Table of contents

Preface

The 6^th International Conferences of the Indonesian Chemical Society (ICIC) 2017 was organized by the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Sriwijaya in collaboration with the Indonesian Chemical Society. The theme for this conference was "Stimulating of Advanced Perspective and Current Concepts on Chemistry Field".

The goals of the conference were to provide a vehicle for the state of the art research results and trends in the chemistry field, to offer interaction, discussion and possible collaboration among chemists and the public about chemistry, to increase awareness of policy makers and the public on chemistry's rule in national development.

Therefore, this conference is a great opportunity not only for sharing knowledge and experience in chemical research, but also for starting a long and fruitful cooperation and friendship among Academicians, Researchers and practitioners of Chemistry.

In this conference, there were four keynotes speakers from USA, Japan, the Solomon Island, and Indonesia; and eight invited speakers. The 45 articles published here were picked from 229 participants who delivered them as oral or poster presenters.

Finally, I would like to thank to all participants and their respective institutions that have made this conference possible and I wish you all a pleasant meeting. I also would like to thank and congratulate the organizing committee for their dedication and tremendous efforts in organizing the conference.

Hermansyah, Ph.D.

Chairman of Organizing Committee

The 6^th International Conference of Indonesian Chemical Society

All papers published in this volume of Journal of Physics: Conference Series have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

The content of starch in the seeds of durian is high enough so that they can be processed into flour which has a high economic value and becomes a potential product diversification of wheat flour. Durian seed flour has a yellowish white color, a smooth texture, a slightly acidic odor due to a 2day deposition process that will produce a sour aroma from separate mucus. Durian seed flour has 13.42% moisture, 4.44%, ash, 9.08% protein, 0.55% fat and 72.49% carbohydrate. Its microbiological characteristics include 6.4 × 10³ colony/gram total plate count, 5.0 × 10 colony/gram mold, <3 APM/gram Eschericia coli, and <100 colony/gram Bacillus cereus. For shelf life testing, the moisture initial is 0.1213% and moisture critical is 0.1607% with slope isothermal moisture sorption curve of 0.255. From BET (Brunaurer-Enmet-Teller) curve the moisture content which gives maximum shelf life is 2.80%. The shelf life of durian seed flour in LDPE plastic packaging is 134 days, in HDPE plastic packaging 230 days, and PP plastic packaging 536 days.

The synthesis and characterization of Schiff base 4,4 diaminodiphenyl ether-vanillin possesed of free primary amine has been done. The aims of this research were synthesis Schiff base 4,4 diaminodiphenyl ether-vanillin possesed of free primary amine from reaction between 1 mol of 4,4 diaminodiphenyl ether and 1 mol of vanillin which affected by temperature of synthesis (30-90°C) and its characterization using FTIR spectroscopy and X Ray diffraction analysis. The result showed that the functional group of all product of Schiff base 4,4 diaminodiphenyl ether-vanillin possesed of free primary amine was not affected by temperature of synthesis. The functional group of –C=N in this Schiff base compound appeared at wave number 1597 cm⁻¹ and its consequences, the aldehyde group (C=O) was not detected at 1666 (stretching) and 632 cm⁻¹ (bending vibration). The wave number between 3387-3441 cm⁻¹ was stretching vibration of primary amine (N-H) and stretching vibration of –C-N from aromatic amine (NH₂-aromatic) can be found at wave number between 1280-1288 cm⁻¹. Diffractogram of 4,4 diaminodiphenyl ether, vanillin and Schiff base 4,4 diaminodiphenyl ether-vanillin were 11.91° - 50.39°, 13.13° and 39.99° and 10.13° - 50.6° respectively.

The isolates of indigenous Pseudomonas peli and Burkholderia glumae bacteria were obtained from Babat Toman Village, Musi Banyuasin, South Sumatera which have a potential as bio surfactant. The bacteria are thermophile bacteria, and then they were used to produce bio surfactant by using molasses as carbon source. The bio surfactant were tested their ability to the oil recovery of soil contained oil 18.64%. The variables of treatments were temperatures from 40°C to 80°C. The results showed that the optimal oil recovery by using Pseudomonas peli and Burkholderia glumae were 2.20% and 18.19% at temperatures 80°C and 40°C respectively. The results of optimal oil recovery of each bacterium were analysed using gas chromatography to determine the constituent components of petroleum that can be extracted by using the bio surfactant. The bio surfactant of Burkholderia glumae dissolved hydrocarbons at a fraction of temperatures 133; 139; 155; 156.8; 165; 173; 190; 197.5 and 206.3°C with the total abundance of soluble oil 25.22%. Furthermore, the bio surfactant of Pseudomonas peli dissolved hydrocarbons at a fraction of temperatures 133.3; 134; 139; 140; 145 and 150°C with the total abundance of soluble oil 16.94%.

This research was a preliminary research that aimed to determine the number of lipid from microalgae Botryococcus braunii through the extraction process and to find out the potentiality of microalgae to be converted into biodiesel. In this research used n-hexane as solvent, then it was conducted a literature study for lipid extraction from Botryococcus braunii with soxhlet method as companion data result. In this research, lipid extraction was performed on a laboratory scale using 175 ml n-hexane. Microalgae Botryococcus braunii were cultivated for 10 days preceding the process of drying and it was followed by the process of lipid extraction with soxhlet. The results of this study showed that the extraction with soxhlet method had the percentage of lipid yield that was 24% with 45 cycles. The number of lipid yields obtained was affected by the number of solvent cycles during the extraction process. The extraction process run optimally since the number of solvent cycles increased more and more until there was no more lipids extract that could be dissolved by the solvent. Therefore, the best method of extraction was the soxhlet method because it had a dilution principle that occurred repeatedly.

Methane is a primary component of natural gas that is considered a greenhouse gas. In this study, methane will be catalytically oxidized to methanol and its derivatives using hierarchical ZSM-5. The products are potential to be used as fine chemicals and additives in gasoline. The catalyst ZSM-5 (Si/Al = 35) was successfully synthesized by a double template method in which TPAOH is used as the MFI structure directing agent and PDDA-M is used as the secondary template. The as-synthesized hierarchical ZSM-5 was modified with metal oxide (M = Ni). Analysis with XRD indicates that ZSM-5 crystals have been formed with high crystallinity. SEM images showed hexagonal shape which is the characteristic of ZSM-5 crystals. Analysis with SAA indicated the presence of meso-sized pores by the presence of hysteresis loops. Surface area and pore volume have decreased after impregnation of Ni. Elemental analysis showed 2.73% nickel was loaded in the ZSM-5 framework. The catalytic reaction was carried out in batch reactor for 120 min. Two condition of gas feed was compared: CH₄: N₂ (without Oxygen) and CH₄: N₂-O₂ (with oxygen) with identical pressure ratio 0.75: 2 bar. Analysis by GC-FID showed that the catalytic activity of catalyst ZSM-5 with oxygen increase the methanol production.

This is an our laboratory effort in developing major compounds, ursolic acid (UA) and its isomer oleanolic acid (OA) of Fagraea Fragrans Roxb fruits, namely buah tembesu, Loganiaceae by free solvent amidation of the acids with n-buthylamine and phenylamine. The reactions have been conducted by using thionyl chloride as a chlorination reagent to make their acid chlorides respectively. In this reaction, the secondary hydroxyl group at C-3 position was preferably converted to be olefinic while the carboxyl group at C-28 position was normally amidated to give N-buthyl-urs-2,12-dien-28-amide [N-buthyl-olean-2,12-dien-28-amide] with yield 45.5% % and N-phenyl-urs-2,12-dien-28-amide [N-phenyl-olean-2,12-dien-28-amide] with yield 39%. Cytotoxic activity of amidation products toward P-388 murine leukemia cells was decreasing about half fold compared to starting material ursolic acid [oleanolic acid]. The IC₅₀ values of N-butyl-urs-2,12-dien-28-amide [N-butyl-olean-2,12-dien-28-amide] and N-phenyl-urs-2,12-dien-28-amide [N-phenyl-olean-2,12-dien-28-amide] were 81, 4 μg/mL and 83.6 μg/mL respectively, whereas the IC₅₀ value of ursolic acid [oleanolic acid] was 53.4 µg/mL.

One of the most important components in fuel cell is electrode which hold as center for electrochemical reaction on converting fuel and oxygen into electricity. Special attention hence must be given to this component in order to achieve high performance especially on its catalytic activity and durability. To obtain such performance, some aspect must be take into consideration i.e. the content and type of catalyst as well as preparation method. Impregnation-reduction and electrodeposition method were evaluated on fabrication of fuel cell electrode from Pt-Co/C catalyst using H₂PtCl₆.6H₂O and CoCl₂.6H₂O in carbon Vulcan XC-72 substrate. Transition metal other than platinum as supporting catalyst was used not only to enhance catalytic activity but also to reduced cost and avoid poisoning which platinum suffers easily. Characterization of catalyst using Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) confirmed that catalyst made from Pt-Co/C using ratio Pt : Co = 20:80 has good catalytic activity for fuel cell application. XRD diffractogram showed result of Pt reduction at 2-theta = 39.76° (111) and 46.23° (200) while the present of Co is not clear at 2-theta = 44.51° and 51.85°. Co was not detected due to it became an alloy with Pt and relatively small concentration (20%). Pt-Co/C catalyst prepared by impregnation-reduction and electrodeposition methods can be used as catalyst support in fuel cell electrode.

Mining in Indonesia contributes significantly to mineral supplies nationally, but illegal mining activities can cause natural destruction, habitat loss and loss of biodiversity. This is because only the main metal, which is the gold taken while the other metal is discharged into the drain as waste. One of the metal ions to be waste is the zinc(II) ion. A method of zinc(II) ion extraction from other ions by using a column containing fatty hydroxamic acids – loaded zeolit (FHA-Zeo) is described. Several factors, which affect the extraction efficiency such as pH, sample volume, and concentration of eluent and flow rate, have been investigated. The maximum sorption capacity of FHA-zeo obtained was 88.38 mg/g. A quantitative recovery of zinc(II) ion from FHA-zeo column was obtained using 10% HNO₃ solutions as eluent with a pre-concentration factor up to 60. A method for separation of zinc(II) from lead(II) is proposed. A rapid sample throughput, a clean separation, a high pre-concentration factor and simplicity are the main advantages in these analytical procedures.

The utilization of nickel slag waste coated titanium dioxide (TiO₂) as material for organic contaminant degradation was carried out. The aim of this study is to influence of degradation time and nickel slag mass for contaminant degradation in photolysis and photocatalysis system. TiO₂ was synthesized by usingsol-gel method. Material characterizations were performed using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), and Optical Microscope. XRD Analysis of slag coated TiO₂(Slag-TiO₂) showed that TiO₂ in anatase phase at 2θ = 68.30° (230).XRF analysis showed that dominant compound in nickel slag was silicon. Furthermore, optical microscope analysis showed that surface morphology of nickel slag was porous and solid. The result of research reveals that degradation test of methylene blue was conducted in photolysis and photocatalysis system for 4 hours irradiation with time interval for 30 minutes. The percentage degradation of photolysis and photocatalysis were 48% and 87.50%, respectively. Meanwhile, a mass variety of slag used in methylene blue degradation were 5.46 gram; 7.43 gram, and 9.32 gramfor photolysis and 5.49 gram; 8.02 gram, and 10.02 gram for photocatalysis. Degradation percentage was increased along with the increase of nickel slag mass.

One of the alternative sources of renewable energy that can overcome the environmental crises and the current fossil energy crisis is microalgae. Microalgae contain fatty acids that can be converted into biofuel products, such as biodiesel. This study was a preliminary research which was conducted to determine the amount of fatty acids contained in microalgae and its potentiality to be converted into biodiesel. The microalgae used in this study were Botryococcus braunii. Data collection of fatty acids of Botryococcus braunii were obtained by the direct analysis in the laboratory using an instrument in the form of gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and also obtained from literature study in several research of previous researcher. Based on that, it was found out that Botryococcus braunii contained with oleic acid ranged from 15.65 – 35.85%, linoleic acid 3.05 – 23.15%, palmitic acid 4.03 – 22.13 % and stearic acid 0.48 – 15.41%. The profile and fatty acid content of this preliminary study could be one of the decisive parameters in the selection of microalgae species. Based on results concluded that Botryococcus braunii had good potentiality to be converted into biodiesel because the ratio of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in this species is not much different.

The ZSM-5-adsorption capacity, which is synthesized directly from Bangka kaolin, has been thoroughly to remove the basic dye in a textile waste solution. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used to analyze and measure the results of experimental adsorption data from the red adsorption of Congo Red (CR), Auramin (Au), Methylen Blue (MB), Azin (Az), Rodamin B (RB) on ZSM-5 at a temperature of 40 °C. The ZSM-5 adsorption capacity of Bangka kaolin showed dye absorption : Congo Red, Auramin, Methylen Blue, Azin and Rodamin B respectively were 129,157, 134, 205 and 210 mg/g. Therefore, ZM-5 of Bangka kaolin is respectively good adsorbent to remove the textile base dye waste.

This research objectives is to determine the effect of time reaction and alkali concentration on the synthesis of merlinoite. The synthesis of merlinoite was performed by hydrothermal method with variation of reaction time in 8, 12, 24 hours and various concentration at 1, 3, 5M. The quantitative X-Ray Diffraction (QXRD) was employed on product using Le Bail refinement method. Characterization XRD shows the highest crystallinity of the product was obtained at 3M of alkali concentration in 8 hours reaction time. The refinement result revealed three other phases such as quartz, mullite, and tobermorite.

Aging process is associated with declines in certain cognitive abilities such as learning and memory ability and impact on high risk of dementia, physical disability and death. Oxidative stress is believed as basic mechanism of aging process. Morinda citrofolia (Noni fruit) has long been used as a traditional plant in worldwide and was proven empirically in traditional medicine as antioxidant. This study was to determine the effect of noni fruit methanol extract on BDNF levels in white mice of Swiss Webster strain induced by immobilization stress. This research is experimental study with post test only control group design. Male Swiss Webster Mice were induced by immobilization stress and randomized into seven groups (5 mice/groups). The first group was negative control group; Group 2,3,4,5 and 6 was given treatment with varied concentrations of Morinda citrofolia (50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kgBW). Vitamin E (70 mg/kgBW), standart antioxidant was used as positive control (Group 7). Brain BDNF level of the white mice were measured by using ELISA method. Experiment result showed that treatment with Morinda citrofolia extract (50, 100, 200,400 mg/kgBW) and Vitamin E 70 mg/kg BW showed a sigificant differences in BDNF level compare with the negative control rats. There is no significant differences between 200 mg/kgBW Metanol Extract of Morinda citrofolia group and vitamin E (p = 0,301; p > 0,05). Metanol Extract of Morinda citrofolia could prevent the decrement of BDNF level due to stress.

The enzymatic ammonolysis reaction of alkanolamide using Terminalia catappa L. (local language: Ketapang) kernel oil and etanolamine as substrates has been conducted. It's commonly synthesized from derivative of petroleum and natural gas. In this research, the raw material used was ketapang seed oil, the renewable and non-edible oil. The effects of various reaction parameters such as reaction time, temperature, amount of enzyme, and molar ratio of substrates were investigated. The optimum reaction conditions obtained by a one-step lipase catalyzed reaction were ratio of ketapang seed oil and etanolamine of 1 : 12.5, amount of lipase (Lipozyme) of 0.1 g, temperature at 40°C for 2 h, and hexane as a solvent. The percentage yields of alkanolamide obtained at these optimum ammonolysis reaction conditions was 60.07 %.

The insecticide 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) has been used extensively since the 1940s for controlling agricultural pest. Despite a band on DDT use in most industrialized since 1972, DDT and its related residues (DDTr) still persist in the environmental and pose animal as worst as human health risk. In this study, abilities of co-cultures of white-rot fungus Ganoderma lingzhi and Bacillus subtilis on biodegradation of DDT was investigated. B. subtilis at various volumes of 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 mL (1 mL ≈ 6.7 × 10⁸ CFU) were mixed into 10 mL of G. lingzhi culture for degrading DDT during a 7-days incubation period. The addition of 10 mL of B. subtilis showed the highest DDT degradation about 82.30% during 7-days incubation period. DDD (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane) and DDMU (1-chloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene) were detected as metabolite products. This study indicated that co-cultures of G. lingzhi and B. subtilis can be used for degradation of DDT.

The process of ethanol production generally involves pretreatment, hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass to fermentable sugars followed by fermentation of such sugars to ethanol. Waste of the cassava peel (Manihot esculenta) was hydrolysed by using sulphuric acidThis research aimed to produce of bioethanol as an alternative source of fuel using cassava peels as raw materials. Yeast isolated from Durian fruit (Durio zhibetinus) was used in the experiment for fermentation and the concentration of sulphuric acid of hydrolysis process was fermented by yeast for 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; and 8 days. 50 ml of Sodium Hydroxide NaOH was prepared to be added at this step to adjust the pH of the slurry until 5 and the temperature was kept at 25 °C. Nine samples were prepared at different three hydrolysis times at 121°C for 30 minutes, 45 minutes and 60 ninutes. For glucose consumption and ethanol product analysis, 2 ml of the sample were taken out at every 2 days interval until 8 days. During this fermentation process, sugar consumption was measured by DNS method, while quantification of ethanol was analyzed by Gas Chromatography. The result of this study obtained that the best time of hydrolysis process was 45 minute, where the result of concentration of glucose was 11.189 %. By virtue of that, fermentation process was influenced by shaking incubator at 6 days. the optimum concentration of sulphuric acid of the hydrolysis process was 30 minute, and duration time of fermentation process by shaking incubator was 8 days, while the concentration of bioethanol for the highest of hydrolysis and fermentation process was obtained 1.63 % ethanol.

Material compatibility is still one of the serious problems in the application of biodiesel on diesel engine. One of the main causes of the problem is related to the flow-ability and filterability of biodiesel. Due to its physical and flow properties, biodiesel potentially caused a blockage in the filter higher than petro-diesel. The profile and mechanism of filter clogging or blockage due to the use of to biodiesel and the blends are investigated in the present work. Typical fuel oil filter used is a cartridge with media made from porous synthetic materials. Biodiesel used in this work is palm oil-based which is applied purely and in the blends of petro-diesel with composition of 20:80 (B20). It was tested in on boiler fuel system. Fuel passed on the system through the filter with a contact time of 3500 hours. The filter media is also observed by immersing it in B20 and B100 in the same time period. The result showed that the filter contacted to biodiesel was clogged faster than diesel oil (B0). On endoscopy microscope image, the filter media surface was clearly degraded. It shown that the pores of filter media are mostly covered by oil sludge. The filter blocking tendency (FBT) value is used to predict filter clogging time limit. In this work, the use of B20 performing FBT in ranges from 1.51-1.84, whereas the use of B100 ranges of 1.58-2.42 in a contact period of 3500 hours. The premature blockage was occurred in filter media contacted to B100, and a filter replacement is then required to conduct before 8 months. There is a significant relationship between the moisture content of biodiesel on the rate and characteristics of the filter clogging.

Adsorption is an alternative process which can reduce the contaminant of the Jumputan wastewater. Betel nuts activated carbon is one of bio-sorbent that can be utilized for dye adsorption process. The activated carbon is made with carbonization temperature of 500 °C and the HCl concentration of 0.5 M. The adsorption process applies in a batch system with the agitation speed of 150 rpm. The aim of this research is to get kinetic and equilibrium isotherm of dye adsorption in the Jumputan wastewater. This research is done by varied the stirring time (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 minutes), the mass of the adsorbent (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 grams). The dye concentration is analyzed by using a portable spectrophotometer. The results show that the adsorption follows pseudo-second-order kinetic with R² of 0.929 and k value of 0.00008 min⁻¹. Equilibrium isotherm describes by Langmuir model with R² of 0.999 and maximum adsorption capacity of 12.99 mg/g.

We previously reported that methanolic extract of noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia) can inhibit growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This finding suggested that noni fruit has anti-proliferative effect. Previous data based upon FACS (Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting) showed that growth of S.cerevisiae inhibited in G1 to S transition phase in the presence of 1% methanolic extract of noni fruit. Further analysis to explore genes involved in this slow transition step, we conducted real time PCR. Expression some genes changed in the presence of 1% methanolic extract of noni fruit. Transcriptional level of gene CDC28 (cyclin dependent kinase-28), CLN2, CLN3, dan SWI6 changed 2.25, 2.79, 4.87 and 7.21 folds, respectively. This data suggested that over transcription of those gene inhibit cell cycle progression. CDC28 is master regulator of mitotic and meiotic cell cycles, CLN2 and CLN3 are G1 cyclin which play an important role in regulation of cell cycle, and SWI6 is transcription cofactor where forms complexes with SWI4 and MBP1 in regulation of transcription at G1 to S phase transition.

This study aims to study the characteristics of moisture sorption isotherm of fermented cassava flour by red yeast rice at various fitting models and to determine the best fit model. Samples were analyzed at 303K, 308K, and 313K and equilibrium relative humidity (ERH) from 10%-99% using the gravimetric method. The experimental data were fitted into five equations, e.g., Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB), Henderson, Halsey, Oswin, and Chen-Clayton model. The best-fitting model was analyzed using Mean Relative Determination (MRD) analysis. The results showed that the GAB model was the best fitting model for 303K and 308K with MRD coefficient 1.98% and 3.11%. Henderson model was the best fit model for 313K with MRD coefficient 3.32%.

The treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) by Reverse Osmosis (RO) membrane was achieved experimentally. The biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and Color as final response of POME treatment process were selected. However, main influence factors on POME treatment process as concentration, transmembrane pressure and pH were tested on responses. The experimental results of responses were compared to the prediction by applying of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) as a simulation technique to create model of the process. Higher validation of ANN model was found for COD, BOD and Color which the prediction values very close compared to experimental result. The COD removal was investigated as a major affect factor in experiments. The best removal of COD was obtained at lower of POME concentration, pH, transmembrane pressure and time of contact. Therefore, these results showed that appreciate model created by ANN for POME treatment process which contributed easily to apply in industrial filed as future application.

An ion chromatography (IC) have been developed for the simultaneous determination of inorganic cations (Na⁺, NH₄⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, and Ca²⁺) and inorganic anions (PO₄³⁻, Cl⁻, NO₃⁻, and SCN⁻) using a single pump, a single eluent and a single detector. The method is based on column switching means allows anions and/or cations could be determined in a single analysis system. While one ion-exchange column is being operated, the other ion-exchange column is being conditioned, i.e., the columns are always ready for analysis at any time. When the combination of 10 mM tartaric acid was used as the eluent, and operated at eluent flow rate of 0.5 mL/min, five cations and four anions could be separated on the cation-exchange column and the anion-exchange column, respectively. The separation of cations was completed within 15 min, whereas the separation of anions was completed within 40 min. The detection limits was calculated at S/N = 3 were 3.10–12.14 ppb (µg/L) for the cations and 16.00–88.10 ppb for the anions. The relative standard deviations of the all ions were less than 4.81%, 6.30%, and 6.22% for peak height, peak area, and retention time, respectively. The developed technique was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of inorganic cations and anions in human saliva and urine samples.

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) production in Indonesia is estimated around 63 million ton/year [1]. Therefore it is a potential source of contamination when it directly discharged into the river. Even though, POME will be as raw resource biogas production. The aims of this research were to know the effect of fermentation time toward biogas production in truncated pyramid digester. The study was done in three combinations of feedstock with POME concentrations of 90, 80, and 70% and activated sludge concentrations of 10, 20, and 30%. A mixture of POME and activated sludge at 6 L/minutes for 30 days were fed into the digester. The result showed the fermentation time gave significant effect toward biogas production in the truncated pyramid digester. All combinations showed the upward trend in the volume of biogas during fermentation. The highest quantity of biomethane in biogas was 25% mol that the active microbes were added to POME in the ratio 1: 9 in a fed-batch system.

This research has aimed to incorporate the fermented organic acids and papaya leaf extract into chitosan-alginate composites using an ionic -gelation method. The concentration of chitosan was 35 mg/7.5 mL, sodium alginate was 20 mg/7.5 mL, and cross-linking the CaCl₂ cross linker was 20 mM. Variations in the formula Different formulations, are carried out on organic acids with the code of referred to as kumpai-ZnO, legum-ZnO, and kumpai-legum-ZnO. These sample using various organic acids, and the formulations contained as much as 50 mg/7.5 mL of the organic acid. The results of the identification of the chemical contents of the fermented product was lactic acid derivatives as a major component, and there were no alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and or poly phenols content present. The particle characterization results showed they were a homogeneously distributed in size with PDIs from 0.199 to 0.218 with a sizes between of 253.6 to and 286.8 nm. The potential Zeta potential is was found to be -20 to -15 mV by using a particles size analyzer (PSA). Particles were spherical based on the images of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. The best formula formulation was is the formula 3, containing with the kumpai-legum-ZnO content, which was demonstrated by to be 85% encapsulation percentage encapsulated (%EE). The anti-E. coli activity test showed an increase of the particles were 40% of activity the particles compare to more active than the same substances not in particle. The ionic -gelation method successfully created a homogenous particle suspension loading loaded with the active compounds, such as the fermented organic acids and the papaya leaf extract. This system could deliver the active compounds to the bacterial cell of E. coli and S. typimurium bacterial cells.

Heavy metal pollutant such as iron species is harmful to the environment and the health of living things. The method used in heavy metal adsorption was adsorbent such as bio-sorbents and synthethic adsorbents. In this research, sorbitan oleate was used as an iron (III) adsorbent which aims to determine the adsorption capacity of iron(III) with sorbitan oleate and its ratio to pectin. The synthesis of sorbitan oleate was carried out in two stages: dehydration of sorbitol into sorbitan and esterification of sorbitan with oleic acid to form sorbitan oleate. The greater the synthesis time, the acid number of sorbitan oleic synthesis is smaller. Adsorption of iron (III) ions with sorbitan oleate and pectin was carried out at varied temperature (20 °, 30 °, 40 °, 50 ° Celsius), time (30-180 min), and pH (4, 5, 6, 8, 9 ). There was found an optimum condition for sorbitan oleate at 20 °C, 30 minutes, and pH 4; While for pectin at 20 °C, 90 min and pH 5. Adsorption isotherms iron(III) with sorbitan oleate and pectin both follow Freundlich adsorption isotherms with adsorption capacity of iron (III) with sorbitan oleate and pectin respectively are 1.193 and 0.8304. The interaction of iron (III) ions with sorbitan oleate has a stronger interaction than pectin.

The research about synthesis alumina-activated carbon composite using the sol-gel method as adsorption for methylene blue has been done. Activated carbon is made from durian shell. The alumina-activated carbon composite was characterized by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared), SEM-EDS (Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy. The FTIR characterization for activated carbon indicated that the functional groups O-H, C=C, C-H, and C-O while the alumina-activated carbon composite has increased of the functional group of Al-O. SEM analysis of the surface of alumina-activated carbon composite showed that alumina sticks to the activated carbon surface. EDS results showed a decrease of the element C from 64.60% to 20.87% and the increase of Al from 0.86% to 23.02%. The optimum condition adsorption of methylene blue using activated carbon obtained at an initial concentration of 25 mg/L, contact time of 75 minutes and a temperature of 55°C, while the composite alumina-activated carbon obtained at an initial concentration of 30 mg/L, contact time of 90 minutes and the temperature of 75°C. The ability of activated carbon and alumina-activated carbon composite for adsorption methylene blue were 10.7205 mg/g and 14.3662 mg/g, respectively.

Petroleum derivatives oil has been used dominantly as a primary plasticizer in rubber compounding for tyre industries. Despite its harmful effect to the environment, it is also a nonrenewable resources that need to be replaced. This research would study the effect of natural based oil such as castor oil, palm oil, fried - palm oil as an alternative plasticizers to replace petroleum based oil like white oil and minarex oil in Natural Rubber and Styrene Butadiene Rubber (NR-SBR) composites for rubber solid tire. The rubber compounding applied the same amount of each plasticizers which was 8,75 phr in 90/10 phr of NR-SBR composites filled by 64 phr Carbon Black N330 and 34 phr CaCO₃. Physical mechanical properties of 5 formulas were examined, the hardness values range from 68 - 74 ShoreA; tensile strength 118 - 136 kg/cm²; modulus 200% 19,25 – 31,16; density 1,22 - 1,29 g/cm³, abrasion resistance 102,37 - 135,64 mm³, compression set (tested in 25% defl, 70 °C, 22 hours) range from 65,44 to 72,35; and there were no crack for ozone resistance (tested in 50 pphm, 20% strain, 24 hours, 40 °C). To sum up, it is indicated that there is no significant difference in physical mechanical properties of composites using either natural or petroleum based oil as plasticizers.

Functionality analysis of carbon nanosheet (CNS), oxidized carbon nanosheet (o-CNS) and reduced carbon nanosheet oxide (r-CNSO) has been done by using fourier transform infra red (FTIR) and boehm titration methods. The results showed that the functional group differences between CNS, o-CNS and r-CNSO were variated in intensity value for FTIR spectrogram. CNS spectrogram showed a wide peak about 3400 cm⁻¹ for hydroxyl group, bond C=C vibration in 1500 cm⁻¹, epoxy and alkoxy in 1200-1100 cm⁻¹. o-CNS spectrogram shows the carboxilyc acid about 2300 cm⁻¹. Peak at 1700 cm⁻¹ showed for C=C bond of epoxy and alkoxy functional groups were shown in 1250 cm⁻¹ and 1125 cm⁻¹. Hydroxyl group of r-CNSO were showed in the 3441 cm⁻¹. The highest intensity of IR absorbance for hydroxyl group can be observed in r-CNSO. Carboxylic functional group in three carbon type was observed in 2337 cm⁻¹. Moderate peak at 1627 cm⁻¹ showed C=C group. Epoxy and alkoxy were shown in 1172 cm⁻¹ and 1056 cm⁻¹. The Boehm titration method showed that three carbon have differences amounts of funtional groups, except for the carboxylic and lactone groups. The CNS have funtional group concentration for fenolic, lactonic and base were 0.089, 0.069 and 0.082 mmol g⁻¹, respectively. The o-CNS have funtional group concentration for fenolic, lactonic and base were 0.089, 0.078 and 1.146 mmol g⁻¹, respectively. r-CNSO have funtional group concentration for fenolic, lactonic, carboxylic and base were 0.05, 0.1, 0.025 and 0.05 mmol g⁻¹, respectively.

The regularization processes of the TPI glasses drawn at the various low temperatures were investigated by performing the temperature-dependent simultaneous measurements of the 2-dimensional wide-angle and small-angle X-ray scattering patterns. The glassy sample drawn below the cold crystallization temperature but above the glass transition temperature (-70°C) showed the disordered β form, which was found to transform to the regular β form at around -30°C. On the contrary, when we decreased the stretching temperature furthermore; for example -60 and -70°C, it gave the disordered α form. This disordered form transforms to the regular α form by heating to around 30°C. The small-angle X-ray scattering patterns were found to change in parallel with the wide-angle X-ray diffraction pattern changes, revealing a correlation between the crystalline phase transition and higher-order structure change in these regularization processes. These paracrystalline are packed in the smaller crystal cell than the regular form.

Wastewater from hospital and community health centre facility can contain hazardous chemicals and harmful microbes such as viruses, multi-resistant bacteria to medical contrast agents and chemicals for treatment. Other country has placed pharmaceutical products on substances that be regulated in hospital effluent. The FLASH treatment plant involves physical and biological pre-treatment, followed by Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) based on catalytic ozonation and followed by granulated activated carbon (GAC) and powdered activated carbon (PAC) filtration. Two dominant oxidants are present in ozonation applications: ozone (O₃) and hydroxyl radicals (HO,). Hydroxyl radicals are a highly reactive decomposition product of ozone and represent the main oxidant in AOPs. Conventional ozonation, both ozone and hydroxyl radicals can act as oxidants. In AOPs, hydroxyl radicals represent the primary transformation mechanism. Different ozonization types for treating wastewater from hospital and community health centre facility were considered and reviewed, and FLASH as the most common and efficient processes were discussed. In year 2015, 140 FLASH have been applied and gave satisfaction result for 100% effective meet the quality standard from regulation Ministry of Environment of Republic Indonesia for waste water quality standards Number 5/2014. FLASH treatment system could have great significance for hospitals and Community Health Centre Facility in Indonesia that face problems as removing micro pollutant. BUMA FLASH treatment is the first develop hospital wastewater treatment in Indonesia based Catalytic Ozonation Based Advanced Oxidation Process.

Two quinolinone alkaloids, N-methylflindersine (1), flindersine (2) and two acylphloroglucinols, evodionol (3), methylevodionol (4) were isolated from the leaves of Melicope denhamii. Structures of compounds were elucidated using spectroscopic methods such as UV, IR, HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR. Compounds 1-4 were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against P-388 cells, compound 2 showed moderate activity with IC₅₀ 4.86 μg/ml.

Synthesis of hybrid photocatalyst of TiO₂-chitosan has been done. Chitosan as a raw material was chitosan-β obtained from chitosan isolation from squid bone. Chitosan from squid bone has a soft structure and very little to contain minerals and other impurities so easily obtained. Hybrid photocatalyst TiO₂-chitosan was synthesized by a sol-gel method in which the incorporation of chitosan as a supporting material and TiO₂ having a function as a photocatalytic agent was dispersed on the β-chitosan surface. The hybrid of TiO₂-chitosan photocatalysts was characterized by FTIR and SEM/EDX shows the functional groups and surface morphologies of hybrid photocatalyst TiO₂-chitosan covered by uniformly distributed TiO₂ nanoparticles. The FTIR spectrum showed the O-Ti-O absorption bands at the wavenumber of 678.98 cm⁻¹ and the typical absorption of chitosan the -OH at the wavenumbers of 3425.58 cm⁻¹, 3834.49 cm⁻¹, and 3873.06 cm⁻¹, respectively.

Rare earth elements are often correlated to A-type granite. Unggan Granite is A-type granite which is located in Sijunjung Regency, West Sumatra. This study discusses the rare earth elements composition on A-type Unggan Granite and compares the element abundance to the nearest A-type granite from Sibolga. Total REE of the studied location in the part of Solok Quadrangle is averagely 860 ppm. XRF and ICP-MS at Center for Geology Survey were applied to measure the composition of major oxides, trace elements, and rare earth elements in the selected granite. Megascopically, the samples are dark red and coarse grain granites with quartz and feldspar as major minerals. Major oxides content of the samples affirms the samples as granite based on geochemistry composition. Ga, Nb, and Y amounts in the granites reveal the A-type affinity. The average REE abundance of Unggan Granite is higher than the A-type section of Sibolga Granite. The selected rock are classified in shoshonitic series with lanthanum and neodymium as the major REE. Negative Ce and negative Eu anomalies in normalized spider plot are detected in the samples. The granite characters are worth to be explored more for national income from rare earth elements resource.

Soyghurt is a product of fermented soy milk which beneficial nutrients and functional food. This study was conducted to isolate and characterize bioactive peptides from soyghurt hydrolysates which potential as antihypertensive drugs. Soyghurt precipitated by the addition of HCl 1M and centrifuged. Pepsin as a proteolytic enzyme was used to hydrolyzed soygurt with enzyme/substrate ratio (1/20) at 37 °C and pH 4.5 by interval of hydrolysis time 2, 4, 8 and 16 hours. The quantity of protein hydrolysates determined by Lowry method and the peptide pattern analyzed by SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). Antihypertensive activity of soyghurt hydrolysates determined by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory assay. Protein hydrolysates with the highest inhibition capacity purified by gel filtration column G-15. The results of this study show that soygurt hydrolysates with the highest of ACE inhibition obtained by 16 hours of hydrolysis with the highest degree of hydrolysis (51.6%) and antihypertensive activity 90.2%. This soygurt hydrolysates could potentially be used as natural antihypertensive agent.

The research was intended to characterize mango powder which produced by small industries. Research using randomized complete design with drying temperature (50°C, 60°C, 70°C) as the treatment with 3 replications. Mango used in this research were varieties mangga harum manis and fillers used were sucrose at concentration of 20%. The physicochemical properties of powders produced observed were water content, ascorbic acid, color, hygroscopicity, flowability, index solubility and total plate count investigated by using the gravimetric method, titrimetric, and plate count respectively. While for color were investigated by using Munsell color system consisting of lightness, hue angle, and chroma. The results showed that oven drying successfully produced mango powder which has water content ranged from 2.366 ± 0.576% up to 2.938 ± 0.691%, and total plate count 1.667 ± 0.039 log cfu up to 1.748 ± 0.038 log cfu. The highest ascorbic acid content was obtained from treatment at 50°C namely 0.146 ± 0.016%. Test on the color showed that mango powder which was dried at 50°C have the highest lightness of 75.6 ± 1.356, chroma of 41.00 ± 1.414 and hue of 82.4 ± 1.02° The flowability of all powder indicated fair flow properties (angle of repose 37.77-38.356°), the hygroscopicity of 8.32-9.43%, the degree of caking was 9.54-10.00% and index solubility were 97.73%-98.90%.

Bioethanol as a source of energy from biomass of garlic peels and corn (Zea mays L.) cobs waste come into one alternative to reduce the dependence of fossil fuels and the increasingly severe environmental damage. The aims at the research were bioethanol producing with optimum level of garlic (Allium sativum) peels and corn cob revealed from yeast co culture and stirring ratio and interaction between both. Fermentation performed during 3 days with various yeast co culture of yeast tape and bread yeast with stirring ratio and control (without stirring). Data analyzed on each type of waste source by design of factorial treatment (4 × 2) and Randomized Block Design (RBD ) with 4 repetitions. As the first factor is the ratio of yeast tape co-culture and bread yeast consisting of 4 levels, that is 7.5%:7.5%; 10%:5%; 15%:5% and 20%:5%. A second factor is done stirring and without stirring. Comparison of the ethanol production percentage performed between the raw materials source. The research can be concluded that the most optimal of ethanol content of garlic peels are 7.428 ± 0.072% on interaction ratio of tape yeast 15% and bread yeast 5% with stirring. The most optimum ethanol product of corn cobs is 8.19% produced at ratio of 10% yeast tape and 5% yeast bread with stirring.

The using of some water plants to improve the quality of waters which is polluted by acid mine drainage (AMD) containing sulphate(SO₄²⁻) and heavy metal(Fe and Mn) can be used as one of the ways of biological controls which is environmental friendly, accurate, effective and efficient. Research about "The Ability Test Several Types of Water Plants as the Agents Phytoremediation Acid Mine Drainage Coal PT Bukit Asam, TanjungEnim, South Sumatera" aims to know the ability of Eichhorniacrassipes, Limnocharisflava, and Neptuniaoleraceain phytoremediation acid mine drainage coal at many concentrations. This research use complete randomly plans (CRP), the pattern factorial with two factors, they were water plants (Eichhorniacrassipes, Limnocharisflava, and Neptuniaoleracea) and concentration of acid mine drainage coal (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%), every combination was repeated twice. Based on the data from the research, Eichhorniacrassipes, Limnocharisflava, and Neptuniaoleracea are potentially as agent of phytoremediation AMD. The high percentage of decreasing sulphate (SO₄²⁻) at 75% concentration of AMD as media for water plant but the ability of water plant to decreased sulphate is same level. Interaction between kinds of water plants with concentration of AMD effect the percentage of decreasing manganese (Mn), L. flavain 75% concentration of AMD has the percentage of decreasing manganese which is high rather than E. crassipesand N. oleraceain different concentration of AMD. By considering its ability of growth in AMD, N. oleraceahas a better capability than E. crassipes and L. flava.

Heavy metals pollution in aquatic environment has a significant adverse effect for biota especially invertebrates, fishes and also humans. Lead is toxic even at low concentration, whereas copper toxicity requires high concentration. The bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of heavy metals in seagrass and some fishes from coast Batam, Riau Islands, Indonesia were studied. Tissues from Enhallus accoroides, Siganus sp, Sphyraena sp, Caesionidae sp and Chaetodontidae sp were collected from six locations and the bioconcentration factors separately determined. The concentration of Cu in samples still meets with the permissible limit. However the concentration of Pb in four species of fishes were exceed the permissible limit. The BCFs study revealed the ability of fishes and seagrass to accumulate Cu and Pb. Level of Cu in seagrass tissues obtained higher than Pb. As demonstrated in BCFs study, the accumulation of Cu in fish was decreasing as follows: Siganus sp>Sphyreaena sp> Chaetodontidae sp>Chaesionide sp. The accumulation of Pb in fish was decreasing respectively as follow: Sphyreaena sp>Chaetodontidae sp>Siganus sp> Chaesionidae sp.

Kaempferia galanga L is a tropical plant that grows in many areas in Indonesia known as medicinal plants and herbal ingredients by the community. There are many secondary metabolite compounds in K. galanga such as ethyl cinnamic, paraffin, borneol, p-methoxystyrene and ethyl p-methoxycinnamate. The ethyl p-methoxycinnamate compound is known to be the major compound in K. galanga and is widely used in the cosmetic and anti-fungal. Many benefits of the ethyl p-methoxycinnamate compound make the need for this compound constantly increasing and the need for an isolation method that can produce this compound in large quantities. The isolation method used in this research is the soxhletation method using ethanol solvent and recrystallization using n-hexane solvent. Samples of K. galanga were used as much as 50 gram and obtained crystalline ethyl p-methoxycinnamate as much as 0.49 gram with percentage of rendement as much 0.98%. The resulting crystalline ethyl p-methoxycinnamate has been identified using UV-vis spectroscopy, IR and H-NMR.

Electrolysis method is one of the newest method recently used for biodiesel production. It is hoped that the use of electrode may minimise energy usage in the process for producing biodiesel. In this research, electrolysis process has been tested using raw materials of crude palm oil (CPO) and waste cooking oil (WCO). Methanol is used as solvent with volumetric ratio of 12:1 to raw material, with catalyst of NaOH and KOH. Stirring is employed to quicken the contact between raw materials and the electrodes. The distance between the two electrodes is 15 mm. Electrolysis is started by stirring the mixture at 500 rpm for 2 hours with electrical voltage varied at 14 V, 16 V, 18 V, 20 V, and 24 V. By the use of this method, biodiesel with best quality has been found from raw material of WCO with maximal conversion of 98.6% and highest yield of 90.26%. This result is achieved at condition of 18 V with catalyst of KOH. According to Faraday laws, current density is proportional to the amount product from anode or cathode. Yet, this also depends on the space between the two electrodes. As conclusion, electrolysis method may make transesterification reaction between triglyceride and methanol to occur which gives yield to biodiesel product with high conversion.

Antibacterial resistance has been a major health issue and remains a threat to the global health care system. Endophytic fungi, particularly those isolated from medicinal plants are potential as a source of new antibiotics.The endophytic fungi were isolated from the surface of sterilized leaves of jambu biji (Psidium guajava L.) by potato dextrose agar (PDA) and the isolates were identified through their morphological characteristics. The antibacterial activities from ethyl acetate extracts of endophytic fungi were evaluated against Escherichia coli and Salmonella tiphiby Kirby Bauer method. Four endophytic fungi were isolated from the leaves of jambu biji and were identified asAspergillus niger Van Tieghem, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus Fres, and Aspergillus sp.(J4).The antibacterial activity of the extracts was classified as moderate and strong category as its inhibition zone was in the range of ≥50% compared to positive control. Therefore, this extract has the potential to be developed into an antibiotic drug. The first section in your paper.

A new quinolone alkaloid, melimoluccanin (1) along with two known alkaloids, leptanoine C (2) and 7-O-isoprenyl-γ-fagarin (3) were isolated from the leaves of Melicope moluccana T.G. Hartley. Structures all of compounds were elucidated using spectroscopic methods such as UV, IR, HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR. Compounds 1-3 were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against P-388 cells and for antimalaria activity using giemsa methods. The cytotoxic data of compounds 1-3 showed IC₅₀ of 0.63; 5.85 and 2.09 μg/mL, respectively. The antiplasmodial activity of compound 1-3 showed IC₅₀ value of 4.28; 2,28 and 0.18 μg/mL, respectively. Based on the data, it can be concluded that compound 1 has high activity against P-388 cells and compound 3 is potential as antimalaria.

Synthesis NaY zeolite using natural kaolin (Si/Al ratio∼1) as an alternative source for silica and alumina is still challlenging. The aims of this study is to find out an effective and enviromentally friendly route to synthesis NaY zeolite from different source of silica and alumina. Pre-treatment kaolin like purification and fragmentation were conducted in order to reducing major impurity in kaolin such as quartz. Activation kaolin by Sub-Molten Salt System (SMS) using NaOH was employed because structure of Si-O and Al-O are inert and inactive. The kaolin was produced then used to synthesis NaY zeolite through hydrothermal method with a seeding technique using the mole ratio of (seed gel (5% of Al): 10,67Na₂O: Al₂O₃: 10SiO₂: 180H₂O) [1]. In order to find out optimum condition, the variation of crystallization time was performed. By the various characterization technique, the experimental result reported that NaY zeolite has the structure with mesoporous pore 3.6 nm and Si/Al ratio 3.8.

Synthesis of ZSM-5 zeolite was conducted using natural zeolite of Bayat-Klaten by employing fragmentation method of sub-molten system through breaking zeolite framework into its monomer in alkaline condition at 250°C. Prior to fragmentation, one part of zeolite was treated with dealumination and the other one without dealumination, labeled as ZSM-5_a and ZSM-5_wa, respectively. Characterization with FTIR, XRD, and EDX showed that the fragmentation was successful, in which the structure of zeolite was damaged and the infrared bands due to AlO₄ and SiO₄ were appeared. The synthesis of ZSM-5 was performed hydrothermally using tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPAOH) as a directing agent of pore structure and addition of LUDOX (40% silica suspension in water). The XRD characterization showed the as synthesized materials had the structure of ZSM-5 zeolites with high crystallinity. Imaging with SEM showed the characteristic of hexagonal ZSM-5 crystals. The BET surface area analysis showed a typical surface area of microporous zeolite, 262 m²/g, and pore diameter of 1.496 nm; indicating that the ZSM-5 zeolite obtained was micropore size. The Si/Al ratio of ZSM-5_a and ZSM-5_wa were 18 and 21, respectively. These results indicated that Bayat-Klaten natural zeolite can be used as silica and alumina source for high crystalline ZSM-5 with medium Si/Al ratio and having good thermal stability. Thus, these materials are potential to be tested as fluid hydrocracking catalyst.

The study aimed to analyze the level of chemistry student's understanding of chemical concepts and critical thinking disposition that learn using problem based learning model. This research is a descriptive research. The subjects of the study were 35 students in the sixth semester of chemistry education program, University of Mataram, Indonesia. The student level of conceptual understanding data was obtained through three levels multiple choice tests, whereas the level of student critical thinking disposition data was collected by CTD questionnaire. The student level of conceptual understanding results showed that 58.57 % of students understood the concept well, 4.99 % understood the concept, 23.46 % were unsure and had misconceptions and 12.98 % had not understood the concept correctly. The analysis of the level of critical thinking disposition indicates that the student critical thinking disposition was categorized as positive. Correlation test indicated a significant correlation between conceptual understandings with critical thinking disposition. In conclusion, the level of conceptual understanding and the critical thinking disposition of students after learning using problem-based learning model were categorized as positive and both have a significant correlation.