Table of contents

Preface

It is my great honor, and pleasure, to welcome you, in the name of the Adhi Tama Institute of Technology Surabaya, on the occasion of the 1^st International Conference on Advanced Engineering and Technology (ICATECH 2018) held in Surabaya, Indonesia, September 29, 2018.

This seminar is the first international seminar which has the main purpose to bring researchers and academicians to share their knowledge and experience in Engineering, Design, Information System and Technology area. The conference serves as an excellent opportunity to meet each other and to exchange ideas with theme, Multidisciplinary Approach towards Sustainable Technology and Industry.

This proceeding contains selection papers from graduate students, faculty members, researchers, and academia from various universities and research institutions, and also professional associations and other related organization in infrastructure area. The selected papers are selected based on the paper quality and the relevancy to the theme.

A total of 52 manuscripts are selected to be submitted in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering and to be presented in ICATECH 2018 seminar. Our deepest gratitude to all of our speakers, participants and contributors who have given the ICATECH 2018 their generous supports. Also to all the reviewers who helped us managing the papers so that all the manuscripts are well written. Many thanks are due to all our Organizing Committee members for their dedication and continuous efforts and hard work in preparing and organizing the seminar. We would like also to thank to all members of the Steering Committee, Scientific Committee and our distinguished international board of reviewers for all their support and advice.

Dr. Syamsuri, Adhi Tama Institute of Technology Surabaya

On behalf of ICATECH 2018 Organizing Committee

September 28, 2018

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

This study aims to simulate and present the hourly thermal analysis of a forced convection solar dryer along with the parametric analysis of the drying process made using the drying characteristics of green pepper. Under the consideration of Rwanda weather condition on August 21^st, the designed solar collector shows low performance before noon and high-performance afternoon. It generates output air temperatures above 50°C from 12:00 until 19:00 with the highest value of 74°C generated at 15:00. In the drying chamber, the green pepper drying time shows dependence on the air temperatures obtained from the solar collector and on the tray positioning number. The graphical results show that the products dried in the first tray dries quickly compared to those in the last trays, the effect of drying at high temperatures lead to the reduction in the drying time. The obtained results are confirmed by their similarities in curves trends with those of results diagrams in related literature studies.

The tobacco industry is a source of incomes for our country. Currently, cigarette consumers in Indonesia are already very high. Quality is considered as an essential point for every industry to satisfy its customers. However, some problems often occur in the Industry. Including the decline in cigarettes quality. One of the reasons for the decline in the quality of cigarettes is the lack of selection of the sorting system on cigarette packaging. The lack of quality of the packaging system makes the quality of cigarettes decreased. In a tobacco company in East Java, the fetching of defective products is still done manually. Based on the problem, the author takes that study case as the background of this research. In this system, the packs of cigarettes will be detected and selected using image processing. On the image processing will be implemented as a method of convolution neural network (CNN) this algorithm has a function to detect texture from cigarette packaging. If there is non-conforming or defective cigarette packaging, the rejector will be active and discard the cigarette packaging and it will not enter into the next packing process. The result of training data from this study had a success rate of 96.06%. When using real-time data, the system is able to classify 148 data from 154 existing data correctly. The real-time system success rate is 94,59%.

This study discussed the mechanical properties of natural and metakaolin based geopolymer stabilized soil. The mechanical soil properties is an important soil properties that determine the soil strength parameter and its behaviour. It is proposed to do an assessment on 2 types of soil: natural (remolded) soil and metakaolin based geopolymer (MKG) stabilised soil of Bengawan Solo River Embankment soil. The soil sample are treated on oedometer test in order to know soil compressibility and permeability. The result shows that the implication of MKG for natural (remolded) soil only have an influence in reducing swelling. Also for the permeability, it is found that despite the high porosity (index high vacuum), its permeability is smaller than the permeability of other mixtures.

The introduction of adhesive material in the structural connection of cold-formed steel (CFS) as alternative connection material has a great deal on the strength capacity of bonded joints. This paper evaluates the microstructural characterisation on CFS connection. Two different types of adhesive material, A-SK, and A-3M are taken. The experiment is made to get mechanical properties and is followed by classifying incidence x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to study the behaviour inside the adherence. The specimen was penetrated to classify layer surfaces, to present the structural component and to get their morphology. The result is that both materials have similar bonded joints strength capacity which meets the required standard. Quartz and calcite on A-SK are mainly located on the innermost surface separately, while A-3M mostly mixed close to the base steel. In that matter, they have been beneficial for knowing the wide variety of structural characterisation by their elemental composition phases.

Solar electric bicycles aim for remote areas, where there is no electricity coverage. To find out the position of the solar electric bicycles, therefore research on solar electric bicycles was made with the addition of an STM 32 microcontroller. This research was conduct to determine the speed and holding time of data retrieval during the data delivery from location to serve. This research was carried out by analysing the variations of holding 15 minutes with a delay of 3 seconds: holding 30 minutes with a delay of 2 seconds: holding 1 hour with a delay of 30 seconds. The research results showed that the difference between GPS (Global position system) and the delay was 4%. From the result of this study, conclude that the use of GPS microcontroller STM32 was good enough.

Activated Carbon is an important material for purification, colour removal, adsorbent, and catalyst in the chemical industry. One of the iodine industries in East Java use active carbon as adsorbent that captures iodine from the solution. Indonesia still imports activated carbon despite the numerous raw materials of activated carbon in Indonesia. This research aims to determine the effect of the concentration of phosphoric acid (activating agent) and activation temperature on the production of activated carbon from mangrove charcoal. The activating agent used was phosphoric acid with 0.4-1.0 M and 2 hour immersion. The activation temperature was 650-725°C. The activated carbon of the research results was tested for its proximate level, iodine number, and specific surface area. The results showed that water content ranged from 0.11-0.38%, iodine number was around 769.075-1,019.087 mg/g. The highest iodine number was 1,019.87 mg/g and the surface area of 354.977 m²/g that occurred at 725 °C with activator concentration of 1 M. Proximate analysis, iodine number, and specific surface area of activated carbon from mangrove charcoal have met Indonesian National Standardization (SNI 06-3730-1995).

Indication of pollution is worrisome occurring in the water of Kali Surabaya which becomes the main source of Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (PDAM) or Municipal Waterworks. Therefore, research on it is necessarily conducted by (a) analyzing the obedience of IPLC (Ijin Pembuangan Limbah Cair or Liquid Waste Disposal Permit) implementation, (b) identifying the obstacles to employ IPLC, and (c) formulating a plan model for controlling pollution and recovering the water quality of Kali Surabaya based on the results of both analysis and identification. A comparative descriptive method was used in this research as it gave systematical, factual, and accurate description about facts and research object characteristics. Comparative study was then carried out to investigate the relationship among the existing facts. This research formulated the plan model for controlling pollution and recovering the water quality of Kali Surabaya by using active participation from industrial community.

In the field of shipping, consumption of fossil fuel is quite large, especially as fuel to drive ship-engines. The high fuel price is not at all beneficial to the shipping industry and fishermen as users of ship-engines. The use of fuel for ship-engines is not only uneconomical but also environmentally unfriendly. The more expensive fuel is anticipated by the reuse of sail in the form of Engine-sail Vessels (ESV) as Fishing Vessels. This paper presents a study on the efficient use of fuel in ESV as a driver that does not utilize fuel to develop of environmentally friendly fishing vessels. There is a potential savings in the use of fuel 70% when compared with conventional ship-engines only.

Folding Machine is an indispensable tool in the small-scale laundry industry that aims to save time and energy. The main component of this equipment is a flip folder that will be controlled in the form of deflection of the angle position in order to operate the folded clothes. In the design of the controller, what needs to be done is the identification of the plant to determine the characteristics of the system. Modelling section in this paper is using relationships between input variables; input components are often difficult to measure the parameters of the plant. Therefore, this research will identify the system based on the offline input and output data measurement by using Extended Least Square (ELS) and Auto Regressive Exogenous (ARX) model approach. Based on the results of the identification, the second order damped plant equation can be approximated by first order reduction model with the characteristic transient response that having a time constant (τ) of 0.1706 seconds, the rise time of 0.500 seconds, the settling time of 0.511 seconds and the delay time of 0.1178 seconds.

Wave Energy Converters (WECs) is the type of Ocean energy need continual motion while operation for producing steady electricity. The mooring configuration as the answer for making sustainable WECs during operational life on the rough sea. The authors are researching trimaran pontoon of pendulum WECs type with anchors and four cables of mooring. The purpose of this research to determine the heave, pitch, and roll response from the pontoon. In this research, there are variations of wave height and wave periods. Experiment located at hydraulics laboratory in regular wave condition. The scale-up of the pontoon is (1:10) compared to real dimension. IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) sensor used in this experiment to detect pontoon motion. Pontoon has the optimum condition at wave periods at 0.6s and height 0.4 m. Heave motion best displacement is 0.372m, Roll motion value is 1.425 degree and Pitch is 4.6164 degree. The pontoon needs fairlead for placed the mooring cables.

Photovoltaic is a semiconductor component that can produce electrical energy when exposed to energy from sunlight. Electricity generation using photovoltaics require a maximum power point tracker embedded in a microcontroller to control boost converter. Boost converter is a type of dc-dc converter which functions to increase dc voltage at a certain voltage level and is kept stable. A simulation for a power generation system using photovoltaics is needed to determine the level of system success that will be realized. In this article we discuss the system simulation using PSIM to find out the maximum output power on partially shaded static photovoltaics using Perturb and Observe algorithm at the maximum power point tracker. Testing on this simulation is done for several different resistance loads. Simulation results without using the Peturb and Observe algorithm show that the maximum output power of 12.26 watts with a load resistance of 36 Ohm, while the simulation results using this algorithm obtained a maximum output power of 55.55 watts. The comparison results for partially shaded 50% showed a maximum output power smaller than partially shaded 25%.

Materials for some component must be through machining processes, for example, is a lathe. Lathe causes internal stress. One of many ways to avoid the internal stress is normalising. Normalising of the heat treatment is heating materials above austenite temperature, holding for a period for transformation and air cooling. This research was conducted to analyse the effect of holding time and temperature normalising of 316L stainless steel toward hardness and microstructure. Hardness testing was measured by microhardness Vickers tester, and the characterisation was used optical microscope and XRD. The highest hardness was obtained 193.2 HVN from normalising with a temperature of 800°C and holding time of 30 minutes, while the lowest was 166.3 HV using 950°C and 90 minutes. The microstructure was obtained austenite and ferrite phase. The normalised specimen had a wider peak profile than the unnormalised specimen, can be observed at 50.9° of the 2θ angle which had bigger FWHM.

The development of alternative vehicle were continued by designing hybrid vehicle that using compressed air and electrical propulsion. This compressed air propulsion on the rear wheels and two electric motor as a front wheel drive (FWD) were installed independently, where left and right can rotate with different speeds and direction. Independent FWD could be a problem when two wheels has a different rotation. The first experiment was tested by measuring the rotation per minute (RPM) on each wheel. Measurement were performed by varying the position of the throttle pedal. The result of measurements on both wheels rotating speed showed a difference of 1 %. The second test was to compare the space requirement, which derived from the function of cornering radius. Space requirement for inactive vehicle cornering system is 4.52 meters and 3.39 meters when system is active.

Slope failures in a mining project will contribute to significant safety impacts and economic losses. Therefore, it is imperative for mining engineers to analyse and design an open pit mine considering safety purposes. In this study, a limit equilibrium method using GeoSlope-Slope/W program was used to investigate the stability of an open pit mining slope for a proposed mining activity based on a case study in Tanjung Enim, District of Muara Enim, Province of South Sumatera - Indonesia. The results of this study reveal that the slope design for the proposed mining activity is technically not in stable condition due to the shear force of the slope is higher than its shear strength. Such mechanism occurs due to the existence of a complex geotechnical condition beneath the surface, such as faults and discontinuities, which then lead to the reduction of slope strength. Having an inapplicable proposed slope design, this study proposes a re-design of slope for safety purposes in order to support the future mining operation. The analysis approach proposed in this study can be a viable alternative to assess the stability of slopes in any mining operation when a complex geotechnical condition exists.

Indonesia is one of biggest country with agricultural product and its very abundant. Agricultural product would give effect on an agriculture waste. For the example of agricultural waste is rice husk (RH). RH is the outer layer of the paddy. RH as an organic waste is obtained from the outer covering of rice grains during the milling process. The mechanical properties of RH is low combustion value and potential damage to the environment. The recent uses of RH are as a fertilizer additive, animal food, stock breeding rugs, cooking fuel, paving applications, filling materials, and energy generation. RH is composed of lignin, cellulose, and SiO₂, therefore it can be considered as a natural organic-inorganic composite material. In the other hand, as the enormous spare part development nowadays, the use of asbestos-based materials in the manufacture of vehicle brake pad is considered to endanger health, especially brake pad. Asbestos-based materials are used because of their temperature resistance. However, the use of asbestos has been banned due to carcinogenic substances and substances that are harmful to the environment. Asbestos-based materials can also endanger respiratory health because they can endanger the lungs if inhaled.The objective of this study is to add value to rice husk by developing a sustainable material composite. The rice husk was combine with biodegradable polymer as matrix. This study aims to determine the effect of particle size of rice husk powders, and structural mechanisms on non-asbestos brake composites. The ratio of reinforcement and matrix as follows 20:80; 30:70; 40:60 with carbonized and uncarbonized condition. The expected result is the best wear properties conducted from rice husk powder composites brake pad are in close with commercial asbestos based brake pad.

Physical disability is individual to a person having disorder movement, due to its abnormality muscular, bone structure, sick or accident. Wheelchairs are a tool to help people with physical disability. From it, the researcher proposed the creation of a wheelchair robot that was able to be used to assist in daily activities. This robot uses the Atmega128 as the primary system and the motor driver. To movement wheelchairs robot used button command, it gives commands to the Atmega128, and then the motor will drive the wheelchair movement. In the first test is motor rotation setting without load, from the data, obtained the most significant wheel rotation difference from the command is 3rpm, this different rotation because wheel slip at wheelchair and the next test with load people weight 72kg, the difference wheel rotation is 88 rpm, it because the load people at wheelchairs robot. The last test is the command button on wheelchair movement, from the tests performed get a success rate of 87.5%, this is because there was an error when testing the command to move right. From this research expected the wheelchair robot can help people with physical disabilities carrying out at daily activities a wider area.

The writing of Kawi and Javanese numeric characters has different forms, in order to find out the extraction value of the image form features of Kawi and Javanese numerals, the Moment Zernike method is free from rotation. To prove the Zernike Moment method feature extraction, a number of rare research processes are carried out, the steps are (1) image input, (2) grayscale, (2) threshold and region growing segmentation process, (3) extraction of the Zernike Moment feature. The results obtained from the test from the nearest value approach using city block extraction feature Kawi and Java numeric images with extraction features of rotated features 90° and 180°. The results obtained are the same as 0.01 for the Kawi 1 and 0.02 numbers for Java number 2.

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is a human blood cancer which causes most deaths among other types of blood cancer. It commonly occurs in children and teenagers. ALL is recognised when there is a presence of lymphoblast cell in human blood. Haematologists diagnose ALL using visual microscopic observation from a human periphery blood sample. The inspection takes a long time and is limited to the subjective experience of the haematologist, and therefore, causes differences in the diagnostic results among haematologists. In this study, the researchers proposed automatic ALL Identification system to solve the problem. The method used an image processing technique that analysed a human blood cells morphology. The system identified the differences between normal white blood cells and lymphoblast cells by considering the shape and the size of the nucleus and also the cytoplasm. There are 33 microscopic an image data of a human blood cell that were used in this research. Geometric features used in the study were an area, perimeter, eccentricity, equivDiameter, solidity, roundness and circularity of a human blood the nucleus and cytoplasm and also the ratio of area and the perimeter of the cells and the nuclei. Firstly, the nucleus and cytoplasm were extracted from the other component of a human blood cell using Gram-Schmidt as an orthogonalisation-based segmentation method and then using Otsu threshold. Support Vector Machine was then used to classify whether the white blood cells were lymphoblasts or normal cells. Lastly, ALL identification was evaluated by the parameter of sensitivity and misclassification rate metrics using k-fold cross-validation.

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) have great potential in driving community economic activities and at the same time become a source of income for most people in improving their welfare. Therefore, to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of independent and developing MSMEs, Information Technology (IT) is needed to promote enterprises and their products. For this purpose, Mobile Geographic Information System (MGIS) application was developed for android based mapping of MSMEs. In data collection process, the authors employed observation and interview as methods. The purpose of developing this application is as an alternative promotion media and to make it easy to find the location of MSMEs in Surabaya. Black box test was conducted to test the appropriateness of the application. In addition, testing was also conducted using a questionnaire involving 50 respondents with 15 questions representing 5 stakeholder needs. From the questionnaire results, it was concluded that 4 needs, namely, the need to promote products, to spread information, community service, and information of MSMEs have been highly fulfilled by the application, while the need to increase gross domestic product was sufficiently fulfilled by the application.

High-Performance Computing (HPC) has been created to improve the quality of Pengantar Komputasi Parallel lectures. HPC consists of two PCs with AMD Ryzen 7 processor connected by high-speed LAN. HPC is used to solve problems that students can't practice Parallel Computing because the computer used is not adequate. So it takes a machine that can used together that has many processors, so the problems encountered are resolved. The results obtained, participants can use more than four processors to solve tree problems directly.

This study discussed the effect of transducer movement in underwater acoustic communication based on simulation analysis. A proposed underwater communication testing platform which is a 10 m x 2.5 m x 1.5 m mini towing tank is used as the communication channel. In the simulation analysis, channels boundary interaction is simulated using image method consists of 6 ray element and the transducer movements is assumed to have relative velocity between each other. Due to the relative velocity, Doppler frequency shift is occurred and gives amplitude variation in Channels Impulse Response (CIR). Several Doppler spread value was given to analyze the CIR. The simulation result indicates that, Relative velocity Doppler effects contributes big amplitude variation in the arrival structure of channels impulse response (CIR). When relative velocity or Doppler spread increases, the amplitude variation and the phase variation of arrival structure also increases.

Multi-story building construction project may pose a high rate of risks especially to worker safety, thus developing workplace health and safety is an urgent matter to take notice of. Workplace safety is an effort in protecting employees from any harm from a workplace accident, and in avoiding violation against government laws and regulations. The objective of this study was to examine the influence of safety posters on employees' effort and compliance in developing workplace health and safety at the construction of "Serbaguna Community Centre Sidoarjo" building. This study used the experimental method in which the respondents were the aluminium composite panel (ACP) and scaffolding installation workers. The data was collected based on observation employing a checklist. The data were analysed using paired sample t-test. The result of the study was that the safety posters had a significant impact on the employee's compliance (t-score = 11.50 > t-table = 1.771) with α=5%. This result indicates that safety posters are able to improve employees' consistency in behaving safely within the work environment.

In this study, triglyceride of kapok seed (Ceiba pentandra) oil was catalytic hydrocracking (T = 350°C, P = 10-20 bar) to biofuel production using Cu-Mo supported HZSM-5 (Cu-Mo/HZSM-5_51) as the catalyst. The catalyst was synthesized using incipient wetness impregnation. The obtained catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The catalyst performance on catalytic hydrocracking of kapok seed oil using CuMo/HZSM-5 with ratio molar for Cu:Mo is 1:1 and loading 5%wt. The catalytic evaluation results indicate that for the employed conditions gasoil was the major product. The biofuel fraction formed consisted of 0.98 area% of gasoline, kerosene range of alkanes as much as 1.55 area% and gas-oil range of alkane as much as 1.14 area% at 350°C over Cu-Mo/HZSM-5_51. Triglycerides of kapok seed oil can be cracked by catalytic hydrocracking process to carboxylic acid as much as 78.78 area% by hydrogenation reaction using Cu-Mo/HZSM-5_51 catalyst. The catalyst is proved to be effective for the conversion triglyceride of kapok seed oil to corresponding biofuel gasoil range.

Singlemode-multimode-singlemode based optical fiber can be used as a good communication medium, but energy or power carried by light will be weakened (losses) due to leakage or due to lack of clarity or shift in optical fibers. In this study, power losses in fiber optics based on SMS will be classified based on changes in the values of power losses to shifts and divided them according to three classes, there are good, average, and bad. The shift will be used as a classification variable that is between 0 μm to 450 μm with an increment of 50 µm for every interval. The SMS optical fiber structure used is 5.5 with 25 attempts on different optical fibers. The classification method used is Naïve Bayes with a Gaussian distribution. Gaussian distribution is used in Naïve Bayes because the dataset will be processed in the form of continuous values. From the results of testing based on TP+TN = 6, FP = 6 FN = 6 on confusion matrix, the classification accuracy value was 42.86%. This indicates that this classification method is still less effective for classifying fiber optic power losses with an SMS structure. For further study, another classification methods can be used in the power loss classification to get better results.

Distribution activity is one part of Supply Chain Management and very important component. It can improve profit company with a decrease in transportation cost. This activity has many problems like capacity of vehicle, difference of consumer demand, and difference of consumer location. These problems must be handled by determine the route to minimize distribution cost. My research is the company engaged in printing service where the product has been printed will be sent to several customers with different locations. In determining the route will be used Saving Matrix and Cross Entropy method. The purpose of them is to form an optimal route where saving matrix method is processed manually and Cross Entropy method by Matrix Laboratory software. The result obtained by calculation of Saving Matrix method are four sub routes and Cross Entropy method are three sub routes. The comparison of two methods used is Cross Entropy method 5,81% more efficient than Saving Matrix method based on total transportation cost.

The most common type of structural asphalt pavement in Indonesia is asphalt concrete-wearing course (AC-WC). This type of layer is the most vulnerable type, with damages mostly caused by weather and tire pressure of heavy vehicles. In this study, the test object was produced based on standardized general specification called 'Spesifikasi Umum Bina Marga' 2010 (Division VI). The mixture of the test object contained varied amount of charcoal powder: 10%, 20%, and 30%. From Marshal Test data obtained in the study, the mixture which met the qualification of 'Spesifikasi Umum Bina Marga' 2010 was the one containing 30% charcoal powder. The mixture had 1183 kg stability value, 3.73 mm flow value, 316.9 kg/mm Marshal quotient, 4.47 % VIM, 17.08% VMA, and 73.82% void filled. Therefore, it was concluded that 30% charcoal powder content met the Marshal test standard, and more addition of charcoal powder resulted in more void filled to cover the aggregate, and less void left in the mixture (VIM).

The aim of this research is designing and testing an Induced Draft Cooling Tower (IDCT). The Cooling tower is the main instrument which used to cool the hot water from the condenser and release heat into the atmosphere at a power plant. Temperature is maintaining as cool as original condition. One of the components of the cooling tower is filler. It is very influential on IDCT performance, where the contact surface between water and air is expanded and the contact time is extended. An experimental study to evaluated the heat and mass transfer coefficient is conducted. A heat transfer correlation is developed; a new variable is defined. The effect of controlling parameters such as range of temperature, heat rejected rates, effectiveness has been analysed. IDCT was filled with a straight, zigzag and wave filler. The results indicate that the tower characteristics increase with increase cold air velocity, with the variation of filler, the highest tower characteristics get from wave filler arrangement.

This paper aims at a solution to overcome and reduce river water pollution; factories waste and residential waste that is discharged into river areas that are still used by pond farmers as a source of fresh water in their ponds. If the river water is polluted, it will adversely affect the productivity of the ponds. To overcome the problem of pollution in ponds, it is necessary to research the parameters of pH, temperature and oxygen content in river water. Therefore, flexibility is needed from a system for monitoring the quality and prevention of river water pollution, based on the Android operating system that helps the performance of farmers to find out more about river water pollution wherever they position is. This system design uses Atlas Scientific's DO (Dissolved Oxygen) sensor, v1.1 module pH sensor and DS18b20 temperature sensor. Oxygen content data by DO sensors, pH and water temperature of the river, which have been processed by the system will be displayed on the LCD monitor, then the data will be sent in the form of SMS (Short Message Service) to the user's Smartphone using a modem. If river water pollution is detected, the accuracy rate of this monitoring system is 90% with an average error rate of 3.9% on the measurement of oxygen levels, 2.8% on pH measurements and 1.01% for temperature measurement on river water.

Propose of this study is to analyze the performance of the single-tuned filter and detuned reactor to improve power quality (voltage profile, power factor, and harmonic distortion) in a microgrid. Nowadays power quality becomes the focus of the electrical company as well as commercial customer and industry. The load consists of two types, linear load, and nonlinear load. Both of them cause a reduction of power quality as voltage drop, low power factor, and harmonic distortion. Those problems can make losses of electrical usage, broken on electrical devices and can stop the production process in the industry. Single-tuned filter and the detuned reactor is the type of harmonic filter that commonly used to mitigate harmonic distortion. The harmonic filter also has benefit to improve power factor and voltage profile on the system. All filters will be simulated on ETAP to get the performance of each filter on different condition. The most dominant load in this study is a 6-pulse battery charger.

Energy use of a building usually increases as long as an increase of the surface area of the envelope. Heat transfer of the building through the envelope can be reduced by perfect design. Right building form and materials can reduce the heat transfer. Middle rise building has a quite high surface area of the roof, and in a tropical country, roof accepts the highest irradiance thus bring much heat to the building. In the same volume, compact building form is better in thermal performance, but large building usually need an atrium to help the natural lighting in the room. The atrium uses transparent roof or skylight. This transparent roof definitely can increase the heat gain to the building significantly. So this research aims to find the best form of atrium roof in middle-rise and large span building in the tropical region. This research aims to analyse the thermal performance of middle-rise and large span buildings and its relation to the form of the atrium. A sample of middle-rise office buildings in Surabaya was taken randomly. The simulation was conducted to predict thermal and cooling energy performance. Energy performance of the building was found to bear some relations to form of roof.

Black Orchid is an endangered species in East Kalimantan in the last five years. If it's not conserved, this endemic species will extinct. The research and development centre aims to research and develop black orchids so that the population is maintained. In this research and development, the main facilities are tissue culture laboratory and greenhouse with adaptive as the concept form. The adaptive concept was applied to create a form of building that can adapt to the environment, without having to reject the use of modern materials and technology. The shape of the structure based on the shape of regional architecture of East Kalimantan which adapts to the local cultural values to create harmony with the surrounding environment. The characteristic of the building has many openings, and in the front facade, there are typical of Dayak carvings with philosophy as protection of the building.

The utilization of co-solvent was considered as one of several methods to improve yield of methyl ester on in situ transesterification of microalgae. The research aims to study the effect of co-solvent in the in situ transesterification of Chlorella Sp using base catalyst under microwave irradiation. The in situ transesterification reaction carried out in a microwave reactor using 1% of base catalyst with an addition 30 ml of n-hexane as a co-solvent. The microwave was equipped with a reflux condenser and the reactor was a round bottom flask equipped with magnetic stirrer. The reaction study was performed by varying the reaction time (10, 20, 30, 40, 50) min at 450 W of microwave power. Based on the experiment result obtained that the optimal yield of methyl ester was 30.08% at 40 min. The analysis result obtained that the component of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester(FAME) from Chlorella Sp was a medium chain methyl ester (C₁₂-C₂₀) with Saturated Fatty Acid (SAFA)s as the dominant component.

Wastewater from the soft drink industry must be treated before release to reservoir. One of many treatments of wastewater is electrocoagulation method. Five litres of wastewater was agitated using a magnetic stirrer with the addition of bitterns in a tank electrochemical device. It was started by 100 rpm of agitation for 3 minutes and then the agitation was decreased to 50 rpm for the certain time. The filtrate was separated and analysed Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and BOD. Percent of COD removal tends to increase with the length of the electrocoagulation process and vice versa for BOD. Different things occur in percent COD and BOD removal, where the best percent removal is obtained at 0.5% bitter addition. The highest percentage of COD removal reached 98.31% at 6 hours and the highest percent of BOD removal reached 95.00% within 2 hours.

Bulk frying oil has been generally under the standardised quality in SNI 3555-1998 since it is not packed and is easy to be oxidised. The research was to apply raja banana peel extract that contained natural oxidant such as flavonoid to enhance the quality of bulk frying oil. The raja banana peel extract was obtained by maceration method using methanol and ethyl acetate. The weight of extract applied to the bulk frying oil was 1; 1.5; 2; 2.5 grams, with stirring time for about 40 minutes. The samples were then analysed to identify the contents of both acid and peroxide numbers. The best result was attained by applying 2.5 grams of the extract with 40 minutes of stirring time, which resulted in the acid number of 0.27938 meq/kg and peroxide number of 1.99668 meq/kg.

The use of the image in daily life keeps increasing as information technology is constantly developing. Consequently, the demand for a form of security in sending images through the internet is unavoidable. The encryption algorithm is one of the solutions. Encryption will make any image become only readable by those authorized to access. A chaos-based encryption algorithm is the most commonly used image encryption method because of its sensitivity to the parameter value. In addition to security, image transmission speed is also on demand. Images with bigger size than texts require longer transmission time. For this issue, image compression is the answer. There are many kinds of algorithm that can be used for image size compression. One of which is DCT. DCT algorithm is known to transform spatial domain to frequency. Image encryption and compression are two different processes. Nevertheless, this study combined both processes into one scheme so that they become inseparable. This study has two findings. First, in the area of compression, the scheme produced cipher image with considerable compression ratio. Second, in the area of encryption, the produced cipher image's histogram became completely different from the original histogram, indicating that the encryption algorithm used was immune to histogram analysis.

Purchasing Consortium (PC) is the merger of two or more organisations with separate legal entities or independently or through the third party using division and union of the purchase volume, information, and resources owned. This merger aims to increase the bargaining power so that the product or service purchase price can be lower than a supplier. This research tried to conduct modelling to minimise the annual total cost of several buyers doing multi-item through PC at single supplier offering a fixed discount rate by shipping union. In this study, an analytical method was employed to solve the problems using the optimisation approach. From numerical experiment results, by making purchases through PC with shipping unification, the total cost generated was better compared to the purchase without going through PC or PC without shipping union.

Gunung Anyar is one of the areas in East Surabaya which has quite a high indication of the spread of soil clay with The combined Cv is 0.0008 - 0.000125 cm²/s, which indicates long a consolidation time. The appropriate soil improvement method to speed up the consolidation time is to use a combination of preloading and prefabricated vertical drain. Simple statistical analysis was performed to obtain prefabricated vertical drain's thickness and length in general is 3.33 mm and 100 mm. The analysis consists of the effect PVD installation distance which is 1 m, 1.5 m and 2 m of triangular and rectangular patterns and variations thickness of soft soil clay are 10 m, 15 m, and 20 m. At the same installation distance with different thickness of soft soil layer, the changes of degreethe of consolidation was only <1%. Triangular pattern with an installation distance of 1 m PVD soft soil thickness 20 m, with 90% degree of consolidation the time requirement is 11 – 25 weeks. if soft soil thickness same and the difference in installation distance of 1 m, degreethe of consolidation decreased by 18.32% - 51.05% triangular pattern and 23.75%-45.69% rectangular pattern.

In Center Port Nilam there is a construction of storage tanks and pipelines that will be used for the distribution and storage of Crude Palm Oil (CPO). CPO will be transported to the storage tank through a pipeline using carbon steel A53 grade B. In the pipeline there is a pipe bride as high as 8.6 meters, and under the pipe bride, there is an elbow that has the potential to erosion corrosion. The experiment is to test the effect of flow rate and temperature to the corrosion-erosion rate of CPO in elbow material of carbon steel A53 grade B. For calculations use the DNV RP O501 standard and for testing using the ASTM G31-72 standard. This research use variation of the fluid speed of 1 ms, 2 m/s, 3 m/s and temperature of 40°C, 50°C, 60°C. From the results using manual calculations for the flow rate of 1 m/s, 2 m/s, 3 m/s erosion corrosion rate successively is 0.0030 mmpy, 0.0440 mmpy, and 0.1946 mm / year. The erosion-corrosion rate successively is 0.0315 mmpy, 0.0450 mmpy and 0.0531 mmpy for flow rate of 1 m/s, erosion corrosion rate of 0,0596 mmpy, 0,0781 mmpy, 0,0950 mmpy for flow rate of 2 m/s and 0.1044 mmpy, 0.1274 mmpy and 0.1497 mmpy for flow rate of 2 m/s for the test results using testing method at a temperature of 40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C. It can be concluded that the greater flow rate and temperature can lead to greater erosion corrosion rate.

Air pollution due to motor vehicles encouraged this research to develop proper combustion in the combustion chamber. The combustion in motor vehicles produces not only environmentally friendly combustion but also better engine performance. In a diesel engine, diesel fuel is put into the combustion chamber using injection through a nozzle. This fuel spray is subjected to break up and atomization before getting mixed with air and experiencing combustion in the combustion chamber. Diesel engine combustion chamber with different piston head will affect the combustion process and eventually affect the diesel engine performance. This research used the experimental method with the piston head shapes being tested were a low standard, semi-spherical, and multispherical. While the engine performance sought as a result of changes in the piston head shape are power (N), the use of specific fuel (Sfc), and thermal efficiency (ηth).

Fossil fuel-powered vehicles are the most significant contributor to air pollution nowadays. They emit substances that are harmful to both human and environment. Carbon monoxide (CO) and Hydrocarbon (HC) is the most common harmful exhaust gases found in the environment. One of the technologies used for reducing CO emissions is catalytic converters. The catalytic converters usually installed in the exhaust system. The numeric study was conducted on the interaction of flow, reaction, and thermal effects in the form of a 2D model of the catalytic converter. Simulation using Fluent software was then used to find out the extent of the catalyst effects on CO gas absorption when velocities were 6.3 m/s, 15 m/s, and 20 m/s. The simulation revealed that CO mass fraction and temperature around the exhaust channel increased as the velocity increased.

Office workers seem trivial, not many people have aware of occupational diseases risk, office workers who most are computer users in their daily work. Often the symptoms are ignored, most people assume that it is due to ordinary fatigue whereas things it is the beginning of the onset of occupational diseases. Muscle receive static load repeatedly in a long time, will be able to cause complaints of damage to joints, ligaments, and tendons. In this study, the method is RULA that shows a very high and moderate risk level. From the results, such assessments are used as a basis for applying improvements facilities at work. Design through to a table and a chair by analysing anthropometry, it is anticipated that analysis ergonomics and analysis of the redesigning. They used this application for reasonable enough CATIA. That is in pop up based on observation, so it can be an alternative redesigning and possible to reduce the potential of any disease, from behind their backs and purchased operator local control room, publicly listed heavy duty equipment operators affected by the policy and office workers.

Improved means of transportation have several positive and negative impacts. The most-occurred adverse effects is a decrease in environmental quality. Emissions from vehicles will continue to increase every single day and will be the dominant source of air pollutants. Pb or lead is one of the contaminants of vehicle mobility. Gas station operators are at risk of having high Pb levels in their bodies. This happened because the gas station operators are exposed to Pb for 8 hours/day from motor vehicle emissions as well as gasoline fumes when consumers refuel. This study aims to analyse and determine the lead (Pb) levels in the urine of gas station operators based on their characteristics at Panjang Jiwo and Kalirungkut gas station Surabaya. This research is quantitative research with a descriptive method that compares the results of measurements in the field with the Decree of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 1406 / Menkes / SK / XI concerning the Examination Standard of Black Lead Levels in Human Biomarker Specimen. Measurements were made on the urine of twelve gas station operators at two gas stations. The results of the study showed that the analysis of Pb levels in the urine of twelve respondents was below the threshold value of 0.1 mg/l. There is also a tendency that the longer the service life of the operator and the increasing age, the higher the Pb level in the urine of gas station operators.

Concrete is a product with the composition of binding medium in which there is an aggregate pigments or particles. The binder is formed by cement and water mixture. Cater cement factor affects the compressive strength result. In producing concrete, a quality control is needed to obtain performance or process variation. In order to obtain the quality, statistical analysis using histogram method in the form tables and graphs is needed. From the measurement analysis results of 30 concrete test objects with different cement water factors getting uneven and unpredictable distribution results. The greater the cement water factor, the more dispersed the distribution of the cement will be but the weight of the concrete will decrease.

This study aims to analyse the application of the rules of IMO (International Maritime Organization) relating to ballast water management to vessel back at the port in the operational area of Inaport 2^nd Jakarta. IMO rules governing vessel ballast water management, are applied internationally starting September 8, 2017. Data samples are taken from the number of vessel visits, especially international vessel routes that visited in 2012-2016 and disposed of ballast water at the operational port of Inaport 2^nd. The analytical method uses qualitative and deterministic based on the formulation of IMO MEPC 56/23 ANNEX 2. The volume of discarded ballast water is varied for 10% of vessel visiting up to 60% of the vessels visiting, with the increment of 5 to 25 tons of ballast water which is disposed of by each vessel. In 2016, for 60% of vessel that visited and disposed of 25 tons, the waters of Inaport 2^nd would receive 48,741.06 kL of ballast water. The increase in the number of vessel and the amount of ballast water that is disposed of will increase the potential of invasive follow-up species to local streams and increase marine pollution in the port area.

It is a common thing used by a planner to get the pile foundation needs with the finite element program. The output generated from the finite element program is then processed to produce the required number of piles on the planned structure. The finite element program that is often used is SAP2000. From several cases in the field, there were differences in the results of the number of piles needed between the analysis using the manual calculation method with the Nakazawa method. So, in this paper a comparison of the need for piles based on the manual calculation method with Nakazawa method will be compared, which is devoted to soft soil material according to soil data. The results showed that the number of pile requirements based on the Nakazawa method (n = 244 pieces) was much smaller than the manual calculation method (n = 320 pieces). This shows that the analysis of pile needs is more effective with the use of the Nakazawa method.

To investigated heat transfer phenomena inside the combustion chamber wall in diesel engines, we investigated the effects of spray/flame impingement on transient heat flux to the wall. By using a constant volume vessel under engine-like condition, surface heat flux of the wall at spray/flame impingement was measured with three thin film thermocouple heat flux sensors. Fuel was injected using a single-hole injector with a 0.133 mm diameter nozzle. Under these conditions, spray evaporates, then burns near the wall. In order to investigate the relation between diesel flame and wall heat loss, two colour-method was applied to observe local flame temperature distribution. The effect of oxygen concentration on the heat transfer was investigated parametrically. The results showed that the ratio of oxygen concentration influenced the combustion behaviour, which has significant effect on flame temperature and flame contact area that gave rise to further heat loss on the wall.

Pico hydropower (PHP) is a small power plant system to generate electricity that is suitable for implementation in the rural area. The potential of local natural resources such as bamboo and the existing of many induction motors with small capacity, both of them respectively can be used as turbine material and as an induction generator. Bamboo as a natural and bio-composite material there are many in Indonesia and Southeast Asia. The main objective of the present research is how local natural resources bamboo can be used as turbine material and induction motor using as an induction generator, with the aim to finding cheap and ease equipment for pico hydro implementing. Moreover, through this research, for the first time, pico hydropower (PHP) was applied with a using bamboo turbine and Induction Motor As Generator (IMAG). The results obtained are a cross-flow turbine with dimension diameter of 125 mm, turbine width of 50 mm and with 20 blades. From laboratory test result at water pressure, 0.55 kilogram per square centimetre and flow rate 4 litres per second, power system capable of load 114 Watt LED lamps, maximum voltage and current respectively 100 Volts and 0.38 Amperes. Pico-hydro with cross-flow turbines made from bamboo material and generator IMAG has been implemented on demonstration site in Jembul village, local natural resources material and equipment availability which is cheap and ease of implementing. The pico hydro exhibits a good electrical output result that can be improved for a good performance for the next.

The solar energy as an alternative energy to generate electrical energy using photovoltaic (PV) connected to the grid of batteries that work all night widely developed in Indonesia. The ability to use PV for power conditioning and power factor compensation has been proven by researchers. However, most of the applications described in the engineering literature are used on a three phase system using techniques developed for active filters. Inverter can supply requirements in the vessel control room Baruna Jaya 8. PV systems are designed to generate 250 kW. From the simulation and test results using PSIM software it is found that the PV system can generate 250 kW power to supply the distribution panel as alternate of fuel on the ship Baruna Jaya 8.

PT. Semen Gresik Packaging Industry (IKSG) Tuban is a subsidiary established by PT. Semen Gresik (Persero) Tbk which is tasked to fulfil the needs of packaging bags for cement production. Problems that appear often occur in a company, especially PT. IKSG is a waste that often occurs in the production flow, such as the large number of defective production bags, production machines that often stop in the middle of the production process and other problems. From these problems, this research aims to find a solution using the lean manufacturing approach in handling and reducing waste that occurs in the existing production processes in the company. Three types of waste often occur in the company, namely, defect, waiting, and overproduction, as well as recommendations for improvement based on the selected mapping from VALSAT analysis in the form of elimination of non-value, added activities on PAM mapping with the results of manufacturing cycle effectiveness (MCE). It is increased by 3.18%, the application of the master production schedule (MPS) method on SCRM mapping with a more optimal amount of production results, and the implementation of maintenance and policies in the production process to reduce defects in the QFM mapping.

Surabaya is the capital city of East Java and it has a coastal area. This coastal area has lot of communities and tourism activities. As a result, this will have an impact of increasing plastic waste in the environment. This circumstance will have an impact on increasing plastic waste in the environment. The accumulation of plastic waste on the east coast of Surabaya is due to human activities. The present study has identified the polymer of plastic debris collected from the east coast of Surabaya. Bulak was the major district having high plastic debris (89.41%). The highest of three polymer types were identified viz. polypropylene (PP), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and low-density polyethylene (LDPE). Polypropylene was the most polymer plastic found on the east coast of Surabaya (67.86%), particularly in Bulak followed by Kenjeran, Gunung Anyar, and Rungkut.

One of the worst earthquakes occurred in Indonesia is in Bantul city, Yogyakarta province in 2006. It suffered huge amount of economic losses and many casualties. This issue become more significant, because residential buildings in Bantul city is impoverished. Moreover, Bantul city has high density of population. Here, we estimate the economic losses due to the earthquake in the future based on the vulnerability of dwellings in Bantul area using risk curve. Furthermore, we simulate a hypothetical mitigation policy of risk reduction for future earthquakes. After policy implication with various subsidy scenario, the economic losses can be reduced up to 648,017.48 USD for 0.5 % probability of exceedance in 50 years. This study indicates that the government can reduce the risk of economics significantly as the beginning in reducing risk with various factors.

The common problem encountered by a car rental company is the transaction inefficiency. Only to know the car's availability, customers need to call by phone or coming directly to the rental company one-by-one. So, it is considered time-consuming. Whereas, the company could make use of the internet to make the transaction simpler. In this paper, a car rent marketplace application which is called LIDI developed to face that problem. To gain the high accessibility, the development of LIDI uses the responsive web principle so that users can access the application, both in a desktop or mobile environment. Its development phase consisting of requirement analysis, system design, implementation, and testing. The requirement analysis is carried out by collecting the rental data and analyzing the user needs. The system design will model the requirements into the diagrams. The implementation will transform the design into runnable codes utilizing an MVC framework. The opportunity is given to the rental companies and the customers in Sidoarjo, Indonesia to try the application as a part of the testing phase. The acceptance test's result shows that the application is feasible to be generally released.