Table of contents

2^nd International Conference on "Computational and Experimental Methods in Mechanical Engineering" (ICCEMME-2019)

3^rd – 5^th May, 2019

G. L. Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management, Greater Noida, India

2^nd International Conference on "Computational and Experimental Methods in Mechanical Engineering" (ICCEMME-2019) was held in Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India from 3^rd to 5^th of May 2019. It was organized by Mechanical Engineering Department of G L Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management, Greater Noida. The conference provides opportunity for young researchers, students and experienced researchers working in various domains of mechanical engineering such as Thermal Engineering, Design, CAD/CAM, Automobile, Materials Processing and Production Engineering etc. The conference further provides a worthy and valuable platform for display and exchange of latest research and thoughts in mechanical engineering. The editorial board consists of Dr.V.R. Mishra (Professor and Head of Mechanical Engineering Department), Dr. S. P. Diwedi, Dr. Ashish Gupta, Dr. Shivam Mishra, Mr. Avdhesh Tyagi and Mr. Rohit Sahu.

We had received over 300 papers from various domains of mechanical engineering and people from different parts of India and also had a global impact as we had received papers from different parts of world as well. After the peer-review process 98 papers were accepted to be published in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. We are very grateful to all the reviewers, both local and international for giving their precious time and sincere effort in maintaining the quality of the papers. Their sincere feedback to the authors is highly appreciated.

The organizing committee of ICCEMME-2019 is thankful to all the sponsors for their financial support and also thankful to each and every individual who contributed for making this event successful and to the Proceedings publication.

With regards

Team ICCEMME-2019

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

The main idea is to study the outcome parameters of FSW on finest quality of AA7075-T6. The welding of AA7075 is done by vertical milling machine with using different tools. Different welding parameters are studied on fluctuating tool rotational speed which varies 900 to 1750 (rpm), having tool shoulder diameter between 15 to 20 mm and transverse speed of the table which is under the range of 30 to 45 (mm/min). Taguchi technique is used for optimizing the welding parameters. In this present investigation three factorial and three level designed are used for optimization through the Taguchi Technique. The result which are detected defines that due to increase in rotational speed the tensile strength of welded joint increases and tensile strength decrease due to the frictional heat which is generated during the FSW process.

In article considered modeling of fastening post bridge barriers to the bridge, bearing system used chemical adhesive anchor systems at static and dynamic loads. In paper shown the possibilities of the analysis of the causes of critical plastic deformations and extreme stresses in the bridge barrier elements at the static and dynamic loads due to crash of the vehicle on bridge barriers. Analysis of the operation of bridge barriers in a collision allowed the optimal parameters to provided and saved lives in case of accidents.

Non-edible biodiesel extracted from jatropha oil is broadly studied to solve the twin problem of reduction of fossil fuels and environmental degradation. The present study is conducted on unmodified variable compression ratio (VCR) diesel engine for exploring the effect of biodiesel blends. The performance characteristics of Jatropha oil are compared with diesel fuel at two compression ratios 17 and 18. The viscosity and density are 23% and 3.9% higher with respect to diesel for pure jatropha methyl ester and calorific value is lower for J100, 6.8% with respect to diesel. Performance and emission have been observed better when compression ratio increases from 17 to 18 and also notice that the hydrocarbon (HC) and carban monoxide (CO) emission reduced but corban dioxide CO₂ and NO_X emission increases.

This study emphasis on the optimization of the operating parameters viz. gear fabrication technique, rotational speed and applied torque on fabricated gears to improve their performance. Polymer gears are injection molded using conventional and horizontal centrifugal casting technique known as homogeneous and FGM gears, respectively. Material used to fabricate the gear is High Density Polyethylene (HDPE). Taguchi technique is used to optimize the performance output of homogeneous and FGM gears with respect to input parameters such as torque and rotational speeds. Three different rotational speeds of 400, 700 and 1000 rpm along with three different torque levels of 1, 2 and 3 Nm are selected for this investigation. Number of cycles of 1.5×10⁵ was fixed for the experimentation. The influence of input control parameters on performance output is analysed by ANOVA analysis. The results finding show that the thermal behavior of gear is very much affected by torque whereas the specific wear rate (WR) is utmost pointedly influenced by the gear fabrication technique i.e. FGM gear has small tooth wear in the compression of homogeneous and neat HDPE gears.

This work presents vibration and harmonic behaviour of cross-ply composite plates with anti-symmetric lamination scheme of layers. Convergence test and comparison studies for different parameters with respect to number of modes have been carried out using the finite element method. The finite element package ANSYS is used to determine the frequency parameter and resonance amplitude of the plate. The effects of different parameters on the vibration and harmonic behaviour, are discussed. The frequency-amplitude relationships are obtained and presented on frequency response function graph. The clamped, simply supported, free and the combinations of boundary conditions are considered. Effects of damping factor on harmonic response are also investigated.

A useful technique for obtaining the stable approximated model is proposed by combining modified inverse distance measure and modified Cauer continued fraction method. Modified inverse distance measure is based on pole clustering technique used to get the suitable dominant poles of the approximated model and modified Cauer continued fraction method has the advantages of approximation at the steady state as well as initial transient situations. Effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through considering numerical cases. The suggested method is computer oriented and simple in calculation.

In this paper, harmonic behaviour of laminated composite skew plates is presented with a symmetric and anti-symmetric arrangement of layers. The convergence and validity of the model have been checked by comparing different type of example available in published literature. From the comparison study, it can be easily observed that proposed model is being capable of solving the skew structures with adequate accuracy. The effects of various skew angles, lamination scheme and number of layers have been demonstrated. The results show the maximum variation in the non-dimensional fundamental frequency is limited to 3% for a symmetrically laminated skew plate. It is clear from the results that the maximum resonance amplitude occurs at the first fundamental mode of vibration at different skew angle. Finite element package ANSYS is employed for analysis of the plates. The SHELL281 element is chosen to mesh the model.

This paper focuses on advancement of an autonomous robot manipulator for pick and place applications using Artificial Intelligence Technique. The mobile robot carries a four Degree of Freedom (DOF) robotic arm for picking a particular object from a given initial position to the required target position in an unknown static environment, while tackling obstacles and implementing path planning algorithm using artificial intelligence technique. The proposed artificial intelligence technique employs the optimization strategy, based on a novel meta-heuristic approach for mobile robot path planning. The mobile manipulator involves the use of infrared, ultrasonic sensors for detecting obstacles, microcontroller for artificial intelligence software and geared motors & servo motors for motion locomotion. The effectiveness of the method was tested and verified by via simulation mode on four different trajectories. From the simulation results, it was found that approximately path length and elapsed time of triangular shape, conical shape, cubical shape&S- shapeobstacles environments are 70.22, 70.92, 71.29 & 70.36 pixels and 117.93, 73.94, 122.86 & 117.87 seconds respectively.

Active magnetic bearings (AMBs)are mechatronic systems to support the rotors without any physical contact. Compact AMBs are required for better performance. Present work aims at optimization of AMB for achieving the compact size. Genetic algorithms (GAs) are mostly used for the optimization of such nonlinear design problems. However, GAs with fixed parameters may result in convergence to local optimal solutions and sluggish convergence speed.To remove these deficiencies, the adaptive multipopulation genetic algorithm (AMPGA) is used for the optimization of AMB in the present work. In this algorithm, crossover and mutation probabilities and migration rateare regulated based onpopulation diversity. In addition, real-encoded chromosomes are used. Performance of the designed AMPGA is studied in terms of the convergence speed and optimal solution. It is found that AMPGA converges at a faster rate and gives a better optimal solution than both multipopulation genetic algorithm (MPGA) and simple genetic algorithm (SGA). The optimal value of the AMB size obtained by AMPGA is found to be smaller than that obtained by MPGA and SGA.

The Articulated Robotic Arm is gaining huge importance in industries due to its high precision work and ease in carrying out heavy tasks. This paper is related with the modeling and analysis of an articulated robotic arm which can be utilized for material handling tasks. For designing and simulation of the articulated robotic arm with material handling gripper SOLIDWORKS^® software is used. In the process of modeling, an analysis such as the study of the finite element method would be very helpful in the early stage of design. The result of the analysis will show the strength and weakness of the design. The finite element analysis was carried out using ANSYS^® software workbench to study the model of a robotic arm with different materials and various loading conditions. The results of the analysis are reviewed for selecting the best material and also approving good feasibility of the articulated robotic arm.

This paper focused an experimental study of heat pipe to predict the performance of the heat pipe at different tilt angle. The distilled water is used as a working fluid in this study. The temperature was measured with data acquisition system at variouspositions of heat pipe after steady state. The performance of heat pipe is predicted by the deviation of temperature at different section of heat pipe at different tilt angle and heat input power. Thermal resistance is also estimated to understand the behaviour of heat pipe. It is observed thatbehaviour of heat pipe is very poor at 90 degree inclination compare to other inclination angle. The optimum condition for getting high thermal performance from heat pipe is at 0 degree inclination for low power inputhowever at high power input it is observed at 45 degree inclination angle.

This paper highlights the requirements for development of an Expert System for selection of Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM). TBM selection is a very intricate process requiring a great deal of expertise in the field of machine, geographical conditions, cost and many other factors. This paper briefly explains the need and methodology to select a TBM. This selection is done here on various geographical parameters. This preliminary stage developed software completely understands the various rules used and generates a promising result.

In this era of intense economic competition as well as harsh and complicated environmental conditions, it is of utmost importance to achieve the high productivity and production of the mining equipment. This paper strives to analyze reliability and maintainability of Load, haul and dump (LHD) machine and to compute inherent availability of LHD machine in Saoner Mine Nagpur India. In this paper, renewal process is used for the modelling of the mechanical failures of the LHD. The validation of data whether it is independent and identically distributed (IID) is done by assessing the presence of trend and serial correlation with the help of graphical method. The parameters of various distributions were found by using Math Wave Easy Fit 5.6 professional software. Chi-square test has been applied for selecting the best fit distribution model. Further the study of the two parameter log normal distribution theory and its parameters is presented using log normal probability theory. The study reflects that analysis of reliability is a powerful tool for determining the intervals of maintenance.

Mining is the extraction of coal and minerals from the earth crust. Mining is mainly divided into two categories: opencast and underground mining. These mining activities are accomplished with the help of heavy engineering machine. The execution of these mining machines depends on machine reliability, operating environment, operating process and skill of the operator. In mining, a large number of heavy machinery are used and those are very costly. The failure of these machinery effects coal production. Therefore to overcomethese losses, reliability analysis is required. This paper represents a case study showing reliability and maintainability of universal drill machine (UDM) at Saoner mines, Nagpur, India. UDM is a crucial mechanism for the mining industry. The main work carried out by these machinesis drilling operation at a minimum time with higher accuracy resulting in the increased productivity. For survival in the intense competition and complicated environmental condition, it is necessary that UDM must be maintained effectively and efficiently. To check whether the collected data are independent and identically distributed(IID) or not, trend and serial correlation test are performed. To get the best fit distribution of data by K-S test, the easy-fit software is used. These distributions draw reliability as well as maintainability graph of the system. These graphs show that the machine is not working properly. To achieve high reliability of UDM, proper review of maintenance programme should be done.

Dynamic analysis of rolling element bearing is important due to the increasing demand in running accuracy of rotor bearing. A lot of research work has been done on rolling element bearing as a structural element of the machine and vibration generation source. In this study, an improved model is designed to analyse vibrations in a ball bearing during run-up. The integration technique is use to simulate the response of defective bearings. Dynamic response of bearing has been simulated to study the effect of parameters such as defect width, depth and radial clearance. The results are observed as the peak frequency amplitude decreases with increase in defect width, 40% decrease for 133% increase in width, whereas it increases with increase in defect depth, 75% increase for 133% increase in depth.

Abstract This paper provides overview of wind energy development from ancient period to present and focus on grid power generation as well as wind power generation. By comparing wind power generation, it has increased trice compared to last 3 dotages. Due to rapid requirement of wind power, power converter technology placed a major role in developing the wind power generation. Since the wind energy technology is very complex for developing wind energy effectively so in this paper we are focusing for an reactive power control method due to which the output power can be control very effectively by using Static Synchronous Compensator called COM.Since in wind power generation it is very essential to get variable output. And STATCOM can vary the output according the requirement by absorbing or generating the reactive power in the system. For recognizing the potential issues and planning a system to reduce them, an exhaustive know-how is required. Coordinating elevated amounts of wind control calls for additionally control and remunerating types of gear to encourage recuperation from framework unsettling influences with high level of seriousness. This paper tosses light into utilizing adequately, a Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) for settling the matrix voltage following network side unsettling influences.

Due to developing population, economic improvement, and monetary development, strength is the most fundamental dearth and may assist in lessening the usage of fossil fuels. Around the world 86.4% of strength is introduced through fossil fuels. All inclusive, India positions fourth a few of the international locations that create wind power. The maximum current 5 years development in wind strength in India is nearly 16 %. Wind is the aberrant kind of solar orientated electricity and is usually being recharged by way of the solar. It has been assessed that approximately 10 million MW of electricity are persistently accessible in the earth's wind. Wind strength gives a variable and environmental pleasant opportunity and countrywide electricity security even as diminishing global stores of fossils products debilitates the long haul manageability of worldwide economic system. This paper introduces with a technological review of wind strength conversion structures. Right here numerous wind mills, generators and electricity converter topologies are mentioned with their classifications, technical features and latest developments. On this evaluation paper an excellent in magnificence is centered on constitutive factors, structure and manipulate of wind era structures and the state-of-the-art studies traits in wind electricity conversion system.

The infinite length piezoelectric circular cylindrical shell is considered in the present study, which is subjected to axisymmetric external pressure and applied electrical voltage in radial direction. The mathematical formulation of the system is adopted simultaneous linear homogeneous ordinary differential equations as governing equations. These governing equations are further solved by using finite difference method. Numerical results of the analysis provides comparative study of conventional method with FDM method and show that piezoelectric effect improves stability of shell.

Indian Railways boasts as the superior modes of transportation in the country and it functions in all rural and urban networks including narrow, meter and broad gauges. Railway accidents due to mechanical failure of wheels are still considered with primary importance by research and development wing. Studies have revealed that the braking of tread zone of wheel results in non-uniform heating and creates severe stresses in railroad car wheels. The existing trend towards high speed trains and larger axle loads has created a need for a better understanding of the technology involved in designing of wheel. All the types of trains including freight and passenger, are generally braked using cast iron brake blocks which adds to the thermal loading on the wheel. Braking application for long time results in high temperatures on the wheel tread and the rim. Thermal loading has sufficient capability to not only initiate cracks but also increases the crack growth rate.

Knee function in squatting is an important consideration for activity of daily living. However, there are only a limited number of studies reporting biomechanics of deep knee flexion beyond 90⁰. The joint and muscle forces calculated from the data collected from six healthy subjects performing squatting and rising from a deep squat using a force plate, a marker system and EMG. The estimated tibio-femoral joint forces were between 4.7 and 5.6 times body weight in vertical direction and 2.9-3.5 times body weight in horizontal direction. These forces are much larger than the forces during normal walking. A mathematical model shows the external forces acting on the segments of lower limbs are the gravity forces and inertia forces due to mass segments of limb and the reactive forces transmitted from the ground. The ground reaction forces have the enormous effect on the leg during stance phase of walking whereas the gravity forces and the inertia forces are predominantly responsible for the forces at joints during swing phase of walking. The moment developed by the external forces at the respective joint is counterbalanced by the moment developed by the contraction of muscle forces about the joint to keep the joint in dynamic equilibrium.

Aerofoil with anti-singing trailing edge has been seen as the treatment to eliminate singing. The present study numerically investigates the bevel and chamfer anti-singing trailing edges with rounded ones in flat plates. The effects of 25°, 45°, 10° bevel and 15°, 45° chamfer angles provided at the trailing edge of the flat plate on the aerodynamic characteristics are systematically compared with rounded ones at a Reynolds number of 1.5x10⁵ and 25°, 30° and 45° angle of attack. The substantial reduction of primary vortex shedding frequency is observed in 25°, 45°, 10° bevel and 15°, 45° chamfer trailing edges as compared to the rounded one. Also, the presence of broader wake profile indicates higher drag in rounded trailing edge geometry as compared to anti-singing trailing edges. Thus, the present study demonstrates that the 45° and 10° bevel trailing edge could provide better anti-singing behavior and aerodynamic performance in comparison with 25° bevel, 15°, 45° chamfer and rounded trailing edge.

The present experimental study aims to investigate the variations in rheological characteristics of TiO₂ nanoparticles doped biodiesel diesel fuel blends at different temperatures and nanoparticle mass fractions. Fuel blends of Acacia Concinna biodiesel (AC BD) in the volume fraction of 40% are mixed with in the remaining 60% volume fraction of mineral diesel. Fuel blends are modified by doping TiO₂ nanoparticles in the weight fraction of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 g/liter in biodiesel diesel fuel blends. These modified fuel blends (MNF) are prepared by means of mechanical stirring and ultra-sonication process, which are tested on Rheometer in a temperature range of 293K-363K under different shear rates. The experimental results showed that at concentration of 0.4 g/liter the viscosity of modified fuel blend (MNF0.4) was 7.16% more than the viscosity of mineral diesel. This increase in viscosity of MNF fuel blends are undesirable due to the fact that high injection pressure is required for proper atomization and combustion of fuel, which otherwise overshadows the gain in total heat release rate due to high heat of combustion of TiO2 nanoparticles. Furthermore, rheological characteristics of nanoparticle mixed modified fuel blends are found to be non- Newtonian and shear thinning. The findings of present study ascertain us that modified fuel blend up to 0.2 g/liter of TiO2 nanoparticle concentration (MNF0.2) in AC can be used as alternative fuel without much modifications in the operating and design parameters of existing diesel engine.

Automisation of agricultural processes provides the benefits of increased efficiency, productivity, healthy crops, efficient use of resources & material and labour cost savings. In this paper, an autonomous seed-sowing robot is designed to cope up the above goals. The robot divides the field into a grid with intersection points as places where the seeds are sown. The depth of the hole, the distance between points where the seeds are sown is calculated according to government data and is fed to the logic board of the robot. The robot goes to the starting points and makes a hole using a toothed wheel with teeth of increasing height. The delivery system makes sure that only one seed is dispensed per hole and the back plate mechanism fills the hole after sowing is done. Sensors are used for obstacle detection and robot changes its path accordingly. There are several robots available in the market and research has been done on many more, that perform the above functions separately but no one has integrated all the above functions in one system. The proposed robot does this and provides a better solution for low productivity nations.

Bio-diesel has become more popular in recent timesas of its low after emissions and due to its extraction from renewable resources. Transesterification process is used to extract the bio-diesel from oil either by edible oil or by non-edible oil. The use of biodiesel has created a constructive effect in solving issues of decrement in petroleum stocks. Biodiesel can be extracted with the use of edible &non-edible vegetable oils. However, use of edible oils can threaten the food storage, so non-edible oil, which is also acknowledged as second-generation feedstock, can be used as another option in extraction of biodiesel from oil. This paper has explained in detailed some of the categories of non-edible vegetables oils have higher quality of biodiesel. In this review, an endeavor has done on bio-diesel production of various non-edible oil and its influence on internal combustion engines performance and emissions characteristics.

Now a day's energy is the key concern for the whole world. Fossil fuels are limited in the world therefore scientist and researchers are looking for new renewable and sustainable source of energy. Vegetable oil plays an important role for the substitute of petro diesel. More than 300 oil-bearing crops edible and non-edible are known. Using of edible oil as a source of energy unnecessary creates an issue of food vs. fuel. Therefore, now researchers are working on non-edible source of energy. This paper discusses the role of non-edible biodiesel as an alternate fuel. It compares the performance and emission behaviour of non-edible oil specially found in South Asia region. Jathropha, Karanja, Neem, rubber seed, castor and Mahua are some important source of bio fuels. It is reported that performance and emission characteristics of non-edible biodiesel are comparable with diesel. Moreover non-edible biodiesel blend with limited amount (up to 20 %) can be replaced with petro diesel without any engine modification.

Nowadays every country is facing energy crisis. Continuous extraction of crude oil resulting in depletion of fossil fuels reserves. It is motivating researchers to develop alternative source of enrgy.Biodiesel is promising alternative for petro-diesel. Lot of work has been done on single biodiesel blend of edible and non-edible source of energy. Very few works has been found on dual biodiesel blend. In the present study, combined blend of second-generation fuel (Jathropha and Karanja) was studied on single cylinder four-stroke multi fuel diesel engine test rig. Performance and emission analysis has been examined at different load and constant speed (1500 rpm). Result showed that break thermal efficiency of diesel is higher than all blends of biodiesel. Break specific fuel consumption of combined blend (JK15KB15) was significantly higher than diesel and marginally lower than single blend of Jathropha (JB30) or Karanja (KB30). Combined blend of JB15KB15 showed lower HC, CO emission but higher NO_x emission than diesel. Moreover JK15KB15 showed better emission characteristics than single biodiesel blend with diesel.

An air conditioning system consumes enormous amount of energy particularly in the areas having hot and humid weather conditions. Thus, improvement in the performance of an air conditioner for such climatic conditions can be obtained by incorporating evaporative cooling instead of conventional air cooling. In this paper, effectiveness of an air conditioner unit using air cooled condenser and evaporatively cooled condenser is performed experimentally by varying three different air flow rates i.e (4.5, 6.0 and 7.5 m/s). Experimental results indicate that utilization of evaporatively cooled conditioning unit has a remarkable effect on the COP (Coefficient of performance) and rate of improvement is also better than conventional air cooled conditioning unit.

The diesel engine has the advantage over gasoline engine due to its low fuel consumption, higher combustion efficiency, durability and low hydrocarbons (HC), particulate, carbon dioxide (CO₂), carbon monoxide (CO) and NO_Xemission as a major source. Due to abovesaid problems, diesel is now blended with Biofuels and play a significant role to meet its energy and environmental challenges. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is an eco-friendly alternativeto lower NO_X and particulates emission. The use of EGR in compression ignition engines, lowers the concentration of oxygen mixture and flame temperature. However, it has been observed that advantages of EGR is fuel specific. In present paper a performance review of compression ignitionengine using EGR with blended fuelshas been carried out. The effect on break power, break specific fuel consumption, thermal efficiency has been reported. Further aspects of response surface methodology on optimization of NOx emission, smoke opacity and BSFChasbeen carriedout using blended fuel, EGR rate, injection timing etc.

The hybrid combination (Photovoltaic, Fuel Cells, and Battery) has found to be best energy resources which provide a reliable micro-power system. The single-phase inverter is modelled using appropriate gate pulses and the three-phase systems are modelled by control techniques such as Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) and State Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) for attaining AC power. In this paper, the modular approach and Multiple Input Single Control (MISC) is applied to single-phase and three-phase systems with SPWM and SVPWM respectively to achieve better output efficiency. The modular approach is introduced for the power quality problem in the micro system, and MISC maintains the constant dc-link voltage. Furthermore, the proposed method maintains the State of Charge (SOC) of the battery by controlling the converter switches. The proposed research methodology is executed in MATLAB/Simulink-R2014a (Version 8.3) tool. The simulation results demonstrate that the MISC-based three-phase AC system with SVPWM achieves better results with reduced distortion level than SPWM.

Mixing of fluids at microscale is an indispensable stage required on the microfluidic systems. Large number of micromixer designs aimed with efficient mixing has been reported by many researchers. In this work numerical study has been executed out on vortex T-mixer. This mixer has two and four non-aligned inlet channels. The inlet channels are aligned tangentially to the main microchannel at one end. The objective was to examine mixing and fluid flow for a broader range of Reynolds numbers. The results were correlated with simple T-mixer (inlet channels in-planar with the main microchannel). Vortex T-mixer with two inlet channels show better mixing performance among the three designs due to vortex flow. Vortex T-mixer with four inlet channels show the formation of vortex flow. However, such flow are depicted at much higher Reynolds number. The study reveals vortex T-mixer with two inlet channels quite promising design as compared to T-mixer with four inlet channels.

Solar energy may probably prove to be best option for future in air conditioning system. With growing need of energy consumption, the solar air conditioning system stands as a useful alternative. The objective of this work is to simulate a single effect LiBr-H₂O absorption system, coupled with solar flat plate collector (SFPC), to supply heat to the generator of Vapor Absorption System (VAS). Case studies have been taken from India, particularly New Delhi and Mumbai, which are, respectively, known for their hot and humid climate. The influence of different parameters like inlet generator temperature, heat supplied to the generator and cooling load have been investigated. The design day of 15^th of April, May and June has been considered. The thermodynamic analyses have also been carried out. An outlet solar collector temperature between 68°C and 78°C was maintained for New Delhi, whereas between 67°C and 79°C for Mumbai. The maximum efficiency of SFPC was found to be 50 percent and 51 percent in case of New Delhi and Mumbai, respectively, on 15^th April and 15^th of May. A coefficient of performance of 0.857 was obtained at 4.1033 kWof heat supplied to the generator, at an inlet generator temperature of 68°C and cooling load of 3.5167 kW. It was observed that at constant ??????, any increase in supply heat, increases the flow rate of vapor and cooling load. Furthermore, the analysis for various stages of single effect LiBr-H₂O (VAS) is presented including the design of the evaporator, absorber, condenser, heat exchanger and generator.

Erosion of the Blast Furnace hearth affects the life of the Blast Furnace. High temperature across the molten iron and hearth makes it difficult to measure temperature in real life. Temperature prediction inside the hearth is a complex process as it involves conjugate heat transfer. A CFD model is developed for analysing the temperature distribution across slag, molten iron and hearth. It is essential for estimating the life of Blast Furnace and the wear rate of hearth. Three different cases are analysed and the temperature profiles are plotted. The CFD results are validated with the published experimental results in the literature. Only temperature effects are considered and natural convection effect is neglected for the analysis of hearth.

Reflecting Optics is a critical component of any High Power Laser (HPL) based System. With the advancements in Laser Sources, power is continuously increasing with decrease in operating wavelength. This has lead toeven more sophisticated upto mechanical design of HPL optics. A large portion of the incident power is reflected and the rest is absorbed and transmitted in various stages. This absorbed power is very detrimental which affects the system performance and may even lead to catastrophic system failure. The mechanism of laser reflection, absorption and transmission is explained in a simple way. General requirements and desired properties of substrate materials are listed. Various metallic and non metallic substrate materials are tabulated along with their physical and mechanical properties. The materials are compared on the basis of their Figure of Merit (ratio of thermal conductivity to coefficient of thermal expansion) andstrength to weight ratio (E/ρ). Finally thermo structural analysis is carried out fora specific design input and results are formulated.

Realistic modelling of wheel-rail contact is necessary for true analysis of railway vehicle system. This study reviews the rail-wheel contact models with their related computer software programs in detail. The phenomenon of creepage and creep-force is studied in detail in this paper. An insight is presented to linear and non-linear model developed by Carter, Kalker, Johnson &Vermeulen, Halling, Haines and Ollerton and related programs based on their theories. Advanced wheel-rail contact theory is also reviewed in this paper.

Aerodynamic cross wind has become most vital part in the approving process in locomotives. From last few decades, many of the incidents took place on the cross wind stability of locomotives during high speed. Even though a lot of research work is going on the cross wind analysis of locomotive by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). In this paper Computational fluid dynamics simulation was used to carry out the study on WAP5 locomotive (Wide gauge AC Passenger, class 5 model) and the simulations were utilized to study the impact of the motion (relative) among locomotive and infrastructure, also the variance which happen in WT (wind tunnel). After an inceptive approval against test data, the numerical model was utilized to consider relative motion impacts among locomotive and infrastructure (STBR i.e. single track with ballast and rail). The variance, regarding coefficient of aerodynamics obtained with active and static model simulations, was investigated: the both rolling moment coefficient and lateral force were brought down with the static model of around 5% and the variance of around 12% for the coefficient vertical force. The other variations like CWC (characteristics wind curve), presents the limitation for overturning of locomotive was in the sequence of 1.5% for direction of locomotive that is perpendicular to wind. In the conclusion, regardless of whether stationary test is not conventional, the distinctions as far as characteristics wind curve are significantly less in the single track with ballast and rail situation and these outcomes carry assumptions of stationary model tests on single track with ballast and train situation as illustrative of aerodynamics of locomotive.

A photovoltaic integrated thermal (PVT) collector with thermoelectric material has been proposed in this communication, where a channel or duct has been used below the photovoltaic module in which air has been circulated to extract the heat taken by the photovoltaic module. Hence in PVT system, electrical energy from photovoltaic and thermal energy from duct are taken at the output. In this collector, thermoelectric (TE) is used to change the thermal energy by removing the waste heat of photovoltaic module into electric energy. In proposed PVT with thermoelectric system, TEs are generally appended at the back of the photovoltaic to improve the efficiency of PVT collectors. Thermal modelling has been presented for PVT collector with thermoelectric. The effect of thermoelectric material has been analysed for PVT collector. The electrical energy gain for photovoltaic collector and overall electrical energy gain with thermoelectric has been theoretically calculated. From the computed results, the overall electrical output is observed of PVT system with thermoelectric material; it is higher than only PVT system due to thermoelectric. As PVT system without thermoelectric generates only electrical energy due to PV and thermal energy but PVT system with thermoelectric generates electrical energy due to PV and thermoelectric both as well as thermal energy so overall exergy of PVT system with thermoelectric is higher than only PVT system. Hence PVT system with thermoelectric shows better results than only PVT system in respect of electrical, thermal and overall exergy gain.

Currently, the world is facing scarcity of clean and potable drinking water. We have investigated whether the xylem (a porous conducting tissue) of a plant could be used as a filter to obtain drinking water. Firstly, we chose the appropriate plant for filtration based on our experimentation. Secondly, we used xylem to make a simple water filter and carried out experiments under the pressure head of the pump. Experiments were conducted using xylems of both angiosperms and gymnosperms. Freshly cut xylems of Ashoka tree, Silver Oak, Neem, Mango and Guava trees were screened for filtration. Filtration rate was measured for each plant and they were simultaneously checked for filterability of blue dye water solution. We found that sharp-edged, waxy leaf trees such as Ashoka and Silver Oak can filter water. These belong to the class of gymnosperms. Trees that bloom and give fruit (such as Neem) cannot purify water and remove impurities. The measured flow rate under a pressure of 2.5 psi was about 0.083 ml/s, which corresponds to a filtration rate of 7 litres per day or more and is sufficient for two people.

In current study the numerical experiments have been conducted to elucidate the role of Richardson number and free-stream orientations on the flow dynamics and aerodynamic parameters for the conditions (Re = 140, 0 ⩽ Ri ⩽ 1.2, 0^o ⩽α ⩽ 45^o, ϕ = 0^oand Pr = 0.71). The flow around a heated square cylinder is assumed to be two-dimensional. Also the flow is unsteady, incompressible, viscous and laminar unconfined flow. Oberbeck-Boussinesq approximation is utilized to consider the effects of buoyancy. To discretize the momentum and energy equations finite difference method is employed. Implicit pressure correction scheme is utilized to solve the equations. The flow is found to be unsteady periodic flow for the selected range of parameters except at α=0º and 0.4 ⩽ Ri ⩽ 1.2. The heat transfer rate is observed maximum from the front face(s) of square cylinder. Mean lift coefficient at α=0º is zero for every Richardson number chosen. For chosen free-stream orientations mean lift coefficient is zero at Ri = 0.0. Mean drag coefficient increases with increasing Reynolds and/or Richardson numbers.

Ring shaped force transducer have been used for different industrial and metrological applications for about one century since inception at National Institute of Standards and Technology (formerly, National Bureau of Standards), USA. Though, earlier they have been equipped with deflection measuring device say, micrometre, dial gauge or vibrating reed as the case may be. With growing advancement, to limit the inherent shortcomings of analogue instruments, digitization has been done over the past decades. In this regard, few research reports have been published, but up to best of knowledge of the authors, realistic computational investigations are still missing. In past findings, there have been limitations either with coherence with experimental findings or limits of the software used for the investigations. In this regard, commercial software ANSYS has been used for complete ring shaped force transducer and a realistic procedure adopted in line with analytical method. The present study attempts to discuss the procedure and outcome of finite element analysis for a ring shaped force transducer for the material EN 24 with a nominal capacity of 50 kN. The paper discusses details of the approach adopted and salient outcomes. The paper further discusses the implications of the finite element analysis in design and development of the ring shaped force transducer.

The energy mix in India relies heavily on the energy sources basically categorized as conventional. Renewable energy (RE) encouragements in India have to be seen from a long term and wider frame of reference, so that it contributes towards reliability and energy security. This paper vital motive is to assess and prioritize the sustainable energy sources in India which are accomplishing utmost factors like acceptability, space limits, availability, gestation period, safety considerations, localization and execution. Sources consider for analysis are solar, wind, hydro and nuclear energy. PROMETHEE (Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluation) have been used to achieve the suitability among the sources of energy and to persuade different factors. This paper concluded solar energy as the most profitable and economical energy source for India, followed by wind energy, than hydro energy and in the last nuclear energy. Nuclear energy acceptability is low in view of the fact of public oppression and the corresponding dangers bound with unbinding power of atom. This paper may help the decision makers to formulate long-term energy policy aiming for sustainability.

After independence, India has developed a lot whether it's in defense field or railways; we are developing day by day in all the fields. And now a day's India is rapidly growing in technology and production field after the project of Make in India. In this paper, we have discussed the effects & change in statics due to Make in India project on Indian economy. We have also discussed the educational structure of Industrial Engineering, Manufacturing Engineering and Production Engineering in India and also discussed top BRICS institutes in the epilogue of this paper.

The aim of this study to analyse the tribological behaviour of chromium nitride coating on gray cast iron as substrate at room temperature in dry conditions.Gray cast iron alloyis extensively used in the automotive industry, was coated by the physical vapour deposition method. Pin-On-Disc tribometerwas used for wear test at a simultaneousincrease of loads (10, 20, 30 and 40N) and corresponding speed (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2m/s) on mass loss, wear rate, the coefficient of friction was analysed. The wear mechanism is studied by the SEM micrograph, results in a transformation of mild to severe wear, followed three-body abrasion, and oxidation wear for dry conditions.

As a substitution of fossil fuels and a resource of Renewable Energy, Biogas is of vital important in this era of abated energy resources. Production of biogasfrom anaerobic digestion by utilization of waste and organic matter provides an excellent solution for waste management. In this review, it is shown that what are the main factors which affectthe biogas production, how they are affecting and at what condition optimal results are produced. Temperature is the important factor which affects the biogas production. At higher temperature, maximum biogas is produced.There are other factors like the C/N ratio, pH value, compression ratio, and thetotal solid concentration whichare affecting the biogas production. In this paper concentration of all these factors at variousconditions has been noted and the optimal conditionis specified. It is also specified at what condition the higher gas yield will be produced.

This is evident that nation's economic and social development is well supported by small manufacturing sectors that comprises of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises. Worldwide, these contribute in the growth of country's gross domestic production, employment and export in a significant manner. These small sectors need to improve their performance and competitiveness so as to ensure their survival and prosperity in this agile world. In this paper, a literature review is presented that focuses on the key areas that need sincere attention for improvement and thus, a research/study can be planned so as to suggest the measures to be taken to ensure sustainable growth of an enterprise.

Undoubtedly, that freshwater and energy are the two most important factors, which are responsible for the development of socio-economic in any region. According to the many studies, there are many places where the accessibility of potable water are limited, and to meet this demand for freshwater, the use of desalination plants is an important solution. On the other hand, there is a need of energy, either in the form of electricity or heat for operations of desalination plants and we all aware of the availability of conventional energy source, which is limited. Therefore, the Renewable Energy Sources (RES) will be an effective solution in the future to the energy problem and water management for driving the desalination plants. This paper aim has to study and propose appropriate Sustainable energy sources for all kind of desalination system, i.e., thermal or membrane system and the kind of energy used for driving the desalination system.

This paper focuses on the reduction of dependency on conventional sources of energy. The main aim of this paper is to do analysis of conversion of the current building into a green building using solar panels to harness solar energy and reducing the dependency on the conventional source. A workshop in Mumbai is considered for the calculation of heat load using MS EXCEL heat load calculation sheet. U factors for different components of the buildings such as walls, roofs, window panes are taken from ASHRAE table. Other factors such as equipment load, light load, fresh air per person, occupancy etc., are also taken into consideration. Heat load is calculated for each room separately and then summed up for the entire building. This cooling demand of current building was met by conventional electricity supply. Photo-Voltaic modules are incorporated to the building to harness the solar energy and meet some of the cooling demands of the building and thus reducing its dependency on conventional source. To convert the current building into a Green building, several LEED criteria are considered and reduction in the cooling demand of the existing building is achieved by thermal insulation of walls and roofs and glazed window panes.

Simple mechanisms are used for various machines to obtainthe desired motions. If the link numbers and degrees of freedomgo on increasing, then the synthesis is also becoming more and more complex. The synthesized mechanisms have some limitations in satisfying the required motions. For these purpose mechanisms having multi-degrees of freedom, adjustable mechanisms and mechanisms with variable topology need to be focused on. Thispaper is mainly focused onthe review of available literature on variable topology mechanisms in general and solution rectification of mechanisms in particular.

This project is inspired by the Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan. Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan an initiative by the prime minister of India Mr. Narendra Modi. The aim of this project is to clean the streets and road efficiently in very less time and at a low cost. In developing country the streets are really filled with dusts and debris so there is a need make a machine to clean the streets. Scooter is used to move the machine from one place to another. Vacuum cleaner is used as the main thing in cleaning the road. The street cleaner is able to suck at least 25 grams of small dusts and debris from the ground. The portable street vacuum cleaner is really effective in cleaning the roads.

Bubbling of gaseous medium in a liquid column is integral to many multiphase process reactors involving liquid phase and gas phase reactants. In one such reactor called centri-bubble singlet oxygen generator (CBSOG), chlorine gas is injected against a substantively high centrifugal force into a layer of basic hydrogen peroxide (BHP) solution. This process generates small bubbles that facilitate the reaction between chlorine gas and BHP solution at the gas liquid interface, resulting in the production of singlet oxygen. Performance of this device depends primarily on bubble formation time, its shape and size, and its interaction with other bubbles. This paper presents the numerical analysis of bubble formation at high centrifugal force (3800 m/s²) for various gas flow rates at orifice sizes of 0.3mm and 0.5mm. The volume of fluid (VOF) model of the computational flow dynamics (CFD) solver Fluent has been used for the computations to carry out a transient 3-dimensional simulation for generation of bubbles in a laminar incompressible flow.

Biodiesel is adopted by many countries as a substitute to diesel and is used in blended form in a diesel engine. It has very similar properties to diesel. However, owing to slightly higher viscosity, density and nitrogen oxide (NO_X) emissions on burning, it still is not the best choice. Octanol, have similar properties to diesel. Octanol has added oxygen and also reduces the NO_X emissions due to the quenching effect in the cylinder. However, its lower calorific value shall reduce engine performance. In the current study, waste cooking oil biodiesel is produced by a single step transesterification process and several blends of diesel, biodiesel and octanol were prepared. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and oxidation stability tests of the produced biodiesel were performed. FTIR test confirmed the presence of biodiesel. Oxidation stability test of biodiesel was also passed as the induction time in over 6 hours. Blends of diesel and octanol were prepared in proportion of diesel (95%, 90%, 85% and 80%) and octanol (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%). These blends were added to 3%, 5% and 10% biodiesel. Several physico-chemical properties namely density, viscosity, calorific value, flash point and cold filter plugging point (CFPP) were determined as per ASTM standards. It is concluded that the 10% octanol, 90% diesel when mixed with 10% biodiesel showed very similar properties to diesel and shall be a viable alternative to petroleum diesel.

Bagasse is a waste product which was produced from the sugar industry. These wastes produce lots of environment pollution in development. Effective utilization of these wastes can reduce lots of environment pollution. In this study, a literature review is carried out to observe the bagasse as reinforcement in the development of composite. From the literature, it was notified that bagasse can be used in the development of composite.

Machining of hard material is always a big challenge for industrial application point of view. However, machining of this hard material is possible by taking appropriate machining parameters. Titanium Ti-6Al-4, Inconel 718 and Tool Steel are also very hard material. In this study, comparative machining study of these materials was discussed. From the exhaust literature of these materials, it was observed that machining of all these three types of hard material is possible with good surface finish by taking appropriate machining parameters.

The rapid exploitation of fossil fuels due to their indiscriminate use has brought us to a situation when we cannot sustain the use of fuels like petrol and diesel for more than 30 years from now. Governments and energy companies around the world are looking for some alternative source of energy to power the vehicles. A lot of research is being carried out in this field and many researchers have concluded that hybrid vehicles can be a boon to eradicating the dependence on conventional fuels and move towards battery-aided power trains for running the vehicles. Today, there are a few electric vehicles on roads but in the near future the roads are going to be flooded by them. To propel them, we need batteries which should be charged at some intervals. In absence of battery charging stations, we would need range extending devices on the vehicles itself. A Free Piston Linear Generator (FPLG) is an electric generator which produces electricity by virtue of oscillation of a free piston in a cylinder and it can be used as a range extending device and alternative energy converter in a hybrid vehicle. Using an FPLG will be a new approach to optimize combustion process and thus it can not only help in low exhaust emissions but also in using new renewable fuels due to their capability of variable compression ratios. This paper is a review on the design and development of FPLG system for hybrid vehicles as an inevitable source of energy in near future.

Failure of mechanical system can primarily be attributed to failure of timely intervention by the maintenance crew. Mechanical failure of mechanical system is mostly attributed to damage to mechanical systems due to wearing of mechanical components due to improper lubrication. Various instruments and systems are generally installed to monitor the condition of mechanical systems like steam turbines especially where reliability of system is critical like nuclear plants. This is commonly termed as 'Condition Monitoring'. It involves continuous monitoring of health of rotating machines say steam turbine system. Instruments installed to monitor the health of machines are designed to provide an alarm through Distributed Control Systems, which are followed by a series of machine tripping systems thus keeping the operator free from the task of manually tripping the systems. The unexpected anomalies of instruments along its abnormal behaviour of equipment, decreases the availability of the machine. Condition based Monitoring (CBM) is critical to nuclear industry and it is done to gather data about the health of a machine and then analysing that data by taking proper maintenance action on components under abnormal behaviour. The information from the plant operations and maintenance i.e. real time data is key to monitoring the health of said rotating machine. Thus, CBM techniques increase the reliability of the machine by accurately estimating the condition of critical components in real-time especially in case of rotating machines in a nuclear plant. This paper discusses the diagnostics and prognostics of rotating machines using analysis of lubricants and bearings as these components are inevitable to any rotating machine.

Present manuscript is a statistics-based approach towards the progression of Renewable Energy Technologies in the financial capital of India, Mumbai and the metro-city ecosystem that is based around Mumbai termed as the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. Factors which present themselves as bottlenecks and roadblocks towards the adoption of Renewable Energy Technologies by the populace of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region have been statistically analysed. 53% responses were in favour of installing Renewable Energy Technology however, 63% respondents had no awareness regarding Renewable Energy Schemes formulated by the Government of India. The authors of this manuscript have found parameters such as origin, awareness, educational background, usage of electricity and support for Renewable Energy Technology are some of the factors which are taken in account in this manuscript. Corrective measures have also been suggested to the authorities by the authors of this paper so that full utilization of schemes and subsidies provided by the Government of India to the citizens of the Mumbai Metropolitan region may be adopted and used to make India a negative carbon footprint nation.

Before last decade, due to surplus amount of fuel, cars are designed for high speed operation, comfort and safety. As scarcity of fuel increases due to high consumption of fuel in automobiles, many researchers started working on the idea of alternative fuels, redesign of car body and reducing aerodynamic losses. To overcome these losses spoilers are used and hence it is needed to optimize its shape. This study is primarily focused to find out optimized shape of car spoiler so that mass can be minimized which help in reducing fuel consumption without affecting its aerodynamic properties and strength. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis of two dimensional model of spoiler is done whose results are validated by earlier research work in this field for understanding variation of aerodynamic property of cross-section. Three dimensional CFD analysis of spoiler gives aerodynamic property and pressure data which is needed to compare result of optimized model formed by optimized cross-sectional shape. Shape optimization is done by Shape Optimization tool of ANSYS 14.0 which is further tested for design failure in ABAQUS 6.11. The result of shape optimization has saved 18.74% of material keeping all its strength and aerodynamic property intact. This study open provides a numerical tool for improvement of future model of spoiler in terms of reduction of mass.

Frugal excellence is a coordinated response to today's highly competitive environment. Frugal manufacturing philosophy asks for elimination of waste hidden in the manufacturing system by eliminating non value adding activities. Frugal manufacturing is a very successful strategy and can be applied to all type of organizations i.e. manufacturing or service organization etc. In this paper after giving a brief idea about frugal philosophy, different types of wastes, causes of wastes, a designed questionnaire for self test has been given along with evaluation criteria to identify the weakness and strength of an industry for successful implementation of frugal manufacturing strategy. It also gives a methodology for evaluation and improvement of performance index using the principle of continuous improvement. A case study of wastes elimination by computation of Frugal Manufacturing Index (FMI) has been discussed. Results obtained are quite encouraging. Idea presented in the paper will be useful for those who want to implement frugal manufacturing index in their organization.

Fast Moving Electrical Goods (FMEG) products represent the basic needs of its consumers in the modern society, influencing their life style in every way from living room to drawing room, from kitchen to the bedroom. Globalization has resulted in fierce competition among the players of this fast growing sector. The only way therefore to sustain a profitable growth is to stay competitive in local and global market. However, given the legacies of past practices and old mindsets of Indian FMEG players, it is not easy for any organization to stay competitive unless it applies a systematic and scientific approach of supply chain management (SCM).This work attempts to analyse the issues of supply chain for competitive advantage of an Indian FMEG organization. The company under study has adopted a unique approach of materiality analysis that complemented seamlessly with the SWOT analysis to evolve its supply chain strategies and priorities. The process thus built around them has been evaluated against the performance in line with customer expectations. The case study offers an excellent framework to follow for any FMEG organization seeking competitive advantage in the face of current global challenges.

Emissions are among those crucial factors that create a huge stress on the people related to engine industry. LTC concepts like HCCI and PPCI are proved as potential solutions for reducing NO_X emissions. The impact of ethanol premixed fraction on PPCI mode diesel engine has been investigated in this study. Various ethanol flow rates like 0.27, 0.45, 0.54, 0.72 and 0.81 kg/hr are fumigated in conventional single cylinder diesel engine. Ethanol is used due to the fact that it is available naturally as well as manufactured industrially. The combustion, emission and performance characteristics are plotted for each and every load with various premixed fractions and then the results are compared to pure diesel operation. It is clear from the results that the range of stable operation is being confined by ethanol for different premixed fractions. It can be safely said that for all stable operation, the NO_X emission is exceptionally less compared to pure diesel, though, the Un burnt Hydrocarbon & Carbon monoxide emissions are comparatively more. NO_X and smoke are decreased for all the premixed fractions at full load. At medium load operations, less NO_X, smoke opacity, CO and HC is obtained. Also, at low load operations, there is less NO_X and smoke opacity up to premixed fraction 0.3, but HC and CO emissions increases on further increase in the premixed fraction.

Assembly line in a production unit is a line of workers and machines. In a manufacturing unit the production of components are done on assembly line. The product moves along this line while it is being processed. The assembly lines changed with time from single models straight lines to the mixed, multi -model lines in a flexible manufacturing system and also lines with parallel work stations, U-shaped lines. The main objective of assembly line design for a system is balancing the assembly line according to the desired production volume per shift and minimizing the number of workstations. In this paper, different assembly line balancing problems (ALBP) have been reviewed and discussed. For solving the assembly line balancing and sequencing problems, the development of mathematical model may be quite helpful for the researchers.

A comparative study of cycle-by-cycle variations (CCV) in a spark ignition (SI) engine fueled with gasoline and natural gas was conducted. The average peak cylinder pressure (PP), indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and maximum rate of pressure rise ((dp/dθ)_max)are found to be low for engine fueled with natural gas in comparison to that of gasoline. However, the CCV of these parameters increases as engine operation is switched from gasoline to natural gas. The coefficient of variation (COV) of PP, IMEP and (dp/dθ)_max significantly increases at very low load condition for both the fuels due to high residual gases. Natural gas engine shows more misfiring cycles in comparison to gasoline engine. Further, CCV increases with the increase of engine speed for both the fuels because of an increase in turbulence and instable combustion at high engine speed. As engine speed increases and engine load decreases the combustion based parameters become more independent of crank angle due to high CCV in these conditions.

In the last few decades, enormous attention is drawn towards PV/T systems due to their advantages as compared to solar PV or solar thermal systems individually. In this proposed paper, hybrid Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA)-Cuckoo Search (CS) has been implemented to optimize the parameters of glazed hybrid PVT air collector. Although there are various parameters which affects the thermal and electrical performance of PVT system but in this paper only four parameters namely Channel length below the PV panel, channel depth, velocity of fluid flowing through the channel and temperature of fluid at the inlet of the channel have been considered for optimization using the hybrid approach. The outcomes shows that GSA-CS algorithm is proved to be very efficient techniques to be used to optimized the parameters of hybrid PVT module. The result of the analysis shows that the average value of exergy efficiency is 14.8228% when the parameters are optimized using hybrid GSA-CS algorithm.

This article, exemplify the deformation behaviour of dielectric elastomer peristaltic actuator with variation in relative permittivity as a function of voltage induced strain. Modified model is proposed to predict the behaviour of peristaltic actuators, best suited for biomedical applications to transport incompressible fluids. Transportation is accomplished by a series of radially expanding and axially inextensible tubular modules, made up of dielectric elastomer. Consecutive equations are derived using the hypothesis of linear elasticity. The static electromechanical actuation performance is estimated and compared well with existing experimental as well as modelling data. Results indicate an efficient model is attained by considering crucial material parameters that significantly influence electromechanical performance. In the highlight, many other behaviours like viscoelasticity, dielectric loss, breakdown strength, etc. need attention to realize a reliable model for dielectric elastomer actuator towards commercial applications.

One of the essential parts of an auto vehicle is an engine mounting bracket, which helps in mounting the engine on the chassis. This paper analyses and compares the existing bracket design of one of the famous three-wheeler of Scooter India limited named as Vikram 750 D with five new alternative models using finite element analysis. In the first part, linear structural finite element analysis of engine mounting bracket of the existing design was carried out to determine the maximum stresses and deformations in the existing model and then identical analysis was conducted for five proposed models of the mounting brackets. The maximum stresses and deformations of the proposed models were compared with that of the existing model to identify a better design. The weight of the existing model and five proposed model were also compared to obtain an optimal design.

With the growing pace of technological advancement, electronic and thermal components play a crucial role in every domain. These components are however challenged by continuous heat generation which is required to be dissipated for their efficient working. This gives rise to the need of heat dissipating measures and hence, an extensive research is being done in this field. Extended surfaces, known as fins provide an efficient way of cooling components and their utility ranges from medical, power, thermal to microelectronic components. The present work is aimed to augment the thermal performance of pin fins by the introduction of protrusions on the surface of the fin along the length, in two rows, each row having three protrusions. Different geometrical configurations viz. cuboidal, cylindrical, triangular and hemispherical for the protrusion were analysed using Computational Fluid Dynamics. From the results, it is evident that the maximum increase of approximately 7% of the total heat flux is obtained from the surface of the fin with cylindrical protrusions and considerable increase in the total heat flux is obtained in other configurations. It was also concluded that cuboidal and cylindrical protrusions have lowest temperature profiles indicating better heat transfer behaviour. The temperature profile for the fin without protrusions was experimentally validated. The results of the fins with protrusions are in agreement with the existing research papers.

Conventional fuels like diesel and petroleum have been the main sources of energy for several years. The increasing demand for energy has put pressure on the usage of these fuels, resulting in much higher depletion rates over the last few years rendering the search for alternative sources of energy as the utmost priority. Attempts are being made to find suitable fuel which when blended with these commercial fuels offers same or improved engine performance and efficiency with fewer losses. Biodiesel is among those alternatives. In this paper, exergy analysis of a single cylinder diesel engine, which is water-cooled, having a rating of 5HP has been done. Biodiesel and kerosene have been blended with pure diesel and a comparative exergy analysis is done between pure diesel and all the blends. Dead state analysis has been performed for B20 (20% biodiesel and 80% diesel by volume) and K40 (40% kerosene and 60% diesel by volume). Exergy of exhaust gases decreased slightly on increasing load for all the blends and pure diesel except for K30, for which it is observed to be maximum at 20% load. Second law efficiency is increasing with an increase in applied load for all the diesel-biodiesel and diesel-kerosene blends. Dead state temperature is varied from 273K to 323K, exhaust availability decreased by 218.948 kJ for B20 and by 450.489 kJ for K40.The irreversibility increased by 218.948 kJ for B20 and by 1410.712 kJ for K40 when the energy at exhaust is kept constant. However, in actual analysis energy in exhaust changes with dead state temperature, in this case, the irreversibility decreased by 920.302 kJ for B20 and by 1690.203 kJ for K40.

This work relates to the first ply failure load investigation of composite laminate plates for different failure criteria under in-plane loading condition in two-dimensional spaces. In this context, first ply failure strengths investigated for different angle ply and number of the lamina. Writing a programme of FEM (finite element method) in MATLAB and calculating failure load for each lamina of the composite laminate by using various failure criteria such as max stress failure criterion, max strain failure criterion, Tsai-Hill, Tsai-Wu and Hoffman failure theory. Failure load calculated for three-ply composite laminate with [45°/-45°/45°] ply angle on the basis of these five failure theories shows very good conformity with the previous paper results. Kevlar/epoxy is taken for the calculation of first ply failure load with different ply orientation.

The present study was conducted with the aim to understand corporate social responsibility and study the various factors that affect the policy of CSR. Air pollution, water pollution, renewable energy use rate, involvement in community service, power consumption rate, maintenance of community environment, etc are some of the factors that have been used by researchers for conducting CSR studies. With the help of this study, some other factors were identified that were not considered in previous studies This project thus aims to identify various factors that affect sustainable CSR.

Microchannel heat sink has broad relevance in microelectronics and optical devices. Study in this paper focuses on enhancing the cooling characteristics of microchannel heat sink used in such devices. Instead of conventional, rectangular or circular cross-section channel designs, this study uses microchannels with gradually varying cross-section along the length. Three channels geometries employing entirely diverging or converging designs as well as combined diverging-diverging design are studied. The cooling performance is ascertained by using nanofluid and DI water as coolants flowing at different Reynolds numbers by analysing thermal characteristics such as temperature variation and Nusselt number using commercial software ANSYS^® Fluent. Study demonstrates that the nanofluid is more efficient for the heat sink application irrespective of the channel geometry.

For the sake of eco-friendly and large promise to be used in future producer gas plays an important role. It is prepared by gliding air and steam through the thick coal at different temperature range. A gasifier is used to gasify biomass such as rice husk, bagasse, wood chips. Due to inertness knocking tendency is higher in producer gas, use of producer gas tends to higher emission of CO, especially at lean condition. It results in rigorous environment damage. The use of producer as an alternative fuel is founded as the sustainable source of energy.

In this study, experimental research is carried out on two different class of refrigerants at three varied ambient conditions viz. (30°C, 35ºC and 40ºC) and three different air velocities viz. (1.25, 1.00, 0.75 m/s) in air cooled and evaporative cooled condenser. The first class is of low temperature refrigerant (R-134a) and the second is of high temperature refrigerant (R-410a). The results described that COP of high temperature refrigerant is greater than that of low temperature refrigerant. The COP increased with increasing air speed in air cooled and evaporative cooled condenser and decreased with increasing the ambient temperatures. For a fixed ambient temperature and air velocity, the COP of R-410a turned out to be greater than the COP of R-134a.Thus proving that high temperature refrigerant is better in performance than low temperature refrigerant.

Now a day's automation has changed the way of living of the humans. All probable one of us pursue for an eminence in our everyday lives. Therefor this has emanated in large imbue at procure items which have led to extended queues at the check-out because the patron needs to scan all probable article and then go into the billing section. The line in billing point is bit time and effort consuming. It can be called as "Modish Cart with Instant bill" to Ease line at shopping mall. The brief interpretation of its working is, when customer pick an artefact and drop item into the cart, the RFID reader scan the artefact's distinctive code and it is secure. And it gets shown on LCD/LED/OLED screen. After customer has consummate with the procure customer has to go to the billing section to pay the bill and can move out from checkout gate. This will conserve the epoch that was prior being consumed to get desired items.

Due to high level competition in market, effective supply chain management has become a potentially important tool for gaining and effective competitive advantage and refining organizational performance, because the competition is not only amongst companies but also between supply chains. Supply chain plays a significant role in company's performance. Companies are challenged to explore ways to meet the customer demands and satisfaction at a manageable cost. To achieve this, business must find which parts of supply chain process are competitive and can be optimized with budget constraints meeting customer demands. In any unit it is mandatory to produce a high quality product with minimal budget successfully. Selection of a suitable supplier is equally important due to budget constraints. There are various methods for making the optimize result. In this research paper collecting the data from different industries and optimize the result by selecting TOPSIS and SAW methods for the solution of this problem. In this technique the decision is made by comparing each alternative with the ideal solution, hence delivering the best results.

The methods of severe plastic deformation are the procedures of grain refinement of bulk crystalline materials to ultrafine or up-to Nano crystalline structure followed by improvement in mechanical properties of different metals and alloys used for various automobile, aerospace and defence applications. In this research paper, discussion has been made about the comparison of different methods of severe plastic deformation for perfection in microstructure and subsequent changes in mechanical properties for industrial applications. The results achieved by Equal Channel Angular Pressing method are more useful for grain refinement by the reason of high imposed shear strain in the material. It has also been observed that using this method strength is also increased with ductility as desired in most of the cases. It can be concluded here that detailed study is still to be explored after processing the material after severe plastic deformation.

Solar colletors of Flat Plate type is a thermal transfer device that absorbs solar radiation and converts it into heat, which is mainly used to increase the water temperature, heat and dryness, dryness of crops in the region, space heating and in industries where this hot fluid is required for many chemical reactions, and for applications requiring the temperature of the fluid to be less than 100°C. As non-renewable sources of energy are becoming depleted and will soon have the power crisis. So, referring to fatigue rates, we should use our entire renewable resources so that we can control the rate of decline. The main components of the flat plate air collector are, absorbing plate, top covering plate (glass cover), insulating material and channel pipes covered with insulating material. Absorber plates are covered with a high absorbent coating. The top cover should be made of a maximum transmittance. The effectiveness of the flat plate air collector is highly affected by the losses through the top covering material and also due to the low heat transfer coefficient between the absorber plate and the air flowing through it. Most of the experiments and studies have shown that efficiency can be increased by using different types of solar collector which include double pass, a single pass with fins etc. Based on the literature survey it has been found that most of the studies on the solar collector are done to increase its thermal efficiency by enhancing the rate heat transfer between air and the absorber plate by using rough surface on the absorber plate.

India is an agriculture prominent country. Scientist and researchers are continuously working for betterment of agriculture processes. From the research, it was found that there is a loss of power and resources in irrigation process. Present manuscript consist of proposed model which utilizes renewable energy (solar energy) to operate irrigation process which results in better handling within limited resources. Proposed system consist of moisture sensing device in the field that provide convenience to farmer by supporting them in automation at very minute energy. This proposed design uses polycrystalline photovoltaic solar panel to charge the battery and this battery provide power supply to operate the model.

The manufacturing industries continuously demanded the new class of engineering materials for various applications. It results in improvement of metal matrix composites. Development of newer materials like MMCs are one of the keen area of research now a day's. In this regard various literatures are available in open literature on development, characterization and application of MMCs. In this work an attempt is made to discuss the available literatures in terms of their output findings. The work also focuses on the area where the more attention is required to carry out the research work.

This paper gives an idea about advantage of semitransparent photovoltaic system over opaque system. In an inclined system. Considering different parameters of the cell, room, duct and tedlar effect has been made to increase the overall efficiency of the total system. Thermal Model has been designed and mathematical analysis has been done. Electrical as well as thermal energy calculation has been compared with other system from different outputs of different places. If we compare a normal PV system definitely the hybrid PVT system has an edge over PV as in PVT system we consider thermal energy too. A soft computing technique has been developed to optimize the exergy of the system by varying the velocity and length of channel. For the proposed system, it has found that air at 4.5 m/s and channel length of 0. 2083 m gives maximum exergy. A total thermal energy gain of 54716kWh and electrical energy gain of 15838kwh is obtained.

Experimental investigation to study the influence of number of gaps in arc shaped roughness elements on heat transfer (Nu) and friction penalty (f) used in solar air-heaters (SAHs) was performed. A heating source of 1000 W/m² was provided on the top of the surface to simulate the radiant energy of the sun. Experimentation was done to ascertain the influence of gaps with 36 set of test results. The result shows that the highest value of Nu was obtained for roughness element which is having number of gaps equal to 2.

The discrepancies of using open-air sun drying method for drying agricultural produce and to preserve other variety of food items still exists. In the present time, to get rid of all the disadvantages associated with it, many comprehensive design structures of solar food dryer and their modification has been presented and investigated This research paper highlights the energy analysis performed on a latest design of a solar food dryer in which impinging jet mechanism and fins are clubbed together. The enhancement in heat transfer under preferred range of important parameters investigated namely mass flow rate (), Reynolds's number, Flow-wise pitch ratio, Fin-spacing ratio etc. It has been observed that this new design of solar food dryer is more efficient and user friendly. The result has been plotted for Reynolds's number (Re), mass flow rate (). The findings for this new design of solar food dryer reflect that temperature range of air coming out from outlet section is in the range of (45^˚C-55^˚C) which is undoubtedly good.

In recent times, butanol emerges as one of the most promising option to diminish the prolong use of fossil products. The testing of different blends and composition of butanol with gasoline is newest theme of research. In the present work, three different fuels are prepared by using 5%, 10% and 15% blends of butanol with gasoline. The important performance parameters & emission characteristics of a conventional SI engine namely, brake power, torque, brake specific fuel consumption, fuel power, brake specific energy consumption, brake mean effective pressure, un-burnt HC emissions, CO emissions, NOx emissions, and CO2 emissions are tested. Result shows that the butanol blend of 15% is the most appropriate to use as fuel. The experimentally measured values of butanol blends in gasoline confirms that the properties of butanol are quite adaptive with gasoline which implies that no engine modifications required for using butanol blends with gasoline as a replacement to gasoline.

Present work describes the experimental analysis of unsteady state heat transfer of different solid geometries. Heat transfer process in considered as a function of time only i.e. solid body behave as 'Lumped' means there is uniform temperature with in the body and having negligible internal thermal conduction resistance. The lumped analysis is done with cylindrical, conical and mixed geometry of cylinder and cone of two different materials. Specimens are heated in water ant cooled in air to estimate the heat transfer response of geometries in same ambient conditions MATLAB programming is done for calculation to obtain good and accurate results and to estimate heat transfer response of different geometries used in many engineering application.

In this study, the use of plastic bottles and plastic waste in the making of plastic sand bricks is examined. Plastic apart from being one of the highly generated waste is also one of the most easily recyclable materials. Using this property of recyclability, plastic waste in the form of PET bottles will be used to create masonry units that may be able to replace conventional bricks which are made up of clay and sand only. Sand will be mixed with plastic in different ratios and tests such as compressive strength test, water absorption test, efflorescence test and fire resistance test will be done. Results from this study are expected to help determine the appropriate mixing ratios of sand and plastic in order to obtain optimum strength and other properties.

Sustainable development of second most populated country of world, India depends on the planning and utilization of conventional and non-conventional energy sources. Presently energy safety has top most prime concerned for sustainable development. Energy barriers/bottleneck, prospect of solar energy with consideration of cost, hot spot of solar energy, government policies, training and education of solar sector and data of solar radiation analyze in this article. Key aspect that helpful in barrier reduction and growth of solar sector suggested through paper. By this study it has been found that sustainable growth of India depend of utilization of solar energy. Full concentration by country over solar sector necessary for satisfying future demand of energy for country growth and development.

House hold PVC water tanks are normally 500 to 1000 L and it is very difficult to enter inside the tank and sometimes hazardous also for cleaning the surface. So a need for a machine arises which can operated easily by a common person for cleaning the slurry and the surface of the tank without getting inside the tank. Aim of this project is to develop a mechanical system for cleaning domestic cylindrical water tank. When the motor is started the linkage rotates and with the help of brushes, cleaning of wall and base of tank takes place. The purpose of this project is to reduce the human efforts and to avoid the chemical influence on health of person entering the tank for cleaning.

The freshwater crisis is already clear in many parts of India. The crisis of fresh water is not the result of natural causes but of human activities. The reason for the need for fresh water is quickly due to the increase in population and the change in lifestyles. The Indian government is playing an important role in fresh water. Nearly 100, 000 children die in India directly after drinking unsafe water each year and approximately 45 million people are affected by diseases due to water pollution, such as excess fluoride, iron or salt water.

Single basin solar distillation with parabolic reflector is an excellent device to overcome these problems, which produces drinking water from saline water. In this article, we have studied the problem of several parameters to influence the performance of solar energy. In this work, several techniques were studied to increase the productivity of the still.

Production system may be defined as "The procedure, methods or arrangement which includes all functions required to gather the inputs, process or reprocess the inputs, and deliver the finished output". Industries are also faced with different challenges due to the increasing complexity of their own production processes. Owing to the complex nature of production system because of its interface between organizations, technologies and tacit knowledge of employees, it is very difficult to analyse the inter-relationship among the various risks. Interpretive structural modelling (ISM) is a well-established methodology for identifying relationships among specific items, which define a problem or an issue. In this study, inter relationships among various risks like coordination risk, disruption risk quality risk etc. are established and categorized eight risks in four categories to focus on most influential risks among them.

Most of the conventional Solar Photovoltaic module consists of a Silicon cell that converts sunlight into electric energy. The process of conversion into electricity is exothermic and all photons are not able to produce electricity due to insufficient energy. Depending upon efficiency to convert it into electricity only the small amount of radiations are used and rest all are involved in increasing the temperature of the module. Study shows that 80% of incident solar radiation are absorbed by a solar photovoltaic cell. This increases the temperature of the module, reduces its electrical efficiency. This increase in temperature affects the power output and lifespan of the PV module. So to maintain the temperature of the module various cooling methods such as air cooling, hydraulic cooling, heat pipe cooling, cooling with phase change materials and cooling with nanofluids have been reported in the literature. The use of suitable nanofluids is one of the effective methods to increase thermal capacitance and control the temperature rise of the PV module. To increase the performance of the system thermal properties of working fluid must be improved which is achieved by using suitable additives with the base fluid which are referred to as nanofluids. Using Copper oxide/water as a working fluid analysis was performed. It was concluded that performance can be improved significantly if we integrate the system with a good heat exchanger. In this paper, the effect of CuO based nanofluids as a cooling medium for a PV module has been reported.

In the present scenario, the energy crisis and its demand have become the global problems that restrict the sustainable development. To overcome this problem, one needs to develop an advanced technological system which not only improves the system performance but also reduces the environmental effects. Several technologies have been established among which cogeneration appeared to be the most lucrative option. India, one of the leading producers of sugarcane, has enough cogeneration capacity in sugar mills. From the previous research articles, energy analysis explores several components which account for the significant loss of energy in a cogeneration power plant but the analysis based on the second law depicts that maximum exergy destruction occurred in a boiler. Hence, to enhance the overall performance of the plant, we need to improve boiler performance. In the present study, the energy and exergy analyses of a sugarcane bagasse boiler are carried out, and it has been seen that the energy efficiency of the boiler is high enough (81.78%). However, the second law efficiency is 25.08%, the irreversibility rate associated with the combustion chamber is 50.06 MW is a significant value which shows that 45.56% of the input fuel exergy is destroyed in the combustion chamber only. The irreversibilities associated with the heat exchangers are also significant which has been investigated as 17.23% of the input exergy of the fuel. This shows that the combustion chamber and heat exchangers both have enough scope of improvement.

In the present work, experimental work on double slope single-basin still is investigated. The statistical analysis shows the effect of various factors related to the efficiency of still. The water level in the basin investigated at 10 cm, 6 cm and 2 cm depth. The process temperature T_W, T_G and T_B were recorded one each day. The still is used in the Agra city climate. The mode of operation affects its water yield as an active mode of operation produces more water yield than a passive mode of operation. In the statistical analysis R²=99.29 (passive mode) and R²=99.11 (active mode) recommend the satisfactory agreement of the factorial design regression model.

This research investigates the structure of an attic space from the perspective of thermal engineering. It helps in understanding the variation of flow and field strength due to natural convection. A critical review concludes that heat transfer inside a building is most complex for the attic space. The study examines the effect of the parametric factor on natural convection. It includes analysis for the winter conditions. The numerical model is simulated for different values of Rayleigh Number (Ra = 10⁴− 10⁶) using ANSYS 19 considering air with Prandtl number 0.71. With the assumptions of having the uniform temperature over the wall and no-slip condition for walls, Results are demonstrated with the use of Isotherm, Streamline and Nusselt number. With the finding of plots, the study argues that S/L ratio of 0.8 is recommended for the attic space having good thermal performance.

In the present work, the potential usage of blow down water from National Thermal Power Corporation Limited, Badarpur is investigated in the running of double effect H₂O-Li-Br vapor absorption refrigeration system. So mass of blow down water available is computed. The blow down water is at 342.45°C which can be used for process heating.So that after process heating water enters high pressure generator at 155°C and transfer heat in such a way that at exit of high pressure generator water temperature is 140°C. The heat recovered is used as a source of energy in high pressure generator of vapor absorption refrigeration system. Results of parametric analysis show that coefficient of performance increases with increase in evaporator temperature and low pressure generator temperature; whereas, coefficient of performance decreases with increase in absorber temperature, condenser temperature and high pressure generator temperature. Parametric analysis also shows that low pressure generator temperature is most significant factor on which coefficient of performance depends. Exergy analysis of individual components of vapor absorption refrigeration system shows exergy destruction is maximum in absorber (26.17 kW) and least in high pressure generator (2.377 kW).The given model is validated with the research work carried out by Kaushik and Arora.

This paper describes the various applications of Continuum robots in the field of medical science. These robots are biologically inspired by trunks and snakes. They possess the ability to transverse into small and restricted spaces, to manipulate objects in difficult environments and move in curved path. Due to this ability they can be extensively used in medical science as precision is very important in this field. Recently, increasing efforts have been made towards different surgical areas. In this paper recent state if structure, modeling and actuation in snake like robot is provided. Recently, increasing efforts have been made in various surgical interventions. In this paper, current state of structure, modelling and actuation in snake like robot is provided.

In present research composite beam of Glass/Epoxy has been taken for the analysis of failure bending moment by Finite Element Analysis. The orientation of the plies are oriented as [0°/-45°/45°/90°/90°/45°/-45°/0°] named as S₁ are tested and analyzed with the Tsai- Wu failure criteria. It is found that the sample S₁ composite having low load carrying capacity and bending moment. Furthermore, another ply are oriented as [0°/90°/0°/90°/90°/0°/90°/0°] named as S₄ are tested and analyzed Tsai-Wu failure criteria under same loading condition. It is found that the sample S₄ composite having higher load carrying capacity and bending moment. The composite materials such as the Graphite/Epoxy and the Boron/Epoxy have also been considered for the analysis with the same boundary condition as the Glass/Epoxy. Comparative result shows that the Boron/Epoxy having highest load carrying capacity and bending moment as compare to the Graphite/Epoxy and the Glass/Epoxy. The results obtained from the proposed method having good agreement with the results obtained from the previous research.