where they are used to perform fatigue investigation for Micro- EHL contacts problem. Numerical analysis to investigate the cumulative damage and fatigue parameter in a Micro- EHL contact is established in this paper. The results of applying failure theories have indicated that the different multiaxial fatigue criteria adopted provide significant results for contact analysis in lubricated conditions, and they are more relevant to the applications of the rough surface Micro-EHL mode.

The main purpose of broad crested weir used in open channels is to raise and control upstream (U/S) water level. The most important problems for downstream of hydraulic structures are the local scour formed at the downstream of hydraulic structures. Scour control process considered as the main objective to ensure safety and economical design of hydraulic structures to prevent any serious failure in the future. In this study, four models of Single-Step-Broad-Crested weirs with different angles were tested under different flow intensity for duration of 6 hours. Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) was used to investigate the velocity field. The results showed that, the model C reduces local scour hole volume was about 87.6%, 55.58% and 44.8% and the maximum depth of scour reduced 73.43%, 32.56% and 24.22% as compared with model D at each discharge.

This research focuses on the impact of adding materials such as carbon black and polymer of carboxyl methylcellulose on the the rheological properties of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and natural rubber (NR) which was studied as a matrix. The present study was a carried out by two groups according to the loading level of carboxyl methylcellulose (CMC) and carbon black(C.B) its molecular weight (N660) which their used as stiffeners in the composites. on the other side, rheometer tests carried according to ASTM D 2705 For the purpose use these composites in various tire making and fender ship. All composites are consisting of carbon black (C.B) N660 (0, 10, 10, 10, 10) pphr and carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) (0, 0, 10, 20, 30) pphr respectively for the first group (A) and (0, 20, 20, 20, 20) pphr for C.B, (0, 0, 10, 20, 30) pphr for CMC for the second group (B). The maximum torque, minimum torque, scorch time, viscosity and Tc90 optimum curing time were checked. The results revealed that the parameters differ according to the level of loading. Viscosity, lower torque, maximum torque and optimal curing were reduced for increasing loading ratio of the C.B and CMC. As well, an optimal curing time of the TC90 burning time was reduced as addition ratios of the carbon black (C.B) and carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) increased.

Thermos-electric generation (TEG) is a promising technique that transforms heat into electric energy even it has low conservation efficiency. In this work. The finite element method (FEM) has been used to determine the temperature distribution in the soil also a parameter that already used to present the effectiveness of the TEG was obtained. The temperature of the soil surface and temperature at any depth was obtained together with the temperature of a plate located above the TEG device which served as a hot source. The developed sum of the square of the temperature difference between the plate and different depths multiplying by the time interval of the soil is obtained and the maximum sum is searched for to see at which time and depth should the TEG be fixed to obtain the maximum output from the TEG device. From the result of this work, it is found that the maximum sum occurred in May and at depth of 0.3 m, and also a verified program has been built and tested and can be used successfully in other regions by changing latitude, weather conditions, and soil properties.

Recently, internal gears become widely used and highly required according to its ability to transmit large torque to weight ratio, high bending strength, smooth transmission, low noise, and low vibration. Therefore, internal gears are strongly recommended in particular "planetary gear transmission systems". In this paper, internal involute spur gears are designed based on conventional approach of involute gears. Matlab is used to attain the points of internal gear and to get the main parameters of internal tooth profile, these points have been read by AutoCad to have two dimensional tooth profile. Finite element analysis using Ansys is achieved to analyze and compared the strength of three types of internal gears, Symmetric (20° - 20°) that has been chose to be the standard case, Asymmetric (14.5° - 35°) and Corrected Asymmetric (14.5° - 35°). Tetrahedral type patch conforming method with element size1mm have been chose for fine meshing. The internal gear is fixed supported from the outer ring then, 6500 N.m torque is applied at the rotating axis of the pinion. The bending stresses are calculated based on Von-Mises theory using (FEA). Finally, this study is presented to demonstrate the superiority of internal asymmetric tooth and improve and optimize this significant type of gears.

Polymer-graphene-based nanocomposites are promising to subject for engineering and industrial. This investigation focused on fabricated new nanocomposites from polyethylene oxide (UHMWPEO) with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with various loading ratios. In addition, the influence of graphene oxide nanosheets (GO) contribution was significant enhanced the electrical properties. Three different loading ratios of both polymers were applied with the addition of GO to synthesis new six samples using the solution-sonication-casting method as UHMWPEO: PVA: GO (87:12:1, 74.5:24.5:1, and 63:36:1 wt. %). Rang of characterizations was applied such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra that presented showed strong interfacial connections formed between the blended polymers in the matrix and GO nanosheets in the nanocomposites and the optical microscopy (OM) images exhibited fine homogeneity of the polymer matrix and excellent dispersal of the GO in the matrix of polymers. The DC electrical conductivity showed notable improvement of (PEO - PVA) blended polymer form (2.34663 * 10⁻¹⁷) (Ω.cm)⁻¹ up to (3.00327*10⁻¹⁰) of nanocomposites. The findings are promising that could grow various applications such as sensors, solar cells, IR, electrical and microwave absorption panels.

Graphene reinforcement brings high attraction from researchers as its sole properties improving the mechanical and structural properties of nanomaterials. The research aims to explore the effect of the functional group of the polymers have the same mainstay of the polymer chain but with a different end functional group in addition to the influence of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets. Poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) and Poly (acrylamide) (PAAm) were the model polymer. These polymers mixed with Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) separately after dissolved in distilled water (DW) then reinforced with GO applying the developed acoustic-sonication-casting method. The applying method was successfully fabricated the new nanocomposites from these mixed materials for the first time with a ratio of 4.5:4.5:1 wt. % of PAA: PVA: GO and PAAm: PVA: GO as nanocomposites, respectively. The new nanocomposites exhibited homogeneous combinations with an acceptable dispersal of GO in the polymers matrix as presented in the visual microscopy (OM). Coupled with the strong interplay between polymers in the matrix and the polymer with GO nanoparticles as nanocomposites, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) verified the successful preparation of GO. Ultrasound measurements with a multi-frequency channel (30, 40 and 50 kHz) were used to characterize the ultrasonic velocity, absorption coefficient, compressibility and Bulk modulus, etc. Most of the mechanical properties were significantly improved of both new nanocomposites after the contribution of GO in comparison with blended polymers for both nanocomposites up to 74 %, 100 %, 198 and 177% respectively compared to their blended polymers. Interestingly, the PAA-PVA/GO nanocomposites presented a smoother surface and better mechanical results in comparison with PAAm-PVA/GO that showed rough surface and soften behaviour. The results of these new nanocomposites could aid in the development of promising materials for a variety of applications, such as improving oil recovery or developing medical and pharmaceutical applications.

The use of a speech recognition model has become extremely important. Speech control has become an important type; Our project worked on designing a word-tracking model by applying speech recognition features with deep convolutional neuro-learning. Six control words are used (start, stop, forward, backward, right, left). Words from people of different ages. Two equal parts, men and women, contribute to our speech dataset which is used to train and test proposed deep neural networks. Collect data in different places in the street, park, laboratory and market. Words ranged in length from 1 to 1.30 seconds for thirty people. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is applied as advanced deep neural networks to classify each word from our pooled data set as a multi-class classification task. The proposed deep neural network returned 97.06% as word classification accuracy with a completely unknown speech sample. CNN is used to train and test our data. Our work has been distinguished from many other papers that often use ready-made and fairly consistent data of the isolated word type. While our data are collected in different noisy environments under different conditions and from two types of speech, isolated word and continuous word.

Material properties that can be done to show a smooth and constant change starting with one surface then onto the next, along these lines taking out interface issues and alleviating concentrations of thermal stress. In the present work, a polymeric composite with functionally graded mode and their deflection behavior were studied using analysis through Finite element analysis via ANSYS 16.1 and visual basics 6.0 language depending on Mori Tanka formula and classical laminated theory in order to decide the stiffer material under flexural load. The proposed tests were essentially using the square plates under static uniform stress. The two kinds of composites were involved in a paired of materials with constant volume fraction. The outcomes revealed that stiffness of FGM less than laminate composite.

The main issue of this research to improve and develop the mechanical properties of the socket composite material for below-knee (BK) prosthesis; several composite materials were proposed, consisting of perlon, Kevlar and carbon fibers, and natural fibers were added as a new idea for the research. Making the theory calculations were for several layers of materials, by using mathematical model, to obtain the best lamination with and without kenaf by calculating the best modulus of elasticity and the best E/ρ ratio. So the experimental tests were carried out on the lamination with a total of 12 layers for thickness (4 mm) each of them, (Group G/withot kenaf) and (Group D/with kenaf). The experimental part included examining the samples by tensile test, bending test, impact test. The results of the tensile test results were for the first lamination and the second lamination for the ultimate tensile strength (134.47 MPa) and (187.39MPa) respectively. As for the elasticity modulus, it was as follows (16.78 GPa) without kenaf and (17.49 GPa) for kenaf lamination. Through the theoretical and experimental results, it was found that the use of natural kenaf fibers led to the improvement of the maximum tensile strength 39.35% and modulus of elasticity 4.23%. The impact resistance was improved by using kenaf by 8.8% due to its durability higher than perlon fiber.

To meet the growing needs of internet data, optical communication systems have become the backbone of modern communications networks. At the present time, the dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) technique has been used to increase the number of channels, but the nonlinear effects have a great impact that limits the performance of doubling the DWDM system. The four wave mixing (FWM) is the most harmful and dangerous as the effect of FWM increases on the system the greater the optical connection distances. The new approach of pairing groups of different optical signals was investigated to suppress the FWM effect. The simulation was conducted for an 8-channel system with a total data rate (80Gb/s). A comparative study was conducted on the suppression of FWM by the difference in the power inputs (-0.5 to 20) dBm. The robustness of the proposed technique was examined using two forms of modulation (Carrier Suppressed Return to Zero (CSRZ) and Duo Binary Modulation class -1(DBM-1)) techniques, with optical fiber system of (1,2,5) spans, each of length 60 Km, with spacing between the channels 50GHz. The power of FWM was significantly reduced with the CSRZ & DBM-1 techniques to less than (47.97%, 41.38 %) respectively, at an input power of 12.5 dBm. The performance of the proposed system with the polarization technique was improved by the rate of the quality factor (Q-factor of (91.59%, 78.67%) for the same sequence of modulation.

This research includes the study of the mechanical properties of normal concrete and concrete made of waste aggregates, such as stress-strain behavior and flexural strength. The waste aggregate contains fine waste glass powder and waste crushed boulders (cobblestone type) as coarse aggregate. The stress-strain behavior shows higher values of compressive strength and modulus of elasticity and larger area under stress-strain curve comparing with ordinary concrete which is containing ordinary aggregates. Also, the flexural strength is increased when using waste aggregates. The most benefit of this study is the cost decrease of concrete and clean environment by using waste materials in addition to higher values of compressive and flexural strengths. Total replacement of normal aggregate with waste aggregate gives the largest area under stress-strain curve. Compressive strength is increased from 36.4 MPa for control mix to 43.1 MPa for total replacement. The modulus of elasticity was about 30.6GPa for waste aggregate concrete of total replacement whereas in the normal aggregate concrete it was 26.4 GPa. In normal concrete, larger area under stress-strain diagram for waste aggregate concrete is achieved and that means higher toughness concrete. Also, high strength concrete is achieved by 75% and 100% replacement of normal aggregate with waste glass and cobblestone, respectively. The study includes the freezing-thawing cycles effect on concrete and the results show higher strength by using crushed glass and cobblestone aggregates. The aim of this study is to improve mechanical properties of concrete and durability of concrete to freezing and thawing by using waste glass aggregate and crushed cobblestone.

this study aims to investigate some mechanical properties along with durability against several sever environmental conditions of concrete using waste heat resistant glass (Pyrex glass) as a replacement of coarse aggregate with several replacement ratios. Study shows higher mechanical properties improvements by using this type of aggregate, compressive, tensile and flexural strengths were improved by 20%, 54% and 230% respectively by 75% replacement. Moreover, modulus of elasticity was also investigated, it was found that it is also increased from 2.3234 GPa for reference mixes to 2.8452 GPa for mixes with 75% aggregate replacement. The study also includes durability investigations against several severe environmentally conditions which are: acid attack and fire exposure, study shows significant improvement in resistance of Pyrex aggregate concrete against both sulphuric acid attack and fire exposure comparing with normal concrete.

Due to the common and widespread use of cement in different engineering aspects; therefore, improving cement mortar properties from the main targets which were destined by different researchers. These properties include flow test, permeability, compressive strength, modulus of rupture of cement mortar, and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests. Therefore, this study has focused on using silica fume to enhance the aforementioned tests for cement mortar. Five percentages of silica fume have been used from 0.0% to 8%. The results indicate that the reduction in water permeation ratio is about 60 % when 2.5% of silica fume has been used as an admixture to cement mortar. At 2.5% of silica fume as an admixture, the magnitude of strength increase at 7 and 28 days is about 12.2 and 27.6 percent respectively. At 2.5% of silica fume, the increase in the strength is about 30 and 38 percent for 7 and 28 days respectively. The addition of silica fume to the cement mortar results in increasing the pulse velocity.

This study presents the influence of polypropylene fiber (PPF) reinforcement on the mechanical properties of roller compacted concrete (RCC) in which the cementitious materials (CMs) were partially replaced with cement kiln dust (CKD). Characteristics of RCC with partial replacement of CMs with CKD, reinforced with different PPF contents (0.04, 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 2.5%) were studied. The results clarified that the inclusion of PPF could affect the mechanical properties and cracking behaviour of RCC. It was shown that reinforcing RCC with 0.04%, and 0.1% PPF enhanced the flexural and compressive strength of RCC beside that the mode of tensile failure of RCC had been changed from brittle to ductile failure with successive cracking pattern. The research results indicated that a substantial increase (more than 57%) in flexural strength of RCC was attained by using 0.1% PPF to reinforce RCC with 5% or 10% of CMs replaced with CKD. These findings is of great important in utilizing RCC reinforced with PPF (PPFRRCC) in airports pavements. However, it was noticed that using more than 0.1% content of PPF affected adversely the mechanical properties of RCC. The present research proved that using specified content of PPF could improve the mechanical properties of PPFRRCC to fulfil the requirement airport aprons concrete pavements beside the beneficial impact on reducing the contamination of the environment.

This paper is an experimental study that was made on the effects of using Wheat Straw Ash (WSA) as a partial replacement of cement in the concrete mixture. The control specimens with ordinary portland cement (OPC) were made and in other specimens, cement was replaced with 10%, 15%, and 20% of WSA by weight of the cement. Wheat straw locally available was burned to ash in a controlled manner in the oven, which was used in this study. The destructive tests included the compressive strength, modulus of rupture, and splitting tensile strength were carried out on the concrete mixture using WSA at a different percentage of cement replacement and were and compared with control specimens. The tests result gained show that the compressive strength decreases when surrogating cement with WSA. While the modulus of rupture increase with 10 % WSA also, the splitting tensile strength increase with 15 % WSA.

Brick masonry is one of the widely used materials for the construction of walls and columns in buildings. In many cases, the built walls and columns fail due to excess lateral loads, environmental degradation, and increased loading requirments due to changes in occupancy. In this paper, an experimental was conducted to understand the performance of building columns made of solid clay bricks strengthening with fiberglass and ferrocement techniques materials. In total, six columns were constructed, two columns were control columns (unconfined), two columns were strengthened and confined with fiberglass mesh and plaster, and the other two columns were strengthened and confined with ferrocement. The experimental results showed that the maximum axial load of unconfined specimens can be increased if they are confined by fiberglass or ferrocement systems. Both systems can be used to repair uncollapsed columns which have been loaded close to failure or exposed to strength deterioration.

Architectural projects, carried out by the public sector in Iraq using traditional methods suffer from lots of problems such as the inaccurate estimation of time and cost, and the poor cooperation among project team members. To tackle these problems, it is important to benefit from the experiences of the pioneering countries in this field such as the UK and USA. These countries kept pace with digital development and established new systems in construction, namely Building Information Modelling (BIM). This paper investigates the similarities and differences between the BIM standards and guidelines in the UK and USA. The findings of this comparative analysis can build a knowledge base for establishing BIM standards in Iraq. The paper identified the similar aspects to be adopted in the Iraqi standard of BIM, such as the design techniques, the designers' roles and responsibilities, and some aspects in the information management. In addition, their differences are distinguished, which indicate the specificity of BIM application in each country. For the different aspects, the Iraqi BIM standard can either adopt the descriptions of the UK or USA such as the method of structuring design data, or reflect the Iraqi specificity such as the national library of BIM.

In this study, raw water samples collected from Al-Kufa River station in Al-Kufa city, Iraq were monitored and tested monthly from 2013 to 2017. Chemical and time series analyses were performed on 13 water quality parameters, the river discharge (Q), and water surface elevation (WSE). These water quality parameters were the magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), sodium (Na), chloride (Cl-), nitrate (NO3-), phosphate ([PO4]3-), dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity (EC), pH, water temperature (Temp), total dissolved solids (TDS), and total hardness (TH). Regression was used to examine the relationships between the concentrations of the assayed water quality parameters and river discharge. The theoretical models best-fitted with the assayed parameters were evaluated by two tests, the Kolmogorov⁃Smirnov (K⁃S) test and the chi-squared (χ2) test. The relation between the concentrations of the assayed parameters and river discharge was moderate (r-value is between 0.5-0.95) for the parameters EC, TDS, Ca, Cl, Na, and WSE while weaker correlation resul for the other parameters (r<0.5). Equations with second order provided a superior characterization for most of the parameters for which trends were detected, and the river discharge was the unique parameter showing an upward trend based on the nonparametric Spearman's criterion. Together, the time series analyses and trend detection would help to forecast the safety of water at Al-Kufa station for human consumption.

Electrodialysis (ED) is a significant method in saline water desalination and industrial wastewater treatment. Ion exchange membranes (IEMs) are an important part of the electrodialysis process. An ion-exchange membrane is a semipermeable membrane that transports ions through an oppositely charged membrane and blocks the passage of a co-ion under an electric field. This review describes the effects of feed concentration and its operating temperature on different sides of IEMs in an electrodialysis system. The influence of feed solutions and temperature gradients on diffusion and osmatic membrane permeability was clarified. The distribution of feed concentration under thermostatic and thermodynamic conditions are also discussed. Temperature changes in ED systems may increase ion transport selectivity and charge separation efficiency. The rate of ions transport depends on the number of ions diffusion toward the membrane. To date, there are very few studies reporting diffusion and osmatic permeability of IEMs at high temperature.

The study of local scour around foundation of bridge piers is very important for safe design of piers and other hydraulic structures. Various studies about local scour around uniform bridge piers but a few studied non-uniform bridge piers, Non-uniform bridge pier is one for which the cross-sectional dimension varies over the length of pier (piers with footings). In this study, the effect of main parameters (pier shapes, foundations shapes, level of foundation, flow intensity, and Froude number) on local scour with different shapes of non-uniform piers were experimentally investigated with five different velocities 0.16, 0.18, 0.21, 0.24, and 0.27) m/sec. The tests were occurred using laboratory flume, operated under the clear water condition using sand as a bed material. The test program was done on five different piers Rectangular, Chamfered, oblong, Octagonal, and Hexagonal, foundation shapes were rectangular, oblong, and hexagonal. The results showed that the rectangular pier with rectangular foundation gives the maximum scour depth about 6.5 cm when foundation is placed above bed level, while the hexagonal pier with hexagonal foundation gives the minimum scour depth 2 cm, when foundation is placed below bed level.

Shatt Al-Diwaniya branches from Shatt Al-Hilla and extends for about 112 km until the Al-Rumaitha district within the study area located in Al-Diwaniya Governorate, Iraq. It is considered the main source for providing drinking water and supplying irrigation projects to the cities Al-Diwaniya and Al-Rumaitha. The study aims to evaluate, study, and develop Shatt Al-Diwaniya, as well as the new lined canal branching from Shatt Al-Diwaniya which. It is called Shatt Al-Diwaniya Diversion Canal. Field measurements of the discharge and water level were monitored, six sets for Shatt Al-Diwaniya and three sets for Diversion Canal. A one-dimensional model was developed by using HEC-RAS 5.0.7 software, the model was calibrated and verified according to the field measurements, the Manning's coefficient (n) of Shatt Al-Diwaniya, and the Diversion Canal is 0.023 and 0.018, respectively. Five Scenarios were simulated to study the reach under the current conditions. it was found the discharge capacity in Shatt Al-Diwaniya is 60 m3/s and the Diversion canal is 22 m3/s. Other additional six scenarios were conducted for the modification of the reach included several cases, firstly, the development of Shatt Al-Diwaniya only, secondly, the development of the Diversion Canal only, as well as the development of the Shatt Al-Diwaniya with the development of Diversion. The results of development show that Shatt Al-Diwaniya can reach design discharge 96.2 m3/s, and for the Diversion will pass the maximum discharge 45.5 m3/s.

This study aims to evaluate the groundwater quality for irrigation purpose in the Dammam formation, Faddak farm, Karbala governorate. Set of physical and chemical parameters included the concentrations of cations and anions were measured in the water samples taken from seven wells in the region under consideration. Results have been analyzed with aid of geographical information system (GIS) by application of "Inverse Distance Weighted, IDW" interpolation method. The plotted maps proved that the groundwater in the study area can classify as "slightly brackish water" because the total dissolved salts ranged from 1000 to 300 mg/L. Also, the sulfate and chloride ions have relatively very high values with arrangement of cations of Na+ > Ca2+ > K+ > Mg2+ and anions of SO42- > Cl-> HCO3-> NO3-. The calculated values of Irrigation water quality index (IWQI) was greater than zero and less than 40; so, the water can identify as "severe restriction, SR". Therefore, this water can't be used for irrigation purpose and can be applied only for the soil with high hydraulic conductivity which popular property for study area.

The present paper aims to study the mechanization of detention and release processes when a rectangular gabion weir is used in lined irrigation canals as the preliminary solution to treat the problem of lowering water levels generally during the summer season. At this study a laboratory flume canal with dimensions of 10.0 m long by 0.3 m wide and 0.5 m high was used to carry out the weir experiments. The used hydraulic model constructed with dimensions of 0.3 m width by 0.4 m height, and five different lengths of 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 m respectively. Whereas the used gravel samples, as filling material, were of monosized gravel with diameters ranged between 9.5-14.0, 14.0-19.0, 19.0-25.0, 25.0-37.5, and 37.5-50 mm respectively. While the measured discharge values during the experiments were in the range of 0.0007-0.015.0 m3/s, they reached a total of 194 test runs. The results showed that the upstream water depth, as Detention depth, is directly proportional to both of the discharge and the length of the weir, and inversely proportional to the diameter of the used gravel sample, the downstream water depth, as Release depth, is directly proportional with discharge, simultaneously there is no clear effect for both the length weirs length and the used gravel sample on it's value. Finally, both values of detention and release depths are directly proportional to each other. A series of empirical formulas were made for designers to manage detention and release processes for this type of weirs.

This paper presents finite element analysis of a zoned earth dam considering hydrodynamic force during the earthquake. Geostudio software using the sub-program SEEP/W and QUAKE/W was used. The earthquake that is used in this analysis are Iraqi earthquake that happened in Ali Al-Garbi within Missan governorate and El-Centro earthquake. Haditha dam section was used for the hypothetical dam. The maximum height of the dam is 57 m. The shell was constructed from the mix of sand-gravel with the average particles diameter range from (0.24 to 16.7 mm). Three different properties were used for core material, each one of these properties was analyzed under three different heads of water in the upstream side. The main parameters that have the influence on the analysis results are; water level in the upstream side of the dam, intensity of the earthquake, properties of the core material, and the value of hydrodynamic force. The hydraulic flux and peak displacement increase with increasing these parameters.

The models of the Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves relationship is considered a significant represents of the rainfall intensities used in the water resources structures, in the planning, designing and projects operation. This paper aims to estimate the Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves and find the equations of these curves for AL-Najaf city, Iraq. Also, to identify the distribution that gives the highest rainfall intensities from the three commonly distributions used in this field. The (IDF) curves explain the relationship between the rainfall intensity and different return intervals. The study investigates the maximum daily rainfall data of 30 years using the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) empirical formula to calculate the short durations rainfall intensity for 5, 10, 20, 30, 60 and 120 minutes, and with return periods of 2, 5, 10 and 25 years. The frequency analysis, which involves various statistical distributions, have been used to developing the relationship between rainfall intensities, durations, and return periods. The frequency analysis build based on the maximum daily rainfall data of the choosing interval (1989-2018), which had collected from the Meteorology and Seismic Monitoring Authority of Iraq. The used distributions are Gumbel, Lognormal and Log Pearson Type III distribution. The technique of the non-linear analysis has used to get the (IDF) curves equations. Also, Easy-fit software 5.5 involve the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, which used to test the goodness of fit. The results showed that Gumbel distribution gave the best rainfall intensities for different return periods and different durations, where calculated rainfall intensities by Gumbel distribution had the highest values between the three applied distributions in this paper. The high values are more reliable to avoid the higher risks caused by sewer systems floods due to higher rainfall intensities due to climate change.

This study aims to assess the overall performance of a membrane bioreactor and reverse osmosis membrane for the treatment of textile effluent as well as to investigate their ability in meeting the water reuse standards. The laboratory-scale MBR-RO units were fed with textile wastewater, and the MBR effluent performance was evaluated through water quality for the parameters like total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and colour. The results reveal that the MBR system yields good quality permeate water. We obtained 99%, 90.3%, and 82.5% (average) reduction of TSS, COD, and colour, respectively, with this system. Moreover, the MBR technology is highly effective for pre-RO treatment. We also studied the impact of pressure and temperature applied to the RO membrane on the efficiency for eliminating TDS, COD, colour, and the permeate flux. The results demonstrated that the applied pressure positively affected while the feed temperature negatively affects the overall removal efficiency. This study confirms that the feed temperature, besides pressure, have a positive effect on the flux for an RO system.

Generally, the rivers in both the natural and lined form use the open-section system to carry water, either for distribution or conveyance purposes. With time and depreciation effect, this system needs to be change or modify to become more indirectly suitable with growth of cities, and specially with transformation of land use from agricultural to residential. The present paper aims to reach a proper decision to re-distribute the field outlets for a part of AliHneidiyah river in Karbala city, Republic of Iraq, for the distance between stations (0+000) and (4+000), to choose between keeping up the current number of outlets or reduce them to a certain, actually used one. For this study, the cadastral maps were used as a reference to determine the agricultural areas served by the river during its route within the study area, and geographic information system to monitor the change in the nature of these areas represented by gradual transformation from agricultural to residential purpose, by using of satellite images for four different years, 2002, 2007, 2013, and 2016. The results of this study showed a great reduction in the agricultural areas on both sides of the chosen length of river route by a percentage of 88%, which leads to change location and specifications of the remain, actually used outlets. In addition, use the whole section for conveyance purposes to protect the water quality. This study showed that the geographic information system is a good and helpful technique for evaluation and make decisions of water related subjects.

The main aim of the current study is to develop a new model for the minimum cost of optimum design for a sewer network with pumping stations. The difficulty and relatively large number of nonlinear and discrete constraints in a sewer network with pump station design problems make their handling of extreme importance. For this purpose, an adaptive genetic algorithm (GA) model is proposed for the effective and efficient optimal design with a fixed layout so that each chromosome, consists of diameters, slopes of the pipes and pump indicators. In the present model, the pump locations are decided preliminary, then for each GA chromosome, the network characteristics including the diameters of pipes and slope for those pipes are determined. MATLAB code was used to perform the optimization model. Then a sewer network from previous literature was used to be designed as a benchmark example for the proposed method. It's concluded that the proposed model has reached the optimal solution at the lowest cost and the fewest number of generations compared with previous methods in the literature.

The available watersheds in the vast lands need extraction and determination in order to benefit from them and estimate the quantities of water supplied by these watersheds. The satellite image is uploaded to the NI-38-14 Karbala-Al-Najaf plateau from the USGU website in the form of a Digital Elevation Model (DEM). GIS technology is used to calculate the morphometric properties and output them in the form of tables and cartographic models. The water networks of the geographical plateau NI-38-14 located between the administrative borders of the provinces of Al-Najaf and Karbala in Iraq are devised by extracting a topographic map of the area and calculating the areas of the watersheds and their perimeters. The topographic map showed great variations in the level of the earth's surface, as the heights of the area ranged between 20m and 120m. The number of watersheds extracted in the Karbala-Al-Najaf plateau is 150 watersheds with different areas, the large area is about 4882 km², while the small area is about 1 km², and between those areas there are various areas. The largest recorded watershed circumference reached 580km in area (4882 km²), while the lowest recorded perimeter is 8km for the area (1 km²).

the last four years have seen a remarkable rise in water levels to the Bahar-Al- Najaf, which led to some areas adjacent to the Al-Bahar region. This creates a state of confusion in the subject of future planning for land uses within the study area. To examine this problem in practice, the images of the Sentinel-2 satellite (within the period 2016-2020) were selected. The resulted thematic maps included six classes of land use and land cover LULC, these classes are (agricultural areas, built up areas, gypsum soil, clay soil, sandy soil, and water areas). With regard to the accuracy of the performed classification process, the so-called confusion matrix indicates that the overall classification accuracy is about 85%. The study concluded that some of the important land use, both the road pilgrimage, the strategic line and its oil transfer accessories had been overwhelmed by water, as well as water approaches a newly built residential complex near the Bahar Al- Najaf. It is imposed by the study; the federal and local government agencies must take rapid measures and procedures to avoid potential future flood risk.

Change information of the earth's surface is becoming more and more important in monitoring the local, regional and global resources and environment. In this paper, two algorithms maximum likelihood (ML) and artificial neural network (ANN) have been applied for a change detection at the Baher Al-Najaf from 2016 to 2020 and using two satellite imagery Landsat and sentinel. The accuracy assessment of these algorithms was based on the confusion matrix such as overall accuracy, and the kappa index were calculated for each created map. It was found (ANN) classifier is the better than (ML) classifier. As well as two different experiments were conducted to analyze the network depth and optimization of ANN classifier, and the results showed that the proposed classifier achieves higher overall accuracy and kappa index with pansharpening image. Finally, this study proved (ANN) classifier ability to extract useful high-level features in the classification process.

A precise location in aerial surveying can only be achieved using Ground Control Points GCPs. At least three point should be used and as the number increases the model will be more precise in X, Y and Z positions for a certain extent. The distribution of the GCPs also affect the precision of the 3D model resulted from the aerial imaging. This study aims to find the optimum number and distribution of the GCPs to achieve the minimal error in points location. 1.5 km2 of longitudinal area was imaged with a commercial UAV named DJI Mavic 2 pro with at nadir camera orientation at height of 100 m above the ground. A total of 1515 images were taken with average ground sampling distance (GSD) of 2.3 cm. Deferential Global Positioning System DGPS Leica GS 15 receiver were used to observe the 62 ground control points with PPK fashion. The project area was divided into two regions the first region has a parallel distribution of GCPs and the second region has a zigzag distribution. The images were processed using Pix4Dmapper and Agisoft Metashape software by applying a bundle adjustment process with an incremental number of GCPs starting with 3 and finishes with 26 for each distribution pattern, the remaining points were used as a check points to determine the precision of the model at each trial. The resulted coordinates of check points were compared with the coordinates observed with the DGPS. The comparison depicts the optimum number of GCPs required for the best location precision and the best distribution pattern.

As a result of climate change, including changing the timing of rainfall and the fluctuation of its quantities, in addition to changing the timing of snowmelt, and thus the variation in the amounts of torrents led to a clear change in the areas of flooded and humid lands, especially in the eastern side of Iraq bordering the Islamic Republic of Iran. This study aims to determine the maximum and minimum submerged area of Al Shuwija marsh basin using Landsat imagery (1984-2019) and provides statistical data on their scale to support planning and studies in this extent. Global Surface Water web application was called into Google earth engine (GEE) platform which used Landsat 5, 7 and 8 imageries to distinguish water and other feature through the spectral reflectance characteristics of different features through thermal band. Near-infrared and shortwave-infrared have been used to isolate pixels procured over vast water from those gained over different surfaces. And then create a chart that summarizes the area of surface water in this basin. Then the GEE conversion function used to convert raster to vector as a step before export result as a vector data which ease to use for calculating area of water classes. So briefly, the result is spatial data (polygon features) of water classes for study area in Keyhole Markup Language (kml) or ESRI Shapefile formats can be downloading from user account at google cloud.

Freight transportation is of high importance and is used to determine the region's economy. Typically, effective freight transportation systems are related to decreasing the costs of moving goods from and to the logistics facilities. The city of Baghdad suffers from many problems with the land transport system, especially the transportation of goods, and among the important things to reduce the current burden on the network is to find the most suitable sites for the establishment of warehouses distributed over each city of Baghdad. Understanding the assembly pattern of the truck's trip ends can help improve the location of these facilities on space. This paper explores the best places for unloading (warehouses), using 4 criteria that affect taking the most appropriate location for warehouses to improve logistical facilities, which are (land use, population, current warehouses, road network). The weight of criteria was collected from the questionnaire using the Google form and obtain answers from Decision-makers to include them in the AHP hierarchical analysis process to obtain the weights for each criterion. Multi-criteria decision analysis is performed to create a suitable surface to identify potential locations where new logistical facilities can be established. The ArcGIS 10.7 software and its extensions (i.e. spatial analysis and network analysis) are used extensively in analysis for modelling site allocation. The results indicate that the most suitable sites from the group of sites that appeared in the analysis are (near the entrance to the Diyala Bridge and the entrance to the people on the outskirts of the city of Baghdad).

In this study Remote Sensing techniques have been used to investigate soil degradation in Iraq (alluvial plain) for the period (1976 - 2020) by using different many source of data such as satellite images (Landsat 1-5 MSS C1 Level, Landsat 4-5 TM C1 Level-1, Landsat 7, Landsat 8, and sentinel 2) and use more than one software like (ENVI 5.3, ERDAS Imagine 2015, Arc GIS 10.7, and Blender). This study focusing on determine the main degraded areas in Iraq, (alluvial plain) chosen because of spread sand dunes. To make the study soberer, ground trothing achieved to verify the real status of the area and collect the data by field visit. Bands G, B, R, and IR from LANDSAT-3 in 1976, 1996 and 2014, the same bands used from Sentinel-2 dated 2021. Unsupervised classification made for images of 1976 and 1996 then supervised classification did for images in 2014 and 2021. The classification was carried out using ERDAS Imagine V.2015 software and areas of the main land uses in the study area were calculated. The results indicate that there is a big problem in the base year 1976, this problem almost disappeared in the second station of work 1996, but it returned back after that through the results for the years 2014 and 2021.

Earth pressure balance (EPB) TBMs are commonly used for soft ground tunneling in urban areas. In metro tunnels' excavation, designing a comprehensive monitoring system to control surface settlement is essential to prevent damage to surface structures. The present study aims to develop new prediction models to estimate the ground surface settlement using two soft computing techniques, SVM and ANN-MLP, and a multiple variable regression model to develop the new empirical formulas. The TBM operational parameters collected from the Tehran metro line 6, South extension (TML6-SE) project have been applied to confirm the provided models. In the data analysis process, the relationships between various parameters (torque index, thrust index, and earth pressure) and the ground surface settlement are investigated. Moreover, several statistical evaluation criteria are implemented to evaluate the performance of the developed models. The results show that the predicted values are in good agreement with the real data. The results can be used for similar ground and TBM tunneling conditions.

This research aims to conduct investigations on the settlement using an Oedometer matric suction device for unsaturated soil. The type of soil taken from the city of Najaf is as one model, a sandy gypsum soil, the percentage of gypsum content is 29% and the moisture content of the soil is 3%. The research includes experimenting by choosing three relative densities 95%, 85% and 75% with an amount of 150 KPA constant pore air pressure and three pore water pressure. 100 KPA, 130 KPA and 150 KPA where the matric suction values are 50 KPA, 20 KPA and 0 KPA respectively. Also, the soil is tested in the partially saturated state and fully saturated state under the influence of placing multiple loads 1kg, 2kg, 4kg, 8kg and 16 kg at a different matric suction (50 KPA, 20 KPA and 0 KPA) and relative densities. The settlement is measured by the LVDT device to measure the vertical displacement, where the data is recorded through a program installed on the calculator to measure the settlement data every second, where the results are then analyzed by excel program. The analysis of the experimental results achieves that the highest settlement ratio of 5.5% was achieved when loading (1kg) when applying matric (20 KPA) within 500 sec. The settlement increases with increasing time and stabilizes at the lowest interval of 76 sec., in the case initial of matric suction (50 KPA) at the relative density of 95% and 25 sec., in the case matric suction (0 KPA) at the relative density of 85%.

The prediction of the liquefaction potential of soil due to an earthquake is an essential task in civil engineering. In this paper, the artificial neural networks (ANNs) technique is introduced in the prediction of liquefaction potential of soil based on the cone penetration test (CPT) data. ANNs model was developed and validated using a database of 174 field case histories. Six parameters were assigned as input parameters of the model which were earthquake magnitude (M), effective vertical stress (☐'), cone resistance (qc), normalized peak horizontal acceleration at the ground surface (☐/g), soil mean grain size (D50), and cyclic stress ratio (CSR). The output of the model was liquefaction index (LI) which in turn was used to determine whether liquefaction was taking place or not. The developed ANN model gave well-matched results when compared with the actual results. Also, the study for the relative importance of the input parameters was performed. It showed that qc and M exhibited the highest importance of approximately 33% and 23% respectively while the value of (☐/g) yielded the lowest value of 9.7%. Finally, based on the sensitivity analysis of the model, it was found that the results of the ANN model were compatible with prior geotechnical knowledge. Accordingly, it can be concluded that neural networks can be used to simulate the problem of soil liquefaction with high accuracy.

The stabilization of an anchoring system plays a significant role in geotechnical engineering structures. To develop a clear understanding of the vertical plate anchors behavior due to geogrid reinforced soil under various pullout load inclination ranging from (0, 25, 45, 60, and 90) degrees in Cohesionless soil, a series of total (34) tests were carried out. The soil has been investigated by using small-scale model tests. Geogrid with different width and heights placed (vertically or horizontally in front of the vertical anchor plate at different locations were used to reinforce a soil mass in front of square anchor plates. The studied parameters include reinforced soil mass width, soil mass height, the location of geogrid-reinforced soil mass, effect of water content increase, and the inclination angle of pullout load. The test results indicate that Geogrid reinforced mass in front of a vertical anchor plate significantly increases the stiffness of the soil and increases the pullout resistance of shallow anchor plates. According to test outcomes, critical situations also were stated and discussed.

In this study, a new analysis has been developed to determine the bearing capacity of soil under interference of two asymmetric strip foundations conditions. The limit equilibrium method is used considering the soil failure theory under a rough based strip foundation. Three equations are developed to determine the values of the efficiency factors resulting from the effect of interference of foundations for the surcharge, cohesion, and weight. The effect of variable factors on the equations, which represent the angle of friction, the distance between the foundations and the width of the foundations has been studied, and the results have shown that when the interference occurs between the foundations, the soil bearing capacity increases with the increase in the angle of friction and decrease the distance between the foundations, while the change in the width of the foundations has just an effect on interference factor related to the soil weight, ζ_γ. Comparing the results of the present mathematical model with the results of available theoretical analyses and previous experimental studies shows acceptable and reliable agreement.

In the present era, due to various industrial developments, there is a need to use different applications of nuclear energy. But the leading challenge is the management of nuclear waste, which emits dangerous rays such as gamma rays. This research aim is to create a layer to be used as a protective coating against radiation in low-level waste landfills. In this paper, bentonite is used as a base material and red mud as an additive. Also, to determine the linear attenuation coefficient (µ), a combination of bentonite with 0, 15, 30, and 45% red mud with bentonite was used. To perform a linear attenuation coefficient test, the NaI (Tl) detector and the source of Co⁶⁰ were used at two energy levels of 1173 and 1332 keV. The results of laboratory tests show that the addition of red mud has improved the parameter of the linear attenuation coefficient of radiation at both energy levels so that the energy level of 1173 keV and 1332 keV with the addition of 45% red mud has improved by 16 and 12%, respectively.

In this research, the Ivshan earth dam was modeled with the finite difference method (FDM) for staged construction and water seepage. A maximum settlement was 100 cm in the numerical model when construction was complete, and it occurred in the middle of the dam's height. Also, the FDM results showed consistency with field observations of the deformation instrument (inclinometer). After the reservoir's initial filling, the pore water pressure ratio changes were investigated for the dam's central axis. The results of the numerical model show relative stability in terms of pore water pressure ratio. The arching ratio is also obtained in the dam's central axis for both construction and initial filling. The lowest values of the arching ratio in the central axis of the core at the end of construction and initial filling are 0.81 and 0.80, respectively, which occurred at the height of about 41 meters and about two thirds of the height of the dam embankment. Finally, the Factor of Safety of the dam at the end of construction and initial dewatering was investigated, and the results showed the stability of the earth dam.

Controlling the swelling of expansive clay soils is always challenging for geotechnicians. In this study, the effect of hollow polyester fiber as an additive on the free swelling percentage and pressure reduction of bentonite clay is investigated experimentally. The fibers are employed in two forms of spread and concentrated. Fiber dosages of 0.2, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 are employed for the spread form and fiber columns with diameters of 1.2, 2 and 3.2 cm, are considered for the concentrated form with fiber column densities of 30 and 60 kg/m3. The obtained results show a significant improvement in the swelling behaviour of bentonite for both the spread and concentrated forms, with better performance for the later form. In which, higher densities and larger diameters of the fiber columns generally decreases the swelling percentage and pressure. The best improvement was observed in the concentrated form sample, with 60 kg/cm3 density and 3.2 cm diameter, with 19 and 57 percent reduction in swelling percentage and pressure, respectively.

The stability of excavated slopes in grounds consisting of soil or rock is one of the important topics in geotechnical engineering. The present paper deals with the global stability of a completely vertical wall excavated in non-cohesive ground reinforced by the soil nailing method. The effect of various parameters on the variation of nail length is studied based on the limit equilibrium approach by analysis of 17496 models using the SLOPE/W program. The results indicate that the length of nails increases with the reduction of internal friction angle of soil, surcharge distance from the edge of the wall, tensile strength of the nail material, and number as well as the diameter of rebars used for each nail. However, any increase in groundwater depth, the wall height, surcharge magnitude, soil unit weight, and nails spacing leads to the increased soil nail length. The novelty of current research is the derivation of empirical correlations between the system variables and the optimum length of the nail when the global factor of safety tends to a minimum required value. The relations were verified for four cases properly, which demonstrates the advantages of this study for the design of soil nailed walls.

In recent decades, the vast potential of entry of solid waste and landfill leachate in soil and groundwater has caused pollutant emission, and concentration in-depth become an important issue. In order to clean or prevent soil contamination, the emission and concentration of the pollutant in soil should be specified. In this study, the digital image processing technique as a new method is used to determine the pollutant concentration in soil depth. In this regard, at first, several experimental tests are done. Then, the image processing technique and numerical simulation are utilized to determine the concentration of pollutants. Experimental test results validate the results of the finite element simulation. The results indicate a good agreement between the image processing method and numerical analyses in estimating concentration. Therefore, the image processing technique can be used as a simple, useful, and time-effective method for estimating concentration in unsaturated soil.

In this study, a comprehensive evaluation of 27 field tests carried out on different piles driven in various parts of Iraq. This evaluation is made in terms of the pile bearing capacity of each pile, using nine methods. These methods are (Davison offset limit, Chin konder, Brinch Hansen 80%, Brinch Hansen 90%, De court, De Beer, Vander Veen, Fuller&Hoy and Butler&Hoy). The evaluation has shown that De Beer, Chin kondeer, and Vanderveen methods are the best methods because the maximum bearing capacity obtained by these methods is associated with a low pile settlement, although Vander Veen method is time-consuming. Fuller&Hoy and Davison methods are very close and give good results, the maximum bearing capacity obtained by these two methods give high pile settlement, leading to structure failure, especially for structures subjected to loading and unloading. Brinch Hansen 90% and Butler&Hoy methods are suitable methods because they give a good and acceptable bearing capacity with very small pile settlement. As for Brinch Hansen 80% and De Beer methods, they provide high bearing capacity than the failure load. They can be used by multiplying the resulting values by 0.85 to get the maximum bearing capacity of the pile. The study shows that the ratio of 10% after comparing it with results is a bit exaggerating, and 4% of pile diameter can be used as a criterion to find the ultimate load.

In recent years, construction has increased widely throughout the world, and the need for excavation and dewatering has increased dramatically. The potential for pollutants to enter soil and groundwater including chemical fertilizers, municipal landfill leachate, and hydrocarbons has also increased. The dewatering process used in the excavation can detrimentally affect the spread of contamination in the soil. In this study, the effect of different parameters on the emission of pollutants in different excavation depths has been investigated. Two software products SEEP/W and CTRAN/W are used for numerical modelling. The results show that the physical properties of soil have a significant influence on the contaminant movement. Also, it is indicated that the change in water level depth and the excavation depth have a massive effect on the contaminant migration process. Moreover, the vertical barrier can be an effective way to reduce the migration of contaminants to the excavation zone.

The accurate prediction of the maximum surface subsidence caused by shallow tunneling in soil environments is a valuable criterion for safe design and operation, especially in urban areas. To investigate the surface subsidence due to tunneling, the simultaneous impact of depth and diameter of the tunnel in both saturated and dry conditions have been investigated using a FLAC3D Finite Difference Method. Six models having different diameters (7 m, 8 m, and 9 m), depths (12 m, 16 m, and 20 m), and face pressures (0.34 MPa, 0.36 MPa, and 0.38 MPa) were developed. A step-by-step excavation process of the tunnel advance was considered in the modeling to account for deformations ahead of the face and the shield's effect. Results showed that depth and diameter induce a significant effect on the ground surface displacement values and crown displacement values. As face pressure increases, the effect of tunnel depth and diameter on surface and crown displacements decreases, and the effect of saturation did not change.

The conducts of pile raft basis depend on piles, raft, as well as soil. When designing a pile group, it is expected that only the piles carry out the applied loading. No contribution is given to soils underneath the raft because of the complicated interacting amid the piles and their cap with soils. When the soil under the raft foundation shares carrying the applied loads, this interaction will increment the piled raft system's bearing capability as well as decrease the settlements. To comprehend the piled raft system's complicated conduct, testing for twenty-seven experimental models was done within loose sands with a load applied to the piled raft foundation via a compressing jack then the measurement was done using a loading cell. Wide parametrical examinations had been executed with the variables number of piles, pile length, raft dimension ratio. The soil under the raft contributed a certain percentage in carrying the applied weights in the piled raft foundation. Similarly, there is an increase in the loading taken via piles to the overall load executed on pile raft with the growth of the number of piles in the series, and there is a decrease in the share of the soil under the raft for the applied loads when there is increasing within the piles' amounts. The increment within the piles' lengths causes an increase in the soil's share underneath the raft, and the maximum settlement of the piled raft system does not exceed 5% of the raft width in all cases.

This study covered the impact of CFRP wrap on pre-damaged reinforced concrete (RC) columns. A total of Ten reinforced concrete columns were made of normal strength concrete, and eight of them were strengthened with CFRP, and all these specimens tested under eccentric loading with two ratios of eccentricity (e/h=0.5 and e/h=0.8). The main parameters in this study included strengthening scheme, pre damaged condition, and the ratio of eccentricity. The failure modes, applied load-displacement curves, ductility index, and the stiffness were analysed. The results showed that the ultimate load capacity and ductility of specimens were improved and increased by using CFRP wrap around the specimens. In addition, the best strengthening scheme has been suggested.

This study attempts to apply the concept of sustainability by reducing the environmental pollution of plastic waste, especially Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) that are used in production soft drinks bottles. The plastic bottles were collected, roughened) Roughen the surface by using a metal clip after exposing it to heat, and then place it on smooth surfaces) and shredded into fibres of specific size and shape with an aspect ratio (L/D) of 34.5. Various proportions of PET (i.e. 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%) have been used in the production of ordinary concrete. The influence of PET fibers on the properties of concrete was studied, such as workability, compressive and splitting tensile strengths. Furthermore, the shear characteristics of continuous reinforced concrete deep beams with dimensions of (150×300×2000) mm produced from such concrete were also investigated. For all percentage of replacements, The fresh property, compressive strength, and tensile strength of PET fibre encapsulated cement concrete were investigated. With the addition of plastic fibre, compressive strength increased marginally, but tensile strength measurements showed a substantial improvement over the control specimen. it has been found that there was an apparent impact of waste plastic fibers on the structural behavior of the investigated beams in terms of its brittleness. The increase in the ultimate load capacity With the increase in the percentage of fiber until a percentage(1%), then it begins to decrease after this percentage of continuous deep beams refers to the use of waste plastic fibers to improve the tensile properties of concrete and to limit the spread and width of cracks within the structure.

In this paper, a finite element (FE) analysis is carried out on a beam to column welded connections with multiple hexagonal web openings. The openings are distributed along the length of the beam which is subjected to cyclic loading protocol proposed by the SAC and FEMA 350 (2000). This study focuses on the interaction of the connections from columns to the perforated beam and mobilization of stresses. Two parameters were addressed: the distance from the face of the column (S), and the web opening spacing (So) including closely spaced opening. The study revealed that the design of mostly controlled reduced web section (RWS) connections should be fundamentally based on the distance of the first opening from the face of the column. Three values of the distance (S) are presented (200 mm, 350mm, and 520 mm). A model with an ideal distance (S) of 350 mm has resulted in an ultimate rotation of 0.039649 rad, which is less than other models, in which rotations were 0.049386 rad and 0.050000 rad, respectively.

This research includes the design steps for using solid and perforated steel plate to repair an under reinforcement one-way concrete slab in flexure. All slabs were assumed to be subjected to 85 percent of ultimate load in flexure, therefore the section of the slab to be repairing assumed to be cracked, and the additional external reinforcement represented by the steel plate will be designed according to this assumption and according to the limitations of ACI 318 code specifications. Results of the theoretical calculation indicated that increasing the thickness of the solid plate causes increasing the interface stresses by (72.6%) when replacing the dimensions (width x thickness) of the plate section from (300mm×1mm) to (200mm×1.5mm), while increasing the width of the plate reduces the interface stresses by (48%) when changing dimensions of the plate section to (400mm×0.75mm). Using perforated plate will increase the ductility and reduce the interface shear stresses. Using the plate width to thickness ratio { (b_P/d_P)=300} will reduce these stresses by (14.8%) when using perforated plate instead of solid one. Increasing the ratio of (b_P/d_P) lead to reduce the interface shear stresses, as well as reduce the difference between the effect of using solid or perforated steel plates on interface stresses, also when reducing ratio of (b_P/d_P) the interface shear stress will be increase. Changing the number and diameters of the holes from (10 # 10 mm) to (2 # 50 mm) with keeping the cross-section area of the steel plate constant for both cases increased the resistance of the epoxy nails to the shear stresses that transmitted to them from the axial stresses in the plate by (400%). A new expression is presented in study to calculation the interface shear stress.

Castellated beams are broadly output from standard rolled sections, especially in (I) or (H) beam sections, and they are considered as a type of steel members with good properties. From another side, the corrugated web in beam especially trapezoidal pattern was utilized to get an improved beam strength against the shear buckling rupture, Besides, there is an advantage of stability for buckling over a plain web beam. In this paper, an experimental study has been carried out on four beams with the same length (1.7m) under one point load at mid-span. This work deals with two castellated beams with corrugated webs with and without lateral stiffeners and it had the same step length for corrugation and castellation profile. The significant variable for castellated-corrugated web beams is a total height of beams. The ultimate load capacity of castellated-corrugated web beams compared with the plain and corrugated web beams. The results showed that the load capacity of castellated-corrugated web beams without and with lateral stiffeners less than that found in flat and corrugated web beams with (23.7% and 39.4%) and (13.2% and 31.03%). The mode of failure has noticed combined between web post-buckling and flange buckling.

The historical masonry brick buildings are important structural symbols due to their old construction time. It is necessary to investigate the mechanical properties of the masonry brick building to evaluate the structural behaviour during service life. Here, the research focused on finding out the compressive strength of brick unit, mortar and brick prism model. Two types of mortar and brick unit are adopted, historical and traditional, and the comparison between the results is implemented. The historical brick and mortar used experimentally in this study were taken from the Imam Ali holy shrine structure (built 300 year before) during its rehabilitation. The traditional brick is Iranian yellow brick which is used in repairing process of two minarets now. The traditional mortar is the Iraqi gypsum which is available in the local market. The tests of mortar cubes and brick units are conducted according to Iraqi Standards and the British Standards is adopted for brick prism models. The experimental testing is carried out in the lab of faculty of engineering at university of kufa. The strain gauges and LVDT instruments are used with the acquisition system device to record and save data. The results of compressive strength and mass density for historical and traditional brick unit and mortar are exhibited. Also, the results of compressive strength, stress-strain curve, load-displacement curve and modulus of elasticity for historical and traditional brick prism models are displayed and discussed. In addition, the compressive strength of brick prism models using empirical equation are estimated. The comparison between the results of historical and traditional brick units, gypsum mortar types and brick prism models are carried out. The historical brick prism model has mechanical properties weaker than the traditional and there is a difference in the compressive strength of the historical brick prism model between the empirical equation and testing results.

Flexural behavior of concrete beams reinforced with hybridization steel rebar enclosed by CFRP sheet has been explored in this paper. Seven specimens have been casted and tested under two-point load, one served as a control beam which was reinforced by ordinary steel bars, and six beams were reinforced with hybrid steel bar/sheet CFRP. Two main parameters have been considered which were the length of the hybrid steel bar/sheet CFRP and layers of carbon sheet warping steel bar. The response has been investigated in terms of failure modes, ultimate load, first cracking load, maximum deflection, crack patterns, load-deflection curves. The experimental results indicated that hybrid steel bar/sheet CFRP techniques yielded the same behavior as the control beams and reduced the maximum deflection. Also, it is improved the load capacity by about (4.35% to 42.61%) in comparison with reference beam. Effective reduction of maximum deflection was indicated throughout behavior of all enhanced specimens while no change was recorded in first cracking load in comparison with control specimen. Hybridization length (1200 mm) which represent two-thirds of beam length gives an optimal length of strengthening for one and two layers in terms of ultimate load by 21.74% and 39.13% compared to control beam, respectively.

Corrosion of steel reinforcement has been specified as the impairment mechanism of reinforced concrete buildings, which severely affects the safety and integrity of buildings. The corrosion of the embedded reinforcing steel in concrete is a significant trouble facing civil engineers nowadays, which initiates 80% of the reinforced concrete buildings impairment. This paper detects the outcomes of an experimental investigation on the mechanical performance of five squared steel reinforced columns which have been damaged by corrosion of the steel rebar. Small scale square reinforced concrete columns with a rectangular cross-section of b×h=150mm×150mm and 500 mm in height were adopted. Various degrees of steel reinforcement mass loss (corrosion damage) ranged between 8%, to 15 % were formed in the columns by using an accelerated galvanostatic corrosion method. The uniaxial compression test was carrying out for harmed columns up to failure. Based on the experimental outcomes, the corrosion damage had substantially reduced the performance of columns. The deterioration of the load capacity of corroded columns was 13.4%,24.6%,22.5% and 45.34% at level of corrosion damage of 8% and 15% respectively for longitudinal bars only and for longitudinal and ties reinforcement. The reduction of the axial and lateral deformation of corroded columns ranged between 7.1% to 70.22% and for corrosion level ranged from 8% to 15%, respectively. Likewise, the failure mode for corroded columns had been adversely affected by corrosion.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed brief analysis of recent developments in various aspects of the structure of cold-formed steel. The connectors were executed from sections of a non-weld able top-hat profile (70×80×3)mm made of steel plate. The connectors were fastened to the beam with two bolts with diameter of 10mm. Totally twelve simply supported composite beam specimens are tested under two loading points to determine the flexural strength. The twelve composite beams with different thickness (2,3, and 4) mm and connection between channel(L/3, L/6) are tested. With a constant depth and a variable length of 2 and 1.5 m, the cross-section shape of the beams was maintained. The cold formed steel channel section with top hat connector at compression side is used. To avoid slip and to transfer horizontal shear between cold formed steel and concrete, the shear connectors are provided. The top hat connectors were used as shear connector between concrete and steel section. The load-deflection behavior, ultimate flexural load and failure pattern of beam had been studied. The experimental results indicate that, the load carrying capacity of the composite beams with thickness of 4mm and connection between channel with L/6 is more than the other specimen with different thicknesses and connections. The mid-span deflection at ultimate load for the composite beams was reduced in case of beam has connection L/6 and thickness 4mm. It was observed that, the steel-concrete composite beams failed due to flexural.

This paper presents an experimental investigation on the behaviour of concrete columns reinforced with glass fibre reinforced polymers GFRP bars under concentric and eccentric loads. Six RC column specimens have been considered in the experimental tests with a cross section dimension of (135 mm × 135mm) at the middle portion of columns and (250 mm × 135 mm) (width ×depth) at the corbel with a total length of 1150 mm with the length between corbels (middle part) was 710 mm. Three specimens have been represented the reference specimens which are reinforced with steel bars and the other three were reinforced with GFRP bars. Tow variables have been considered in the experimental tests: the type of reinforcement (GFRP and steel) and the eccentricity ratio (e/h). All columns have been subjected to different values of eccentricity ratio (e/h): 0, 0.5, and 1. It has been concluded that the ultimate load capacity of columns reinforced with GFRP bars decreases by about 27.13% and 94.67% compared to columns reinforced with steel bars under eccentricity ratios (e/h=0) and (e/h =0.5), respectively. Whereas, ultimate load increases by about (4.79%) for the columns reinforced with GFRP bars compared to columns reinforced with steel bars at eccentricity ratios (e/h=1). The result have also shown that all specimens that have been subjected to eccentricity ratio (e/h > 0) failed by compression failure.

An experimental investigation into the structural behavior of brackets with plain and fibrous concrete and in the presence of steel bars is addressed in this research. Both brackets have the same shape and dimensions. Testing of nine steel fibrous reinforcement concrete specimens and one reinforced concrete with compressive strength (28.6) MPa under vertical repeated load. The test results in terms of load versus deflection curves, stiffness, ductility and crack patterns show the effectiveness of using steel fibrous concrete to ensure a superior strength and deformation capacity in reinforced concrete bracket. Test results showed that, addition of steel fibers (1.5) % by volume of concrete and horizontal stirrups improve both shear strength and ductility of the tested brackets, and results in a more ductile failure mode.

The main objective of the current study is to reduce the structural response after a steel ten floors building was exposed to earthquakes by using viscous fluid dampers. The building response is studied for two conditions in which the first is without damper and the second by using damper and for tow conditions four seismic excitement earthquakes were selected in this study. Parametric study is employed which include the type of damper, the vertical and horizontal distribution of d, the engineering properties of finder, and the support effect of building. The software used for the analysis is SAP2000 v14 using linear time history analysis. The dampers are installed in the outer frames of the structure and in six different shapes (single one, single two, cross one, cross two, chevron one, chevron two bay damper) and compare between them and choose the best shape, which is a cross two bay damper, which noted a high decrease in seismic response. Then, the number of dampers in the structure is reduced by placing it in five floors, which achieves a decrease in the seismic response as well as a decrease in the cost. The parameters that are used to define the seismic response are the maximum displacement, drift ratio and base shear.

In this research, the effect of using steel fiber and polypropylene on the behavior of the lightweight self-compacting concrete (LWSCC) beams have been studied. Seven beams have been cast with different parameters and compared. Two ratios of coarse aggregate replacement with light-weight aggregate expanded clay (LECA) have been considered partially and full replacement (50% and 100%) in this study based on previous study. Also, a 1% volumetric ratio fiber reinforcement has been added to investigate its effect on the flexural performance of LWSCC. A reduction in the ultimate load capacity and stiffness have been observed for LWSCC beams compared with the control beam by about 19% and 24.8% for partial and full LECA replacement, respectively. The steel fiber enhanced the performance of LWSCC beams in terms of cracking formation, crack width, ultimate capacity and allow the beams to have more ductile behavior. The ultimate load for fibrous LWSCC has been increased by about 11% and 12% for partial and full LECA replacement compared to beams without fibers. Beams with polypropylene and steel fibers exhibit similar behavior to the beams with steel fiber only in term of load-vertical displacement curves. However, the difference in the ultimate load capacity were 4% and 5% for the partial and full LECA replacement, respectively.

This analytical study aims to investigate the flexural behavior of simply supported RC beams having longitudinal hole with circle cross section under monotonic two point loads. The commercial FE program ABAQUS was used for simulating and implementing the specimens behavior that tested experimentally in previous researches. The overall specimens investigated were thirteen RC rectangular beam specimen, the first one was solid while the others with longitudinal circular hole. The specimens with holes divided into three groups, each one has a specified hole diameter 25 mm, 40 mm, and 50 mm. The distance from center of hole to the top section face was variable where the hole would be completely in the stress block, below it, or partially within it. The validity of the simulated model were verified by comparing the available load deflection data with the implemented one, where good agreement were noticed. The simulated models could introduce the ultimate load, first cracking load and its propagation in addition to the maximum attended deflection. It is concluded that the existence of a longitudinal hole with a percentage of diameter to beam depth ratio below 20% with different positions from top surface of the cross-section to the center of the hole values caused decreasing in ultimate load not exceeding 5% compared with the solid beam.

The most evident properties of LWAC by which it is differentiated from normal weight concrete are its lower density and better insulating potential. The aim of this study is to examine the combined effect of lightweight coarse aggregate and steel fibers on concrete's mechanical properties. In this study, three different types of coarse aggregate (normal weight, crushed clay brick and Attapulgite) with different percentages of steel fiber (0%, 0.5%, and 1%) were used. The results show that replacing normal weight concrete with lightweight concrete leads to a decrease in unit weight, compressive strength, splitting-tensile strength and modulus of elasticity, while water absorption increases. With the increase of steel fiber ratios in the mixtures, the mechanical properties of lightweight concrete improve significantly compared with the control sample with no fiber. When 1% steel fiber is used, the splitting-tensile strength increases by about 115.6% and 55.7% and compressive strength decreases by about 7.4% and 22.2% for crushed clay brick and Attapulgite, respectively, compared with normal weight concrete.

While the EC2-04 and ACI318-19 provisions use almost the same philosophy to evaluate the torsional strength of reinforced concrete beams, some important details and limitations in these two approaches differ greatly. The objective of the present study is to investigate the differences between these codes and their accuracy by how well they estimate the torsional strength of experimentally tested beams. The predicted torsional strengths based on EC2-04 and ACI318-19 approaches were compared with the results of 120 tested reinforced concrete beams under pure torsion. The inclination angle of the concrete compression struts of the idealized space truss model is chosen to be equals to 45°. It was observed that the ACI318-19 approach is more conservative than the EC2-04 approach in predicting the torsional strength of the tested beams. The graphical comparisons of the predicted to tested torsional strength ratios shows that the EC2-04 approach gives approximately normal distribution curve with a peak at a strength ratio of about 0.85.

The study intends to develop double skin composite beams using smart utilizing of proper properties of concrete and steel by incorporating steel frame likewise ribbed I-Steel section within concrete. The adopted built-up steel frame consists of upper and lower mild steel flanges connected by ribs using deformed steel bars and equivalent to customary shear reinforcement in quantity and provided as ribs within target frame besides shear resistance. The study considered an experimental program to investigate the effectiveness of introduces mode upon ultimate strength and related issues such as flexural ductility, flexural stiffness, plastic hinge formation, and failure mechanism in addition to comparative analysis with traditional reinforced concrete beam in the scope of assigned structural characteristics. The experimental results exhibit that the incorporated double skin steel within concrete without flexural reinforcement exhibited 78% of RC model ultimate strength where the ratio of volume fraction in steel-concrete-steel to reinforcement ratio in reinforced concrete beam is (1.5064). The powerful observed enhancement of the proposed ribbed I-steel section could be related to fully skin friction provided by fully connected upper and lower steel plates that affect the concrete confinement positively.

Urban streets are essential parts in cities and their development can enhance various aspects of economic life and social activities. Al-Najaf city is one of the Iraqi developing cities that has been suffering from traffic congestion at various sections of its street network. The reasons, locations and intensities of these congestions are important to be regularly diagnosed for two key reasons: first, in order to choose the right traffic engineering solutions and second to adequately prioritize the funding required for planning and implementing the traffic management programs for these congested sections. This paper attempts to evaluate the performance of the main urban streets located within the southern part of Al-Najaf city street network during evening peak hours. The methodology includes collecting field data and conducting traffic surveys such as traffic volume, travel time and free flow speed surveys. The evaluating approaches illustrated in the U.S Highway Capacity Manual are adopted as a tool for assessing the operational performance for the selected urban streets. The results reveal that there are several segments that operate at their capacity (LOS E) or even under congested flow condition (LOS F). The analysis also shows that whereas some segments are with good LOS using volume-capacity ratio (v/c) criterion, they are actually with low LOS based on field observations or when using travel time as a performance measure. This indicates the inadequacy of using v/c ratio alone in evaluating urban streets because part of the congestion at such streets is due to side friction operational delays rather than over traffic demand.

Rutting is one of the big problems in hot-mix asphalt (HMA) pavements. The primary mechanism of HMA rutting is shear deformation, often caused by high stress in HMA layers during traffic loading, especially at high temperatures. Current HMA rutting tests are not necessarily designed to capture HMA shear properties such as shear strength, shear strain, and shear module. The present work explores the behavior of the shear strength properties of HMA modified with Crumb Tire Rubber (CTR) and two types of filler (brick and lime dust in comparison with passing sieving No.200 as control filler) by developing a Simple Punching Shear Test (SPST) under control of temperature and loading rate. A series of laboratory sample tests to formulate and set up the SPST protocol and the related test parameters, derive the SPST results from the analysis sample to capture the HMA shear parameters from the results, and comparatively evaluate the shear properties of HMA mixes. Results have shown that the SPST is relatively receptive to the form of modifier and filler. Using limestone dust as with (5%) CTR content increased higher shear strength, the rate of increase was about (44.44%) and (51.38%). Also 5% to 7% CTR content with lime dust filler lowering shear strain more than for brick dust filler.

In recent years, more use of security and traffic safety checkpoints on Iraqi highways were made. Add to this, the huge increase in the numbers of vehicles using these highways (with increased numbers of heavy goods vehicles). This situation could lead to traffic congestion, higher delays and higher operational costs to motorists and also could lead to an increase in the rate of traffic accidents. This study tries to investigate the traffic operations at the approaches to the highway checkpoint sites in the Southern of Iraq (in Basrah Governorate) and focuses on some of the parameters that affecting both safety and capacity. For the purpose of this study, field data have been collected by using camcorders from two highway sites, each site has three lanes with a checkpoint. Both sites were at highway 31 near the interchange between highway 6 and highway 31. Several traffic parameters were observed such as traffic flow, average speed, lane utilization, speed differential, traffic congestion and queuing. The observations revealed that for both sites the traffic flow condition was free to moderate, ranging from 750 to 1750 (pcu/hr), with an average speed ranging from 70 to 120 (km/hr). Lane utilization behavior has also been observed for both sites and the results suggest that there is similarity between both sites with lower traffic flow in the nearside lane in comparison with the other lanes (i.e. middle lane and offside lane). For both sites, the lane utilization for the nearside lanes was around 10% – 20%, whereas, the lane utilization for the middle lane and offside lane were around 40% – 50%. Traffic congestion and queuing have been observed as well and the results suggest that there are some differences in queuing length between two sites. In addition, an increased number of speed differentials amongst motorists and late merging with accepting smaller gaps behavior have been observed for both sites. Other site observation is represented by a very lack implementation of traffic management measures (such as traffic schemes and signage) at the checkpoint sites.

Baghdad elevated train is one of the projects that has been suggested to improve accessibility in the city. This paper is dedicated to state the impacts of the planned train line on the accessibility in the selected study area, where the train is meant to be built in to connect the major cities in the capital (Al-Karkh and Al-Risafa). The Geographical Information System (GIS) has been used to build the existing networks (highway, public transport, and the train), to analyze them by the Network analyst tool, and to create an O-D matrix between the selected districts and a direct connection between two locations. The accessibility changes have been measured by measuring the travel time difference, checking the connection between the zones, and the direct connection between six origins in Al-Risafa for different districts to one destination in Al-Karkh before and after adding the elevated train. The results showed that the train could make a remarkable change to the accessibility in the area by reducing the travel time and make a direct connection between the mentioned districts.

The coefficient of friction is a quantity indicates the ratio of frictional force between objects. As pavement experiences thermal changes, it may slide against supporting subbase resistance. This resistance must be determined in order for pavement to perform as anticipated. Cracking of concrete does not occur if the pavement is jointed. In the joint plain concrete pavements, A separator layer is installed between the subbase and the plate to smooth the interface. A smooth surface shows less resistance to the concrete's displacement caused by temperature difference. Two stages of the push-off test were conducted for subbase conditions (smooth and rough). Friction properties among the concrete and subbase were investigated based on the friction test results. The results show the parameters impacting the maximum coefficient of friction and displacement (interface condition, movement rate, thickness) respectively for friction and (movement rate, interface condition, thickness) for displacement. In conclusion, the frictional force rises significantly until the applied force reaches the stable condition. This force is affected by interface condition, which has the most significant impact, followed by movement rate and thickness. Changing conditions from smoother to rougher interface leads to raising maximum coefficient of friction regardless of changing slab thickness or movement rate.

This research represents the dynamic behavior of the steel tower structural model due to applying seismic load. The 3D finite element model is created using ANSYS-software to simulate the real structure used in experiment. The dynamic properties, natural frequencies and mode shapes, are extracted and compared with the experimental model values. The comparison is implemented to verify the FE analysis procedure of the tower model with experimental model results and they are accepted by 83% tuning ratio. The nonlinear seismic analysis is applied to the structural model using observed ground motion in 1999 Turkey Earthquake. The seismic load is applied in two cases; the first is in the x-direction of the structural tower model and the other in the y-direction of the model in a horizontal plane. The maximum response displacements in x and y-axis and load displacement hysteresis for both loading cases are exhibited. The results display that the tower structural model failed with large response displacement in the first few time of ground motion according to IBC-2018 and NBCC-2005. The collapse of the tower structural model occurred after time 18 sec and the applied seismic loading in x-axis has significant effect.

In Iraq, there are some asphalt concrete mixtures suffer from appearing of cracking and deformation immediately after finishing the construction of a base course. In the flexible pavement, the pavement is considered to be degraded after opening to traffic by repeated traffic loading, climatic conditions, aging of asphalt mixture, etc. Crack plays a critical mode in pavement degradation. Several experimental studies have been carried out to gain a deeper understanding of the environment and weak construction monitor the action of pavement fractures. However, one downside of these previous studies was that the majority of them were carried out in a laboratory environment. A trial road section was studied after finishing base course construction by monitoring the early cracking. The major causes of appearing the early cracking have been investigated and debated. In this survey, three trial road sections with defined asphalt layers were considered. These trial sections were constructed with local materials brought from Nasrya refinery and Najaf quarry. On the basis of the findings obtained, two sections have deteriorated, while the third one was made as control for comparison purposes The observed early cracking could be attributed to the asphalt cement type and poor construction procedure occurring in an asphalt base layer as a result of low underlying sub-base course type and specifications.

In Iraq, asphalt roads suffer a lot of problems because of the high traffic and climatic conditions represented by high temperatures in the summer, which reduce the service life of the road, so it became necessary to improve the rheological and physical properties of asphalt and thus improve the performance of asphalt paving. Nanotechnology is one of the methods used for improvement has been adopted in the research. The possibility of improving the properties of asphalt was studied using Nano silica)NS) and Nano hydrated lime (NHL)with percentages (1,3,5and7)% by total weight of asphalt. Tests were performed to evaluate the enhance in softening point, penetration, kinematic viscosity and penetration index of the asphalt with penetration grade (60-70). The results of the laboratory study show the improvements in the properties of asphalt By reducing the amount of penetration and increasing the softening point of the asphalt, thus it becomes more stiffer and less sensitive to temperatures than the original asphalt, in addition to that, the results showed that an improvement in the values of viscosity and penetration index, and this in turn leads to an increase in the adhesion and cohesion of asphalt and asphalt mixture as well as the possibility of using modified asphalt with Nano-materials in areas with high temperatures and traffic load.

Traffic safety is the main support of transportation engineering. Otherwise, there is no benefit to a facility that lacks safety. Despite that, most road engineers in developing countries ignore traffic safety in their designs or adopt traditional methods that suffer from data weakness. So there is an urgent need for surrogate measures more accurate from traditional methods. This paper offers an assessment of safety at signalized intersections in Hilla city's urban areas using a micro-simulation model (VISSM) coupled with the Surrogate Safety Assessment Model (SSAM). Three signalized intersections are modeled using the micro-simulation VISSM (version 10) model by calculating the traffic flows and speeds extracted from field data. Also, geometric characteristics and timing of the signal are simulated to reach the real-world. Then the vehicle trajectory files are exported to SSAM (version 3). Several indicators for traffic conflicts are computed by SSAM, involving the max speeding (Max S), the rate of deceleration (DR), the time of post encroachment (PET), and time to collision (TTC). The number, type, and severity of conflicts are calculated. The conflicts are categorized into three types according to the conflict's angle, rear-end, lane change, and crossing conflicts. The results showed that the optimal values for the two safety indicators at intersections differ from one location to another, where TTC values ranged between (1.5-1.8) s and PET (4.7-5.3) s. Rear-end conflicts prevailed in all sites until their reached 55% of all conflicts. The severity of the conflicts at approaches varied from 0.74 as a high-risk collision to 1.8 as a low-risk collision, while the (TTCI) values for 40 St and Bab Al Hussein intersections were 0.86 and 0.82.respectively. Therefore, they are both classified as high-risk intersections. As for the Bab Al-Mashed intersection (TTCI=1.23), it is classified as moderate risk.

The initiation of this analysis is to establish a mathematical model for predicting trip attraction for Bab al-moadam sector in Baghdad city that involving land use features. To achieve the study objective, the study area is divided into two zones. A conversation mechanism has been adopted to collect data. The data collection included all education centers, state institutions, shopping centers, and health centers, and their numbers were 21 educational centers, 10 centers belonging to state institutions, 5 shopping centers, 12 health centers. The trip attraction models for six purposes of trips(Educational, state institution, shopping, health, other trips, and the total trips) have been developed. These models have been built when the gathered data was fed to the (spss) software version 22 by using stepwise regression process. The results show that the attraction of trips is highly related to the number and diversity of vital centers in the region. we conclude from this study that educational trips depend on the number of students. Work t rips depend on the number of employees. The number of stores is the most influencing factor on shopping trips. Health trips depend largely on the number of beds in addition to the number of patients in consulting clinics and emergency clinics. Other trips are it depends on other health trips, other educational trips and other work trips, the number of total trips that are attracted to the study area depend on the number of employees, the number of health staff, the number of visitor, and the number of students.

The utilization of recycling recycled concrete aggregates (R-RCA) in road base construction is an option of value-added waste materials. The evaluation of R-RCA appropriateness as a road base material need to study. The use of massive amount of RCA in construction projects has acquired wide notoriety. The use of RCA is due to decrease- of amount natural rock as the original aggregate. The main objectives of this study are to characterize properties of R-RCA as road material, to determine mechanical and physical properties as a road base material, and to identify the R-RCA bearing capacity for road base comparison to natural aggregates. The mechanical and physical properties tests conducted according to standard, including particle size distribution Los Angeles Abrasion, Aggregate Crushing Value, Aggregate Impact Aggregate Density, Flakiness Index, Water Absorption, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR). The results show that the aggregates have an excellent distribution particle size, durability, and shapes as required by specifications R-RCA also produced appropriate CBR and strength for road base applications. These results stipulate exclusive information to utilize R-RCA as aggregates for road base construction. R-RCA can be used as road base construction materials, and its engineering properties transform from waste materials to value-added road base construction. Recycling of RCA not only can diminish the road base construction cost and decrease landfill space needed for disposal, but it engineering properties prone as road base construction, and considered a renewable resource.

The main concept of using waste and recycled materials as modifiers for construction materials, is to improve their performance, keep the resources, and conserve the environment from pollution problems. This investigation is tended to evaluate the effect of using two different types of modifiers on the physical properties of asphalt binder. The modifiers are Recycled-Low-Density-Polyethylene (R-LDPE) polymer and waste-Paper Fiber (w-PF), they were mixed individually and collectively with neat asphalt binder. The first set of modified binders comprised neat binder with 3% R-LDPE alone, the second is comprised 0.3%, 0.5% and 0.7% of w-PF alone, while the third comprised collective modifiers of 3% R-LDPE and 0.3%, 0.5% and 0.7% w-PF. The influence of these modifiers on neat asphalt binder was evaluated in terms of penetration (Pen.), softening point (SP), penetration index (PI), ductility, rotational viscosity (RV), penetration aging index (PAI) and softening point index (SPI). The obtained results indicate that the utilization of modifiers helps in improving the physical properties of asphalt binders by different levels. the modification by collective modifiers leads to an increase SP, RV, PI, PAI, and SPI to 65%, 2 times, 1.044, 0.93, 2.5 respectively compared to neat bitumen. As well, leads to a decrease in both Pen. and ductility to the levels 45% and 79% respectively. This indicates that the use of waste and recycled modifiers especially in the combined form encourage the production of comparative modified asphalt binder.