Table of contents

The volume includes articles reflecting the results of scientific research on improving the use, regeneration, conservation and protection of forests, creation of new technologies for the chemical processing of wood biomass and bioenergy, increasing forest productivity through the use of non-timber forest resources, expanding functions and benefits of forest ecosystems, and on the development of forest policy, economics and legislation. The research results obtained were discussed at the V PAN-RUSSIAN SCIENTIFIC - TECHNICAL CONFERENCE - WEBINAR "FORESTS OF RUSSIA: POLICY, INDUSTRY, SCIENCE AND EDUCATION", which was held at St. Petersburg State Forest Technical University in the mode of a webinar.

The remote way of holding the conference did not reduce the quantity and quality of the presented scientific reports and the productivity of the event itself; moreover, it increased the number of speakers from various regions of Russia. On the days of the conference, the university celebrated two anniversaries: 100 years of the first department of forest economics in Russia, and 90 years of the Faculty of Chemistry and Technology (today known as the Institute for Chemical Processing of Wood Biomass and Technosphere Safety), which is why some of the reports were dedicated to these events. The published articles reflect results of scientific research on the effect of soil quality on forest productivity and survival rate of planting material, improving the technology of growing seedlings and creating forest plantations, and on the impact of agrotechnical and silvicultural measures on forest productivity.

The results of studies of the chemical processing of wood and non-wood forest resources to create products used in technology, medicine and agriculture are presented. Forest legislation and forest legal relations in the Russian Federation have been analyzed and ways to improve them proposed.

All published articles are of undoubted scientific interest for scientists and forestry experts.

I would like to express gratitude to the authors of the published articles and thank the following university staff: Associate Professor S.V. Tereshchenko; Professor A.S. Alekseev, Associate Professor E.N. Kuznetsov; Professor A.N. Chubinsky; Professor D.A. Ponomarev; Associate Professor I.A. Melnichuk; Associate Professor E.G. Khitrov; and Professor V.Yu. Neshataev.

Vice-rector for academic research,

Candidate of Technical Sciences

Vasily Gedyo

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

• Type of peer review: Single-blind / Double-blind / Triple-blind / Open / Other (please describe)

• Conference submission management system: -

• Number of submissions received: 149

• Number of submissions sent for review: 121

• Number of submissions accepted: 93

• Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100): 62,42

• Average number of reviews per paper: 2

• Total number of reviewers involved: 8

• Any additional info on review process: -

• Contact person for queries: Olga Shaitarova, ftaconference@gmail.com

The paper presents a three-joint arm that has two translational fifth-class kinematic pairs and a rotational one. The first two kinematic pairs are axially orthogonal, while the second and the third one are axially parallel. Such robots find use in machinery handling for arc welding. Systems of three nonlinear second-order differential equations were obtained to describe the motions of this arm. As it was necessary to assess the moment of load emerging on the control-drive shaft, the external generalized forces were reduced to a corresponding generalized coordinate. Harmonic linearization of nonlinearities was applied to analyze the arm system. This method can be used to fine the core properties of the system (frequency, amplitude, and phase of the oscillations; dependence of the form of nonlinearities or on the parameters of the linear part; etc.) without studying the transient.Ratios were obtained to find the parameters of natural oscillational motion occurring in such arms. These rations can be used to design and set up such an arm. The finding is that where the system of equations describing the motion of such an arm (including the drive motion equations) contains no prominent nonlinearities, these rations are a system of two algebraic frequency equations: a sixth-degree one and a fifth-degree one.

One of the most essential renewable resources in the world is the forest. An important issue in the forest industry today is the lack of relevant, reliable and regularly updated information on forest resources. Over the years, this problem has been addressed through labour-intensive field methods. However, in a competitive market and development of high-tech data collection and analysis tools, another issue becomes apparent – the low reliability and detail of the existing remote automated tools of data acquisition on forest resources. The research presented in this article is aimed at addressing this issue. The results of the work built on modern methods and approaches will provide an impetus for the introduction of digital technologies to many business processes of the forest industry.

Annotation. This paper discusses the use of Field-Map technology. It has been established that the use of Field-Map technology requires significant changes in the structure of work: first of all, it is necessary to change the structure and content of such documents as the object's passport, registry of green spaces, etc. Inventory of objects using the Field-Map technology will expand the number of indicators in the passport objects and registers of green spaces, which will affect the cadastral valuation and damage assessment from the demolition of vegetation.

Annotation. At the present time the federal program of improvement of yard areas in Sverdlovsk region is coming into effect. Therefore, a compound landscape analysis of project areas was held and the consequences of their reconstruction were assessed. The main attention was paid to the parameters which reflect the balance of the territory: the area of roads, driveways, sidewalks, children's playgrounds, landscaping, including separately taken into account area under the lawn. Results of the research confirm that the reconstruction will reduce the area of green territories. Due to reconstruction, the share occupied by green areas, is reduced three times in two out of three of investigated yards. And only in one yard the reduction is not so significant – only by 15 %. The positive aspect implemented in all yards is a specific separation of the children's playground. The project also includes complete removal of large trees and their replacement with a few shrubs. Eventually the research of yard area landscaping projects proves that tree-and-shrub's planting is not prioritized and, unfortunately, due to reconstruction will be presented in a much more simplified version compared to the existing one, thus it will negatively affect the environmental situation of the city.

Under complex dynamic market conditions, the sustainable development of a coherent integrated spatio-temporal structure of production-transport-consumption is determined by many objective functions, the optimization of which necessitates solving the problem of making a multi-criteria compromise. This problem is solved using a set of the main criteria for technical and economic efficiency: a minimum of cost, a minimum of functional time and space, and a minimum of energy costs. The formulated criteria allow, from a multifaceted perspective, to best structure the material, energy and financial flows in the integrated logistics of the timber industry complex. The article explores the three-step structure of the movement of logistics flows from the forest to the consumer. Mathematical programming determines a discrete set of optimization criteria, on the basis of which a Pareto compromise set is built. On this set, the decision maker formulates a compromise.

Andoma geological section is a unique natural monument. A feature of this territory is colors diversity of parent rocks, granulometric composition and agrochemical characteristics. The soil landscape of Andoma section is not well developed due to strong erosion processes. Soil formation is at the initial stages in some areas so that Andoma geological section is an excellent scope. The study of this research will allow a better understanding of the differences in the soil formation process on different mother rocks.

Hybridizing European larch with Japanese larch A S Yablokov and M I Dokuchaeva pointed to their better silvicultural and decorative characteristics compared to their parent species. Moreover, E G Bobrov described Larix marschlinsii hybrid as a faster-growing species, he also recommended this hybrid larch for afforestation in many countries. In this study, the vegetative and generative organs of European and Japanese larch hybrids are compared with their parent species. Such characteristics as the cones length, the cones width, the number of scales in the cones and the needles length were considered. A comparative analysis of larch trees DNA was also carried out. As a result of the study, we found that by morphological characteristics, the hybrids occupied an intermediate position between the parent species, except for the length of the needles. The spectra samples electrophoregram of larch total DNA indicated some similarity between hybrids and parent species, meanwhile, hybrids have their own distinctive features.

The present work analyzes the effect of temperature and precipitation in the growing season on annual increment and structural elements of spruce xylem. The objects of study were stands aged 100-120 years with different spruce proportion, restricted to soils of binary genesis that allowed levelling out the conditions of growth and determining the main meteorological parameters influencing the increment of spruce wood. The study revealed that, depending on the stand composition, the average temperatures during the growing season have change the effect on the annual increment of spruce wood. In the given soil conditions, the highest meteorological sensitivity in spruce was recorded when its share in the stands was less than 60%. With a decrease in the spruce share in the stand composition, the influence of meteorological factors on macrostructural elements also decreases, but if broad-leaf species are present in the stand, there is an increasing in the influence of weather factors on the increment of wood and its structural elements.

The present work analyzes the relationship between meteorological factors and soil conditions and the annual radial increment of naturally formed pine stands of the boreal zone. It has been noted that on dual sandy loam and drained illuvial sandy loam soils, the annual increment of pine trees has greater response to the sum of temperatures than on loamy soils. Under different soil and hydrological conditions, when the pine share in the composition changes, the structural elements of xylem demonstrate an increasing dependence of annual increment on the share of the species in the composition of the plantation. This dependence is stronger for early wood than for late wood. At coarser soils and decreasing pine share in the stand composition, the growth of pine's macrostructural xylem elements becomes less influenced by meteorological factors.

Forest roads are characterized by difficult transport and operating conditions and a considerable distance from sources of traditional road-building materials. Local ash and slag waste of the state district power station is an effective road-building material for the construction of forest roads. The article presents the test results of the building properties of the ash of the Reftinskaya TPP and the physicomechanical characteristics of the ash-mineral mixtures prepared with its use. Based on the results of laboratory studies, technical solutions for the use of ash-mineral mixtures in the design and construction of high-strength coatings of forest roads have been developed: the main design indicators, requirements for the materials used in the composition, approximate compositions of the ash-mineral mixtures are given, technical measures for the organization and quality control of construction work are assigned.

The concept of multiple forest use envisages the implementation of several types of forest use considering ecological and social aspects. The question arises about the compatibility of harvesting timber, non-wood resources, and getting ecosystem services provided by forests. This question can by answered by means of computer modeling of forest dynamics at different patterns of silviculatural activities. The paper presents the ecologo-physiological simulation model FORRUS-S designed for the forecast and analysis of forest stand dynamics, including the logging-induced one, and complemented by special blocks for the computation of non-wood resources and recreational potential. The model was run for three scenarios: natural development, selective cutting, and intensive forest use, and applied to three objects in two natural zones of Russia. The scenario envisaging selective form of logging is the most convenient for multiple forest use. Intensive pattern of forest management is partially compatible with food resources and conflicts with the recreational potential of a territory. The model can be applied for both the research properties (finding correlations between stand characteristics and intensity of forest use) and the selection of optimal pattern of forest management for a concrete economic entity.

During the field works 2017 –2019, we collected herbarium specimens of conifers in limestone area of Nam Dong Conservation Area, Thanh Hoa Province, northern Vietnam. They belong to six genera and five families (Cephalotaxaceae, Gnetaceae, Pinaceae, Podocarpaceae, and Taxaceae). Studied species are identified by IUCN Red List as EN (one species), VU (two species), LC (three species), and NT (two species). Three species found in the area are listed in Vietnam Red Data Book (Part II. Plants) and Vietnam Red List as VU. In addition, three species are listed by the Decree 32/ND-CP as IIA (two species) and IA (one species). The paper provides data on distribution of all coniferous species in studied area. The result of the study provides new original information for biodiversity management especially for threatened conifers in Nam Dong Conservation Area.

The survey was completed in assistance with ethnic groups living in Nam Dong Conservation Area in June –August 2019. The study was focused on the dicotyledonous plants used in Nam Dong Conservation Area as a food plants. Observed and documented plants belong to 49 species and 33 families; among them 21 trees, 10 shrubs, 12 herbs, and 6 lianas. These species are used commonly as fresh or cooked vegetables. The investigation underlines the significance of available ethnobotanical knowledge pertaining to the use of the dicotyledonous wild edible plants for the human benefit.

Tram Chim National Park is located in the Mekong Delta of southern Vietnam. The obtained results from the study undertaken on the composition of plant species and forest vegetation in TCNP indicated a record of 133 vascular plants species, that belongs to 54 families. Useful plants of 133 species listed consists of 38 species of medicinal plants, 31 species of edible plants, 15 species of timber plants, 10 species of ornamental plants, 9 species of industrial plants, 6 species of fiber plants and 9 species of unknown use plants, respectively. During the duration of investigation, Elaeocarpus hygrophilus Kurz, Eleocharis ochrostachys Steud. and Oryza rufipogon Griff. were endangered, threatened species in the forest vegetation of Tram Chim wetlands. A variety of vegetations in the area under study is described. In this study, two major vegetation types of wetland ecosystems were identified in National Park.

This study analyzes the influence of living vegetation on the renewal of tree species on post-agrogenic lands. To assess the influence of factors on the development of living ground cover and the renewal of wood vegetation, Ramensky amplitude ecological scales were applied. More than half of the plants in the studied plots are mesophytes and their share in the total projective cover is more than 75%. The emergence of undergrowth of tree species is most influenced by grass. The study shows that the ecological ranges reflect the confinement of the species to certain amplitudes of environmental conditions. A rapid or slow reduction in the abundance of cenopopulation of one or another species is associated with an increase or decrease in the impact of a particular environmental factor. With an increase in the total projective cover of living ground cover, the number of undergrowth is significantly reduced, and vice versa, the formed undergrowth limits the development of the cover vegetation due to advantages in the competition for light, moisture, and nutrients.

This work analyzes the structure of evergreen rainforests with the prevalence of the Dipterocarpaceae family tree species in Vietnam. Four dominant formations were studied: Dipterocarpus, Shorea, Anisoptera, Vatica. The analysis of the structure of stands with the prevalence of the Dipterocarpaceae family plants was carried out based on the methodology of the stand components' weight that includes thickness of trees, cross-section and volume of the trunk. The criteria for the analysis included the distribution of trunk diameters (N-D) and heights (N-H). - The species composition of associated plants in the studied formations has different shares. The Shorea and Dipterocarpus formation has the largest number of tree species. For the four dominant plant formations, there are differences in the N / D distribution and no difference in the N / H distribution. The diameter of all trees in the main formations of the Dipterocarpaceae family vary more than the height. Forestry management requires taking into account the structural features of stands with the prevalence of the Dipterocarpaceae family tree species.

This work analyzes the biodiversity of evergreen rainforests in Binh Chau – Phuoc Buu Nature Reserve, Vietnam. 4 combinations of the dominant tree communities of the Dipterocarpaceae family were observed in the park: Dipterocarpus formation, Shorea formation, Anisoptera formation, and Vatica formation. The study found 104 species from 38 families (Dipterocarpus formation – 45 species, Shorea formation – 86 species, Anisoptera formation – 21 species, Vatica formation -26 species). The most common are woody plants from the Anacardiaceae family - 8 species, the plants from the Clusiaceae and Dipterocarpaceae family are on the second place - 6 species. In general, the four studied plant formations have a different number of various tree species in their composition. The study shows that under the dominance of Shorea roxburghii G. Don, the plant community has the greatest biodiversity of plant species, whereas the smallest number of plant species is observed in phytocoenoses dominated by Anisoptera costata Korth. Fluctuations in the values of biodiversity indices are caused by the heterogeneity of the growth areas and previous anthropogenic impact.

This work analyzes the quality of the restored forests with the prevalence of the Dipterocarpaceae family tree species in Binh Chau – Phuoc Buu Nature Reserve, Vietnam. To predict the number of plants in each diameter class, we verified the correspondence of theoretical distributions with an empirical distribution N - D. A theoretical model is best described by an exponential distribution. To establish natural regeneration, we determined the structure of renewed tree species and their relative thickness. The similarity between the composition of renewed plants and the composition of parent plants was determined by the Sorensen coefficient. A natural regeneration of 14 plant species is observed under the canopy of the Shorea formation. The similarity coefficient between the composition of the maternal stratum and renewed plants is 20.3%. This indicates that generations of renewed plants can alter the composition of maternal plants in the upper stratum. The analysis of the distribution structure of diameters and the similarity coefficient between the composition of the maternal tree and the renewed trees showed that the Shorea formation in the Reserve is in the process of succession to achieve a higher hierarchy of environmental stability, i.e., the climax stage.

The study of forest regeneration in stands exposed to fire has both fundamental and applied relevance. The objects of the study were the exposed to surface fires forest plots of various soil and hydrological conditions in the north-east of the Leningrad Region in the landscape of the Tikhvin ridge of the north-eastern part of the Valdai Hills. To study the natural renewal of tree species, circular plots of 10 m² were created along a transect traced over a diagonal of the area exposed to fire. Post-fire impact on soils with different particle size distribution causes the formation of stands with different shares of coniferous and broad-leaf species. After the exposure of tree communities to fire, regeneration processes can follow different directions in the formation of the future planting composition, and that depends on soil and hydrological conditions. Knowing the succession status of the post-fire plant community, further silvicultural measures can be planned for the management of stand composition.

The study analyzes the pyrogenic effect on the condition of pine trees in two landscapes of the Leningrad region. The polynomial regression method in the description of the process tree attrition depending on the scorch height on the trunk allowed determining the trend of the thinning process for pine trees in different vitality conditions. The post-fire attrition of trees follows different scenarios in the studied landscapes of the Luga Upland and Putilov Plateau. The correlation analysis showed that the inverse relationship between the thickness of the remaining forest ground cover and the scorch height on trunks, i.e., the intensity of the past fire, is stronger in the landscape of the Putilov Plateau than in the Luga landscape. The studied landscapes created a different environment for the emergence and spread of fires of both natural and anthropogenic origin.

The work presents the systematization of the main problems in the Forest industry and institutional background for its development in Baikal region. These problems include the following: production and technological, natural and environmental, institutional and organizational, and problems of the forest protection. The innovative development issues in the Forest industry of has been discussed. The implementation of the Forest innovation system is suggested for sustainable Forest industry management and based on expert opinions to be derived via a special questionnaire distributed.

The article is devoted to the study of Lodgepole pine plantations of northern Canadian (Yukon) origin, created in 1988 in the Arkhangelsk region on three sites with different growing conditions using different methods of the soil preparation for planting. The main research objective was studying the growth, sustainability and productivity of Lodgepole pine of Yukon origin in the conditions of introduction. The objects of research were three experimental plots of Lodgepole pine, created in 1988 in the Arkhangelsk region with two-year-old seedlings from seeds of Yukon origin. The results of Lodgepole pine growth in height, diameter and trunk volume indicate that this pine responds well to improved soil cultivation conditions and, undoubtedly, to pre-plant soil preparation. Lodgepole pine is characterized by good growth and straightness in the myrtillosum forest type and special microclimatic conditions on the Solovetsky Islands. Resulting from the study of growth and development of Lodgepole pine of Yukon origin, it was concluded that the creation of fast-growing forest plantations of this species is recommended in productive forest types of the hylocomiosa group (oxalidosum and fresh myrtillosum).

The article focused on one of the possible methods for the development of an automated method for interpretation Earth remote sensing data. As the basic elements for solving the problem, the practical experience from forest inventory training system was taken. Authors used the AutoCAD program to perform per-stem decoding. The article describes some features of modern air-photo interpretation system used in forest inventory and the possible transition from classical forest inventory to automated analysing methods.

The article presents the results of field experiments carried out in the Leningrad Region in 2018 and 2019 with the aim to test the effectiveness of modern herbicides against Sosnowsky's hogweed and other undesirable herbaceous plants in various types of forest lands: in a clear cutting, spruce plantation, hayfield and on the side of a forest road. The herbicides Magnum (water dispersed granules, 600 g/kg of metsulfuron-methyl), Ancor-85 (water dispersed granules, 750 g/kg of potassium salt of sulfometuron-methyl) and a mixture of Roundup (360 g/l of glyphosate acid) and Ancor-85 were found to be highly effective against Sosnowsky's hogweed. Magnum stimulates the growth of grasses and is promising for use in areas not occupied by woody vegetation. Anchor-85 is proposed for the care of European spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in the spring.

The influence of prehistory (land-use history) and soil chemical properties on their allelotoxicity was studied on 12 soil samples of East-European plain with the use of 6 seed cultivars of spring wheat as well as seeds of barley, rye, and triticale. It is shown that despite differs ratio between the values of inhibition for different cultivars, their inhibition order on various soils preserves generally. Land use-history has a significant influence on soil allelotoxicity values: soil samples from territories of agricultural use have higher allelotoxicity in comparison with fallow areas. The experimental data show that crop rotations are not always able to reduce soil fatigue. This makes it necessary to assess the real soil fatigue (soil allelotoxicity) under the crop rotation. The material under consideration, methodological approaches and conclusions can be used in forestry.

The authors have considered the feasibility of using the measurements of quality and quantity forest parameters on the State Forest Inventory (SFI) permanent sample plots (PSP) for estimating carbon stocks in forests in the preparation of the reports on the implementation of the national commitments under the Paris Agreement. The strengths and weaknesses of the SFI methods for estimating carbon stocks are revealed. The analytic assessment is demonstrated through the example of Khabarovsk Territory in which the SFI was completed in 2018. It is experimentally confirmed that significantly more accurate SFI data on the average growing stock volume, in combination with improved methods for estimating carbon assessment parameters, can increase the estimates of carbon stocks in the forest biomass approximately by +30%.

We discuss the key factors affecting the environmental and economic sustainability of specially protected natural areas (SPNA). Those are: regulatory and legislative; managerial; economic; environmental; and scientific and educational factors. We carried out an analysis of the factors to establish the main prerequisites and problems of assessing the environmental and economic sustainability of protected areas. We established that the factors can have both positive and negative effects on the development of protected areas. The negative influence of the factors can result in various threats to environmental and economic sustainability. A system of indicators for assessing the environmental and economic sustainability of protected areas has been proposed, consisting of two blocks: economic and environmental. The economic component of sustainability is characterized by the following indicators: the importance of environmental services, cost-effectiveness of recreational services, and the level of recreational development of protected areas. The environmental component is characterized by the following indicators: the level of compliance with the norms of the recreational load, the level of compliance with the rules and norms of hunting (fishing), the level of threat of anthropogenic impact, and the level of negative impact of natural factors. Criteria for evaluating the relevant indicators have been proposed.

There are many studies on the thermal treatment of wood, but the treatment of thermally modified wood with different flame retardants, and the changes that occur in this process are not fully understood. This paper assesses various thermal modifications and the flame retardant effect on thermally modified wood under conditions that simulate the natural process of wood combustion by a heat source, constant air flow and exhaust gas flow. The research temperature ranges from 160 to 260° C. It has been experimentally proven that thermally modified wood impregnated with a fire retardant has a greater fire and ignition resistance than untreated wood.

We discuss the influence of weather conditions (increased humidity, rain, snow) on the effectiveness of preventive fireproof treatment of forests and soil with amidophosphate KM. The dependence of the required level of fireproof treatment of forests and soil on the amount of precipitation during one calendar year has been established. We also estimated the minimum required amount of amidophosphate KM for repeated preventive treatment of forests and ground cover. Here we present the results of tests carried out in the field.

The article discusses practical aspects of forest use in the Russian Federation and identifies the most common forest uses. We propose to increase forest use by harvesting and collection of non-timber forest products, including resin, forest foods and medicinal plants. We also describe the main pathways of utilizing waste from logging and wood processing to obtain products that are in great demand in the market and have a high selling price. Finally, we present the results of the analysis of changes in forest productivity depending on the increase in the number of types of forest use.

Forest infrastructure is an important element of economic development of territories. It is impossible to maintain sustainable forest management without forest infrastructure. Forest infrastructure is the basis of the production and non-production spheres. It creates favorable conditions for work and the life of the population. Forest infrastructure has an impact on the economic development of the timber industry connected regions of Russia. In the process of logging the use of forest infrastructure facilities is necessary. At the same time, the transport infrastructure, its condition, and development have a significant impact on the logging process and its effectiveness. The nature of this dependence is of practical interest. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the development of transport infrastructure and its impact on forest harvesting volumes in the forestries of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The results of our studies allow to make the following conclusions: the structure and density of the forest transport infrastructure of the region is uneven. Its design lacks regularity and validity. The development of transport routes is chaotic. The dependence of the performance indicators of the harvesting process on the density or length of transport routes is ambiguous and it requires further investigation.

The object of research - new growth and undergrowth under the canopy of growing stocks with predomination of a beech tree as the first and the second storeys. Our work objective - monetization of tree resources deposited with new growth and undergrowth of beech forests of North Caucasus. The structure of the new growth and the undergrowth is not uniform in height and composition, it varies essentially among the subjects of research. The mean number of the new growth is 8988 pcs/ha and of the undergrowth - 1998 exemplars/ha. The mean height of the new growth is 0.65 m, of the undergrowth - 0.86 m. The mass of one plant of the mean height in the air-dry condition is equal to 0.24 kg for the new growth and 0.55 kg for the undergrowth. The income amount from sales of the undergrowth is less than from the new growth. While the maximum total income from sales of the new growth and undergrowth phytomass may be about 43 ths/ha. Final results depend significantly on the structure by height, on the composition and the number of the new growth and the undergrowth.

The article analyses the current methodology and rating criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of the implementation by the subjects of the RF of the delegated powers in the field of forest relations. The features and disadvantages of the current Methodology have been identified. Measures have been proposed to improve the current Methodology in the framework of the modern legislative system of forest relations in the Russian Federation. Based on the analysis of the current Methodology, we recommend to strengthen the role of indicators of the Forest Plan of constituent entities of the RF. When developing the Forest Plan of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, the climatic and socio-economic characteristics of each specific region should be taken into account, which ensures the comparability of all constituent entities of the Russian Federation for each of the Criteria. A method of comparing the actual achievement of the criterion with its planned value, used in forest planning, makes it possible to objectively evaluate the effectiveness of the execution of delegated powers, taking into account the capabilities of a subject of the Russian Federation in question. When comparing the current and recommended methods, significant discrepancies were revealed in the results of evaluating the effectiveness of the implementation by the subjects of the Russian Federation of the delegated powers in the field of forest relations. According to the results of the rating assessment between all constituent entities of the RF, only four of the twenty constituent entities of the Russian Federation maintained their position in the group of leaders.

The aim of the scientific work is to investigate the forest bands system structure of agrolandscapes with the aim of establishing the duration of periods of its development for determining the main forest species. Research Methodology: complete counting of trees on temporary test plots laid in typical forest belts, analysis of main tree trunks and obtaining equations of relationships between heights and ages; modeling the development of the structure of forest belts using these equations and formulas for determining the distance between forest belts. It was found out that forest lane systems in their development consistently go through certain periods: unsteady, stationary, post-stationary and decaying functioning. The main criterion for choosing the main species when creating forest belt systems is the longest duration of the stationary and post-stationary functioning of the system. For forest strips created from Quercus robur, this duration is 81 years, Fraxinus lanceolata - 63 years; Robinia pseudoacacia - 55 years. According to this criterion, it is not advisable to create forest strips from such main species as Populus nigra and Ulmus pumila on southern chernozems.

The article deals with the issues of increasing the forest resources use extent on the forested areas of reservoirs' flooded territories of hydroelectric power stations (HPPs) – both projected and under construction- in multi-forest areas of the Russian Federation. The necessity of forest clear cutting and forest clearing carrying out on flooded territories and the importance of these measures for ensuring favorable environmental conditions in the area of hydro construction and in the water area of reservoirs are substantiated. The estimation of the wood volume cut in the process of reservoirs creation is presented and the reasons for leaving wood to be flooded are considered. The factors and circumstances that affect the indicators of economic efficiency of forest clear cutting are described. A comparative assessment of the applied technologies of forest clear cutting is made, ways to increase its profitability are outlined, and the impact of profitability on decision making on leaving wood to be flooded in the process of reservoirs' territory preparation is estimated.

In Saint-Petersburg and its surroundings land reclamation works by hydraulic filling have been performed for several decades. For the hydraulic filling fine-grained slightly silted and clayed sands from the bottom of the Gulf of Finland are used. We have examined the properties of alluvial soils as substrate for planting, figured out unfavorable hydrophysical features of the soils related to soil fractionation caused by water flows while hydraulic filling, which, in their turn, have negative impact on preservation and growth of vegetation. We have given examples of measures on melioration of soils, at the same time having taken into consideration their features while the design performance and working on creation green spaces on the alluvial soils.

In this article, a universal tractor processor (UTP) is proposed. The UTP allows you to harvest all types of trees and process them into assortments and for fuel chips. The maximum productivity of the UTP for the output of assortments will be in the case of logging business trees with the production of chips (option 2). The total productivity of the UTP will be maximum when it is working by the option 3, when business and low quality non-commercial trees are harvested. In practice, if the goal is to maximize the output of business assortments, then the UTP work should be organized according to the option 1 or 2. If the time to clean up the logging residuals before the UTP is longer than the time to process the residuals into fuel chips, then option 2 will show the best results. In this case, in addition to the maximum output of assortments, additional products will be obtained – fuel chips. The maximum productivity of the UTP for the output of assortments is achieved if you exclude the harvesting of thin-sized trees (option 3).

The study is conducted in Ba Be National Park which is the specially protected natural area (SPNA) of Vietnam. The paper analyzes changes and makes prediction of forest land cover in National Park. For these purposes satellite images (Landsat-5 and Landsat-8) acquired for the year of 1992, 2003 and 2019 were used. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used to identify vegetation quality. Forest land cover was classified by 5 categories using maximum likelihood classifier algorithm. In order to detect and evaluate forest land cover change, supervised classification and image differencing method are applied. Then, Cellular Automata and Markov Chain model is employed predict of forest land cover in this area. The results of the study indicate that forest land cover change is being transformed in Ba Be National Park. According to our estimate, from 1992 to 2019, the area covered by woody vegetation increased by 1.1%. By 2035, the area of broad-leaved forests will increase by 9.7%, due to a decrease in areas of meadows and shrubs. The increase in forest cover protected areas is explained by the measures taken by the Vietnamese government to expand the forest area in the country.

The article is devoted to the study of the problems of the formation of sustainable development institutions for depressive lumber cutting territories (in the case of the Republic of Karelia). One of these institutions is forest certification, which obliges forest companies to formulate economic strategies in accordance with social responsibility criteria. The obtained results indicate that today forest companies do not set the implementation of social policies regarding the local population as a key goal. The economic interests of business and their management decisions regarding forest management are not related to the problems of the local population. However, this is not an obstacle to obtaining a forest certificate. The Forest Certification Institute has not yet performed a compensatory function, which actualizes the development of new forest policy instruments.

The article presents the results of long-term studies within the limits of closed mining enterprises impact in Priamurye and Primorye of the Far Eastern Federal District (FEFD), where the lands from the forest land fund have been withdrawn earlier for mineral development. As a result, tailing dumps containing highly sulfidized waste have a negative impact on ecosystems. The urgency of the topic is undoubted. In this regard, the aim of the study was to create technology for the forests reproduction on technologically contaminated and disturbed land using innovative achievements (bioremediation) to ensure their environmental and social security. Natural and mining systems formed by the activities of the closed mining enterprises of the Priamurye and Primorye regions were the object of the problem under study, they located in the basin of the Amur River of large biosphere value (Solnechny GOK (Mining and Processing Works), Khrustalnensky GOK. The necessity of effective solution of the mentioned problem was substantiated. It has been established that the level of technogenic pollution of environment objects exceeds in dozens and even hundreds of times the regional background indicators and MPC. A reclamation method was created using the potential of biological systems. The novelty of the proposed methods is confirmed by Pavtent.

This study used space syntax theory to predict the recreational impact on natural forest ecosystems. We assumed a correlation between specific space syntax measures and parameters that describe the recreational impact on forest ecosystems. For constructing a model of spatial structure of recreational forest, we chose an angular segment map of a road network. Most of the recreational impact is caused by trampling which we used to evaluate the visitors traffic. Field observations of ground cover were made on transects. For the road network we used the natural logarithm of the T1024 Choice measure, called LNchoice, and divided the range of values into two subsets. The subset 'zone 0' included segments where LNchoice was lower than the mean value of LNchoice, while the subset 'zone 1' included all other segments. Comparative analysis of the field data and indicators of the road network confirmed that zone 1 had higher trampling impacts than zone 0. In zone 1, degree of coverage by typical forest plants and their degree of dominance were lower than in zone 0, and the percentage of dead ground cover was greater. These results show that space syntax theory has great potential for landscape design and management of recreational forests.

The differences arising in the analysis of the throttling process in different reference systems are considered. It is shown that it is convenient to analyze the change in internal energy when throttling a certain volume of gas in a system of counting that is rigidly connected to its center of mass. In this system, gas expansion works, resulting in energy being diverted to the environment. At the same time, energy is transferred from the environment to the gas by the movement of the throttle device. The sign of the increment of the internal energy of the considered volume of ideal gas in the non-equilibrium process adiabatic throttling is determined by the ratio between the two named energy exchange processes. From the first law of thermodynamics, an expression is obtained for the value of the increment of specific internal energy when throttling an ideal gas.

The analysis of the irreversible process of adiabatic throttling of an incompressible liquid using the construction of physical and mathematical models of the process is carried out. The nature of irreversible dissipation of mechanical energy in the fluid flow is revealed. An analytical expression is obtained for the always positive so-called specific heat of friction, the value of which depends on the nature of the flow. This value can be equal to zero only in the case of a vortex-free or helical movement. Therefore, only with such movements, the mechanical energy of the flow does not dissipate.

The Paris Agreement is the legal basis for the current stage of regulation of greenhouse gas emissionsaimedat preventing further climate change. The Russian Federation has declared its national climate commitments taking into account the carbon absorption capacity of forests. It has been established that the current stage of development of the national economy is accompanied by an increase in greenhouse gas emissions, which will require additional measures to implement Russia's climate policy. The article assesses the contribution of the Russian forestry to the fulfilment of the national obligations under the Paris Agreement. A negative tendency towards reduction of carbon sequestration in Russian forests has been revealed. As the main factors influencing the dynamics of greenhouse gas emissions and their absorption in the forest ecosystems, the study identified forest fires, logging activities and the scale of reforestation. The article substantiate the expediency of the development of forestry as a condition for the implementation of the climate policy of both the country as a whole and its business entities. By implementing forest projects aimed at compensating for greenhouse emissions, representatives of the Russian business will be able to avoid the risks of losing the investment attractiveness of their enterprises and reducing the competitiveness of their products in international markets.

The possibility of using dibasic hydroxyethylidene diphosphonic acid to reduce the flammability of particle boards has been considered. A formulation was compiled with the addition of amino alcohols, surfactants and other auxiliary compounds, conventionally called the fire retardant Palonot. Wood substrate (veneer) was impregnated with various amounts of Palonot, and the development of combustion during ignition and subsequent attenuation with a regular increase in heat loss to the environment was studied. The results were compared with amidophosphate, which has found industrial use in fire protection of wood-based materials. The manufactured three-layer boards withstood the test in the "fire tube" and met the main requirements of the current standards for general-purpose boards. The thermomechanical curves and the details of the process of adhesion of the binder to the substrate containing the flame retardant are provided. The conditions for the manufacture of wood-based materials with the patented Palonot have been analyzed.

Branch and regional prioritization of the forest sector is a necessary condition for its development and compatibility growth. It allows toplan and forecast the forest management activities and their allocation across the country. Strategic planning and forecasting should use the following methodology. Firstly, it is necessary to rank the priority branches of the forest sector according to the criterion of their income (for example, wooden housing construction, packing paper, furniture, bioenergy, etc.). At the next iteration, economic regions are to be ranked according to the transportation cost criterion (for example, North-West, West, Center of Russia, Siberia, the Far East etc.). Merging both iterations in a single matrix will show the direction of diminishing effectiveness of the managerial solutions. The most effective solutions will be in the upper left corner of the matrix. The least effective solutions will move to the lower right corner. This matrix should serve a conceptual basis of the methodology for the long-term strategic planning and forecasting of the forest sector in the Russian Federation.

The article considers the role of biological knowledge in the formation of modern holistic worldview, developed in the framework of global evolutionism, which has been established within the post-nonclassical scientific rationality. The studies of material in the history of science and the history of philosophy, as well as the works of modern authors, revealed the existence of contradictory quantitative (quantitativistic) and qualitative (qualitativistic) research programs in the development of knowledge and its worldview interpretations, which alternately claimed to dominate in science. On the basis of retrospective analysis of the science of living it is shown how the development of a qualitatively-holistic approach in biology helped to overcome the principles of reductionism and to what extent it can contribute to the introduction of significant adjustments to its methodology. The authors made an attempt to identify and justify a special role in this process of evolutionary and environmental studies, which serve as the basis for the formation of new promising theoretical and methodological programs based on the principle of integrity. The scientific novelty and relevance of the article consists in explicating on the biology material the heuristic and methodological significance of qualitativism as a cognitive-methodological approach in comprehending biological processes.

Forest plantations have been successfully established and operated in many countries since the middle of the last century. At the same time, in the Russian Federation (RF), where forest plantations are not widespread, timber processing enterprises are beginning to feel a raw material hunger due to the gradual exhaustion of available operational Mature forests. As a result, the average distance of harvested wood removal from natural forests is constantly growing, and the cost of logging roads increases every year. One of the problems that hindering the creation of forest plantations is the lack of a scientifically based system of machines in the Russian Federation that can perform the entire cycle of work: starting with planting (sowing) woody plants and ending with the collection of wood crops and preparing the territory for a new succession. This article describes a refined mathematical model of the modular principle of machines selection that intended for the full cycle of forest plantation operation. During testing, the optimal value was found that meets all the specified requirements. During testing was found out that finding the optimal solution by the chosen method requires a large amount of time.

The article provides a comparative calculation of the heat of diesel and wood fuels released during combustion. Specific consumption of pellets for release of required amount of energy is determined and diagram of gas generator plant operating on wood fuel is presented. The plant is designed to provide heat and energy to an autonomous logging brigade.

The article deals with the priority areas of research in the development of Russian timber industry complex. The most important areas of research are highlighted. It is determined that the scientific (theoretical) perception does not always coincide with the applied (practical) aspects of the industry. The most problematic areas in the development of the timber industry were identified. Key attention is paid to technological and logistical aspects.

Preserving the historical appearance of objects of landscape architecture is one of the most important tasks of protecting historical heritage. This task would not be feasible without studying the species composition and dynamics of the historical range of ornamental plants. A change in the species composition during the operation and restoration of such objects naturally leads to a serious change in their historical appearance. An analysis of the species composition of the vegetation in historical gardens, monitoring its state in harsh urban environment, and finding solutions to preserve the appearance of historical objects without violating historically defined features of the area are relevant today.

Abstract The decrease in the plant vitality, and, therefore, the functionality of urban green spaces caused by a sharp deterioration in the growing conditions and the non-observance of scientifically based principles of planting planning and an absence of a reasonable plant material selection for specific objects. An unsystematic increase in the species and cultivar diversity of ornamental trees and shrubs occurs spontaneously, without considering the consistent work on introducing and cultivating new species and varieties. The use of imported, not adapted, and often poor-quality planting material leads to a decrease in the survival rate of new plantings and, as a consequence, to a deterioration of the condition of a green space in general.

There are many options for organizing the logging process by timber enterprises. In most cases they are chosen by management based on personal experience. Cost-effective development of the forest sector is associated with the use of the most rational technological chains of logging operations, adapted to the specific natural and industrial conditions of forest territories. This research is a continuation of the author's team work on the complex task of improving the efficiency of logging operations, taking into account the analysis of various moving and processing operations of the technological process. In previous publications the authors presented a graphoanalytical and mathematical models to solve the task. This article presents a solution based on them to improve the technological chains of logging operations, taking into account the seasonal nature of logging for the conditions of the Krasnoyarsk territory. Special attention is paid to the comparative analysis of costs for performing transport and loading and unloading operations in the conditions of seasonal dynamics. A rational chain of logging operations has been determined, which allows to reduce costs compared with other options for organizing the technological process and, as a result, to increase profits from the sale of products.

Currently, the problem of increasing the efficiency of the use of forest resources is urgent. One of the factors affecting the efficiency of the use of forest resources is the quality of the human capital of the forest sector.It is necessary to develop the key competencies of employees and future employees of the forestry sector using various forms of training. In recent years, forestry education has been actively developing based on the use of the digital technologies. The article presents the results of surveys of students on their perception of a new form of education, students' assessment of the possibility of high-quality mastering of material in distance learning and the difficulties they face. Conclusions are also made on how digitalization of forestry education will improve the efficiency of the human capital of forest sector organizations which will affect the efficiency of the use of forest resources in Russia.

In the Voronezh region, sprout-origin oak forests currently occupy an area of 94.7 thousand ha; these forests are a major element of the region's forests after the wild fires of 2010. For evaluation of sprout-origin oak forests, forest managers use growth tables based on yield classes; those tables reflect neither forest growing conditions nor the diversity of the region's sprout-origin oak forest stands and have an industrial focus. Based on the data of a mass forest inventory of more than 2,000 forest plots established in 11 types of forest growing conditions characterised by a variety of soil richness and moisture content, multidimensional equations have been derived and growth rate tables built for sprout-origin oak forests of the Voronezh region. The resulting growth tables demonstrate the dynamics of forest inventory indicators of the forest stands studied in the age range 10-160 years, basal area range 0.3-1.0 and the share of oak in the forest composition from 1 to 10 units. The tables allow evaluation of modal tree stands to be based on the measurements of average heights, diameters and areas of cross-sections and can be used in assessments of forest stands during forest inventory.

Among key factors that are perceived as crucial to the investment development within an economic system is sectoral composition. It is essential to identify those types of economic activity that define the makeup of the investment-related links between associated sectors. Based on the sector approach to investment and demand, this article looks at how the investment self-induction mechanism influences intersectoral investment dynamics. Among the outcomes of our study we is a method for identifying, based on output-input account data, key investment growth spurts. The method we suggest has been applied to the analysis of the U.S. industries' performance. The main hypothesis we explore builds on the idea that the investment growth spurts may shortly after they have been given ample impetus launch what we call a mechanism of self-induction of investment, while also spurring the investment development within adjacent sectors of economy. The presented theoretical assumptions are backed up with empirical outcomes. In our study we made use of the data released by the US Department of Commerce. The conclusions we arrived at enable identification of the industries which, if enhanced through self-induction of investment mechanism, may generate a desired increase in the investment flows within adjacent economic sectors.

The distribution boundaries of the two birch species communities: Stone-birch (Betula ermanii Cham.) and White birch (Betula platyphylla Sukacz) forests have been firstly reliably established for the North of the Koryak Region. The remote sensing data, aerial observations, original relevés, and itinerary research data were used. A map of the Stone-birch and White-birch forests allocation in the mainland part of the Koryak Region was compiled. It was shown that Stone-birch groves were found in relatively warmer and wetter areas adjacent to the Bering Sea coast. They occupy Southern and South-Eastern slopes of the Koryak Upland spurs; whereas White birch forests are common in the continental districts. They are found in the valleys of the rivers Penzhina, Talovka, Belaya, Oklan, Apukvayam, on the Penzhinskiy Ridge slopes. Stone-birch forests do not occur North of 62° northern latitude, do not overcome the boggy depression of Parapolsky Dale, and do not occur to the West of 167° 30' eastern longitude. The natural phytogeographical boundary between the areas of the two birch formations are the Southern and South-Eastern spurs of the Koryak Upland.

It is necessary to increase the informational supply of land-use planning so it causes the significance of investigation. Different cartographic materials are important part of this supply. For reaching this goal, authors developed the method of landscape diversity cartographo-mathematical modelling using GIS-technology. During the process of investigation, we got following results. We developed the method of landscape diversity modelling. We defined indexes describing landscape diversity, including: fragmentation index of natural region enclosures (amount of enclosures by landscape area unit); landscape complexity index (amount of enclosures and natural regions by its average area unit); landscape fragmentation index (ratio of average area of landscape enclosure to landscape area), pattern index (average amount of natural region enclosures to one group); Margalef and Menchinik indexes (relative abundance of natural region groups). We proposed the relationship for landscape diversity integrated index calculation and developed the quality determination scale for its evaluation. We tested the method on the East of Leningrad region including 16 landscapes (grouped to 5 types) and 1876 natural region enclosures. Landscape maps were main materials for investigation. Obtained results of landscape diversity evaluation have no contradictions with other researchers' works.

Forests are called the lungs of our planet, and most of the forest reserves are concentrated in Russia. Today, Russia has one-fourth of the world's timber reserves. At the same time, the country does not occupy the first place in the global market of wood products. The share of the forest industry in the country's entire industrial production is less than 4%. Russian forest industry enterprises are characterized by low efficiency, which in turn affects the economic performance of enterprises and does not generally meet the economic interests of the state. In modern business conditions, industry is interested in introducing new innovative technologies, products and, therefore, requires investments. The analysis of the situation in the Russian forest sector from investment attractiveness is made in the article. Conclusions about the investment attractiveness of the forest sector in Russia are formulated.

The paper considers the results of studying the shape of the lower part of tree-like willow trunks in the north-taiga area of the Arkhangelsk region. As a result of the studies, the diameters of willow trees at the 1.3 m height were calculated depending on the stump-level diameter at various heights from 0 to 1.3 m. This work aims at the development of two versions of tables for receiving trunk diameter at the 1.3 m height basing on stump diameter. Standards development for the transition from the stump diameter (at heights from 0 to 100 cm) to the diameter at the 1.3 m height is essential since the height and diameter at 1.3 m are the input parameters to the tables for determining trunk volumes. A need to determine the volume of felled trees` trunks arises while performing various kinds of examinations, and need to determine the stock of stands arises when addressing issues related to the evaluation of illegal logging. Various input and output data options allow more flexible use of patterns established during research and more rational use of tables in practice. Processing of field materials was carried out by methods generally accepted in forest evaluation practice.

In the process of forest management in a particular constituent entity of the Russian Federation, unique regional features have formed that increase the effectiveness of forest management, the multi-purpose use of forests, their conservation, protection and reproduction, due to landscape-geographical and economic reasons.The aim of the research is to analyze the prevailing spatial forest land division by example of the Tomsk region.Scientific novelty lies in the development of methodological approaches to identify the spatial forest land organization.The object of our study is the Tomsk Region forest fund lands, divided into districts, forestries and district forestries according to the principle of three-level hierarchical division. The subject of the study is the spatial characteristics of 75 local forest districts located in 26 forest districts and in 17 administrative districts of the Tomsk Region.A set of methods is applied in our research, such as: abstract-logical, analytical, cartographic and mathematical modeling. In the course of the statistical analysis it is concluded, a hierarchical structure of the territorial division of the forest fund lands has been revealed according to the principles of MAUP. It is shown that the hierarchical levels of forest management overlap, breaking the General pattern.

Making (identifying) the right decision, just making a decisionis a choice from a variety of acceptable alternatives, depending on various factors, one in which the effective value is optimized. If a decision maker (DM) or a decision support system (DSS) can isolate a control parameter with unconditional preference that is relevant and most fully characterizing the properties of the system (process, object), it can be considered an objective function, subject to certain restrictive (by an acceptable set, resources) conditions. A similar problem is single-criterion, solved by classical methods of the decision theory. Decision-making tasks can be solved by a sequence of steps, a procedure: generation of acceptable options, selection of relevant criteria, search for an acceptable choice, its evaluation. In solving the problems of the decision support system (DSS), the decision-maker is usually involved - an expert, an analyst with competencies in the subject area and evaluating options, a consultant who helps to formulate acceptable options. The article discusses the development of a conceptual model of a geographic information system to support managerial decision-making. The basis of such GIS is an automated mapping system.

The population's demand for recreational services tends is growing steadily, the amount of growth varies depending on objective and subjective factors. The problem of economic assessment of forest recreation can be solved only after the recognition of recreational services and their inclusion in the economic relations between the state, the population and private business. Economic estimation of the recreational function of forests will help to scientifically justify the amount of damage to be compensated for damage caused to forests by industy, institutions, organizations and citizens. Recreational function can be attributed to natural resources, since it has a potential value. In market conditions, it is the final consumer of recreation-the population-that should evaluate the recreational function. The size of this theoretical payment revealed in the course of the study allows us to judge the value that the recreational function of forests represents for the state and the population. The inclusion of recreational services in economic relationships will allow to get an independent and objective estimation of the recreational function of forests.

Research of the food and minor resource potential of the Russian forest and market demand for these products has been done in the article. The objective of the work is to show an imbalance between the huge potential of food and other non-timber products and the limited demand for such resources. The subject of study is economic results of food and minor resources consumption of the Russian forest. The novelty of the research is that regularities are identified and development trends of demand for food and secondary resources of the Russian forest have been assessed. The demand is formed by supply and demand, on the one hand, by the national management system, forest legislation, traditions and customs, on the other. Harvesting centers of food and secondary resources of the Russian forest are shown. Measures are proposed to increase the efficiency of the use of food and minor resources of the Russian forest. The research results can be used by forest companies, scientific organizations. The research can be continued towards the inclusion of food and secondary resources of the Russian forest in the economic relations system in forestry at national and international levels.

Economical and organization of forestry nurseries in Russian Federation have some particularities connected with a form of property. for the lands belongs to the of forests Fund. Lands of forest Fund are in the state property. For the forestry nurseries land is a basic asset to produce planting materials. State property on forest land in its monopoly form became a breaking factor in the development of market relations in that field of operation. This article gives a brief analysis of demands in a forest planting materials and offers some organizational and economy mechanisms for the adaptation process in that transition period of development of the forest relations.

GIS and Remote sensing are now being used in many fields, especially in the field of agriculture and the environment. The results of the paper have built the land surface heat map of Pushkin district with detailed heat scales, which is the optimal way to solve more specifically the changes in heat and its effects. move on ecosystems that other common tools can't solve.

Vietnam is a developing country with a diversified economy. The furniture industry in Vietnam is one of the most dynamic and successful industries in the process of international economic integration. In recent years, Vietnam's woodworking industry has undergone profound changes, becoming one of the key industries in Vietnam. The furniture industry has become Vietnam's fifth largest export industry after the oil refining, light industry and fisheries. Vietnam became the first exporter of furniture to Southeast Asia. Today, the furniture industry in Vietnam accounts for 6 –7% of the global market. Despite many achievements of the woodworking industry, there are many shortcomings. Among them we can single out the following shortcomings: second-rate quality of products, poor marketing, difficulty attracting investment, worn-out equipment, low qualifications of staff, and dependence on import.

The aim of this study was to assess the possibility of using wastes from pulp and paper industry as metal corrosion inhibitors. We studied protective properties of various systems, including the primers with rust modifiers developed on the basis of sulfite spent liquors and an upper coating layer of PF-115 enamel applied to a rusty surface. Using the gravimetric method and the method of polarization curves, we found that sulfite spent liquors inhibit steel corrosion in an acidic environment. We found that the P-2 rust modifier with an addition of lye + piperidine is the most effective inhibitor of steel rusting.

The possibilities of the use of geoinformation systems (GIS) for green areas managing were discussed. The features of the use of the Field-Map software and hardware complex on landscape architecture objects are given. Field-Map allows you to perform mapping of any object in real time, estimate distances and areas, create thematic maps, perform dendrometric measurements, i.e. use all the features of a full-featured GIS directly when working in the field. The GIS of urban garden and park objects on the example of the city of Simferopol (the Republic of Crimea) were demonstrated. It seems promising to perform a planned inventory of urban green spaces of municipalities with mandatory GIS of plants collections of introduction points can contain an unlimited number of attributes, which allows to enter into a single database information on the time, origin and sources of receipt of the plant sample, the type of planting material, estimation of frost resistance, drought resistance, disease and pest infestation, the beginning and duration of flowering or fruiting, the period of greatest decorative effect, and other features. The work on creation of GIS arboretum and scientific exhibitions were conducted in N V Bagrov Botanical garden of the V I Vernadsky Crimean Federal University.

Wood is widely used in industrial and civil engineering. It has many valuable physical, mechanical and other operational properties that make it widely possible to use it not only in construction, but also in other sectors of the economy. Many scientists studied the problems of studying the processes of mechanical processing of wood and the development of rational technological conditions and modes of gluing wood, allowing to obtain products with the required physical and mechanical properties. One of the ways to increase the efficiency of production of glued building materials from wood is gluing lumber along the length of the toothed spike. The strength of glued beams during operation depends on many factors, including the quality of the formation of adhesive joints. The main ones are the properties of wood, mainly density and humidity, and the type of glue. The surface relief, the type of surfaces to be glued, the dimensions and the shape of the ten on also have an effect. The results of a study of the bonding strength of wood in glued beams and the strength of finger jointing are presented in this article.

Robinia (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is known for high honey productivity: in Ukraine, in Romania it is 600-800 kg, in Nonblack soil area it is up to 360 kg from 1 ha of a continuous forest stand.According to observations of the scientists, a bee family can collect up to 8 kg of honey under favorable weather conditions from a Robinia tree, and under adverse weather there were from 4 to 6 kg of Robinia honey in strong families at the apiary.The task of our study was to determine honey productivity of Robinia depending on locality, exposure and the slopesteepness. Optimum forest vegetation conditions for maximum nectar emission by Robinia flowers were defined. A number of methods defining taxation indices, sugar content in nectar, blooming intensity and honey productivity was used to solve the assigned tasks. Carried out comparative analysis of honey productivity indices showed that local topography influences the blooming terms of plants and nectar emission. So, the most productive locality for beekeeping is locality with gulches. It provides the best honey yield under favourable meteorology and forest vegetation conditions.

The surface roughness of wood products has a direct impact on many technological and operational properties of parts as a whole and is an important production factor, which is associated with the consumption of materials and the technical and economic efficiency of many technological operations such as gluing, grinding, varnishing, etc.We must not forget about the aesthetic properties of wood - reflective and absorbing ability, which is directly affected by surface roughness. The urgency of the problem of obtaining the required quality of the treated wood surface is now becoming increasingly important in connection with the increasing requirements for the quality of woodworking products and obtaining the greatest economic effect for the enterprise. A polished surface is formed as a result of the simultaneous action of many factors. The main ones are geometric factors, plastic and elastic deformations that accompany the grinding process.From a geometric point of view, the roughness is created due to the copying of the path of the cutting tool of a certain geometric shape on the wood surface. Plastic and elastic deformations occurring during the cutting process strongly distort the microrelief resulting from the action of geometric factors.

This paper deals with the improvement of probabilistic methods of design by using the catastrophe theory and the possibility theory application. A brief description of the catastrophe theory is presented, the cusp catastrophe is considered, control parameters are viewed as fuzzy variables with unknown distribution laws in the first part of the paper. The definition of the possibility measure of the cusp catastrophe occurrence is given in the second part of the paper. The condition of the cusp catastrophe occurrence is formulated according to Zadeh's extension principle. The proposed method can be applied to solve the problems of the technical systems reliability and to give recommendations for engineering of forest machine and equipment elements in the case of limited statistical information.

The results of research of physical and mechanical characteristics of the plate composite material obtained from birch wood after its processing by the method of explosive autohydrolysis are shown. Before barothermal treatment, the wood was impregnated with an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide. The composite material is made from hydrolyzed wood pulp by hot pressing without adding binders. It was found that the properties of the composite material depend on the amount of hydrogen peroxide and the rigidity of the barothermal treatment conditions. Each of the modes of barothermal treatment corresponds to a certain value of the amount of hydrogen peroxide, when using which the density of the material reaches the maximum value. The dependence of the bending strength of a composite material obtained using different amounts of hydrogen peroxide is characterized by the presence of an extremum point. At this point, the strength value is the maximum. Further increase in the amount of hydrogen peroxide is accompanied by a deterioration in strength characteristics. It is suggested that the effect is a consequence of the dominance of destructive processes over the processes of intermolecular crosslinking when using a large amount of hydrogen peroxide.

An approach to the application of modern information technologies and mathematical methods to solve the problem of energy woodproduction and logistics technologies selection is described in the article. The general statement of the problem, the methodology, methodsand models used are given.A decision support system for energy wood production can evaluate and compare various technological schemes for the harvesting and processing of woody biomass to energy woodand identify the most effective choice At the operational level, the approach allows to optimize the current plans for the harvesting, initial processing and transportation of the energy wood for available production capacities, taking into account the commercial roundwood production providing at the same time. Proposed approach isa practical tool for ensuring profitability and sustainable growth of the energy wood production, which, will stimulate the development of bioenergy in Russia.

The article deals with the availability of public green spaces in the city of Ekaterinburg and itsCentral Planning District. We discuss the composition, condition of plants, and planting density in parks, garden squares and boulevards. We also discuss the negative phenomena affecting the general condition of green areas and their functions. We have analysed the main species used in landscaping and made suggestions for improving the situation.

Abstracts. Disclosed is a solution of a particular case of a problem of polycomponent motion within a poly speed model, which is reduced to setting conditions of joint motion of components and determining intercomponent thermal-force interaction. The study of construction of the basis of mechanics of wood-polymer composites from phenomenological positions of mechanics of heterogeneous media is presented by construction of equations of laws of mass and momentum preservation for two component media and their closure by a viscous-elastic-plastic rheological model of the composite material for development of the basis of mechanics of wood-polymer composites from phenomenological positions of mechanics of heterogeneous media, Contributing to improvement of production of structured composite for FDM - printing technologies due to production of composites on the basis of thermopolymers with filling of them with ground wood. Raw materials can be wastes of logging and wood processing industries, the product is a composite with high filling of wood with a wide field of application in different sectors of national economy and industry. The equations are closed by a viscous-elastic-plastic rheological model of the composite material and by matching the equations of inseparability and the displacement strain vector.

One of the perspective directions of increasing productivity in forestry production is the application of a modular approach to the formation of forestry machine systems. The modular approach makes it possible to form coherent and flexible technological processes, the technological efficiency of which depends on the extent to which the basis of system analysis is used in the formation of the forestry equipment fleet. The system analysis provides an analytical view of the effective capacity and performance at the functional time of the production process. The article explores the energy and production efficiency of several of the most typical compositions of formation of modules and submodules of timber harvesting operations: trees (feller-buncher module, energy module, skidding module), fuel wood (cutting module, energy module, chipper module, chipper-transporting module), logs with sub-sorting in the cutting areas (technological modules of cutting, delimbing and cut-to-length, energy module, skidding module), three-length (feller-buncher module, delimber module, energy module, skidding module).

The study is dedicated to the pressing issues of sustainable development of Russia's forestry. The relevance of the study is substantiated by the importance of understanding sustainability as a new paradigm for the development of society and the uniqueness of forests as an ecosystem resource. The purpose of the study is to justify a set of measures to ensure sustainable development of forestry at the mega- and macrolevels, while taking into account the economic, environmental and social aspects of this process. The present study used international and Russian research data and publications, and regulatory documents. Based on the provisions of the Concept of Sustainable Development of Forestry and other international and national regulatory documents, we present the results of the analysis and the rationale for the proposed measures to ensure the sustainable development of the forest complex of the Russian Federation in the following areas: reforestation and afforestation; forest conservation and protection; monitoring, inventory and assessment of forests; public administration, services and support; forest exploitation; and forest education and science. The study identified problems of sustainable development of the forestry sector of the Russian Federation that require immediate attention. We provide characteristics of some digital solutions in the forestry of the Russian Federation. We have also analyzed the effectiveness of tools for assessing the status and for inventory of forest resources of the Russian Federation, and presented a comprehensive rationale for digitalization of forestry. We have analysed in detail the level of the development of forestry education and science and proposed the ways for further improvement.

The scientific work examines the process of designing and implementing the software module of the QGIS geographic information system for analyzing the state of the forest on the basis of a series of index images of different times. The module is successfully used as a separate tool and can be integrated into automated models of a more complex level. The scientific results serve as an example of applying an integrated approach to the processing of remote sensing data to detect violations of the integrity of the forest cover, with the aim of rapid response and strategic management.

This article discusses the parameterization of the crank-slider group of the Stirling engine to use in timber industry. Parametrization means involves into the equations a lot of variables: lengths of connecting rods of piston and displacer, positions of the axis of the cylinders The dependences of the piston and displacer movements are obtained for a free layout of the X-type Stirling engine mechanism. The boundary conditions of the lengths of the connecting rods are determined, taking into account the displacement of the cylinders' axes in the plane perpendicular to the axis of the crankshaft. The resulting system of equations for the displacement of the piston from the displacement of the displacer will allow you to obtain a numerical model without modeling the crank and connecting rods, which will significantly reduce the resource intensity of numerical calculations. Further studies will aim to investigate the operation of the Stirling engine in compressor mode. This will allow determining the temperature difference between the cold and hot parts, which will allow you to indirectly evaluate the efficiency of operation in the engine mode. This study will eventually determine the optimal parameters of the designed engine, depending on the power and type of fuel used.

The article describes the use of interactive electronic technical manuals (IETM). One of the tools for implementing the requirements of the S1000D standard is the editor of interactive electronic technical manuals Seamatica. The editorial staff of Seamatica Enterprise implements the full range of IETM development activities. The pace of introduction and quality of interactive manuals in industrial engineering are clearly unsatisfactory. The article discusses the main reasons for a limited application of interactive manuals in industrial engineering, such as the lack of education in IETM-related topics for specialists in forestry machines operation.

The purpose of this publication is to generalize the available experimental data on the survival, growth, stability, technical and other characteristics of this hybrid and to clarify proposals for its practical use. Long-term studies have been carried out on the five variety testing sites in various soil and climatic zones of the South-Eastern part of Russia and in Ukraine. The survival rate of this poplar were quite high (from 75 to 96%), on average 81%. The age of economic exploitability in the forest-steppe zone with a 20 m² feeding area per tree was equal to 29 years. To this age the 'Voronezh Giant' accumulated stem wood stock of 550-640 m³/ha. The duration of shoot growth was 146 days, and the growing season was 177 days. It was distinguished by high winter hardiness, relative drought resistance, wind resistance, low damage by primary and secondary entomopests, and affection with phytodiseases, but a low straight trunk. It has a fairly high timber density, the length of the wood fiber and the cellulose content, which is important for the pulp and paper industry. The freshly picked green leaves of this poplar are close to the nutritional value of meadow herbs and lucerne. In general, the poplar 'Voronezh Giant' is promising for growing wood pulp, introducing into energy, shelter-belts, roadsides, riversides and other reclamation plantings. Given into account its male gender and high decorativeness, it can be also recommended in the greenery landscaping.

Forest ecosystems, as sinks of atmospheric carbon, play an important role in reducing greenhouse gas release and preventing air temperatures from rising. Simultaneously, climate change entails changes in forest cover. We describe the change of Betula spp. stand biomass (tha^-1) along the trans-Eurasian gradients of rainfall and temperature using the harvest data from 650 forest stands and climate data. Birch stand biomass increased with growing rainfall within the evaluated range from 200 to 800 mm per year, as well as with increasing the mean winter temperature from -40°C to + 10°C regardless of the rainfall level. The comparison of our results for birches with analogous results for coniferous species shows that forest responses to changes in climate indices are species-specific.

Global environmental changes and increased consumption of forest resources require special attention to forest exploitation. The relevance of studying the role of forest hunting in solving the problems of exploitation and regeneration of forest resources is justified by the need to switch to sustainable forest management, increase the biological stability and productivity of forests, strengthen water and soil protection, and ensure sanitary, recreational and other benefits of forests. The article substantiates that the future development of forestry should be based on the principles of sustainability; that is, in the process of regeneration and development of forests, environmental, economic and social goals should be taken into account. We have formulated the tasks and the role of forest hunting enterprises in forest exploitation. As structures engaged in integrated economic activity, forest hunting enterprises, with a rational approach, are able to reduce the risks of forestry activities and ensure environmental, economic and social effects. We have clarified that these effects can only be obtained if the balance between environmental, economic and social components of the sustainable development model is ensured. We have formulated the basic conditions that will allow forestry enterprises to carry out their tasks with maximum efficiency.

The paper highlights features of transition from traditional to precision forestry. The transition results are: selective cultivation and cloning of seedlings; specific fertilizer treatment; digital forest inventory; fully mechanized logging of trees; early fire detection. It has been established that the high-precision forestry system includes such technologies that involve improvement of the forest management system, providing tighter operations control and improved data collection; increasing recipes selectivity in accordance with a geographical location; automation of operations, from work in nurseries to forest logistics; Search for optimal solutions using geolocation databases and advanced analytics. According to the McKinsey & Company Research Center, the following promising areas for the development of precision forestry have been: genetics and nurseries; forest management (forestry); logging; wood delivery; value chain. Information and monitoring systems for the forest complex are an important tool in developing an effective forest management policy, and most of the tools and technologies used in forestry are somehow related to remote sensing, GIS technologies and global positioning systems (GPS). The information presented is the basis for intersectoral relations strengthening and can reduce costs of deforestation and illegal logging, forest management and forest fires costs as well as forests mapping costs.

The article addresses the structure of secondary aspen forests, which allows us to predict their productivity, as well as evaluate the features of the formation of the main types of taiga forests. We carried out an analysis of the vitality structure, which forms a basis for forest monitoring. All higher vascular plants, as well as ground, epiphytic and xylophytic species of mosses and lichens were also identified to assess the biological diversity of the stands studied. The study has established that the species diversity of the ground cover in aspen forests depends on the degree of the crown density.

In the context of the development of the timber industry in Russian Federation the issue of wastes generated in the process of logging is critical. An assessment of the ways of use of logging waste showed that woodfoliage could be used as raw material in the logging industry for the production of granular fuel. In the woodbiorefinery it is used for the manufacture of chlorophyll-carotene paste, sodium chlorophyllin, spruce extract. In agro-industrial production coniferous-vitamin flour is made from wood foliage. Today, fiberboards (Fibreboards) are widely used in house constructions as structural, finishing and insulation materials. The present investigation was performed with the purpose to study the effect of the addition of logging wastes such as flour from coniferous needles on the physical and mechanical parameters of a fiberboard. As a result,the mechanisms of the influence of the percentage of flour in the total amount of wood fiber mass and particle sizes on the physical and mechanical parameters of fiberboard has been revealed. Statistical-mathematical equations and graphical dependencies are obtained that allow the predictionof mechanical properties, density, water absorption and swelling of wood-fiber boards at a given content of ground needles and the size of its particles.