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All papers published in this volume of Journal of Physics: Conference Series have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

We present computational simulations of the expected performance by a nanodevice that would play the role as an immune system cell such as the well-known macrophage, in the sense that these advanced devices can detect and perform interventions against aggregations of bacteria or virus. These prospective nanorobots would have the capability to recognize physical properties as well as to anticipate motion of bacteria and virus based entirely in electric interactions. The recognition of the type of bacteria is achieved through the continuous sensing of the electric interactions between the nanorobot and bacteria. A physics-based model entirely developed from the calculations of electric forces supports the content of this paper.

From the fact that nanorobots can exert electric forces on bacteria membrane based on the electric interactions basically. These engineered advanced devices are modeled through electrodynamics interactions that in a first instance might well described by the Jackson and Laplace equations in conjunction to the solution of the diffusion's equation. By knowing forces and fields is possible to gain information about composition, motility and decisions made by bacteria and virus.

Once the intensity of the electric force has been estimated the nanorobot can perform concrete tasks. In this manner a frequency is associated for a range of intensity of field. Such frequency is related to a certain color. Thus, in according to color, morphology and motility of the bacteria aggregations the nanorobot executes a decision to break-off the ionic internal composition to decrease their kinematics.

Therefore, the distance between nanorobot and bacteria plays a crucial role in the simulations as to the fidelity of the recognition of the chemical compounds. The nanorobot learns about the type of bacteria through the frequency of oscillation.

While a macrophage swallow and absorbs biological and biochemical debris and compounds, the present proposal translates this concept to one inside of the territory of Classical Electrodynamics by which advanced nanodevices acquire firm capabilities to reduce bacteria capacities to break their homeostasis in short times.

The simulations have employed the method of bandwidth that allows to vary the field intensity through the resulting mathematical expressions. E-coli was used to test the model of this paper.

In this paper the idea of Feynman's path integral is introduced inside a nano biological system such as bacteria population where due to their property of chemotaxis, a stochastic modeling might be drawn to describe their mobility due essentially to electrical interactions among them as a recurrent resource to protect themselves against antibacterial agents such as macrophages. Due to composition of K+, Cl− and Na+ exists there a net charge along the internal and external phospholipid membrane of bacteria.

The model of path's integration invented by Richard Feynman has been extensively used to tackle crucial problems in quantum mechanics for various decades essentially in atomic physics and nano physics. The idea of the path's integral assumes a space-time pathway where the space­time bacteria displacements are governed by physics interactions that gives rise to changes of position in the space-time plane in a fully accordance to biological and physics laws. We worked out the idea of the Feynmans path integral to describe space-time dynamics of aggregations of bacteria trying to host a healthy body. We assumed that the bacteria interactions is governed by electric fields and potentials.

While the net charge is predominantly positive due to the high concentrations of Cl+, there are clearly external electric fields and potentials that might seriously affect the behavior of bacteria space-time dynamics. In this manner this phenomenology would fit the path integral theory. Therefore the change of the net charge in bacteria due to the presence of others charged nano organisms would affect their translational dynamics by being vulnerable to macrophages. Thus the knowledge of the pathway of these bacteria populations is seen as an advantage to tackle the beginning of diseases inside the framework of Internet of Bio-nano Things that targets to anticipate infections using electromagnetic pulses through advanced software-hardware interfaces. In order to assess possible advantages and disadvantages of this theory we use the Machine Learning algorithm.

Nanomaterial is widely researched because of its enormous potential. In this study, the anti-fungal activity of electrospun nanofiber polymer composites infused with malunggay extracts (ME) was investigated. Cellulose acetate (CA) from abaca fiber, nano silica (nSiO₂) from rice husks, and nano copper oxide nCuO from cavendish banana peel were synthesized, characterized and used as stabilizing agent. Electrospun nanofiber polymer composites infused with malunggay extracts was successfully fabricated. The inhibitory effects of the fabricated nanofiber were determined using different concentrations of ME. Results showed that 100 % concentration of malunggay extract (ME) mixed with 50 mg of nSiO₂ and 50 mg of nCuO) had a presence of small crystal-like structures that indicates the successful infusion of the bio-materials. The nanofibers showed inhibitory effect against A. niger both in in vitro and in vivo. It displayed the highest zone of inhibition, lowest weight loss and disease severity index which is comparable to the fungicide. This study confirms the antifungal potential of the Electrospun nanofiber polymer composites infused with malunggay extracts on the test fungi and suggests the possibility of employing them in food preservation were spoilage is mainly caused by A. niger.

The potential application of anatase titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles for solar fuel generation has been recently attracting many attentions due to its excellent chemical stability. Nevertheless, the fast charge recombination during photoexcitation process may often reduce the photocatalytic activity. This work presents the role of plasmonic Au nanoparticles on enhancing the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ nanoparticles for a visible-light-driven conversion of bicarbonate to formate. Here, two types of nano-sized Au and TiO₂ heterostructures, i.e., Au-TiO₂ Janus nanostructures and core-shell Au@TiO₂ nanostructures were successfully prepared and characterized using UV-Vis and HR-TEM. Results demonstrated that Au-TiO₂ Janus nanostructures had a superior photocatalytic activity compared to TiO₂ nanoparticles and core-shell Au@TiO₂ nanostructures. This photocatalytic enhancement is believed due to the presence of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) phenomenon in Au nanoparticles that provides a Fermi energy level, which could prevent the charge recombination process during photoexcitation.

Highly crystalline poly-vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) capped Sn nanocrystals with good size and shape uniformity was synthesized by a hydrothermal process. A highly sensitive amperometric biosensor for the detection of Bisphenol A (BPA) was developed by immobilizing Tyrosinase on to glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with Sn nanoparticles. The fabricated amperometric biosensor exhibited excellent electroactivity towards BPA oxidation catalysed by enzymatic reaction of tyrosinase together with good conductivity of Sn nanoparticles. The developed biosensor displayed linear range from 0.01 to 0.10 μmol L-1 and a detection limit (DL) of 1.8 nmol L-1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.989. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) obtained in buffer solution for Tyrosinase/SnNP/GCE had the lowest charge transfer resistance (Rct) value of 219 Ω, which indicated low charge transfer. There was an increase in Rct for Tyrosinase/GCE, SnNP/GCE and Bare GCE which was 316 Ω, 638 Ω and 598 Ω respectively. This indicated a strong resistance to charge transfer. It is reported for the first time the use of Sn nanoparticles modified on GCE and tyrosinase for detection of BPA.

The spin-scrossover transition of [Fe(HC(3,5-Me₂pz)₃)₂](NO₃)₂ complex has been studied by means of vibrational spectroscopy. Analysis of experimental and quantum-chemically computed IR and Raman spectra allows to find vibrational markers of LS and HS states of the complex under study. It was shown that in a whole being once found the IR-markers can be used for related compounds with substituted ligands if the substitution do not involve the groups responsible for the markers. The bands of such groups can be used as internal standart due to their insensitivity to metal spin state.

Nanostructured perovskite-type oxides GdBO₃ (B = Fe, Co, Mn) synthesized by sol-gel technology, have been used as catalysts for the light olefins production by carbon monoxide hydrogenation. Perovskite materials were characterized using different techniques: XRD, SEM+EDX, BET, TG to study structure and morphology. Oxidation state of Fe and Mn was determined by XPS. The catalytic activity test was carried out in a continuous-flow mode with chromatographic analysis of the reaction mixture. It was found that the catalytic characteristics are determined by the nature of the metal in the B-site of perovskite. The specific catalytic activity increases in the series GdMnO₃ <GdFeO₃ <GdCoO₃, and selectivity for olefins - in the reverse order.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (nano-ZnO) was used to modify carbon paste electrode (CPE) for a fast and sensitive electrochemical determination of gallic acid (GA). The study was carried out using cyclic voltammetry (CV and differential voltammetry (DPV) techniques, where the nano-ZnO-modified electrode exhibited an efficient and sensitive oxidation of GA. The cyclic voltammetric result showed a significant enhancement of the peak current from 250μA to about 410μA. The electrochemical behaviour of GA on the nano-ZnO modified carbon paste electrode was studied using DPV, showing a sensitivity of the electrode in a concentration range of 1 x 10⁻⁶ to 5.0 x 10⁻⁵ mol L⁻¹, with a correlation coefficient R² of 0.9968 and a limit of detection of 1.86 x 10⁻⁷ mol L⁻¹ (S/N =3). The proposed electrode was used successfully for the determination of GA in red wine with recoveries of 103%.

Investigation of the factors affecting the carbonization process is very important for the manufacture of desired, on-demand carbon fibrous morphologies. In this work, the effect of the average fiber diameter on the carbonization of precursor polymer fibers into carbon fibers was examined. Three electrospun fibrous mats consisting of a lignin/recycled PET blend with mass ratio of 1/1 and having different average fiber diameter (80, 387 and 781 nm) were prepared. After they were carbonized at 600 °C, it was found that the thicker fibers (387 and 781 nm) yield well-formed carbon fibrous morphologies, with average diameter of the same range as the precursor ones. In contrast, the thinnest nanofibers with an average diameter of 80 nm fuse with each other and lose their fibrous morphology, due to the maximization of heat and mass transfer during the process. These results highlight the decisive role of the nanoscale dimension in processes controlled by heat and mass transfer phenomena, as in the case of carbon fiber manufacture.

Big data in the coming days is going to become an integral part of life existing on this planet. Hence, introducing the early stage data analytics with the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) and the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) would generate interest in the research community for the rapidly changing world of technology. This study is especially intended to integrate two organizations data for understanding the quantum realm computations. Generally, Quantum Computation (QC) creates the notion in the brain as Qu-bits. But here, QCs are the principles followed by the particles, atoms, molecules, and systems. Few of them are Pauli's exclusion principle, superposition and entanglement. These principles played a vital role in the construction of proton to an atom and to higher systems. In this present work, we have collected homo-sapiens' chromosomes data from NCBI and integrated it with CERN data to understand quantum computations. We have identified a couple of computations and communications taking place inside the genes by integrating the recent scientific results obtained at CERN. We have proposed a novel code-named peacock code (PCOC) and designed a prototype to develop a unique identity with blockchain technology. A typical correlation between CERN and NCBI datasets are integrated into this study statistically with R programming tool to understand supersymmetry and develop future computations with natural principles.

Macromolecules including macrocyclic species have been reported to have the potential to encapsulate biologically active compounds such as drugs through host-guest complexation to increase their solubility, stability and bioavailability. Here we investigate the complexation between nedaplatin, a second generation antineoplastic drug, and p-4-sulfocalix[4]arene, a macromolecule possessing a bipolar amphiphilic structure with good biocompatibility and relatively low haemolytic toxicity for potential use as a drug delivery system. Data from ¹H NMR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, Job's plot analysis, HPLC, DSC and DFT calculations are detailed and suggest the formation of a 1:1 complex. The stability constant of the complex was experimentally estimated to be 3.6 × 10⁴ M⁻¹ and 2.1 × 10⁴ M⁻¹ which correspond to values of −6.2 and −5.9 kcal mol⁻¹, respectively for the free energy of complexation while the interaction free energy is calculated to be −4.9 kcal mol⁻¹. The formed species is shown to be stabilised in solution through hydrogen bonding between the host and the guest. The complex displayed enhanced antitumor activity against MDA-MB-231 cells compared to nedaplatin which may allow for its application in cancer therapy.

ZnO nanoparticles were synthesised in diethylene glycol (DEG) with different ZnO molar precursor concentration (1 mmol, 2 mmol, 4 mmol and 8 mmol) in a microwave reactor for 15 minutes up to 250 °C. Zinc acetate dihydrate was used as the precursor for ZnO nanoparticles and oleic acid as a capping agent. It was found that different mmol precursor concentration yielded in different nanoparticle sizes. The crystallinity and particle size was analysed by XRD and the optical properties of the nanoparticles were studied by UV-Vis and PL. Oleic acid forms a layer around the ZnO nanoparticle surface. This layer helps in preparing nanocomposite solution by dispersing the ZnO nanoparticles in MEH-PPV solution. Further, the nanocomposite solution is deposited as a thin-film by spin-coating and this forms the emissive layer of the fabricated PLED device. The diode characteristics were analysed by studying the I-V and EL graphs.

Electrospinning of biodegradable poly(ω-pentadecalactone) (PPDL) is poorly investigated. In the present work, PPDL homopolymers of different molecular weight were synthesized by ring-opening polymerization of ωPDL, and then electrospun. Mixtures of PPDL with hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) and with HFIP-chloroform blend were used for electrospinning. Since PPDL is poorly soluble in HFIP at high concentrations, the PPDL-HFIP mixture was turbid and its electrospinning led to heterogeneous mats. Addition of 30% of chloroform to the PPDL-HFIP mixture turned it into a transparent solution. After electrospinning, the PPDL-HFIP-chloroform mixtures yielded mats, which consisted of flat and round fibers with a wrinkled surface. The flat fibers (ribbons) were observed more frequently when the PPDL sample with the highest molecular weight was electrospun. All the obtained electrospun mats demonstrated high elongation at break (from 150% to 350%). In our future research, these mats will be examined as biomaterials.

In this study, we have functionalised cobalt ferrite (CoFe₂O₄) nanoparticles (NPs) by doping with a natural bio-mineral magnesium (Mg) and coating with three polymers to enhance biocompatibility and feasibility for therapeutic applications. The glycol-thermal method was employed to synthesise CoFe₂O₄ and Mg_0.5Co_0.5Fe₂O₄ NPs. The latter NPs were functionalised with chitosan (CHI), poly-ethylene glycol (PEG) and poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA) to produce CHI-Mg_0.5Co_0.5Fe₂O₄, PEG-Mg_0.5Co_0.5Fe₂O₄ and PVA-Mg_0.5Co_0.5Fe₂O₄. The structure and morphology of NPs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution TEM (HR-TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Magnetic measurements were carried out using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). XRD patterns confirmed inverse cubic spinel phase structure typical of ferrite NPs. NPs exhibited spherical shape with average size diameters of ranging between 8 nm and 11 nm. Coating increased these average size diameters up to 13 nm. Zeta potential measurements indicated low colloidal stability of the NPs which improved considerably with PEG and PVA coating. FTIR confirmed surface modifications seen in additional peaks characterised by amine and carbonyl groups for chitosan and PEG/PVA, respectively. CoFe₂O₄ NPs exhibited high saturation magnetisations of 73.861 emu/g. This value decreased with magnesium-doping and polymer-coating due to shielding effect. In vitro cytotoxicity analysis demonstrated significant tolerability of coated Mg_0.5Co_0.5Fe₂O₄ NPs at concentrations of 800 μg/ml in cervical cancer (HeLa) cell lines. Conclusively, these polymer-coated ferrites present feasible nanocarriers in magneto-targeted drug delivery.

One of the most important scientific research activities in both of energy and environmental sectors is synthesizing of composites such as nanocatalyst powders of zinc oxide and titanium oxide. The reason why is the best to use this combination of composites, as they are available in the market, with low cost, they have powerful optical,electric properties, high stability, and nontoxicity,these composites are classified as one of the best promising photocatalysts. They show high level of light absorption range and wide range of charge transfer from ZnO to TiO₂ their composite has a superior photocatalytic activity. The goal of this investigation is to prove the applicability of ZnO–TiO₂ composite as a photocatalyst for degradation of Bentazon in polluted water. Many various parameters will be studied, to see their effects on the process of the degradation of the Bentazon, examples of that are the initial catalyst dosage, pH level, initial Bentazon concentration, purging of oxygen gas, adding of hydrogen peroxide of a multiple concentration and total organic compounds on the removal efficiency of Bentazon.The best guaranteed removal of Bentazon is at neutral pH,and the reason for that could be due to the photo-corrosion of ZnO composite for both acidic and basic conditions. While it is noticeable that degradation of the Bentazon decreased in the presence of organic compounds. Removing the Bentazon by UV/ZnO/TiO₂ process shows greater Efficiency than that by UV/TiO₂ process, UV/ZnO, and UV alone.

Manganese ferrite (MnFe₂O₄) and manganese-cobalt ferrite (Mn_0.5Co_0.5Fe₂O₄) fine powders were produced by glycol-thermal technique. Fine powders were then milled with chitosan for different times ranging from 5 hours to 60 hours. XRD patterns of the as-prepared and milled oxides confirm cubic phase structure with an average crystallite size of 11 nm. The observed values of lattice parameter decrease with milling due to the inversion of cations induced by milling. TEM results reveal nanoparticles with spherical shape and average particle sizes correlating to XRD data. No aggregation of particles was observed after milling suggesting effective chitosan coating. Magnetization studies performed at room temperature in fields up to 14 kOe revealed the superparamagnetic nature of both naked and coated nanoparticles with spontaneous and saturation magnetizations decreasing with milling. Larger coercive fields observed in Mn-Co oxides were attributed to higher magnetic anisotropy associated with Co ions. A reduction of coercive field due to milling duration was observed. ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectra of Mn_0.5Co_0.5Fe₂O₄ samples show ordered magnetic states, while paramagnetic nature is revealed in MnFe₂O₄ samples. Hence, current results suggest that chitosan coating can be successfully achieved through mechanical milling resulting in nanoparticles with potential for biomedical applications. The differences in the magnetic properties of the samples are discussed based on Stoner-Wohlfarth theory.

In this work, we try to determine all the period of nanostructure subwavelength that can be observed during irradiation by multipulse femtosecond laser in dielectric materials. For this, we use a generalized plasmonic model developed previously to follow the evolution of the periods of the nanostructures on the Sapphire material and their optical properties according to electron-holes plasma excitation and varying the optical spectrum between 300 and 1400 nm. We find a nanostructure area where all the period observed experimentally must be included inside it. This plasmonic model shows its efficiency and its precision on a nanoscale.

A study of the photoinduced birefringence in nanocomposite thin films of the azopolymer PAZO (poly[1-[4-(3-carboxy-4-hydroxyphenylazo)benzenesulfonamido]-1,2-ethanediyl, sodium salt]) doped with gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs) is presented. The NPs are with a spherical shape and mean size 10 nm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) analyses of the particles have also been made. Samples were prepared with five different concentrations of the NPs in the azopolymer films varying from 0 (non-doped azopolymer film) to 4 a.u. (1 a.u. = 0.015 wt %). Birefringence was induced by a He-Cd laser with a wavelength 442 nm and measured with probe Diode Pumped Solid State (DPSS) laser at 635 nm. An increase of the photoinduced birefringence in doped azopolymer nanocomposite films compared to samples of undoped azopolymers was observed. The maximal enhancement was achieved for films with 2 a.u. of Au NPs.

In this work, a polarization-independent waveguide based on magnetic photonic crystal (MPC) with a triangular lattice of air holes in Yttrium Iron Garnet (YIG) slab grown on alumina (Al₂O₃) substrate is proposed, where both TE-like and TM-like periodic band gaps overlap. YIG is well known for its attracting magneto-optical (MO) properties and used to produce a coupling between the TE and TM modes. Thus, a nonreciprocal effect can be obtained by applying an external magnetic field parallel to the direction of propagation. At 1550 nm, the complete photonic band gap is simulated and optimized using the three dimensional plane-wave expansion method. The aim of this study is to enhance Faraday rotation (FR) while maintaining a low modal birefringence. A numerical analysis in function of magnetic gyration (g) has been reported, using the BeamProp software. The results reveal a proportional relation between FR, Δ_n and g, such for g = 0.5, a large FR of 26.11×10⁴ °/cm with Δ_n = 7×10⁻⁶. The results show a real improvement of this MPC structure based on YIG with larger FR, lower modal birefringence and minimal losses. The notable enhancement in the MO behaviour could improve the performance of optical isolators, and makes it suitable for nonreciprocal devices.