Table of contents

The 2^nd International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology (ICONART) 2020 was held on August 24, 2020 with a theme of Natural Resources and Technology for Better Future Life and a subtheme of Sustainable Natural Resources and Technology for Industry and Community. The current conference was initiated by Center of Excellence for Mangrove Science and Technology (Pusat Unggulan Iptek Mangrove) and Center of Excellence for Natural Resources-based Technology (Pusat Unggulan Iptek Teknologi Berbasis Sumberdaya Alam) which was fully supported by Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia.

The conference covered six major topics in the related fields such as (i) Natural science and natural product, (ii) Natural resource technology, (iii) Information systems of tropical resources, (iv) Tropical biodiversity, (v) Food science and food technology, and (vi) Ethnobotany and ethnozoology. The COVID-19 virus outbreak had a significant impact on our society, disrupting the way we live, work, and play. Likewise, with this conference, which was initially to be held in Medan, due to the conditions of the pandemic, the committee decided to conduct it virtually for mutual safety.

Notable keynote speakers were invited to present the current issue and challenge in their respective field of studies. Special thanks to Prof. Byung-Dae Park from Kyungpook National University, South Korea, Prof. Tadashi Kajita from Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, Deirdre McKay, Ph.D from Keele University, United Kingdom, Prof Madya Edi SuhaimiBakar, Ph.D from Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, and Prof. Mohammad Basyuni from Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia.

List of The 2nd ICONART Committees are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

• Type of peer review: Single-blind

• Conference submission management system:

The paper submission management system is carried out online via the https://ocs.usu.ac.id/ICONART page. The author must register first and then log in to upload the manuscript via that page.

• Number of submissions received:

The total number of submissions was 99 papers.

• Number of submissions sent for review:

For reviewing processes, only 69 papers (69%) were reviewed and the rest (30 papers) were rejected because of the low quality.

• Number of submissions accepted:

The number of accepted papers was 61

• Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100):

The Acceptance Rate was 62%

• Average number of reviews per paper:

The average number of reviews is two revisions per paper

• Total number of reviewers involved:

The total number of reviewers involved was 17 reviewers, consisted of experts, professionals, and scientific committees who fulfil expected standards of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

• Any additional info on review process:

The criteria in accepting papers were based on conference topic suitability, data precision, systematics of English writing, and similarity check results using Turnitin (less than 25%).

• Contact person for queries:

Name : Dr. Bejo Slamet

Affiliation: Universitas Sumatera Utara

Email : bejo@usu.ac.id

The availability of raw materials is the key to the implementation of production activities so that suppliers, who are able to supply according to the needs of the company, are needed. If the material that comes is not according to the specifications requested, even though the supplier changes so that the amount of material is still fulfilled, it still causes disruption to the smooth production process. The aim of this study is to assess the supplier's performance to optimize allocated raw material. This research was conducted at an animal feed factory. The raw materials used include yellow corn and rice bran, obtained from several suppliers. The raw material that comes in part is rejected because it is not in accordance with the requested specifications, among others due to excessive water content, mushroom content and the content of corn cobs that exceed the established limit. In this study, carried out a performance analysis of suppliers referring to 23 supplier assessment criteria by Dickson and used 6 selected criteria, namely quality, delivery, history of supplier performance, claim and guarantee policies, prices and communication systems. The optimal amount of raw material orders from the results of goal programming is allocated to each supplier based on their performance.

This research was conducted at a palm oil producing company in North Sumatra known as Sumatera Utara Province, Indonesia. This company has oil palm plantations, some of which have been converted to other businesses. This causes the production capacity that has been previously designed to be less effective in its use. This can be seen from the achievement of the target level of productivity. This research measured the level of productivity the company has achieved in the last two years using the Kendrick-Creamer Total Productivity Index Approach. The measurement results obtained over the past two years indicate that an increase in the total productivity index from 1.47 to 1.53. However, the increase has not been able to reach the productivity index target of 1.66. That was caused mainly by material, organizational, and installed capacity factors. The results obtained are selected alternatives for improvements to the sorting of materials, optimizing the production of his own garden, and maintaining screw press pressure with a total productivity index of 1.7.

Cervical cancer becomes a cause of high maternal mortality. To prevent it can be done by screening Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (IVA). The aim to analyze the effect of education applying the Health Belief Model using the audiovisual, booklet, WhatsApp media on knowledge and attitudes in conducting IVA examinations. The study used a quasi-experimental (two-group pre-post test without a control group). The sample were women of childbearing age who had never done an IVA examination before using purposive sampling with a sample size of 100 respondents, which were divided into 2 treatment groups, namely group 1 with audiovisual and booklets, and group 2 with WhatsApp. Health education used audiovisual, booklets and WhatsApp media. Data analyzed using a paired sample t-test. The results showed that there was an effect of education using audiovisual, booklets and WhatsApp media on the knowledge and attitude of early detection to do an IVA test. Increased knowledge, attitudes, health trust greater than before treatment. External variables such as age, education, occupation, income, prior information, and affordability of the IVA Test early detection site influence attitudes in improving behavior.

Around two-thirds of corn area in North Sumatera are in high altitude places, where northern corn leaf blight limits yield. Evaluation was performed to 125 new hybrids for their resistance to northern corn leaf blight and yield components in Garingging, District of Karo, North Sumatera, from October 2019 to March 2020. Experiments were arranged in Augmented RCBD with 4 checks, Artificial inoculation was applied to ensure high and uniform disease pressure. Eight new hybrids exceeded at least 3 checks regarding to disease resistance and ear weight, namely N399, G163, N396, N374, D651, N020, D635, and N031. Hybrid N399 has ear weight above 4 checks and G163 has better AUDPC than the 4 checks, suggesting promising hybrids for developing varieties in areas with NCLB pressure. Significant association with AUDPC was seen in incubation period, ear diameter, ear length, and ear weight. High GCV was observed in disease resistance traits, while high heritability is estimated in incubation period, AUDPC, ear diameter, and ear length. Incubation period may be used in early selection.

The increase in population impacts the need for land as a source of living that is increasing. The area of forest in Pakpak Bharat District decreased by 17.4% for the period 2011 to 2015. This study aims to identify land cover in Pakpak Bharat District by using Landsat 8 OLI Optical Imagery and Citra Radar Sentinel 1A. Sentinel SAR images 1A are converted first to be visually analyzed, and classification can be performed using the maximum likelihood method. The analysis carried out is a separability test, kappa accuracy test, and validation test. The calculation of kappa accuracy and validation shows that Landsat 8 OLI imagery has higher accuracy, which for Landsat 8 OLI and Citra Radar Sentinel 1A were 95.26% and 4.92%, respectively. Validation test results for Landsat 8 OLI and Citra Radar Sentinel 1A were 83.87% and 18.28%. The results indicate that the classification of land cover from Citra Sentinel 1A using the maximum likelihood supervised classification method does not provide satisfactory classification results. Although constrained by clouds, Landsat 8 OLI imagery for land cover classification using the maximum likelihood method is still better.

The frequency of human-tapanuli orangutan (Pongo tapanuliensis) conflict has been increased with the widespread on degradation and fragmentation at Batangtoru Forest, South Tapanuli Regency. Orangutans often come on community lands to look for food, especially while the durian fruit season. This study aims to obtain information on socio-economic characteristics and public perception index to mitigate on human-tapanuli orangutan conflict around the Dolok Sipirok Nature Reserve, South Tapanuli Regency. Data was collected using a questionnaire distribution, interviews and descriptive observations, starting from October 2019 to January 2020. Respondents were selected by purposively sampling method, i.e. people had met and interacted with orangutans as many as 61 respondents from three villages. Data analyzed using frequency tables, likers scale and spearman rank correlation. The results showed that the community is Muslim majority, productive age, education below senior high school, farmers and income below IDR. 4,000,000. The public perception has declared orangutans as animals that consume community plants. They will drive away the orangutans found in processed land. The perception of conflict mitigation has strongly agreed with the program that must be done including providing compensation for losses, increasing patrol programs, developing local wisdom and building corridors in state forests. The characteristics were a significant (α <0.01) influence on the perception index assessment i.e. the level of education, household member and family income.

The availability of feed plants is one of the most important components in improving the breeding ability of sambar deer in captivity. Planting program and productivity assessment of feed plants are necessary to ensure the availability of feed plants for deer, including deer management demonstration plot at Aek Nauli KHDTK. This study was aimed to observe the productivity and nutritional contents of sambar deer feed plants in Aek Nauli KHDTK. This study was performed at the deer feed plant plot. Sampling activities were conducted in the 1x1 m² plot (for grass) and 2 x 2 m² (for non-grass such as shrubs and herbs). The results showed that the productivity of 6 feed plants is about 51,56 kg day^-1 (fresh weight) or 19,52 kg day^-1 (dry weight); indicating that these plants meet the needs of 5 deer which are requiring 38.82 kg feed day^-1. The average productivity of feed plants in the dominant dry days was about 33,342.75 kg ha^-1 year^-1 (fresh weight) or 14,977.17 kg ha^-1 year^-1 (dry weight). The productivity of feed plants in the dominant rainy days was about 60,687.33 kg ha^-1 year^-1 (fresh weight) or 20,287.92 kg ha^-1 year^-1 (dry weight). Nutritional contents of feed plants are water content (56.3-66.0%), protein (0.037-0.156%), ash content (5.891-7.199%), fat content (1.751-10.089%), and carbohydrate (21.597-33.932%). Required feed management strategies are regular weeding, block division, rotational harvesting system, fertilizing, watering (during the dry season), and providing additional feeds and supplements such as Pennisetum purpureum, Calliandra callothyrsus, Artocarpus heterophyllus, and Manihot utilissima.

Plants contained a large number of proteins homologous to isoflavone reductase. Two palmae tree genes, c2qx7A and 1qyc1B, encoding isoflavone reductase-like proteins had been previously identified from their unique expression patterns. To gain insight into the possibility of protein modeling of isoflavone reductase, we compared in detail the build models of protein by PHYRE² and SWISS-MODEL software. The oil palm showed a higher in sequence identity, sequence similarity, coverage, and Qmean compared to date palm. Homology modelling showed that 294 residue (97% of the amino acid sequence) had been modelling with 100.0% confidence by the single highest scoring template for both oil palm and date palm using PHYRE². This coverage was higher than the SWISS-MODEL predicted (80% and 77%). The c2qx7A image patterns were not similar to 1qyc1B. The c2qx7A image patterns were not similar to 1qyc1B, suggesting that different protein functions in the response for each plant.

Thaumatin-like proteins play important roles in plant defense responses. The protein sequence of a thaumatin gene was found from the NCBI database and analyzed using PHYRE2 and SWISS-MODEL software. The oil palm showed that the total different protein modeling determines by SWISS-MODEL. In addition, the binding site predicted in oil palm has three model proteins CYS, GLN, and TYR using PHYRE². Another case, distinct in rubber model protein which just has two kind proteins (THR and TYR). The image of the structural proteins revealed that c2ahnA differences were performed using PHYRE². While, the 2ahn.1.A structure protein had the closest homology image effects in the oil palm and rubber using SWISS-MODEL. The extracellular-cytoplasmic from oil palm was constructed in 19-34 membranes. But different helix, an extracellular-cytoplasmic from rubber was constructed in 22-37 membranes (N-C terminal).

Community Readiness Model (CRM) is a research method widely used in the field of public health. The purpose of the paper therefore is to review the implementation of CRM in Social Forestry field (SF) of Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia by considering the unique intersections between the two concepts. Qualitative Systematic Review was used in this study involving 169 documents obtained through the search of electronic sources. The main result was on combining the dimensions of both the CRM and SF to produce an integration model which intersects and transforms social values, culture, traditions, and behaviour. Social innovation involving network, strategy, solidarity, and collective identity was intersected between the dimensions of CRM and SF to consider the intrinsic values of the village community. These four components were specifically related to partnership, governance, resilience, community and policymaker, livelihood, social cohesion, and integration. The application of CRM to Social Forestry in Central Sulawesi has the ability to optimize local wisdom teaching about the change and harmony of life to provide a balance between humans and nature.

Belawan river is one of the rivers in North Sumatera Province. Belawan river which crosses Deli Serdang District and Medan City is used for the activities of plantation, agriculture, livestock, sand mining, a place for bathing and washing as well as serving as a lavatory, hospital, hotel, settlements, and industry. Utilization of the river as a wastewater disposal site can cause a decrease in the quality of river water. The purpose of this research was to analyze the Belawan river water quality spatially. Water sampling was taken at nine points which included three upstream segment points in Deli Serdang District, three middle segment points in Deli Serdang District and Medan City, and three downstream segment points in Deli Serdang District. Based on the results of the research it can be concluded that the value of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) at several monitoring points in Belawan river has exceeded the water quality standard limits of class I Government Regulation of Republic of Indonesia Number 82 the year 2001 and North Sumatera Governor Regulation Number 21 the year 2006.

The ecosystem sensitivity in the coastal and small islands is dependent on the vulnerability and resilience level of that ecosystem. Mangroves are one of the primary ecosystems in coastal areas, also high vulnerability and sensitivity due to natural factors such as waves, pollution, and due to the impact of human activities. Based on this reason, the study of vulnerability and sensitivity was needed for mitigation plans and other actions in reducing the risk due to the pressure by a coastal manager. This study was carried out around small islands in Anambas District, especially in Matak Island. The results showed that the level of mangrove vulnerability was relatively high at all locations; the condition of the ecological status was classified as moderate. The status of the social and economic index was classified as medium to high vulnerably. The assessment of the sensitivity level, known as the condition of mangrove ecosystems, is moderate to very sensitive. The areas with the highest sensitivity level are Peninting and Ayerbadong. The high sensitivity in both locations is due to the influence of the economic index, which indicates that the region is economically sensitive and potentially vulnerable.

At present mangrove forests have been degraded in North Sumatra, Indonesia. It is therefore the rehabilitation efforts are needed to betterment of mangrove forests. Salinity influences plant growth and development because salinity conditions that are not suitable leading to plant growth and development. This research aims to study the impact of difference salinity concentration on the growth and development of Bruguiera sexangula seedlings. The study was performed using five treatments levels of salinity, namely 0%, 0.5%, 1.5%, 2% and 3%, respectively with ten replications for five months in the greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara. There were differences in the growth response of B. sexangula to variations in salinity concentrations. These results indicated that the best growth and development of B. sexangula seedlings at 0.5% salinity concentration of with six best parameters, namely superior height, diameter, number of leaves, number of lateral roots, main root diameter and lateral root diameter.

This study aimed to identify the species composition and measure the carbon stock estimation from the secondary mangrove forest. Analysis of vegetation (tree, sapling, and seedling) was carried out at Pulau Sembilan, Langkat, North Sumatra, Indonesia. The development of the seedlings, saplings, and trees was determined from four transect lines. Each transect had 100 m length. Each measured plot of total four transects contained 30 plots. The result showed that Rhizophora apiculata predominated vegetation types of seedlings, saplings, and trees in the mangrove forest, with the highest importance value index (116.13%). On the other hand, Bruguiera parviflora had the highest IVI (71.37%) of saplings, while at seedlings and tree levels were dominated by R. apiculata with IVI, 65.30%, and 75.48%, respectively. The diversity index of Shannon-Weiner ranged 1.11-1.49 at the secondary mangrove forest. In secondary mangrove forests had total biomass of trees at 51,589.83 kg/ha with a carbon potential of 23.73 tons/ha. This study provided a basis for rehabilitation, mangrove management and enrichment information in secondary mangrove forests.

Mangrove forests degradation caused by anthropogenic activities leads to a decrease in the composition of mangrove forests. Mangrove forest rehabilitation activities, therefore, are needed to improve mangrove forest ecosystems. Research on the growth and development of true mangrove seedling roots of Ceriops tagal on various salinity was examined in a greenhouse, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatra Utara. This study used a non-factorial Complete Randomized Design with 5 treatments salinity (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 3% concentrations) and repeated with ten replications. Results showed that 0.5% salinity concentration dominated the observed parameters, such as seedling growth height, seedling diameter, number of leaf count, leaf area, leaf thickness, root diameter, canopy water content 0.5%, and root and shoot ratio. By contrast, the highest shoot water content was at 0% salinity and root length at 2.0% salt concentration. This study indicated that the best growth of C. tagal seedlings was at 0.5% salinity concentration because more than 80% of parameter measurements were at 0.5% salinity concentration.

The objective of research is Hevea and Ricinus which are two of the latex-producing plant species. The modelling of protein was obtained from Hevea brasiliensis and Ricinus communis. Identification of small heat shock heat protein 18.1kDa very different between hevea and ricinus to coverage 92% and 69% analyzed by SWISS-MODEL. In addition, the data from similarity, identity, range, and Q-mean were distinct. According to the PHYRE² analysis, we observed the residue presenting in Hevea and Ricinus not much different (Hevea: 12-158; Ricinus: 11-156). The 3D-ligand site prediction confirms is not found in Hevea as well as Ricinus. Appropriately, the small heat shock protein involved in different species will be helpful in the development of stress tolerance in plant crops, the different homology images and templates were identified as different binding site predictions. These models can be used for supporting the Hevea and Ricinus proteins modeling, mainly in the molecular study.

Various dairy products come from Indonesia and are fermented that leading to the growth of lactic acid bacteria. According to bataknese culture, water buffalo milk can be fermented to form Dali ni Horbo. This study was aimed to isolate, characterize, molecular identification, and evaluate the antimicrobial effect from the lactic acid bacteria in Dali ni horbo. Dali ni horbo as the sample was encoded D1, D2, and so on. The lactic acid bacteria were isolated from Dali ni Horbo by MRSA. Moreover, the colonies of bacteria were enriched into some isolates. After that, the isolates were characterized by gram staining, catalase, and type of fermentation. Meanwhile, to evaluate the antimicrobial activity, this study used the disc diffusion test against two different pathogens. At last, the selected isolate was molecularly identified from the 16S rRNA marker. Dali ni horbo contain 4.3 x 108 CFU/ml. of Lactobacillus fermentum strain A1753 The isolated bacteria were bacilli-shaped, positive gram, homofermentative, and heterofermentative bacteria without catalase activity. The isolated bacteria have potent antimicrobial activity against the negative pathogen (ranged from 9.8 mm – 12.15 mm) than positive gram pathogen (ranged from 7.15 mm – 11.05 mm). Hence, Dali ni horbo contain lactic acid bacteria that can be natural preservative and potential probiotic.

Microorganism have important roles in soil cycles and plant living activities. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria is one of the microorganisms in the soil that plays a role in helping provide phosphorus nutrients that are not available to plants. The purpose of this study was to obtain potential phosphate solubilizing bacteria from the rhizosphere Cotylelobium melanoxylon plants. Soil samples were taken in a composite at a depth of 0-20 cm from the rhizosphere area of C. melanoxylon plants in the village of Bona Lumban, Tukka District, Tapanuli Tengah Regency, North Sumatra. Isolation of phosphate solubilizing bacteria using the dilution plate technique with Pikovskaya medium. Phosphate solubilizing bacterial isolates were selected qualitatively by measuring the ratio of the clear zone. Selected isolates are identified up to species molecularly. The isolation results obtained were 16 isolates of phosphate solubilizing bacteria with a clear zone ratio varying between 1.03 to 1.68. Four isolates were selected with the highest clear zone ratio. Based on molecular identification, the four isolates included Pseudomonas aeruginosa species.

Drought stress in plants can occur due to an imbalance between the availability of water with the water needs of plants. Drought stress can cause morphological changes. This study aims to identify changes in the morphological character of soybean plants in drought stress conditions and P fertilizer application. This research was carried out at the screen house and laboratory of tissue culture of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan. This study uses a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 treatment factors. The first factor is the variety consists of 2 types, namely Devon 1 and Dering. The second factor is the field capacity of water content which consists of 3 levels, namely 80, 60 and 40% field capacity. The third factor is the application of P fertilizer consists of 5 levels, namely without P application, 1 recommended dosage of Rock phosphate, ½ recommended dosage of Rock phosphate, 1 recommended dosage of TSP and ½ recommended dosage of TSP. The results showed that drought stress treatment significantly reduced total leaf area (18.99%), root length (23.43%), root dry weight (16.67%) and crown dry weight (30.91%) when the available soil water content was reduced from 80% to 40% KL. Application of 1 dose of TSP resulted in the highest increase in root length, root dry weight and shoot dry weight compared to other treatments.

Productivity of the fresh water rice fields is currently relatively low due to various factors such as cropping patterns and water factors. This study aimed to compare four cropping patterns in cultivation of swampy fresh water rice. The four cropping patterns consisted of the cropping patterns of Farmer Entrepreneurs, Conventional Farmers, Fostered Farmers of Jajar Legowo Super, and Fostered Farmers of Tegel Diairi. The study used descriptive method by collecting primary data presented in tabular forms. The primary data were the plant height (cm), maximum number of tillers (stems/clumps), productive tillers (stems/clumps), panicle length (cm), number of grains/panicles, dry weight of biomass and grains of rice, weight of 1000 grains (g), and land productivity (tons/ha). The study was conducted in Pemulutan Subdistrict, Ogan Ilir District of South Sumatra. The cropping pattern of Fostered Farmers of Jajar Legowo Super with the pumping was the best treatment viewed from the agronomic performance, namely the highest number of grains per panicle of 115.72, the number of pithed grains per panicle of 110.53, weight of 1,000 grains (g) of 22.07 and grain productivity of dry harvest of 7.33 tons/ha. The treatment of conventional farmers' cropping pattern was the lowest one in terms of the lowest number of grains per panicle which was 72.24, the number of pithed grains per panicle which was 67.43, the weight of 1,000 grains (g) which was 18.55, and the productivity of dry grains which was 1, 69 tons/ha.

Avicennia alba is one of the best mangrove colonies. A. alba seems to adapt well to grow stably on dynamic flat mud. A. alba species through their root growth, vare able to rely on sediments quickly, resist the hydrodynamic force of waves and tidal currents within a few days and then withstand the movement of sediments in the upper sedimentary layers. While from Ceriops tagal propagules and Rhizophora mucronata, after falling from the mother tree, certain dehydration levels stimulate the initiation of root formation as a sign to show dormancy propagules. As a result, root formation cis delayed when propagules float in the sea during dispersal. Meanwhile, the formation phase of mangrove propagules is faster in conditions of low salinity than in conditions of high salinity, and if during the rainy season, conditions for propagules' information are better. However, these two species follow different strategies for the distribution and formation of mangrove zoning, and these findings contribute to the explanation of the distribution of different species.

The chili management practices can influence the predatory arthropod community. This study aimed to identify soil arthropod species and examine their abundance in different chili management practices in freshwater swamps of South Sumatra. The survey was conducted in three types of chili field, first without mulch and synthetic insecticides, and by fertilizing using manure (EF). The Conventional 1 (C-1) used plastic mulch, synthetic fertilizers, and synthetic insecticides. The Conventional 2 (C-2) used insecticides and synthetic fertilizers but without mulch. The total of all soil arthropod species was found in the different chili management practices of 24 species originating from Insecta, Arachnida, and Diplopoda. The highest number of soil arthropod species was found in EF, while the least number was found in C-1. This survey found species of predatory mites (Macrocheles dispar), spiders (Pardosa birmanica), and predatory insects (Coccinella transversalis) and other important predators such as Pheropsophus occipitalis and Pardosa pseudoannulata. The abundance of soil arthropods either predators, herbivores or neutral insects was the highest in EF, while the lowest one was in the C-1. Overall, different chili management practices affected the number of species and abundance of soil arthropods; the environmentally friendly plot has the highest number of species and the largest abundance.

Kopasanda (Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. Rob, Asteraceae) distributed in tropical and subtropical countries, including Indonesia. The kopasanda leaves contain several major compounds, such as tannins, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, and steroids. However, polyisoprenoids have no previously reported from this plant. This study aimed to determine the distribution of polyisoprenoid compounds in the bark and roots of the kopasanda plant. Total lipid on the kopasanda bark and roots was 61 and 48 mg/g dry weight. In comparison, the value of polyisoprenoid ranges from 11.8 and 27.3 mg/g dry weight. Results showed that polyisoprenoid compounds found in the roots were polyprenols and dolichols, regarded as type-II of polyisoprenoids. In contrast, in the bark of kopasanda, polyisoprenoid compounds a member of are a type I. Because dolichol dominated on bark, no plyprenols were detected. The present study confirmed the occurrence of polyisoprenoids in kopasanda roots and barks.

Belawan Port is one of the main ports in Indonesia whose role and function are important in the national logistics system. Belawan Port is a gateway for the Province of North Sumatra. The port must have sustainability in carrying out its role and function as transportation and economic infrastructure. In this research, Belawan Port sustainability will be evaluated from several aspects or dimensions, namely ecology, economy, social culture, technology, and institutions and law. Belawan port sustainability analysis using the Multidimensional Scaling method, using the modified Rapfish program. The analysis is carried out on five dimensions and 49 attributes/factors, which are used as a reference in the SDGs program. Not every SDG will be relevant for every business, however, every SDG should be considered. SDGs no.4 and no.5 are not directly related to port management activities, while SDGs no.8,9,11,14,17 are directly related. From the analysis obtained Ecology sustainability index = 48.38 (less-sustainable), Economic sustainability index = 42.89 (Less-Sustainable), Socio-Cultural sustainability index = 52.47 (Fair-Sustainable), Technological sustainability index = 54.11 (Fair-Sustainable), Institutional and Legal sustainability index = 50.74 (Fair-Sustainable). With policy and program interventions, the sustainability of the existing Belawan Port in the short term can be improved to be fair-sustainable for all dimensions (ecology, economy, social & culture, Technology, Institution & Law) evaluated.

The positive phenomenon of Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD +) in 2019 caused an extreme dry season in parts of Indonesia, including in the province of South Sumatera. This caused massive fires on peatlands in South Sumatera. The Government of Indonesia through the Agency for Peat Restoration (BRG) has deployed an integrated equipment system to measure in situ several fire control parameters on several peatlands, including in South Sumatera. The aim is to predict and mitigate fire incidents on peatlands. One of the measured parameters is soil moisture. This study has examined the impact of the extreme dry season on the rate of decline in soil moisture at four BRG measurement stations, namely: Cinta jaya-1, Cinta Jaya-2, Padang Sugihan-3, and Karang Agung. The rate of decrease in soil moisture (% per day) obtained were: 0.06, 0.31, 0.38, 0.47 respectively for the stations Cinta jaya-1, Cinta Jaya-2, Padang Sugihan-3, and Karang Agung.

It has become a public opinion that forests will always reduce the amount of surface runoff compared to other types of land cover. However, previous research reports that the runoff generalization process is still not fully explained. The activity of converting forests into agricultural land will also have an impact on surface runoff. This study aims to compare the magnitude of surface runoff on the plot scale between forest and coffee combination cassava fields. The surface runoff measurement plot with a size of 8 x 10 meters in the direction of the slope. The higher average surface runoff occurs in a forest plot that is equal to 0.286 ± 0.438 mm, while coffee and cassava plots produce an average surface flow of 0.022 ± 0.057 mm. Understorey and litter are influential in generalizing runoff in both plots. The understorey vegetation cover in the forest plot is lower than in the coffee combination cassava plot. This research confirms the results of previous studies that forests with less understorey vegetation conditions and less litter cover the soil surface can still produce high runoff results.

This study evaluated the spore density and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in different land use type at Karo Highland. Sampling of soil AMF was conducted once as a material for trap culture by using Pueraria javanica as a host. The trap culture was used to observe the spore density and percentage of root colonization. The results showed that spore density and AMF colonization was not affected by different land use type, but rather by soil chemical properties. Soil acidity and phosphorus content had negative effect on root abundance and colonization, while carbon, nitrogen and potassium content gave positive effects. This study found 15 AMF spores from all types of land use dominated by Glomaceae followed by Acaulosporaceae and Gigasporaceae. The occurrence of AMF species was not specific to one type of land use but rather evenly dispersed in all types.

Mangrove is a typical ecosystem that lives in areas with high salinity and tidal effects. Mangrove has the ability to absorb organic and non-organic matter produced by decomposing microorganisms derived from decomposition of leaf litter or other decomposed material. This research can provide information on the species of fungi are able to increase growth of A. marina. This research was conducted from August to October 2017 using a completely randomized design (CRD) which consists of 4 treatments with ten replicates and with two locations. Fungal species used were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus sp. 2, Aspergillus sp. 1 and the control as a comparison. Fungi give effect to the height increase of A. marina plants with an average height of 24.64 cm on Pulau Sembilan and 27 cm in Belawan. The total dry weight of plants has an average value of 11.77 g on Pulau Sembilan and 11.97 g in Belawan. The average diameter obtained from fungi treatment on Pulau Sembilan is 0,48 cm and in Belawan is 0.56 cm. The average leaf width that occurred on Pulau Sembilan was 4.82 cm and 5.03 cm in Belawan. Aspergillus niger is the most influential fungus on the growth of A. marina seedlings.

The decomposed leaves of R. mucronata are a source of organic material or nutrients for plants and various types of biota associated in the Belawan Mangrove Area. One of the microorganisms that play a role in the decomposition process is Aspergillus sp. The purpose of this study was to determine the acceleration of the rate of decomposition and measure the carbohydrate and protein content of R. mucronata leaf litter that had been decomposed by Aspergillus sp at various levels of salinity in Belawan. This research was conducted in June 2019-March 2020. The average litter decomposition rate was obtained using the Olson Formula (1963): ln (Xt / X0) = -kt, analysis of carbohydrate and protein content using SNI methods 01-2891-1992. The fastest decomposition rate of R. mucronata leaves is at station 1 with salinity 0-10 ppt which is 10.02 / year and the lowest is at station 2 with salinity 11-20 ppt which is 7.51 / year. The highest average carbohydrate content at station 1 is 7.02 and the lowest content of station 2 is 5.18%. The highest average protein content at station 3 ppt is 5.62% and the lowest is station 2 which is 4.28%.

Rhizophora mucronata leaf litter is a source of organic material for several organisms found in mangrove forest ecosystems. Leaf litter that falls on the forest floor will undergo a process of decomposition by biological agents within a certain time period. One effort to accelerate decomposition process is the use of fungi Aspergillus fumigatus. The purpose of this study was to measure the rate of decomposition and to measure the levels of carbohydrates and proteins contained in R. mucronata litter with different levels of salinity in the mangrove area of Hamparan Perak District. Carbohydrate and protein analysis is carried out at the Medan Industrial Research and Standardization Center. The average decomposition rate (k) of R. mucronata leaf litter at the 0-10 ppt salinity level is 10.89, the 10-20 ppt salinity is 7.74 and the 20-30 ppt salinity is 7.81. The Leaf Litter of R. mucronata experienced a decrease in carbohydrate levels. The highest carbohydrate content was found in Observation I station 3 which was 12.2% while the protein content in R. mucronata litter had increased. The highest protein content was found in observation VI of station 3 which was 6.78%. The decomposition rate in Belawan waters shows that productivity is good.

Lack of good quality seeds has been one of the constraints in icreasing the success rate of rehabilitation, restoration and establishment of plantation forest. Establishing seed sources is a way to increase the availability of qualified seeds for various purposes. Gunung Dahu Research Forest (GDRF) has Shorea pinanga and Shorea platyclados (Dipterocarpaceae) stands that has potential to meet the standard of identified seed stands (ISS). We evaluate two stands of S. pinanga (plot 05 and 24) and four stands of S. platyclados (plots 04, 15, 20, and 21e) to be quantified for their potential as ISS. Assessment was carried out by evaluating the parameters related to number of mother trees, accessibility, stand quality, management, fruiting history, and origin. Among all assessed plots, highest final score was obtained by plot 20 (131.5), followed by plot 24 (112.5), plot 05 (105.5), plot 04 (87), plot 21e (85), and plot 15 (57). Based on the minimum score of 94.5, the potential plot that can be assigned as ISS are plot 05, plot 24 and plot 20.

Shorea leprosula Miq is one of major tropical timber within the dipterocarp family and known as red meranti in global trade. The species has been subjected to intensive timber extraction due to their high economic value and natural abundance in primary tropical forest. Timber supply of this species has been known to only from natural forests and none have been reported from commercial plantation. Thus, population decline, habitat contraction and local extinction become the major issues related to the species. This research was conducted to determine the natural regeneration potential of S. leprosula in 20-years-old man-made hilly dipterocarp forest. The research was located at Gunung Dahu Research Forest (GDRF), a 250 Ha-mixed dipterocarp forest established since 1997 in Bogor-West Java as landscape restoration together with native biodiversity conservation program. Five S. leprosula plots were chosen consisting from different spacing distance of 2 m x 2 m, 3 m x 3 m, and 4 m x 4 m. Result showed that each plot has been experiencing different total number of fruiting times, ranging from 1-3 times, with total numbers of natural juvenile reached 652 stocks. Among them, seedling were the most stocks available at GDRF, with the most dominant occupied at height class of 11 cm – 33 cm and 34 cm – 55 cm. Natural stocks were absent from 2 observed plots due to high human alteration at those area. Canopy openness, altitude and human intervention/disturbance are among the factors that affecting the regeneration potential at GDRF.

Corn stalks and bagasse are materials that contain lignocellulose and have the opportunity to be used as raw material for particleboard manufacturing. This study aims to analyze the effect of the composition of corn stems and bagasse on the physical and mechanical properties of particleboards. The composition of corn stalk and bagasse as raw material for making particleboard in this study consists of several ratios, namely 100/0, 80/20, 60/40, 40/60, 20/80, and 0/100. The adhesive used in this research was isocyanate. The thickness and target densities were 1 cm and 0.70 g/cm³, respectively. The results showed that the board density value did not reach the target, and the thickness swelling of the board was still quite high. Board with a composition of a mixture of corn stems and bagasse at an 80/20 ratio is a board that has better properties compared to other ratios.

Assessment of the ability of the soil to absorb water can be known from the value of the infiltration rate. This study was conducted to examine the physical properties of soils and infiltration rates, analyze the relationship between physical properties of soils and their infiltration rates and determine the best infiltration models for various land uses. The data is processed using the Horton and Kostiakov infiltration model. Correlation analysis and R tests were performed to compare the field infiltration rate with the model prediction results. The results showed that the physical properties and infiltration capacity in the three land uses differed significantly on several parameters of physical properties such as drainage pore, permeability and infiltration with sequential values in the stands of S. leprosula, S. selanica and tourism objects were 3.21%, 2.29%, 3.51% for the parameters of fast drainage pores and 7.84%, 8.67%, 7.49% for slow drainage pore. Whereas the average permeability values are 1.37 cm / hour, 2.13 cm / hour, 3.39 cm / hour. Based on the results of field infiltration measurements, it was found that the S. selanica stands had the highest infiltration rate with a value of 15.5 cm / hour. The results of the correlation test and regression test between the field infiltration rate and the Horton infiltration model rate were not significantly different so that the Horton infiltration model can be used for the infiltration rate of soils in the Gunung Dahu Research Forest.

This research aims to determine the composite flour formulation from modified breadfruit flour, purple sweet potato flour, mocaf and saga seed flour in making good quality donuts. The analysis was carried out using a non factorial complete randomized design, donut with composite flour formulation (modified breadfruit flour, purple sweet potato flour, mocaf and saga seed flour) (P): 10%: 40%: 50%: 0%, 15%: 35%: 45%: 5%, 20 %: 30%: 40%: 10%, 25%: 25%: 35%: 15%, 100% purple sweet potato flour, 100% mocaf, 100% modified breadfruit flour, and 100% wheat flour had a very significant influence on protein content, crude fiber content, fat content, specific volume and L. The final results of the study showed that the formulation of composite flour (modified breadfruit) purple sweet potato, mocaf and saga seeds) (25%: 25%: 35%: 15%) produce the best quality donuts.

Crackers are one type of processed food that is very popular with the community. Crackers are usually made from wheat flour and have a layered, dry, and usually salty structure. Among this type of pastry community is much in demand as a snack when relaxed. However, due to the increasing value of imported flour in Indonesia, these crackers can be made using composite flour such as breadfruit flour, purple sweet potato flour, mocaf, and saga seed flour which are found in Indonesia. This research consisted of 8 treatments with the best modified breadfruit flour ratio: purple sweet potato flour: mocaf: saga seed flour ie P1 = 10: 25: 65: 0, P2 = 15: 20: 60: 5, P3 = 20: 15: 55:10, P4 = 25: 10: 50: 15, P5 = 100% modified breadfruit flour, P6 = 100% Mocaf, P7 = Purple sweet potato flour, P8 = 100% flour. The results of the study had a significantly different effect (P <0.01) on the value of specific volume, ash content, fat content, fiber content, and protein content. But no significant effect on the value of L *, a *, b *, oHue, carbohydrate content, color, aroma, texture, taste and general acceptance of crackers produced. And based on the De Garmo test with organoleptic parameters of color, aroma, taste, and texture, general acceptance, moisture content, fat, fiber, protein, and ash content, crackers with treatment P4 = P4 = 25: 10: 50: 15 are the best crackers.

Breadfruit is a plant that has potential as a national food security reserve because breadfruit is able to produce throughout the year, breadfruit is also a vegetable food ingredient that contains a lot of carbohydrates. Purple sweet potato can improve the taste of food processing products, because of its distinctive purple color, and high nutritional content. Saga seeds are high protein-producing plants concurrently increasing the nutritional value of food, and mocaf is the result of cassava fermentation by special enzymes that produce products that have characteristics such as wheat flour and have the potential as a food substitute for wheat flour. In this study, producing brownies from various composite flour to develop food diversity in Indonesia. The final results of the study showed that composite flour (modified breadfruit, purple sweet potato, saga seeds, and mocaf) with a ratio of 35%: 45%: 15%: 5% produced the best quality brownies in terms of hedonic values (taste, aroma, color, texture, general acceptance), water content, ash content, fat content, protein content, and fiber content.

An attempt to increase the added value of lime has been done. The use of lime extract as a green catalyst in furfural manufacturing is expected to reduce the burden of pollution, and corrosion problems. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of lime extract as an organic acid catalyst in furfural production from Mikania micrantha (MM) through hydrolysis and dehydration and compare it with sulfuric acid catalyst. In this work, 50 g MM and 50 g dry NaCl powder were placed into a three neck flask equipped with a long condenser. The lime extract catalyst was added to the mixture at a ratio of 6:1 (v/w). The reaction temperature was varied from 100-120°C, and the condensed furfural was stored in an erlenmeyer as a function of time (0-330 min). Furfural was separated from water done by adding 50 ml chloroform to form two layers. The lower layer rich in furfural and chloroform was distilled at 70°C to evaporate chloroform. Purified furfural was identified using FTIR and GC-MS. The results obtained confirm that lime extract can be used as a green catalyst in furfural synthesis from MM.

Centella asiatica, Spirulina sp., Moringa oleifera have been used for traditional medicine. Studying the phytochemical constituents helps to reveal the usage of plants used as lead compounds for active pharmaceutical ingredients in commercial purposes. This study aims to determine the standardization and screening of phytochemicals from CA, ME and Spirulina. Standardization of CA, ME and spirulina showed as follows: total water 5.29 ± 1.1%; 5.98 ± 0.006% and 8.64 ± 1.16, total water soluble simplicia: 19.7± 0.57%; 10.97 ± 0.99 and 10.98 ± 1%, total ethanol soluble simplicia: 22.3 ± 0.57%; 15.99 ± 1.73% and 39.92 ± 1.73%, total ash: 23.11 ± 0.56%; 8.15 ± 0.28% and 8.65 ± 0.28%, total ash insoluble acid: 0.42 ± 0.07%; 2.15 ± 0.28% and 0.66 ± 0.28% respectively. Both simplicia of ME and spirulina contained of alkaloid, tannin, saponin, triterpene/steroid, flavonoid and glycoside whereas CA simplicia contained tannin, saponin, triterpene/steroid, flavonoid and glycoside.

Artocarpus heterophyllus (A.heterophyllus) is one of plants that commonly used for skin care. This study aimed to formulate a clay mask preparation with the active ingredient A.heterophyllus 3% leaf extract and evaluating its activities in repairing facial moisture, smoothness, large pores, blemishes and wrinkles. The process of providing clay masks begins with the preparation of Artocarpus heterophyllus leaf etanol extracts with standardized quality, preparation of clay mask bases with guaranteed quality, mixing clay mask bases with extracts, testing the quality and stability and effectiveness of skin care tested. The extract of clay mask formulations were stable in storage, homogeneous, pH 5.6-6.3; drying time is 10-18 minutes, and does not irritate. Effectiveness testing was performed using a skin analyzer for 4 weeks of treatment in adult female volunteers. Test results after 4 weeks of treatment showed that the ethanol extract of A. heterophyllus leaves 3% was able to improve moisture (15.5%), smoothness (33.1%), pore size (60.1%), blemishes (50.2%) and facial wrinkles (61.5%). Statistically, significant effects were found in moisture and smoothnes of the facial skin (p < 0.05). This study concluded that ethanol extract of A. heterophyllus in concentration of 3% have benefit in refining facial skin.

A study on the community structure of sandpipers (Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae) has been conducted from February to March 2014. Scolopacidae is a large family of shorebirds inhabiting the mudflat of Percut Sei Tuan district. The site was also documented as a transitory habitat during migration in each year during September and April. The aim of this study was to obtain the community structure and population of Scolopacidae species in the area. The method used to calculate the shorebirds was the concentration count and block method to estimate the number of population. The study documented 16 species and 2573 individuals, all dispersed within three sub-sites namely Bagan Percut, Pematang Lalang, and Tanjung Rejo. The total Shannon's diversity index (H') was obtained lower (1.672) in this study than the previous report in 2012 (1.865). The species, Numenius madagascariensis was the dominant population with a number of 1,156 individuals.

Hydrogel Aluminum Battery is a promising source of electrical energy using electrolytes polymeror hydrogel. This research aims to determine the effect lime electrolyte addition on ionic conductivity and electrical characteristic values of hydrogel aluminium battery produced. The method used for making hydrogel is gelatinization method. Based on this research, the best conductivity value obtained is 3.968 x10^-3 S/cm from the combination of CMC 2% on the addition of 100 ml. The highest voltage obtained from hydrogel aluminium battery is 1.6129 from the combination of CMC 2% on the addition of 100 ml electrolyte. The highest DC current is 14.077 mA from the combination of CMC 2% on the addition of 100 ml and the highest battery power obtained is 22,805 mW from the combination of CMC 2% variation at the addition of 100 ml electrolytes.

Cyclist test on particleboards (PBs) bonded urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin was intended to be carried out in order to predict their degradation thus recycling of these products was possible. In this contribution, PBs bonded by five types of UF resins namely 0.95; 1.05; 1.15; 2.00; and commercial were examined using cyclist test. The test consists of cycles of five treatment steps, i.e., measurement of initial thickness dimension, immersion in water at ambient temperature for 24 h, measurement of swelling thickness dimension, drying in convection oven at (103 + 2)°C for 24 h, and measurement of oven-dry thickness dimension. This cycle was applied until the specimens were not possible to be measured their thickness because of broken-down of the PBs. Further, water disposal in this experiment, then was utilized as fertilizer to Swietenia mahagoni seedlings. Observation on growth parameters (stem height and diameter) and biomass parameters (dry weight of top and root) of the seedlings were conducted for 12 weeks after planted. Result of this study showed PBs bonded by low mole of UF resins (0.95; 1.05 and 1.15) have had faster degradation compare to those of 2.00 and commercial one. Both growth and biomass parameters of the seedlings increased but statistically not different among the samples. These findings suggested that PBs bonded UF resins can be recycled using water-soaking process and the liquid disposal of this activity can be utilized as fertilizer.

Protein modeling was obtained from Elaeis guineensis and E. oleifera. The identification of heat shock cognate70 kDaboth very similar to coverage 90% analyzed by SWISS-MODEL. In addition, the data from similarity, identity, range, and Q-mean were distinct. According to the PHYRE2 analysis, we observed the longest residue presenting in E. guineensis (15-348). Wherein the 3D-ligand site prediction confirms that many amino acids were found (GLY, THR, TYR, LYS, GLU, ARG, and SER). Interestingly, the heat shock cognate 70 kDa protein in E. oleifera has a slight residue (15-18), and also have been three amino acids (GLY, THR, TYR). Appropriately, the heat shock cognate-like protein involved in different species, likewise playing a distinct response to kind the defense. The different homology images and templates were identified as different binding site predictions. These models can be used for supporting the E. guineensis and E. oleifera proteins modeling, mainly in the molecular study.

Styrax resin is a major non-timber forest product from North Sumatra, Indonesia. However, thousands tons of raw resin are sent abroad, while various styrax oil-based products worth US millions dollars are imported annually. Limited harvesting and processing technology are some of root of causes the lack of styrax oil-based industry development in Indonesia. The objective of this paper was an overview of styrax forest management in North Sumatra, efforts to increase the added-value both quality and quantity of resin, and an alternative processing of raw material into a perfume innovation. Benzoin resin is produced by the injured inner epithelial bark of styrax tree. Therefore, tapping of bark is the best effort to harvest the resin. But, styrax forest management has been carried out traditionally, including harvesting techniques. One of scheme to increase added-value is resins processing into a perfume products with high economic value. The innovative products begin from extracting a solid styrax resin into pure essential oil. There are two methods used, namely (a) extraction with solvent, and (b) distillation method. The amount of yield of benzoin oil produced by solvent method is influenced by incense grade from 23.9 to 34.6% and higher than another method. But distillation method also produces high quality and quantity of hydrosol (side product) with a distinctive aroma. Combined with various essential oils from Indonesia's tropical forests, the styrax oil becomes a fixing agent for a signature perfume that formulated by considering the gradation of aroma in accordance with release of constituent essential oil particles. Processing resin into an essential oil increases the added-value of styrax resin. Innovation of styrax resin based products will explore the fragrance formulation of this commodities therefore reduce our country dependence on imported perfume and raw materials used for various personal cares.

Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia, occurring due to abnormal insulin secretion or insulin action. Alloxan induces diabetes by damaging pancreatic cells and initiating hyperglycemia. One of the plants that has the potential to decrease blood sugar is leaves of sikkam (Bischofia javanica), because it contains quercetin and gallic acid compounds which are classified as an antioxidant group. The objectives of this study were (1) to analyze the effect of sikkam leaf extract on the reduction in blood sugar levels of Wistar rats and improved the histology of langerhans islet and (2) determine the dose of sikkam leaf extract which has the most effective effect in reducing rat blood sugar levels. The design used is a non factorial complete random design. The samples used were 30 Wistar rats which were divided into 6 treatment groups and 5 repetitions, namely K₀ (negative control), K₁ (positive control), K₂ (dose of ethanol extract of sikkam leaf (EESL) 300 mg/Kg BW), K₃ (EESL 600 mg/kg BW), and K₄ (EESL treatment 900 mg/kg kg) and K₅ (Glibenclamid 4.5 mg). Data analysis used One-way ANOVA followed by LSD test. The results showed that there was an EESL effect on the reduction in rat blood sugar levels and improved the histology of Langerhans islet. EESL which has the best antidiabetic effect is on administering a dose of 900 mg/kg BW.

Corn stalk and palm fiber are potential non-wood material as a raw material in the manufacture of particleboards. The purpose of this study was to analyze the corn stalk and palm fiber ratio to the physical, mechanical, and durability properties of particleboard. In this study, corn stalk and palm fiber were made into particles with a length of 7 cm respectively. Isocyanate adhesive content used in board manufacturing was 10% with a solid content of 97%. The process of making boards using a hot press machine was set at a temperature of 160°C, the pressure of 30 kg/cm² for 5 minutes. The result showed that the higher proportion of palm fiber to decrease in the thickness swelling value indicates an improvement in the dimensional stability value even though it has not yet met the standards. The mechanical parameters of the board showed a tendency to decrease with the increasing composition of the palm fiber. The durability test of particleboard showed that the board given the palm fibers were more resistant to termite attack.

Malaka is a wild plant that generally grows in subtropical and tropical regions including India, Thailand, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, China and Indonesia. In Indonesia, this plant found disjunct in Java, Ternate and North Sumatra. Malacca seed is known as traditional medicine for diabetes, cancer, liver, ulcers and anemia. People in South Tapanuli also used the leaf as traditional food ingredients. Information regarding to distribution and habitat of Malacca in North Sumatra is still quite limited. Therefore our research aims to determine the population structure and malacca association in Padang Bolak Julu. The population structure and plant species associations were conducted through vegetation analysis by purposive sampling and the association is calculated using the Ochiai, Dice, and Jackard index values. The results showed that the malaka IVI at the level of seedlings, saplings, poles and trees were 150.35, 131.83, 112.04 and 102.23, respectively. Malaka plants are high association patterns and positively associated with P. obovatum in the location.

Oxidative stress is associated with cancer, including NPC, which is developed by the relation of genetic alteration, EBV infection, and environmental risk. Ile/Val genotype of GSTP1 polymorphism decrease enzyme functions and result in lower total antioxidant status. This study aimed to identify the association of GSTP1 polymorphism and the TAS level. This was a cross-sectional design study. There were 29 NPC patients with their blood as the samples of the study. Blood as the samples for identifying GSTP1 polymorphism by PCR-RFLP-electrophoresis method and measurement of TAS using the ELISA method. There were 21 (72.4%) NPC patients with Ile/Val polymorphism and lower TAS. We found there was no significant association of GSTP1 polymorphism and TAS. Future research with larger samples and adding data about environmental risk such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and toxic substances exposure or multivitamin consumption of the patients can reveal more definitive results. The study may be used as references for determining antioxidant therapy in NPC as well as prevention. The identifying genetic risk factor may help the prevention of NPC.

Cotylelobium lanceolatum Craib and Cotylelobium melanoxylon Pierre or locally known as raru are trees used as ingredients for traditional Batak drinks called "tuak". Destructive and uncontrolled harvesting of raru leads to a decline in its population and genetic diversity. Morphological distinctions for C. melanoxylon and C. lanceolatum have been conducted even though there are some weaknesses of this identification, thus molecular based marker are tools which is preferred for solved the problem. However, an appropriate DNA isolation method is basic and important step for molecular studies to obtain high-quality genomic DNA so that further analysis can proceed. Therefore, our study focused to obtain the successful DNA isolation method using the modified CTAB (Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide) method and its amplification on three candidate of DNA barcodes i.e. trnL-trnF, trnH-psbA, ITS1-ITS4. In total six genomic DNA were isolated from the silica-gel dried leaf of the two raru species and amplified with trnL-trnF, trnH-psbA, and ITS1-ITS4 primer-pairs. The results showed that the modified CTAB method proved to be successful and applicable for the extraction of DNA of C. melanoxylon Pierre and C. lanceolatum Craib. Furthermore, the trnL-trnF primer-pair was successfully amplified compared with trnH-psbA and ITS1-ITS4 indicating that the primer-pair can be used as a DNA barcode candidate for further DNA sequencing and analysis.

Sub-maximal physical activity will interfere with the ROS and antioxidants balance, so oxidative stress occurs. Oxidative stress can induce increased expression of HSP70 in cells to produce a cytoprotective effect. Red dragon fruit in biological systems can neutralize free radicals, because it contains flavonoid compounds and polyphenols. There were 20 participants, male, athletes, non-smokers and 2 weeks before and during the study, no consumption of supplements and antioxidants. Participants were randomly divided into 2 teams. Team A had sub-maximal activity and no red dragon fruit given. Team B had activity sub-maximal and was given red dragon fruit juice. Study found that HSP70 expression was lower in the team B than in team A. There was significancy difference between team A and team B in expression of HSP70. We concluded that, HSP70 expression and antioxidants can be the protective function against oxidative stress triggered by sub-maximal physical activity.

GSTP1 polymorphism is one of the genetic factors contributed to (NPC). The polymorphism alters its function in detoxifying carcinogen and inhibits oxidative stress. Oxidative stress induces EBV lytic reactivation and enhances IgA response. This study was aimed to analyze the association of GSTP1 polymorphism and serum IgA levels in NPC patients. The study was analytic research with a cross-sectional design. The samples were the blood of NPC patients who underwent PCR-RFLP-electrophoresis and ELISA method to identify GSTP1 polymorphism and IgA level. We found 21 (72.4%) patients with Ile/Val genotype, 6 (20.7%) patients with Ile/Ile, and 2 (6.9%) patients with Val/Val. Patients with elevated IgA levels were 21 (72.4%) patients. In this study, there was no significant association of GSTP1 polymorphism and serum IgA level. We found the GSTP1 polymorphism and serum IgA elevation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients, but there was no significant association between them. Future research with the inclusion of environmental risk data is needed as well as larger samples. The study may help to determine effective prevention, treatment, and monitoring therapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

This study clarified the variation and role of physical and chemical characteristics of the H. brasiliensis projected acetyl-CoA carboxylase genes. The detectable similarity and joining projected acetyl-CoA carboxylase genes of H. brasiliensis in the dendrogram may be the outcome of tropical environmental. Six projected acetyl-CoA carboxylase genes from H. Brasiliensis collected from NCBI. The NCBI locus number of the protein sequence utilized in this study was determined. The physical and chemical properties of acetyl-CoA carboxylase from H.brasiliensis. The factors were calculated the designate number of protein, number of amino acids, molecular weight, theoretical isoelectric point values, the total number of atoms, extinction coefficients, estimated half-life, instability index, aliphatic index and grand average of hydropathicity.

Mangroves can be defined as forest vegetation that grows between tidal lines or is affected by tides. Trichoderma sp. is one type of fungus that is found in almost all types of soil and in various habitats which is one type of fungus that can be used as biological agents controlling soil pathogens. The purpose of this research is to know the acceleration of the decomposition rate of R. mucronata leaf litter by Trichoderma sp. at various levels of salinity in Belawan and test the carbohydrate and protein content. The research was conducted in December 2019-March 2020. The technique of placing the sample in a litter bag is placed at 3 points of the observation station based on differences in salinity. Decomposition rate values obtained were 10.20 at station I, 8.50 at station II and 7.05 at station III from the initial weight of observation on the days-15 to the observation period on the 90 day. The highest carbohydrate content was at Station I on the days-60 which was 13% and the lowest carbohydrate yield on the station III on the days-15 was 2.42%. The highest percentage of protein is 9.7% on the days-15 at station III and the lowest percentage of protein is 4.83% on the days-15 at station I.

The conflict between humans and wildlife tends to increase lately, especially the human-elephant conflict (HEC). The high level of human activity around the forest causes an increase in the rate of forest destruction. The opening of agricultural land in and around the forest, causing the elephant habitat to become narrow so that the elephant looks for new space to move to community land. HEC occurs when elephants and humans fight over the same resource. The purpose of this study is to obtain information on the characteristics of the spatial distribution of human-elephant conflict in Besitang. The method used in this study is the analysis of HEC points overlay with several biophysical variables using GIS. The results of this study show that the distribution of HEC occurs mostly in sloping areas with low topography and areas relatively close to forests, plantations / agricultural communities, settlements, and rivers.

Flacourtia rukam belongs to family Salicaceae and Indonesia is known as rukem. F. rukam is popular among people especially Musi Banyuas in South Sumatera, Indonesia for the treatment of hypertensive. Investigated effect anti-cholesterol and anti-hypertensive activity from extracts the stem bark of F. rukam have been done. The anti-cholesterol activity was measured by the photometric method by reaction cholesterol with Liebermann-Burchard reagent and anti-hypertensive activity using Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitory method. The crude ethanol extract showed the highest anti-cholesterol activity compared to the fractions with IC₅₀ value of 157.88 mg/L. Crude ethanol extract also contained the highest phenolic and flavonoid content compared to fractions. The anti-cholesterol activity of extracts is equivalent to the total phenolic and flavonoid contained. In an anti-hypertensive activity study, the crude ethanol extracts exhibited the percentage of ACE inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ 119.82 mg/L. The results indicated that the stem bark of F. rukam might reduce or control the cholesterol levels and blood pressure. Anti-cholesterol and anti-hypertensive activity the stem bark of F. rukam is higher in extract form compared to fractions (synergistic).

Endoparasitic infestations tend to occur in all cattle breeding systems with different level of infection at spatial scale. This study aimed to distinguish the prevalence of endoparasites of cattle raised under intensive and semi-intensive systems at Klumpang Kebon Village, Hamparan Perak District, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Fresh dung samples were collected from 40 cattle and pre-treated with glass beads sedimentation method to obtain the endoparasite suspensions. The results showed that majority of cattle (35 out of 40) were infected by four endoparasitic species identified from the dung samples, namely Buxtonella in the class of Ciliata, Dicrocoelium, Fasciola, and Paramphistomum in the class of Trematoda with the absence of Fasciola in the semi-intensive breeding system. The percentage of infected cattle was higher in semi-intensive farm (100%. 20/20) than in intensive farm (75%. 15/20) in which the highest infestation of endoparasites were recorded from Paramphistomum (88.6%), followed by Buxtonella (65.7%), Fasciola (37.1%), and Dicrocoelium (2.8%). Most cattle were mostly found with two co-infecting endoparasites and higher percentage was recorded in semi-intensive breeding system. Based on the highest endoparasites prevalence there is a need to apply a parasitic control program to both breeding systems to prevent further infections.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of complication chronic of Diabetes Mellitus (DM). The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of duration and lipid profile (dyslipidemia) on the prevalence of DR complications in patients with type 2 DM in Medan. This research is a cross-sectional study. The population was typed 2 DM patients at primary care in Medan with sample of 89 patients. The research data are primary, assessment of lipid profile by taken venous blood and examination by the Enzymatic Colorimetric method, while the determination of DR complications using indirect fundoscopy. Data were processed with SPSS with Independent T-test analysis. The results showed the duration of illness and triglyceride levels had a strong relationship with DR in type 2 DM patients (p <0.05), while total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C levels had a weak relationship (p> 0.05).

The goal of this research was to analyze the water quality and nutrient content in the Belawan River. Activities done by the community such as industries, PLTU, PDAM and aquaculture are found in Belawan River area. This action produce waste straightly discharged into river water, emerging several bad effect on water quality and nutrient content. Retrieval of data with Purposive Random Sampling with five analyses the location. Analysis in the form of measurements of water quality that are temperature, pH, depth, light intensity, light penetration, flow speed, dissolved oxygen (DO), BOD₅ and the measurement of nutrient content, which are nitrate, phosphate and nitrogen. The results of water quality measurements indicated that temperature, light penetration, light intensity, flow speed, and depth are still within the water quality standard while pH and BOD5 have passed the water quality standard. Based on nitrate concentration, it is included as eutrophic and mesotrophic waters (1.18 - 7.57 mg/L). Based on phosphate concentrations, it is included as hypertrophic (0.14 - 0.18 mg/L,). Based on nitrogen concentration, it is included as eutrophic and mesotrophic waters (1.54 - 10 mg/L).

Indonesia is one of the countries with the largest crude palm oil (CPO) production. Besides CPO production the mills also produce various type of wastes in large quantity. Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) are the largest solid waste produced during the process. One of the OPEFB utilizations that has been done by the community around the mills area is to make mushroom as growing media. However, the rest OPEFB from mushroom media which cannot be degraded becomes a new problem for the community. The technology that can be used to overcome this waste is the anaerobic composting process. This paper describes the utilizing OPEFB waste from the rest of the mushroom growth media into energy through the anaerobic composting process. The energy productivity ratio (EPR) was also calculated and reviewed during the process and utilizing by products in the output. The result revealed that the design of OPEFB waste treatment into biogas and its purification are expected to be applied to the concept of clean production (zero waste) and the productivity ratio of energy values obtained from calculations was > 1. This shows that the needs of energy output in the pilot plant are greater than the input.

Research on antioxidant activity of Marchantia in Indonesia is still limited. The objective of the study is to investigate the antioxidant activity of Marchantia paleacea from North Sumatera, Indonesia. The method of extraction in this study using maceration with methanol. The antioxidant activity of extracts were evaluated by 1,1diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Vitamin C was used as positive control. The results showed that the extract of M. paleacea has antioxidant content with LC50 value of 25.25 μg/mL. The antioxidant activity of M. paleacea is classified as a strong category. The results obtained in the recent study indicate that M. paleacea is a potential source of natural antioxidant.