Table of contents

The 2^nd International Conference on Global Issue for infrastructure, environment & socio-economic development (IC-GIESED 2018) was held in Makassar, Indonesia on September 1 1, 2019. IC-GIESED 2019 is dedicated to address issues related to renewable energy technologies, grid interactions, energy efficiency, green environment, sustainable agriculture, data analytics, economics and finance, environmental and social impact as well as policy and climate change implications, hosted by Post Graduate School of Hasanuddin University and Publication Management Centre (PMC), Hasanuddin University.

The global use of renewable energy has been triggered by a wide range of application including improving energy security and access, advancing economic development and increasing concern on global warming. These issues are critical to progress toward global concern in the area of poverty reduction, agriculture, industrialization and economic development, environment, health and education. The conferences aims to accommodate the latest issue in modern renewable energy sources, technology in renewable energy utilization, energy efficiency, social, legal and economic framework, energy policy, environmental effect, health and education and global warming concern. Professors from Japan and Australia are invited to deliver keynote speeches, together with invited speakers from Malaysia and Indonesia. Their presence indicates the concern and role of the researchers, scientists and practitioners which are significant in keeping Global Issue for infrastructure, environment & socio-economic development.

We would like to appreciate all authors who have contributed to this proceedings, the conference committee, speakers, attendees, organizing committee and sponsors who have made the 2^nd GIESED 2019 a succces. We wish the conference will have siginificant contribution in field of global issue for infrastructure, environment & socio-economic development. We are also expecting that this conference proceeding contributes in looking at a new paradigm for global Issue for infrastructure, environment & socioeconomic development.

Herman Parung

Chair of Organizing Commitee GIESED 2019.

Muhammad Arsyad

Director of Publication Management Centre

Hasanuddin University

Advisory Committee

Prof. Dr. Dwia Ariestina Pulubuhu, MA. (Hasanuddin University, Indonesia) Prof. Dr. Ir. Jamaluddin Jompa, M.Sc. (Hasanuddin University, Indonesia) Prof. Dr. Ir. Laode Asrul (Hasanuddin University, Indonesia)

Prof. Dr. Hamka Naping(Hasanuddin University, Indonesia)

Conference Chair

Prof. Herman Parung (Hasanuddin University, Indonesia)

Program Chair

Dr. Eng. Muhammad Isran Ramli (Hasanuddin University, Indonesia) Dr. Eng. Adi Maulana (Hasanuddin University, Indonesia)

Technical Committee

Prof. Peter Davey (Griffith University, Australia)

Dr. Meine van Noordwijk (Wageningen University, Holland)

Prof. Madya Dr. Chan Chee Ming (University Tun on Hussein Malaysia, Malaysia) Dr. Angzzas Sari Binti Mohd Kassim (University Tun on Hussein Malaysia, Malaysia)

Dr. Ing. Joewono Prasetijo (University Tun on Hussein Malaysia, Malaysia) Muslich Muhtadi, Ph.D (Universiti of Teknologi Petronas, Malaysia)

Dimas, PhD. (Universiti of Teknologi Petronas, Malaysia)

Dr. Wesam Al Madhoun (Universiti of Teknologi Petronas, Malaysia)

Dr. Muhammad Zahly Shah (Universiti of Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia)

Prof. Madya Ismail Bin Said (Universiti of Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia)

Prof. Takeshi Ito (Akita University, Japan)

Prof. Hideyaki Yasuhara (Ehime University, Japan)

Prof. Jin Chun Chai (Saga University, Japan)

Prof. Takenori Hino (Saga University, Japan) Dr.

Yuichiro Mishima (Saga University, Japan) Prof.

Shinichiro Yano (Kyushu University, Japan)

Dr. Eng. Yoshinao Oeda (Kyushu University, Japan)

Dr. Akira Tai (Kyushu University, Japan)

Dr. Eng. Chiaki Matsunaga (Kyushu University, Japan)

Prof. Sung-Kyun Kim (Seoul National University, South Korea)

Prof. Bergado (Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand)

Dr. M. W Liu (Shanghai Ocean University, People's Republic of China)

Dr. Muhammad Ashraf Javid (University of Nizwa, Oman)

Dr. Angela Tan (Swinburne University of Technology, Australia)

Prof. Danang Parikesit (Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia)

Prof. Sigit Priyanto (Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia)

Dr. Intan Supraba (Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia)

Dr. Imam Muthohar (Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia)

Dr. Eng. Muhammad Zudhi Irawan (Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia)

Dr. Sonny Sulaksono Wibowo (Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia)

Aine Kusumawati, Ph.D. (Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia)

Prof. Indra Surya (Institut Teknologi Sepuluh November, Indonesia)

Dr. Hitapriya Supriyatno (Institut Teknologi Sepuluh November, Indonesia) Ervina A. Ariatedja, Ph.D. ( (Institut Teknologi Sepuluh November, Indonesia) Jachrizal Sumabrata, Ph.D. (Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia)

Andyka Kusuma, Ph.D. (Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia)

Prof. I Nyoman Arya Thanaya (Udayana Univeristy, Indonesia)

Dr. Sholihin As'ad (Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia)

Dr. Joni Arliansyah (Sriwijaya University, Indonesia)

Bayu Martanto Adji, Ph.D. (Andalas University, Indonesia)

Yossafra, Ph.D. (Andalas University, Indonesia)

Dr. Eng. Jafril Tanjung (Andalas University, Indonesia)

Gusri Yaldi, Ph.D. (Politeknik Negeri Padang, Indonesia)

Dr. Sofyan M. Saleh (Syah Kuala University, Indonesia)

Dr. Eng. Andi Rusdin (Tadulako University, Indonesia)

Prof. Agus S. Muntohar (Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta, Indonesia) Prof. Dadang Suryamihardja (Hasanuddin University, Indonesia)

Prof. Muhammad Saleh Ali (Hasanuddin University, Indonesia)

Prof. Baharuddin Hamzah (Hasanuddin University, Indonesia)

Prof. Slamet Tri Sutomo (Hasanuddin University, Indonesia)

Prof. Darmawan Salman (Hasanuddin University, Indonesia)

Prof. Ngakan Putu Oka (Hasanuddin University, Indonesia)

Prof. Irwansyah (Hasanuddin University, Indonesia)

Prof. Dorothea Agnes Rampisela (Hasanuddin University, Indonesia)

Prof. Ahmad Munir (Hasanuddin University, Indonesia)

Prof. Dahlang Tahir (Hasanuddin University, Indonesia)

Prof. Ananto Yudono (Hasanuddin University, Indonesia)

Prof. Lawalenna Samang (Hasanuddin University, Indonesia)

Suharman Hamzah, Ph.D. (Hasanuddin University, Indonesia)

Muhammad Arsyad, Ph.D. (Hasanuddin University, Indonesia)

Dr. Syatrianty A. Syaifu(Hasanuddin University, Indonesia)

Dr. Mardiana E. Fachri (Hasanuddin University, Indonesia)

Dr. dr. Andi Mardiah Tahir (Hasanuddin University, Indonesia)

Dr. Ing. Ganding Sitepu (Hasanuddin University, Indonesia)

Dr. Mahyuddin (Hasanuddin University, Indonesia)

Dr. Mardiana Ahmad (Hasanuddin University, Indonesia)

Dr. Eng. Tri Harianto (Hasanuddin University, Indonesia)

Dr. Eng. Rita Irmawaty (Hasanuddin University, Indonesia)

Dr. Eng. Mukhsan Putra Hatta (Hasanuddin University, Indonesia)

Dr. Eng. A. Arwin Amiruddin (Hasanuddin University, Indonesia)

Dr. Ifayanti Ridwan (Hasanuddin University, Indonesia)

Dr. Hari Iswoyo (Hasanuddin University, Indonesia)

Dr. Rahmansyah (Hasanuddin University, Indonesia)

Dr. Abdul Razak Munir (Hasanuddin University, Indonesia)

Muh. Tahir Sapsal, STP, M.Si (Hasanuddin University, Indonesia)

2

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

Sea cucumbers are marine invertebrate animals that have high economic value. Indonesia is the main exporter of trepang over the world; however, this trepang export has not yet contributed to the improvement of community welfare. The low quality of trepang produced by Indonesia makes the economic value of trepang was still low. The low quality was caused by changes in processing stages due to decreasing the wild catch. Since the ban of the mini trawl use (cantrang), fishermen only process the bycatch sea cucumbers Holothuria scabra or sandfish. Trepang produce from sandfish is the most expensive one; the price can reach 3-5 million per kg. The study aims to analyze the quality and analyze the potential of developing the quality of trepang produce using sandfish. The decrease in sandfish catch volume after the Danish seine ban prohibits the stage changes in sandfish processing. Elimination of fumigation stage, the addition of storage in the refrigerator, addition of boiling, overcooking, and using excessive papaya leaves, were the main causes of less than the minimum value specified in SNI for appearance and odor characteristic. Although water, ash, protein, total plate count, Salmonella content, Lead, and Cadmium are in the decent range, the exporters still buy trepang at lower prices because exporters have to do reprocessing to improve the quality.

Numerous studies in the past have discovered a number of socio-economic factors affecting individual income, household income, or non farm income. However, there is still limited information concerning the comprehensive analysis of factors which influence non-paddy farm income in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of eight socio-economic factors to the non-paddy farm income of paddy households. This study was carried out in East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. The study areas were located in the Kutai Kartanegara Regency (Tenggarong Seberang, Loa Janan, and Muara Muntai), Penajam Paser Utara Regency (Babulu, Penajam, and Waru), and Bontang City (South Bontang and North Bontang). This study collected the data by conducting in-depth interviews with respondents. This study used the regression equation to analyze the data statistically. Eight variables are an average age of laborers, average experience in non-paddy farm jobs, average working-days in non-paddy farm jobs, land ownership, number of family dependents, number of non-paddy farm jobs, number of non-paddy farm laborers, and paddy farm income become a set of factors affecting non-paddy farm income.

Nedun wood (Pericopsis mooniana) is one of the quality local wood species in the Wallacea region. The existence of kayu kuku in their natural habitat is vulnerable by overexploitation and habitat loss. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has declared kayu kuku as one of the endangered species. Tissue culture is one way to conserve genetic resources on micropropagation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of seed storage methods on nedun seed germination using in-vitro propagation. There are three methods of storage, which are stored with pericarp at room temperature (T0), storage with pericarp removal at room temperature (T1), storage with pericarp removal in 10⁰C (T2). The variables observed were germination rate, speed of germination, first day of rooted and sprouted, number of roots, length of root, and shoot. ANOVA analysis showed significantly different at shoot length. The duncant test results showed the highest shoot length at T2 (8.75 cm). The largest germination rate was found at T1with an average of 82% and the highest germination speed was T1 (12.23% NG/etmal).

Lake Poso is one of the ancient tectonic lakes in Central Sulawesi and is also the main habitat for several species of endemic fish that can only be found in this lake including bungu Poso Mugilogobius amadi (CR) and Buntingi half-duck Adrianichthys kruyti (CR). The threat of changes in catchment areas, pollution, geological phenomena, and overfishing make these endemic fish species very difficult to find. During the implementation of the Indonesian Bird Program with the Imunitas Association, one of the activities was the creation of a semi-natural habitat for fish and other aquatic animals, namely "inanco". This concept departs from the traditional model but with a touch of modernization that is making rocks with aisles at the bottom of the lake and stacking the wood on it so as to allow for the development and protection and habitat of fish, Sogili (eels) and other aquatic animals and plants. This Inanco is made at a depth of 3-5 meters in a lake with good sunlight intensity and penetrates the bottom of the lake in accordance with hereditary knowledge. This concept was made for the preservation of Adrianichthys kruyti bunting fish, Bungu Mugilogobius sarasinorum, and several small fish species, shrimp and crabs and even snails. As a result, one of the species that is rarely found, Bungu Mugilogobius sarasinorum, is now beginning to be encountered frequently in Inanco locations around the mouth of the Meko and Salukai estuaries on the shores of Lake Poso. Further observation is needed on the impact of "Inanco" practices on endemic fish species in Lake Poso and the importance of identifying local wisdom for the conservation and conservation of endemic fish species in Lake Poso.

The study aims to analyze the impact of credit on GRDP in the potential economic sector in South Sulawesi Province, which was carried out with two research methods, namely the panel data linier regression method and simple linier regression. Sector credit data refers to the classification of economic sectors which have contributed to the largest GRDP. The data used is panel data from 2008 to 2017 in the Province of South Sulawesi. The results the study state that in general the potential economic sector credit has no significant effect on the GRDP of potential economic sectors in South Sulawesi Province. The increase or decrease in credit does not significantly influence the increase or decrease in the GRDP of potential economic sectors. However, this does not apply if partially analyzed between potential economic sector loans and potential economic sector GRDP in South Sulawesi Province from 2008 to 2017. Shows that the effect of credit on the GRDP of the four potential economic sectors (agriculture; industrial processing; trade; construction) each has a positive and significant effect. This shows that the banking sector in South Sulawesi Province in distributing loans is partially partial depending on the characteristics of banks in lending or in this case the bank does not specifically classify potential economic sectors or potential economic sectors in lending.

The rabbitfish (Siganus guttatus) is a fish which has a high economic value also became one of the most popular types of fish consumed by the Takalar people up to Makassar City. The high market demand makes the effort to catch fishermen become greater so that the pressure on this species also becomes greater. therefore this research is needed to provide information in the preparation of comprehensive and systematic management strategies by policy makers to maintain the sustainability and sustainability of Siganus guttatus resources in the waters. The scope of this research includes information on rabbitfish habitat, abundance, feeding habits, sex ratio, and gonad maturity level (GML), as well as to compare the distribution pattern, gut content and GML in seagrass and coral reef ecosystems. This research was carried out from March to June 2017 in Laikang Bay, Takalar Regency, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Rabbitfish samples (N = 336) were collected, comprising 293 males and 43 females with the size ranges of 11.2 – 35.9 cm and 8.4 – 35.4 cm, respectively. GML ranged from I – V. The GML in coral reef ecosystem was generally higher than in seagrass. The GML and number of individuals from the coral reef ecosystem were: GML I (133 fish), GML II (84 fish), GML III (30 fish), GML IV (12 fish), GML V (8 fish); whereas from seagrass ecosystem, GML I (12 fish), GML II (11 fish), GML III (2 fish). Gut content analysis found 36 phytoplankton species; the taxa comprising the highest percentages were Thallassiothrix sp. (69.24%) in the coral reef ecosystem and Oscillatoria sp. (26.34 %) in seagrass.

Monitoring program is very important to evaluate the growth and performance of the seaweed K. alvarezii cultivated in the coastal areas. However, the program are rarely to be done in Indonesia continuously. In SE Sulawesi, tissue-cultured seedling are already been used by the seaweed farmers. The aims of this study were to evaluate the third period of growth monitoring program based on daily growth rate (DGR) and ratio of final wet weight and dry weight using tissue-cultured seedlings of the seaweed. This study was conducted in Bungin Coastal Waters, South Konawe. The result showed that the mean DGR of the seedlings were 7.01±0.63%.day⁻¹ and significantly higher (p<0.05) than the two previous monitoring years (2017 and 2018). Ratio of final dry weight: wet weight was 9.42:1 and this ratio was also higher than the two previous years. In the present study, the epiphyte infection of Sargassum polycystum and an unidentified moss were also found. In conclusion, tissue-cultured seedling show good quality even though they have been used as seedlings for four years continuously.

This research was conducted to identify leading commodities in the three agricultural subsectors, which are plantations, fruits, and horticulture, cultivated by the local people within Wajo Regency. The research method used is Location Quotient (LQ) with criteria for the harvested area, numbers of trees, production quantity, and production value. Secondary data are used in the study and obtained from Wajo in Figures years of 2010 – 2014, Indonesia Statistics years of 2010-2014, South Sulawesi Agriculture Statistics, Regional Development in Figures years of 2010-2014, Agriculture Produce Prices, 2010-2014, Annual Statistic of Indonesian Fruits and Vegetables, and survei. The research shows that, of fourteen plantation commodities, there are four leading commodities generating a competitive advantage, namely cloves, cacao, coconut, and cotton. For fruit plants, of there are eighteen types of fruits cultivated by the local people, of which only four are leading commodities that are sapodilla, durian, banana, and pineapple. With respect to horticultural crops, of thirteen commodities, six of them generate competitive advantage, namely elongated beans, cayenne peppers, eggplants, watermelons, spinach, and cucumbers.

The seaweed, Kappaphycus alvarezii, is the most widely cultivated commodity in Indonesia. The problem currently faced is seedling availability due annual seasonal variations such as heavy flooding This paper presents a study aimed at solving seedling scarcity: the first based on cultivating tissue-cultured seedlings in encircling tanks. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of different initial weight on growth and carrageenan yield of K. alvarezii using tissue – cultured seedlings. This research was conducted from March to June 2019 in the Shrimp Hatchery, Kendari, Indonesia. This study applied three treatments based on different initial weight and five replications. The treatments were 5g, B: 10g and 15 g initial weights (IW). The results showed that the daily growth rate (DGR) of all treatments tended not to differ significantly but the DGR of 5-g IW tended to be higher than those of the other two treatments. The means of DGR were 3.76±0.54%/day, 3.30±0.46%/day, and 2.84±0.27%/day for 5-, 10-, and 15-g IW, respectively. Healthy rates of all treatments were 90.28%, 94.45% and 87.47% for 5-, 10- and 15-g IW. The ratio of fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW of 5-, 10-, and 15-g IW were 9.51:1, 9.54:1, and 9.56:1, respectively. The ratio showed no significant differences among treatments. Furthermore, for carrageenan yield, 15-g IW treatment showed the highest yield (37.05±2.18%), but had no significant differences from the other two treatments. Furthermore, all water quality parameters, temperature, salinity, DO, pH, nitrat, phosphate and turbidity were within the normal range for cultivating the seedlings. In conclusion, 5-g initial weight is a prominent weight suitable to be used in cultivating the seedlings in the encircling tank.

At the level of severe attack, the type of vibrio bacteria cause 100% death in mangrove crab larvae, it can be overcome by using mangrove fruit extracts. Research information on the antibacterial activity of R.Stylosa and A.marina mangrove fruit extracts that cause vibriosis of mangrove crab larvae (Scylla serrata F), including further research on the minimum concentration of mangrove fruit extracts that still able to inhibit the growth of disease-causing bacteria in mangrove crab larvae, considering the use of medication / extracts at high doses is not safe for the early stages of mangrove crab larvae. The purpose of this study was to determine the minimum concentration of mangrove extracts (metanol R.stylosa and Chloroform A.marina) that can inhibit vibriosis in mangrove crab larvae (S. serrata). This study systematically began with fruit sample collection, extraction of R.Stylosa and A.marina active ingredients, bacterial isolation,% of extract calculation and antibacterial activity test for vibrio bacteria, then the minimum mangrove extract concentration or MIC (Minimum inhibition Concentration) test . The MIC test results of metanol extract of R.stylosa fruit were found at concentrations of 1000 ug / mL, where the minimum categorized concentration with area of 6.67ug / mL diamater inhibition zone, and the MIC test results of A.marina chloroform extract were found at concentrations of 250 ug/mL, which the minimum categorized concentration with an area of diameters of inhibition of 8.26 ug / m. The MIC test value is still categorized as safe to be applied to mangrove crab larvae (S. serrata).

The iconic symbiosis with clownfish is not the only sea anemone-fish association. Several tropical sea anemones provide microhabitat for the Endangered (IUCN Red List) Banggai cardinalfish Pterapogon kauderni. Microhabitat loss from declining sea anemone populations is a serious threat to native P. kauderni populations or evolutionarily significant units (ESUs). One measure advocated to maintain and rehabilitate these P. kauderni ESUs is to restore microhabitat abundance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of the asexual propagation of wild anemone broodstock with the subsequent release. Two species with which P. kauderni commonly associates (Heteractis crispa and Entacmaea quadricolor) were identified through field surveys. Parent anemones were bisected, cutting through the center of the oral disc. Propagules (half anemones) were placed in empty clam shells as hard substrate. Treatments provided different levels of protection from potential predators, in aquaria (P. kauderni present/absent), concrete tanks (P. kauderni and Diadema urchins excluded/not excluded) or in a net cage on the natural substrate (fish and invertebrate fauna including P. kauderni and Diadema setosum). The cut edges of sectioned anemones joined together within seconds, with wounds typically healing in around 7 days and joins hard to see after 3-4 weeks. Growth was faster and long-term survival higher in the net cage compared to tanks for uncovered and covered anemones. The results indicate the potential for this propagation method in the context of P. kauderni conservation and suggest sectioned anemones should be moved to the natural rehabilitation areas once capable of adhering firmly to a hard substrate.

Nomei fish (Harpadon nehereus) is one of the fish that has important economic value in the waters of Tarakan. This species is caught in waters with trawl fishing gear. In this study, H. nehereus fecundity is described based on 1100 female specimens captured in Tarakan waters from November 2016 to October 2017. The spawning season is predicted to occur twice a year, namely December-February and June-August, and reaches peaks in February and June. The average fecundity was 38,731 ± 7,757. The average sex ratio (female / male) was 0.94.

Double row plant systems in corn plants theoretically can improve the efficiency of light interception in leaves, but their effect on grain yields is not consistent in each hybrid type. This research was conducted in the experimental garden of the Balai Penelitian Tanaman Serealia (Balitsereal) Maros Regency, South Sulawesi. This study aimed to evaluate the response of yields of prolific and nonprolific hybrid corn types to the double row and single row planting systems. Experimental design using Randomized Group Design in divided plot design that was carried out with three replications. The main plot was variety Nasa-29, Bisi-2 (prolific), Bima-19 (nonprolific), while subplot was a double row and single row. The double row planting system did not have a significant effect on plant height, number of leaves, and leaf area index (ILD), but a significant positive effect was found on the number of grains per row of ears, number of ears per plant, and percentage of the weight of the second ear's grains to the total yield and grain yield. In this study, the significant effect of double rows on each variety tested was not seen on all parameters tested. The double row planting system significantly increases the grain yield and the grain yield was consistent with the increase in the number of ear rows, the number of ear per plant and the percentage of grain weight of the second ears on yield, but not on plant height. The leaf area index achieved in this study may be one of the determinants of increased grain yield. A double row system can be considered as an alternative planting system, especially in the type of prolific hybrid corn to increase the contribution of two ears to grain yield.

Herbs can contribute not only to ecological function, but also to being a source of food, energy, and medicinal ingredients. This study is to identify and discover the potential of medicinal plants. The study took a site at the Production Forest of Eremerasa, Bantaeng regency. The sampling was performed systematically random by considering land use units. Data collection of medicinal plant species was performed using vegetation analysis methods. Determination of the observation plot followed the land use unit map. The observation was carried out using a 20x20 m plot with an amount of 13 plots applied. The study covered 0.008125 Ha area, successfully identified 14 herb species. The obtained data indicate the moderate biodiversity of plants. Whereas, only 4 herb species are often used by the community around the production forest, namely Ageratum conyzoides, Bryophyllum pinnatum, L. camara, and Melastoma malabathricum, while the 10 remaining species are very rarely to utilize.

The strategy of developing sustainable vegetable commodity in the future is not only directed at efforts to develop production in accordance with needs but strengthening institutional farmers is an important part to consider. The study aims to design a structural model of the role of institutions in the development of cayenne agribusiness systems. The study was conducted in Tarakan City, North Kalimantan as a small island of border area. Data collection is done by qualitative method. Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM) data analysis techniques is used to analyze data or information about institutions that play a role in the development of cayenne agribusiness systems and structural models of the role of institutions in developing cayenne agribusiness systems. The results showed that, the structural model of the institution's role in the development of the cayenne agribusiness system is based on key actors including the cooperative and SMEs, and the agricultural technology assessment center.

Smallholder plantations in South Sulawesi province produce an average of 12.50% of Indonesia's Arabica coffee, equivalent to 20.10 thousand tons per year. In 2015 Arabica coffee produced by community plantations in the province reached 20.35 thousand. One of the largest Arabica coffee production centers in South Sulawesi province is in North Toraja Regency, in 2017 it gave a production share of 10.37% or a total production of 2.11 thousand tons. However, the current problem in North Toraja Regency is the low purchase value of collectors who come directly to farmers' gardens and appreciate the Arabica coffee of Rp. 18,000 / liter which still has epidermis, if converted to kilograms requires around 2.1 liters, which if the total is only Rp. 36,000 / kg. This study aims to formulate the lowest unit price policy for Arabica coffee in the North Toraja regency which is used as a reference for the average selling price of Arabica coffee (actual price). This research was conducted in North Toraja Regency, South Sulawesi province using purposive informants, which were analyzed descriptively quantitatively. The results showed that the lowest unit price of the coffee commodity can be formulated in the amount of Rp. 28,000 / liter by increasing the price received by farmers by Rp. 10,000, by considering prices at the level of traders and companies so that they continue to provide benefits for each marketing institution. This policy will have an impact on increasing the productivity and welfare of coffee farmers so that the sustainability of coffee commodity farming in Indonesia is increasing.

Farmer's social perception is an important factor in the future development of agriculture. Especially the perception of young farmers needs serious attention considering that they are the pioneers of agriculture in the future. This study aims to examine the perceptions of young farmers towards their future and parents' perceptions of the future of young farmers. The census study involved 151 coffee-farming families with productive-age children who were then interviewed separately. Data analysis using different test, factor analysis, then integrated in socio-spatial. The perception of the group of parents is greatly influenced by how they have strong access to farming, they assume that the activities of this sector require hard work, time consuming, energy and are synonymous with gross and dirty work. This is a precursor to form a social perception that more income is not the main benchmark in determining the social class of the community but rather the type of livelihood. The decision taken by farmer parents for their children is based more on social perceptions that farming work is still considered low in the social strata even though the income generated is in a decent category. In contrast to the perception of parents, young farmers are more optimistic about the future in developing business in agriculture seeing the potential and agricultural resources they have. The perception of young farmers is formed not entirely because of high education, but the ability to access information is a factor forming the perception of groups of young farmers, low education does not correlate with their ability to access information. Based on these results, we conclude that differences in perceptions are present as a result of differences in age backgrounds, perspectives, and characteristics. Poverty that has long ensnared the farming community has changed the social perception of the perspective of the current farming community, so that the perception emerged for farmers that leaving the agricultural sector is the best way to leave poverty. Therefore, it is necessary to launch an agricultural education system into the village, how the education system directly reaches the farming community in the village in order to create a modern agricultural social environment that is business-oriented in the community and family so that it can equate perceptions of the future agricultural business.

The study aimed to find out, the best alternative livelihoods in North Tuppabiring District, Pangkep Recency. The method used, the CFA analysis method, is the most dominant (best) livelihood model in the research location. The study uses four parameters, namely; desire, natural resources is measured by the number of raw materials available, human resources are measured by the amount of free time the fishermen and family members have, and market opportunities.the assessment uses a score of 1 to 5, namely 5 = strongly agree, 4 = agree, 3 = neutral, 2 = disagree, 1 = strongly disagree.The results of the study show that there are six alternative livelihoods, namely; preparation of dried fish, making Abon, making cakes, floating net cages, processing crabs and cultivating seaweed. Of the six alternative livelihoods (MPA), there are four MPAs that are feasible to develop, namely; making dried fish with a value of 0.586 MPA, making cakes 0.539 MPA, processing crab 0.720 MPA and cultivation of seaweed 0.507, while MPA which is not feasible to develop is the manufacture of Abon and floating net cages .the best MPA sequence is; the processing of crab crabs, making dried fish, baking and finally the cultivation of seaweed.

The challenge for the success of SMEs in Indonesia is increasing competition that demands adaptation to environmental changes. In 2018 SMEs fish processing for boneless frozen milkfish in Pinrang Regency has a production capacity of 150 tons, potentially producing solid, liquid or gas waste. The purpose of this research is to analyze the potential of SME's fish processing waste and its utilization in supporting the sustainability of production. The study was conducted in Pinrang Regency from December 2018 to April 2019 with a qualitative descriptive approach. Data collection through field observation, interviews, and documentation. The results showed that the potential of waste produced by 20-30 percent was used as food, feed and fertilizer products. The diversification of the main products into "fish meatballs" and "fish crackers" increases competitiveness and reduction of solid waste. Solid waste is also used to produce by-products in the form of "shredded milkfish" and "fishbone sticks". SMEs fish processing has dynamically applied the concept of clean production in handling and utilizing waste. Waste management has reduced the impact on the SME's fish processing environment. The implementation of clean production has increased production capacity, product diversification, guaranteed product quality, and the welfare of owners and workers. The strategy for handling and managing waste has optimized added value and supports the improvement of competitiveness and sustainability of production.

The objectives of this study were to investigate and estimate the economic, social and ecological benefits of agricultural waste processing and to assess farmers' perception on agricultural waste processing. This research was conducted in Kecamatan Tanjung Lago, Banyuasin, Sumatera Selatan. Survey data were collected from farmers selected using disproportionate stratified random sampling. The results showed that the economic benefits of agricultural waste processing were reducing production costs, increasing income of rice and maize farming, and improving the welfare of farmers. The social benefits were raising the nature of cooperation and triggering farmers to have broader knowledge by organizing associations to exchange the knowledge. Whereas, the ecological benefits were reducing air pollution caused by combustion of agricultural wastes, improving soil physical properties and restoring nutrients obtained from agricultural waste processing. The value of economic benefits estimated from agricultural waste processing to produce liquid bacterial fertilizer were 29.4% and 29.8% increase in income of rice farmers and maize farmers respectively. The overall score of perception of farmers applying agricultural waste processing was higher than those not applying.

The Wapeko village area was targeted by investors because of its geographical location and natural resource wealth, but the lives of residents of the Wapeko village were almost 100% indigenous / local Papuans, their lives still mixed with a low level of education and economy. This research aimed (1) to analyze the implementation of the development program of the integrated agriculture system in Wapeko Village to achieve theaims of the program; (2) to analyze the achieved results in agriculture products and the incomes of the community through the development of the integrated agriculture system; (3) to develop alternative strategies in order to develop integrated farming systems in realizing a sustainable livelihood pattern of the local communities.The research was conducted in Wapeko Village Kurik Sub-District,he method used was a qualitative method which used quantitative instruments. The data collection was done using direct observation in the field and interviews with the respondents through question naires. The respondents involved 25 households of the local Papuans as well as the stakeholders who were directly involved in the program. The analysis of the revenue used the Farming analysis, and the Strategy analysis through SWOT method. The research results indicated that the collaboration program between Medco Foundation and Yasanto had an impact especially on the development of the Integrated Agriculture System (Sitandu) which was shown by the change in the pattern of the basic livelihood as well as the increase of the income of the local community.

There is a probability between funding for BUMDes for various activities in the village in an effort to alleviate poverty but in fact, the poverty rate in the village has not shown significant changes so that researchers are interested in more in-depth assessments. This study looks at (1) describe the role of youth in developing village potential through BUMDes and (2) to analyze the factors that influence the role of youth in developing village potential through BUMDes. The study took place in Pitue village, Ma'rang Subdistrict, Pangkajene and Islands Regency. The research used qualitative methods with data collection techniques in the form of intensive interviews and direct observation. Interviews took place on several parties involved in BUMDes activities in the village. Among them, the village head of Pitue, Village Secretary, BUMDes Director and several village communities involved in empowerment activities. The results of the interview were then reduced to several pieces of information, then the writer explained the interview reduction process with a confrontation process with several data on secudenders, in the form of government official reports and reports, BPS official reports and documents as well as some field notes found by the author. The results of the study show that young people as a catalyst as well as the main driver of empowerment activities in the village. The forms of activities initiated by youth in encouraging the participation of village people are such as coastal cyclical activities, while empowerment activities are emphasized in processing and processing the production of potential villages. The factors that influence the role of youth in developing village potential through BUMDes are internal factors such as caring and initiative, knowledge and skills, ideas of innovative creativity and external factors namely access to an expansion of opportunities (Pitue village government support).

Sea Cucumber (Holothuroidea sp) is one of the fisheries commodities that has good prospects to be developed because of its high economic value and potentially promising market demand both in the local and international markets. Data from the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries throughout 2012-2016 shows the trend of sea cucumber exports has increased from 900-2000 tons/year. As for China, Singapore and Taiwan remain the main customers. Demand for sea cucumbers, especially for exports, has increased every year so that fishing and hunting in the sea take place more intensively causing a decrease in catches from the sea. Sea cucumbers can be processed into food and traded in various forms in the form of: food supplement products, cosmetic products, and medicinal products which are efficacious for the treatment of various diseases. In the Province, many are engaged in sea cucumbers by implementing the agribusiness system which is not yet optimal. The influence of internal and external factors and the need for sea cucumber development strategies. This study aims to determine the level of financial feasibility, the influence of internal and external factors, sea cucumber agribusiness development strategies. The study was conducted in South Sulawesi Province with locations in Barrang Lompo, Takalar, and Selayar, using survey methods with data collection techniques through direct observation, interviews and observations. Data were then analyzed using financial feasibility analysis, SWOT analysis, and QSPM analysis. The results showed that sea cucumber business is feasible to run, internal factors (strengths: high sea cucumber prices, weaknesses: use of fishing gear not in accordance with work safety standards) and external factors (high market potential opportunities, threats limited stock), Sea Cucumber has good prospects going forward with the Cultivation strategy, the application of processing technology, Optimizing business and market potential, Increasing capital cooperation.

The demand for eggs in this study is influenced by several factors, namely the price of the item itself, the price of the substitute items. The consumption of animal protein is the most popular among the Indonesian population, among which are purebred chicken eggs. In addition to being easy to obtain, prices are also more affordable for all levels of society. This research was aimed to analyze the effect of chicken egg price, broiler meat price, and tempe price on the demand for chicken eggs of residential consumers in the sub-region of Biringkanaya district in Makassar city. The research method being employed in this study was a survey method. Sampling was conducted through a cluster random sampling method; the data collected included the primary data from 60 household respondents through observations, interviews, and questionnaires, then the data obtained will be analyzed using Multiple Linear Analysis using a computer program of Statistical Solution of Products and Services. The results of this study showed that the independent variables are the price of chicken eggs, broiler meat price and tempe price significantly affected the demand for chicken eggs. While partially that each of the price chicken eggs and broiler meat price is significantly affected, but tempe price is not significantly affected for the demand of chicken eggs.

The research aims to examine the structure and performance of the cayenne pepper supply chain. The study was conducted in Gorontalo from January to March 2019. The research was using the survey method. Data analysis was using descriptive and marketing efficiency analysis. The results showed 1) The structure of the cayenne pepper supply chain in Gorontalo Province consists of seven distribution channels. Sale of cayenne pepper by farmers through collectors (40 percent), wholesalers (26.67 percent), market traders (10 percent), and retailers (23.33 percent). The primary members of the cayenne supply chain consist of farmers, collectors, wholesalers, out-of-town traders, market traders, retailers, consumers, and agroindustries. The secondary members are farm shops, banks, transportation service providers, the Agriculture Service, and information media. 2) The most efficient distribution channel is channel six because the smallest marketing efficiency value is 3.17 percent. The cayenne pepper's market in Gorontalo runs inefficiently because it has a price transmission elasticity value of 1.11 (Et> 1). It means the rate of change in prices at the consumer level is greater than the rate of change in prices at the farmer's level.

Traditional agriculture has always been taking place in rural areas. This agricultural model tends to utilize simple technology and is in accordance with local socio-cultural conditions. The traditional agricultural model is also the opposition of modern agriculture in the concept of a green environment or green earth. If modern agriculture has many negative impacts on the environment, then traditional agriculture has many positive impacts on the lives of all earthly creatures. This paper aims to reveal the actions of farmers in managing their agricultural land based on local knowledge. This research took place in three locations, namely: (1) Labuku Village, Maiwa District, Enrekang Regency, (2) Ilan Batu Village, Walenrang Barat District, Luwu Regency, (3) Segeri Village Segeri District, Pangkep Regency. The informants of this study were farmers in the three regions. Each region has 2 informants so that the total was 6 informants. The key informants are each of the traditional leaders, and village officials. Data collection using interview techniques, observation, and study of literature. Data analysis uses Three-Flow techniques namely reduction, categorization, and conclusion. The results showed that traditional farming techniques in Labuku, Ilan Batu, and Segeri Village were characterized by rain-fed rice fields, not using chemical fertilizers as plant fertilizers, rice disease repellent, and rat repellent but instead using betel leaves, betel nuts, and lime. Even so, high-quality rice is harvested once a year. The conclusion of this research is that traditional knowledge-based agriculture in the research location always uses the surrounding environment resources. Such methods directly impact on the creation of a green environment and indirectly counteract the negative impacts of modern agriculture.

Traditional community has local wisdom in managing the relationship between man and man, man and nature, and man and God. The Japanese tradition gives the priority the relationship between man and nature because they believe that Nature is the most important place for human beings and gods. Therefore, in the Japanese traditional community, man and gods have to guard nature against damages. In order to conserve this local wisdom, they use myths, taboos, and rules. In today's modern Japan, the Japanese still maintain their tradition so that it is commonly said that the Japanese are walking on two traditions: modern and traditional. In today's highland farming in Japan, the Japanese farmers still perform ritual ceremonies such as rituals in planting rice plants, rituals in weeding and getting rid of pests, rituals in harvesting, and ritual after harvesting. Meanwhile, in the highland farming in North Sumatera, people's tradition has changed. Today, farmers hunt wild animals such as birds, bats, and snakes because they damage ecosystem; but, as many wild animals are eaten by people, rats and pests/insects become flourish so that farmers now use a lot of chemical insecticide. In consequence, harvests become worse and farmers become poorer. Therefore, there is the difference in local wisdom between high land farmers in Japan and highland farmers in North Sumatera. In this research, the researcher did field research in Tohoku, Japan, and in Batak area, North Sumatera, in order to find out the differences. The theory of cultural comparative science was used in studying local wisdom of the farmers in these two areas. It is recommended that local wisdom be maintained for the local people's welfare. This research was financed by the Japanese related research program, Sumitomo Foundation.

This research aimed to test and analyze the influence of product quality and service quality on customer satisfaction by submitting two research hypotheses. The number of respondents in this study was 120 respondents who were consumers of crocodile skin craftsmen in Merauke. This study uses data analysis techniques using SEM AMOS 22.0 for the development of research constructs and also hypothesis testing. From the results of data analysis that has been done, it can be concluded that the constructs formed can be accepted and then the results of the study show that the variable quality of the product and also the quality of service variables have a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction.

Developing regions can be seen from economic activities that experience economic growth every year. This can be observed from the activities of economic sectors that continue to develop. The purpose of this paper is to find out the influence level of government expenditure variable, investment variable, and economic growth. As for the data used in this research are government expenditure, investment, and economic growth to observe the direct effect of the government expenditure variable (x1), investment variable (x2) and economic growth (y). The effect of government expenditure (x1) on economic growth (y) is positive and significant with a t value of 9.449 and Coefficient value of 0.379. While the direct effect of the investment variable (x2) on economic growth (y) shows a positive but not significant effect. The conclusion is that there is a relationship between government expenditure on economic growth that has a positive and significant effect, while investment has no significant impact on economic growth.

This research aims to understand the impact of fiscal decentralization on improving the economy, public welfare, and poverty in the province of Papua. The population and sample of this research were 20 districts/cities in the Papua province. The data analysis used a multivariate model analysis based on the structural equation Modeling WarpPLS variant. The results showed that fiscal decentralization positively influenced the economic growth and the improvement in public welfare, but negatively influenced poverty. Meanwhile, economic growth negatively influenced public welfare. On the other hand, the growth positively influenced poverty reduction, and public welfare influenced poverty. In addition, the results of the mediation test showed that economic growth was able to fully mediate between fiscal decentralization and poverty reduction, yet the economic growth became the partial mediation between fiscal decentralization and public welfare.

Allocation of Special Autonomy Funds and Their Impacts on Regional Economic Inequality (Case Study in Papua Province in 2010-2018). This study aimed to determine the impact of the allocation of special autonomy funds in the field of regional economic inequality both directly and indirectly through the human development index in Papua Province. The type of data used was panel data and data collection was done by the documentation method. The data were analyzed using the Simultaneous Equation Model approach with the help of the Amos 21 SPSS software. The results showed that the variable of special autonomy funds in education and health had a significant positive effect on the human development index, while the variable of special autonomy funds in infrastructure and in the field of community economic empowerment was not significant to the human development index. Furthermore, the special autonomy fund in infrastructure directly has a significant negative effect on regional economic imbalances. While the special autonomy fund in the field of community economic empowerment does not have significant effect on regional economic inequality. Indirectly through the HDI, variables of special autonomy funds in the fields of education, health, infrastructure, and community economic empowerment do not have a significant effect on regional economic inequality.

Law No. 6 of 2014 concerning Villages, clarifies the position of one of the integral parts of the country that is specifically regulated in view of its cultural uniqueness. Village autonomy is no longer a part of regional autonomy given to villages, but the granting of inheritance rights inherent in villages as part of inherited rights. The position of the village is no longer under and in the regional government; rather, it is domiciled in regencies or cities, Article 5 and Article 4 of Law No. 6 of 2014 concerning Villages, outlining the purpose of the process referred to as village regulation. Research Objectives To Determine the Authority and Position of the Village in Realizing Village Autonomy. This research is a normative legal research method. Normative legal research is research conducted by reviewing the laws and regulations that apply or apply to a particular legal problem. The authority assigned by the Government, the Provincial Regional Government, or Regency/City Regional Government, village authority becomes an autonomous village of local self-government. Constitutionally, the village is an indigenous governing organization (a self-governing community), not a formal government organization that carries out administrative functions of the state (local state government). Village authority is based on the principle of recognition and subsidiarity, not on the principle of decentralization. Thus the position of the village must be emphasized first in the constitutional structure through the constitution, then followed by the transfer of authority to the village along with the allocation of funds directly from the state budget.

This research aimed to see the policy of increasing the income of fishermen in the community in Merauke district. The results of this research show that the fisheries Department of Merauke District in increasing the income of fishermen society has not been implemented properly and still very much to be raised by the fishermen community. Therefore, it is necessary that the business capital or loan capital to be donated to the production so that the results increase, then the arrest technique still using traditional tools, but there is also use modern technology, as well as motorboats To satellite imagery technology that can be used as tools such as GPS and other vessels, the Department of Fisheries carried out mentoring by providing guidance to fishermen in a technical way, to build in terms of Management, in terms of finance, as well as providing business opportunities and increasing the income of people and the region, to provide fishery human resources, especially fishermen groups, as well as providing the means and infrastructure of fishing, and Provide marketing system using several alternative that bias used, namely by marketing itself to the end consumer, to launch products to the consumer must have quality fish production and have competitiveness.

Salak pondoh (Salacca edulis Reinw.) has perishable properties. During the distribution the Salak is very susceptible to mechanical damage and makes it easier for the fungus Thielaviopsis paradoxa to grow. The amount of damage during transportation is influenced by the type of packaging used. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the packaging type used in transportation on the occurrence of rot disease on the Salak's taper tip. The salak fruit in a bamboo basket, besek, and corrugated boxes in the amount of 38 kg, 30 kg, and 10 kg transported directly from Turi District, Sleman Regency to Dramaga District, Bogor Regency. Then stored and observed rate of incidence of taper tip disease every day for 6 days. The results showed the level of disease occurrence from day 2 to day 6 in storage has increased. The highest incidence of the disease is found in bamboo basket packaging and the lowest is in corrugated boxes.

The research aims to find out the flow of ornamental plant supply chains within the company the efficiency of ornamental plant supply chains within the company the gender relations in the ornamental plant supply chain process within the company. The data used in this study are primary data and secondary data. Data is processed into three stages. First analysis of ornamental plant supply chains using three supply chain streams, supply chain performance is measured by the efficient use of time, cost, and income. Gender relations inequality and fairness analysis will be easier to see access and control. The results of this study indicate that the flow of products or goods involves the flow of physical products from suppliers to consumers through the chain, as well as product returns and service returns. Financial flow is a picture of the flow of money/capital that starts from the consumer as a buyer and then flows into the chain and will eventually reach the producer or company to be used as production costs. Information flows between CV. Malino Florist can be in the form of price, quality, good cultivation methods, and the amount of production. The flow of information flows reciprocally from the company to partners to consumers and vice versa, the total marketing costs incurred by the company CV. Malino Florist IDR 50,940,996 and get a total profit of IDR 55,159,004 with a R / C Ratio of 2.08, it can be seen that from the results of the R / C obtained, ornamental plant companies are categorized as efficient and profitable because the R / C Ratio obtained> 1 Ornamental plant distribution activities covers activities carried out by employees ranging from harvesting activities to transportation activities with an average of 2.5 or equal to 10 hours carried out once a week, in accordance with the basic concept of "Just In Time" in the supply chain. Access and control of resources in the ornamental plant business are controlled by one company member, the leader (male). The time spent working for men is greater than for women and there is a concentration of the role of women in domestic activities while external activities are controlled by men. The pattern of decision making in a dominant company is carried out by one company member, namely the leader (male).

The carrying capacity of farming land was analyzed so that the planning and development of the agriculture field can be processed according to land ability. This study aims to determine whether the carrying capacity of the status about agricultural land in the district of Anggeraja surplus or deficit, relations between land capability and carrying capacity of the land, as well as finding an effort to increase the carrying capacity of agricultural land in the district Anggeraja intensive horticulture. The research was conducted in the District of Anggeraja. This type of research is surveys using descriptive methods such as field data collection, data processing field, as well as the mapping method to see land capability at the study sites. Agricultural land carrying capacity analysis based on the Regulation of the Minister of the Environment Number 17 of 2009 and spatial analysis of land capability. The results showed that the District of Anggeraja is surplus status. Surplus for the value of the availability of land (SL) is greater than the value of the land needs (DL) which shows that the availability of land is still sufficient for biological products in the Anggeraja District. Efforts to increase the carrying capacity of agricultural land-intensive horticulture includes components the support means include a dam and road infrastructure support including fertilizers and pesticides as well as capital, support land productivity, among others, the selection of seeds, the use of organic fertilizers, and integrated pest management, support conservation of natural resources and the environment, among others, crop rotation, terracing and mounds.

This study aims: (1) to analyze the implementation of performance management in the management of conservation areas at the South Sulawesi Natural Resources Conservation Center; (2) formulating a strategy for developing apparatus performance in the management of conservation areas at the South Sulawesi Natural Resources Conservation Center. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach conducted at the Central Office for Conservation of Natural Resources in South Sulawesi. Data were analyzed with descriptive analysis techniques and SWOT analysis. The results showed that the implementation of performance management conducted at the South Sulawesi KSDA Center was not optimal. This is due to the limited number of State Civil Apparatus Office of South Sulawesi KSDA, the lack of training and education for the State Civil Apparatus, as well as facing Problems in the management of conservation areas (encroachment, illegal logging, and forest fires). However, the performance management process at the South Sulawesi KSDA Center has already proceeded from performance planning, performance implementation, and performance evaluation. Based on the SWOT analysis the priority strategies for developing the performance of the South Sulawesi KSDA Office personnel are: (1) Improving employee performance by implementing the ASN Management merit system, (2) Improving effective performance management by increasing the quality and quantity of employees, (3) Providing education and training for conservation area managers, and (4) Organizing staff according to education and competence.

Sago processing as local food continues, however, the sago pulp is not utilized optimally even unused so that there is a buildup of sago pulp waste which is increasing and can pollute the environment. This research aimed to investigate the potentials of sago pulp which could be used as the feeds of goat livestock, investigating the increase of the bodyweight of goat livestock; and investigating the effect of the use of sago pulp fermentation on the efficiency consumption, palatability, KcBK, given to kacang goat livestock. The research was conducted in Merauke Regency by using 12 kacang goats. The research was conducted for 2 months from May through July 2018. The goats were given three types of treatments and were divided into four groups (T0 T1 and T2) with the following model: T0 as the control group and received 100% of grass, T1 as the control + 20% of sago pulp fermentation and T2 as the control + 30% of sago pulp fermentation. The method used was Randomized Block Design (RBD), and the Variance analysis was used to analyze the efficiency of the feed of sago pulp waste, the level of palatability, the digestibility of dry matters (KcBK), and the body weight gain of the livestock. And in order to look at the effect of the feeds before and after the treatments, a T-test was used. The research results indicated that the increases in the body weight of the male kacang goats treated with 20% and 30% were 7. 05 kg and 12. 3 kg, respectively. The treatments using the sago pulp fermentation at the level of 20% and 30% were lower (5.9 kg) of the 30% group and (4.48) of the 20% group, compared to that of the control group (6.7 kg), A significant difference was also shown between the body weights of the male goats and female goats (12.3 kg and 5.9 kg respectively. The feed consumption of the kacang goats in the 30% treatment was 28.930 gr better than the control group which was 22.370 gr, and the treatment with 30% of sago pulp fermentation was more efficient 13.1 % compared to the control group which had only 7.87%. The KcBK in kacang goats showed an increase of digestibly of the dry matter in the 30% treated male goats were significantly different (63.25%) compared to that in the 30% female goats (59. 40%). This proved that the addition of sago pulp fermentation given to the kacang goats could increase the body weight, feed efficiency, palatability level and therefore it could be used as the substitute feeds in the dry season.

In order to improve the performance of the Merauke Mopah Ruminative Slaughterhouse, efforts need to be made for improvement and corrective actions and policy implementation. This research aimed (1) to describe the Standard Operation Procedure (SOP) and the implementation of the Basic Feasibility Standards in Merauke Mopah Ruminant Slaughterhouse: and (2) to formulate the Mopah RPH-R development strategy to meet the basic feasibility standards. The study used the qualitative descriptive approach and the 10 informants were chosen purposively. The research results indicated that the application of the Standard OPerational Procedure and the implementation of the basic feasibility standards had not been maximized. Consequently, it had a negative impact on the assessment and acquisition of NKV Certificates. The constraints faced were more administrative and routine, so that it needed a sustainable routine handling. The four development strategies which were expected capable to increase the Standard Operational Procedure and the performance of RPH-R in meeting the basic feasibility standards of RPH-r were (1) the Increase of Supervision and Control and (2) the Increase of the Availability of Materials and instruments, (3) the Increase of the maintenance of facilities and infrastructures and (4) the Application of the Regulation consistently as well as the improvement of the management.

One of the factors inhibiting the rate of increase in the cattle population of Merauke is cutting productive cows were higher as a result of the pressure to meet the demand for meat. This study aimed (1) to identify the factors driving the slaughter of productive female cows; (2) to identify the roles and steps taken by the Animal Health Sector; (3) to reveal the alternative steps which could be done to optimize the control on the slaughtering the female productive cows. The research used the qualitative approach and the research type was a case study, used the model data analysis of Miles and Huberman. The research results indicated that the role of Animal Health Division had been focused on the role of the apparatus to carry out coaching and socialization to butchers, to improve the capacity of the Human Resources or the personnel, to supervise the cows slaughtered either within or outside of slaughterhouse, to monitor the livestock traffics, and to handle the violations. The steps which had been taken were to implement the incentive activities and to safe the productive female cows to support the activities of UPSUS SIWAB and to follow up on the cooperation agreement with the Director-General of Animal Husbandry and Animal Health and with the National Police. The factors driving the slaughter of productive cows were the still very low economy of farmers and butchers, the low awareness of farmers about the importance of keeping productive cows, high demand for meat, cheap prices of cows, lack of supporting facilities, and many violations by slaughtering cattle outside the slaughterhouse. The alternative measures which could be taken were to conduct socialization to the farmers and village officials, to encourage the farmers to develop other livestock, to review the local regulations on transferring the productive female cattle, to continue the incentive activities for the pregnant cattle, to build livestock traffic posts to form an integrated team, and to implement the law enforcement, and to encourage the local beef markets by importing frozen beef policy.

The purpose e of this study is to analyze strategies for strengthening various partnership models for cocoa marketing. At the level of the farmers of Polewali Mandar district, the population of this study amounts to 75 farmers divided into 3 groups at the level of the existing partnership models (companies, cooperatives and traders), The analysis technique used consists in using a SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) to formulate objectives in the form of strategic actions based on external facts and internal facts to determine the strategy. The results showed that the internal factors of this study were: 1) Availability of land for cocoa farms 2) High potential productivity 3) Infrastructure available. The weaknesses of this study are: 1) a minimum of capital contribution, 2) limited availability of technology 3) pest and disease attacks. External opportunities include: 1) strong market demand, 2) ease of market access, 3) opening up investment opportunities, threats from this study 1 land-use change 2) price volatility and 3) the extreme climate.

Adsorption is one of the alternative media for processing wastewater. The study aims to use cocoa pods husk M45 (Theobroma Cacao) as a biosorbent in reducing Fe (III) and Cu (II) ions content in the laboratory liquid waste. This research was carried out through two systems, batch and continuous systems. The batch system was conducted to determine optimum contact time, optimum pH, and adsorption capacity, whereas the continuous system was intended to determine the adsorbent height and the maximum flow rate of laboratory liquid waste. The methods used in this study were adsorption and filtration. The adsorption results were analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The results found that the optimum contact time and the optimum pH for the adsorption of metal ions by cocoa pods husk M45 were 90 minutes and 6, respectively. The optimum flow rate of the wastewater in the continuous system was 6.166 mL/sec with an adsorbent height of 15 cm in the 2-inch adsorption column. The adsorption capacity of adsorbent based on the Langmuir isotherm was 11.074 mg/g for Fe (III) and 28.4091 mg/g for Cu (II).

Arabica coffee owned by Toraja especially North Toraja is very distinctive with the aroma and flavor produced so that it becomes its own attraction in the hearts of coffee enthusiasts everywhere. But behind the taste and aroma that is very unique there are many problems faced by Arabica coffee farmers in Toraja in particular. This study aims to analyze the potential of North Toraja Arabica coffee agribusiness, which is then followed by studying the benefits that can be done by using the concept of organic farmers to create an appropriate strategy to improve quality in Arabica coffee agribusiness competition. Data taken using observations and direct interviews in the form of a questionnaire to farmers that includes how much can be produced each harvest season, and the price received each sell the harvest to collectors, companies, and several parties who participated in this research. Primary data used in this study are quantitative and qualitative data. The results of this study indicate that the Arabica coffee owned by Toraja has the potential, farmers as producers have a very big role in improving the performance of Arabica coffee development programs. However, observations show that policies in developing human resources in rural areas, especially in terms of farmers' quality and skills, are relatively not working as expected. To reduce the level of dependence of farmers to traders, it is necessary to strive for financial institutions that are able to provide capital needs to farmers in a fast time without complicated procedures. Therefore farmers have alternatives to choose marketing channels that can provide better prices.

This study aimed to evaluate the survival and morphological performance of Black Tiger Shrimp after immersion with Sargassum duplicatum extract as well after a Vibrio harveyi challenge. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and 3 replicates each. Treatments consisted of immersions with S. Duplicatum extract (A) 600 ppm, (B) 700 ppm, (C) 800 ppm, and (D) control. Every unit contained 200 PL-4 shrimps. Shrimps were prior immersed into the extract for 15 minutes, then put into a plastic container for 7-day rearing. Survival and morphological performance (antennular, hepatopancreas, foregut, midgut, uropod, tail muscles, chromatophores, attachment, and stress) of larvae were observed at the end of the study. The challenge test was performed by an artificial infection with Vibrio harveyi. The results demonstrated no significant differences in immersion treatments on survival, yet it could indicate a non-toxic on 800 ppm of S. duplicatum for shrimp larvae. Hepatopancreas of shrimp S. duplicatum after the immersion was visibly better than not unless other observed organs that seemed no different. Further study is necessary for S. duplicatum extract in improving shrimp quality.

The institutional sustainability of SMEs is determined by the ability of institutions to build an input-process-output relationship and the contingency power of the environment. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between institutional sustainability and the sustainability of production. Data collection was carried out by field observations, in-depth interviews and documentation and data were analyzed using a case descriptive technique. The results of the study show that SMEs of fish processing unit that can operate sustainably is only 38 percent. Institutional Sustainability of SMEs of fish processing unit can be seen from its ability to provide input systems with continuous in quality and quantity; carry out the production process in accordance with the principles of GMP and SSOP dynamically and continuously; the ability to build a product marketing system through extensive network and marketing cooperation; and maintain contingency with the mandate/task environment; both suppliers, customers and competitors. The contingency power with the political and economic environment supporting the institutional sustainability of SMEs.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the application of Total Quality Management (TQM) of vegetable and fruit products in PanenMart Makassar, based on the principles of total quality management (TQM) consisting of customer satisfaction, leadership, increased sustainability, respect for all people and fact based management. Informants were selected purposively, with a total of 11 respondents consisting of: Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Chief Operation Officer (COO) and 9 employees involved in the procurement, sorting, grading, packaging and distribution processes. Data processing using a descriptive analysis method with a Likert Scale. The results of this study indicate that the application of Total Quality Management (TQM) applied by PanenMart Makassar company prioritizes customer satisfaction over other variables.

Contract farming is a price control through the agreement of sale arrangement between farmer and firm taken before the starting of production process. Red chili price has a great fluctuation due seasonal production. The objective of the study is to analyze the influence factors red chili price on contract farming. The study compares the constraints on participation, and the impact to the price of red chili between contract and non-contract of farmers. The study carried out in Magelang District, Central Java Province on June to August 2019. Survey method was used with purposive sampling method to 45 respondent of non-contract farmers and 40 respondent for contract farmer. The data analysis used were statistical t-test and coefficient of variation. The results of the study indicated that farmer with contract farming has the minimum price of IDR 9000 per kg and increasing following market price, while the selling price of non-contract farming based on the market price which always fluctuated. Factors affect contract farmers are offering fixed price, and market guarantee while the non-contract farmers are least of information about contract farming. Contract farming should be promoted to sustain chili production and farmer income.

The glutinous corn production in South Sulawesi needs improvement in terms of economic aspects. Therefore, the added value of the corn production is very important, in which the added value represents a commodity value addition because the commodity undergoes the processing, storage, packaging, and transportation processes in the production process. The research aims at identifying the value chain related to the routine corn processing industry and calculating the added value obtained by every value chain actor. The research used qualitative and quantitative descriptive methods. The value chain actor's description was in line with Porter's theory concerning the value chain. There were the main activities and supporting activities of the value chain actors. Samples were selected using purposive sampling and snowball sampling techniques, with the monitoring points starting from the industrial actors because the value chain information source could be found out from the home industry actors. The data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel to analyze the amount of expenditure, revenue, income, and an added value obtained from every value chain actor. The research result shows that the industry which carries out the processing from the beginning obtains the higher added value ratio than the industry, which does not carry out the processing from the beginning. It is expected that the processing industry carries out the glutinous corn production starting from the beginning stage of processing.

Diversification of food products in the global era, such as today, requires the right strategy so that consumers can accept products. This study aims to (1) analyze the potential of the development of diversification of bagea, kapurung, and dange products in home industries in Wara District of Palopo City, and (2) Analyze the strategy used to develop the diversification of bagea, kapurung and dange product in home industries in Wara District of Palopo City. The research conducted in Wara District of Palopo City, South Sulawesi Province, using purposive informants. The data were analyzed using descriptive qualitative analysis. The results of the research indicate that the potential of the development of diversification of bagea, kapurung and dange products in home industries in Wara District of Palopo City as local food products made from sago are very dependent on the condition of availability of raw materials, equipment resources, human resources, and production processes. The strategies used to develop the diversification of bagea, kapurung, and dange products in home industries in Wara District of Palopo City are (1) to increase the product quality, to innovate the product, to maintain the product characteristics, and to design interesting product for bagea industry (2) to increase the technology of product manufacture, to promote the product as training for kapurung and dange industries.

This article is motivated by the decreasing interest of young workers in the agricultural sector so that the average level of education of workers in this sector is much lower than in other sectors. This study aims to describe the role and perceptions of the youth and analyze strategies for developing the role of the youth in the agribusiness sector of Soppeng Regency, South Sulawesi Province. This research was conducted in Soppeng District on March to April 2019. The technique used in determining the sample in this study was snowball sampling. Data collection methods used were in-depth interviews, observations, and FGDs (Focus Group Discussion). The data analysis techniques used in this study were qualitative descriptive analysis and SWOT analysis. The youth prefer to be involved in supporting subsystems (private sector, government policy, BUMN, research and development, education, agribusiness infrastructure, credit and trading facilities) rather than in the marketing subsystems, farming, agricultural production, and processing facilities. The perception that the youth have in mind of the agribusiness sector in Soppeng district. The youth who are involved in agriculture sector for 0-2 years tend to be forced and they even consider it as a side job. Whereas, young people who have been involved for 2-7 years have made their profession as their priority. The strategy for developing the role of youth in agriculture in the agribusiness sector is to improve the capabilities of youth by establishing agricultural schools (vocational or campus), developing forums with specialized organizations focused on agriculture, and increasing government escort for the development of innovation technology and regulation of agricultural prices.

Agricultural land is the main and unique factor of agricultural production because it is difficult to replace in an agricultural business process. This research is intended to conduct a spatial study of changes in land use, especially paddy fields and the suitability of spatial use with the regional spatial plan (RTRW). In this study, an analysis of land-use change was carried out by comparing multitemporal land cover data (time series), and the suitability analysis of spatial use by comparing actual land cover data with the direction of spatial use specified in the RTRW document. Both of these analyses were carried out by overlaying maps using GIS (Geographic Information Systems) spatial data processing software. The results showed that within ten years (2007-2017), an increase in the total area occurred in the plantation (1.4%), built land (41.37%), dry land/fields (1.97%), and lake/body of water land-use class (11.14%). While the area of forest, paddy fields, and shrubs are reduced by 0.12%, 5.09%, and 6.68%, respectively. The results of overlaying actual land use maps with spatial pattern maps on Gorontalo Regency RTRW show that most (65.67%) land use in Gorontalo Regency is still following the direction of spatial use which has been specified in the RTRW. Whereas 34.13% of other land uses were identified as not yet suitable (30.57%) and not suitable (3.55%) with the RTRW. Land use that is not yet suitable is still possible to change to adjust the spatial Plan in the future. Regarding paddy fields, the land-use suitability matrix with the RTRW shows that 86.18% of the paddy fields in Gorontalo Regency are following the RTRW (located in the allotment of wetland agriculture areas), while the remaining 13.82% are not following the RTRW. There is also the potential for new paddy fields with a total area of 6,293 hectares.

The Program of Expansion Rice Fields on Rice Production in Current District Tanah Miring Regency of Merauke. This research aimed to describe the implementation of rice field expansion programs in increasing paddy production, analyze the effectiveness of the rice field expansion program in increasing paddy production, and to find out the supporting and inhibiting factors of the effectiveness of race field expansion program. The research was conducted using descriptive qualitative and quantitative approach. The research location was Tanah Miring District, Merauke Regency. The data collection was done using structural interviews through the questionnaires and the written documents. The 88 samples were chosen using the Slovin formula and the sampling probability approach. The data were analyzed using a descriptive quantitative and qualitative approach. The research results indicated that the implementation of the rice field expansion program in increasing paddy production had been run according to the regulation and the stated determination. The farmers' evaluation concerning the effectiveness of the rice field expansion program in increasing the paddy production in Tanah Miring District, Merauke Regency were categorized as effective and effective enough. Some of the supporting factors were the improvement of dikes and land management, quality of excellent seeds, good quality fertilizers addition of standard land addition and increase of land area, production increase, and the paddy farmers were able to innovate the technology about the wet rice cultivation. Besides, there were inhibiting factors, such as the dike sizes were not adjusted to the land the planting season was often changed the irrigation water was not available during the planting season, the weather has not been unpredicted the rice fields were not accompanied with the irrigating canals, and the lack of farming roads.

The major threats of coral reefs are anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic factors. The research aims to determine the threat level and formulate a strategy to manage coral reefs. The methods used are lozenge, the analysis of threat status, the analysis of hierarchy processes and the interpretation of strategic management. Threat assessment was based on an expert view obtained through a questionnaire. The results of the research indicate that the low threat level of coral reefs is 225.84 ha (66.3%) and the moderate threat level is 114.58 ha (33.7%). The result of modeling for the next 20 years indicates that the low threat is 84.03 ha (24.69%), the moderate threat is 238.49 ha (70.06%,) and the high threat 17.88 ha ( 5.25%). The management strategies used are watershed conservation, harbor management, the prevention of destructive fishing practices, integrated and sustainable marine tourism management, revitalization of coastal settlements and the control of population growth, and adaptive management for coral reefs related to global warming.

Luwuk Banggai in Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, is a part of Sulawesi Island in the Wallacea Region with many rivers. These rivers host a high diversity of aquatic species, but this diversity is poorly known. This calls for taxonomic exploration, in particular for the fishes belonging to the Order Gobioidei, commonly called gobies. This study aimed to identify gobies present in rivers Luwuk Banggai, both as a contribution to scientific knowledge on goby biodiversity and distribution and to inform the management of (hitherto unregulated) aquatic resources by the local government agencies involved. The establishment of effective, science-based management is especially important and urgent for those gobies which have economic potential, in particular as freshwater ornamental commodities. The study was conducted from January to July 2019 in several Luwuk Banggai rivers: Mendono River, Mendono Village; Koyoan River; Simpong River; Soho River; Biak River; Honduhon River; Matanyo River; and Salodik River. The specimens obtained (n = 203) were measured and identified based on species-specific characteristics. Species belonging to the Family Gobiidae were more abundant (161 individuals from 20 species) than those in the Family Eleotridae (42 individuals from 6 species). One species commonly found in these rivers was Lentipes mekonggaensis (30 individuals).

Ecologically, the mangrove forest is a feeding and nursery ground for around 60% of fish that live in coastal fisheries; and economically, the mangrove forest is an important fishery area. The study aims to analyze the area and condition of vegetation from mangrove planting in the Wallacea Region, Bone Bay, South Sulawesi, namely in Sinjai District from 1999 to 2018, and from 2009 to 2018. The mangrove area was obtained from the processing of Landsat 7 satellite images ETM + in 1999 and 2009, as well as Landsat 8 OLI in 2018. The field survey was conducted on December 2018 to check changes in the area of mangrove distribution, and measure tree density and closure of mangrove canopies. There were three classifications of the mangrove distribution in mangrove plantation area, namely: (1) increasing mangrove areas with an additional of 25 to 145 Ha, (2) decreasing mangrove area with reduction 12 to 80 Ha; and (3) constant mangrove areas with an area of 74 to 249 ha. The condition of mangroves in District Sinjai Utara was relatively good and very dense, with a density of 0.29 trees per m2 and a canopy closure of 73.5%. Whereas in District East Sinjai, mangrove conditions are included in the good category with 0.42 trees per m2 and 79.8% canopy closure. Five species were found namely Avicennia alba, Avicennia Officinalis, Nypa fruticans, Rhizophora mucronata, and Rhizophora stylosa mangrove species. Mangrove density ranges between 450 and 7000 trees /Ha. The lowest density was found at Station 11 with the category of rarely, while the highest density was found at Station 9 with the category of very dense.

As the largest trepang producer in the world, Indonesian trepang product still depends on wild catches. This wild catch could cause overfishing. In many fishing areas, sea cucumber populations have decreased to the point where they can be considered as a rare species. The wild catch could lead to a negative impact on size at maturity. Biologically, there are two types of reproductive strategies at marine organisms, i.e. 'r-selection' and 'K-selection'. The 'r-selection' type was found in organisms that are dominantly controlled by their environmental factors and tend to reach physical maturation faster, while the 'K-selection' type was controlled more by biological factors, such as the presence of competitors. This study aims to analyze the size at the maturity of sea cucumber Holothuria scabra for different years to find out if the size at maturity can be used as a reference of the overfishing sign in the Wallacea region. The H. scabra or sandfishes were taken from the catches of fishermen at the Sub-district Liukang Tupabbiring Utara, Pangkep Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The Liukang Tupabbiring area is in the Spermonde Islands region, which is part of the Wallace line trajectory. Samplings were carried out for four years, from 2016 to 2019. The parameters measured were a total length (TL), total weight (TW), and gutted body weight (BW). The parameters observed were the color and stage of the gonad. The sizes at maturities were defined as the percentage of sexually mature, which were the sandfish with gonad stages of III, IV, and V. The study reveals that the size at maturity of sandfish was reached at a smaller size than previously reported. Biologically, smaller sizes at maturity could be a sign that sandfish has overfishing. As one organism whose biological organ structure was still primitive, Sea cucumber probably maintains the continuity of its generation by adapting reproductive strategy "r-selection type".

Jellyfish are generally regarded as disturbing animals in the waters by most fishermen because they can hinder the speed of the ship when blooming. This study aims to obtain information on the types of jellyfish and their use in Makassar. This research was conducted in July-December 2018, which carried out a sampling of types of jellyfish in the coastal waters of Makassar, identification of types in the Laboratory of Water Productivity and Quality of the Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University. The economic potential of the identified jellyfish was calculated by a business feasibility analysis. The results of the study show that there are four genera jellyfish found, namely Aurelia, Porpita, Aequorea, and Salpa. Aurelia, with the largest amount, was found during sampling in coastal waters of Makassar. For sampling a day, there were 215 individuals. This number is relatively small because it is not a period of blooming. But this has become a benchmark for the existence of viable resources for entrepreneurship. The economic potential of jellyfish is estimated from a daily catch of 2.15 million. This is very challenging as a new economic source where jellyfish culinary is a healthy snack in the future and currently has been glimpsed by millennial businessmen.

Coral reefs are currently suffering from serious degradation due to human activities. In 2015, the condition of coral reefs in Kapoposang Island has been very poor with the live coral cover only 16%. Therefore, the coral reef ecosystem on this island needs to be rehabilitated. This study aims to assess coral cover based on the age of transplantation and examine abundance of reef fish in relation to age of transplant module at Kapoposang Island which is in the Wallacea region. Coral transplant was carried out from 2014 to 2018. The transplanted corals were corals of the genus Acropora. Transplants were carried out at a depth 3 to 4 m. The determination of the transplant module as the reef fish's observation was based on the age of the transplant module, i.e. 1, 2, 3 and 4 years old. Data collection was carried out using the UVC (Underwater Visual Census) method. Data collection was done by using the UPT (Underwater Photo Transect) method. Photograph data was processed using CPCe (Coral Point Count with Excel extension) software using 30 random points for each frame. The significant relationship between live coral cover and reef fish shows that the coral transplantation was successful. There was linear relation between coral habitat cover and the reef fish. The difference in abundance in each transplant module shows the linier relation between the increase of reef fishes and live coral cover. The live coral cover was higher at the two and three years old of the transplant module. During the study, it was found 13 families and 56 species of reef fish. Planktivorous group was the most dominant of reef fish.

Parrotfishes have an important ecological role in the coral reef ecosystem of the Spermonde Islands. The Spermonde Islands is located in the Makassar Strait, who was Wallace's line trajectory. The Spermonde Islands consist of 120 islands, which have an area of around 2,500 km², consisting of 50 vegetated islands and 70 non-vegetated sand dunes. Vegetated islandswere inhabited around 50,000 people. The ecological role and economic value of Parrotfishes place Parrotfishes in a paradoxical situation. Economically, Parrotfishes are an important protein resource for coastal and highlands communities. The Socio-economic contribution of Parrotfish can be overlooked, especially after the call not to eat Parrotfishes. For this reason, it necessary to overview the species composition and abundance of the Parrotfishes catch in Spermonde Islands by a monthly sampling of Parrotfish landed at Makassar Fisheries Port. The study aims to analyze the species composition and abundance for two different sampling periods (20014 and 2018) and to analyze their annual similarities. The study was expected to provide a preliminary description of the Parrotfishes. The number of species found in 2014 was 31, and in 2018 was 34. The similarity index between 2014 and 2015 was 0.912. The similarities indexes for monthly catches were lower. It was between 0.423 (May) and 0.680 (December). The catch was randomly distributed; this result shows that there were no target species in the catch of Parrotfish; the fishermen caught whatever Parrotfish they found. The sample conditions prove that large-sized Parrotfish were captured using the spear, whereas the medium and small size of Parrotfish seems to be captured using the net. The net use was quite worrying because the net was generally not selective. In order to maintain a balance between Parrotfish's ecological role and socio-economic functions, regulations should be made regarding the prohibition on parrotfish catch with nets. It is recommended that Parrotfish should only be caught using the spear regularly and orderly so as not to damage the coral reefs.

The forest area is a natural habitat of endemic flora and fauna in the Wallacea Region, which is very important to ensure flora and fauna. Forest conversion is often carried out by the government in a structured and systematic way for clearing oil palm plantations. In addition, the determination of the forest area by the government is also often carried out without verification, which overlaps with the surrounding community who have cleared the land before the area is determined by the government. The stipulation of the Presidential Regulation No. 88 of 2018 concerning the settlement of land ownership is considered to provide legal certainty regarding the status of land ownership in forest areas. The purpose of this study is to analyze effective legal protection schemes to ensure the habitat of flora and fauna in the regional Wallacea to remain sustainable. The normative approach is made by analyzing the contents of the relevant laws. The results of this study indicate that there are fundamental problems at the level of legislation regarding the release of forest areas that are contradictory to other regulations so that it impacts on the threat to the endemic flora and fauna sustainability of the Wallacea region.

Giant clams (Tridacnidae) and the Napoleon wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) are valued fisheries commodities for local consumption and trade. Heavy exploitation has greatly reduced their abundance in the Wallacea Region. This study on giant calm and Napoleon wrasse around Sulawesi is based on data from biophysical (SCUBA diving) and socioeconomic surveys from 2004 to 2016 in the Spermonde Archipelago and around Selayar Island, South Sulawesi; and in Central Sulawesi (primarily in the Togean Islands) between 2001 and 2015. Giant clam population abundance declined, with some larger species (Tridacna gigas, T. derasa, T. squamosa, Hippopus porcellanus) no longer found at many sites. Despite increasing awareness regarding the protected status of giant clams, exploitation has continued, including mass collection for traditional festivals in the South Sulawesi islands. Specifically intended for export, fishing uses destructive methods, Napoleon wrasse abundance also declined. Habitat (coral reef) degradation likely also had a negative impact. Low densities could threaten reproductive success. Effective protection measures are needed to rebuild depleted giant calm and Napoleon wrasse populations. This is done to promote the natural process of reproduction and recruitment, and degraded habitat should be rehabilitated through passive or active coral reef restoration. Ex-situ (hatchery) breeding and restocking could speed the recovery of depleted giant clam populations.

Waterbirds are a significant part of mangrove forests due to their ecological role in the ecosystem. However, land conversion, human disturbance, pollution, and other anthropogenic factors are continued to give pressure to the existence of waterbirds, especially in the urban mangrove area. Therefore, this study aims to identify waterbirds habitat types and analyze its abundance and diversity at Lantebung Mangrove Ecotourism Area, Makassar City. Bird survey was done during three days, morning and afternoon, by walking along the peripheral of fish ponds and mudflats behind mangrove forest using binocular to identify waterbirds habitat types, kinds of species, and to count total individuals. The result shows there are four types of waterbirds habitat at Lantebung Mangrove Ecotourism Area, which are mangrove, mudflats, inactive fish ponds, and bushes. There are 18 species identified, with medium diversity (Shanon Weiner Diversity Index of 1.029), medium richness (Margalef Species Richness Index of 2.918), and stable species evenness (Hill Species Evenness Index of 0.356). Species with the highest abundance is Chadrius .sp with Relative Abundance Index 27%.

Orchids are characterized by attractive flowers and morphologically unique plants, thus, they are much appreciated as ornamental plants. Apart from as ornamental plants, orchids are known to have other uses; for food, vegetables, herbal medicines, cosmetics, and other uses. The present study aimed to reveal a wide range of utilization of orchids of the Wallacea region. There were 47 species of orchids of the Wallacea region belong to 32 genera that have been utilized in a wide range of uses, with one species that could have multiple uses. The utilization of orchids of the Wallacea region was for food (4 species), vegetable (1 species ), spices (1 species), herbal medicines (37 species), cosmetics (3 species), and other uses (7 species). Data on the utilization of orchids of the Wallacea region can support bioprospecting to find new bioresources for food alternatives, herbal medicines, and other useful products. In the utilization of orchids as bioresources, the conservation approach is highly recommended to ensure the long-term survival of the orchids and for the sustainable use of the orchids. Of these 47 orchid species that have been utilized, two species are endemic to the Wallacea region (Dendrobium facifeum and D. utile) that should receive priority setting in the conservation planning.

Wallacean region, which covers Sulawesi and its satellite islands, Lesser Sunda islands, and Maluku islands, has the richest endemic birds. It contributes 70.1% (366 out of 510) of the total Indonesian endemic bird species. Sulawesi and its satellite islands have the highest number of endemic species (150) followed by the Lesser Sunda Islands (126) and Maluku islands (90). On the other hand, many species in the region are threatened. The number of critically endangered (CR) and endangered (EN) in Sulawesi (7 and 10 species) is higher than Maluku (2 and 4 species) or Lesser Sunda (1 and 6 species). There are two types of threats: direct and indirect threats. Direct threats can be caused by the biological character of the species such as low reproductive rate, long-term parental care; high utilization i.e. hunt (egg, nestling, adult): consumption, trade (pet, hobbies and other uses); and natural predation. Indirect threats include habitat loss, fragmented forest, land conversion, and restricted range because of requiring a very specific habitat type. Although Indonesian wildlife including some endemic birds has been protected by law (P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018), illegal trade has been the most important threat. Recent illegal bird trade was recorded from East Java in 2018 and 2019. Confiscated birds were parrots and hornbill from the Wallacean region and Papua, though all of those species are protected.

The research about Diversity of Bird species at Subdistric Teon Nila Serua Seram Island was carried on several habitat types, conducted in August 2012. This research aims to compile the diversity of bird species at some habitat types and study the use of vegetation by the birds. The observation of the birds were used Variable Circular Plots (VCP), and Continuous Strip Sampling for vegetation observed. To count of the birds were used Point Count with Index Point Abundance (IPA), and to analysis of the birds diversities were used Index Shannon-Wiener. The result of research showed as much 48 bird species of 23 families; 28 species of 19 families were found in shrubs and garden, 31 species of 16 families were found in secondary forest, and 28 species of 16 families were found in primary forest. The highest bird diversity (H' = 1,26) was found in the primary forest. The factors that affect the diversity of birds species are feed-producing vegetation, predators, human activity, and weather factors.

The increasing number of residents (youth) who have migrated in urban areas triggers various problems, one of which is the problem of providing housing. This study aims to look at the preferences of young consumers towards the residential environment residing in the city of Makassar. The research approach used is a quantitative approach with the analytical method used is factor analysis to reduce several indicators in several variables such as the physical condition of housing, accessibility, facilities, infrastructure, and social environment around the housing into a set of indicators that represent the preferences of young consumers. This research was conducted in Makassar City with a sample of 350 respondents. Sources of data obtained from library research and interviews using data collection tools, namely questionnaires. The results showed of 23 indicators (indicators of type of house, house design, house price, type of house, location of house, availability of public transportation, proximity to the city center, proximity to workplaces, educational facilities, health facilities, trade facilities, sports facilities, facilities green open space, availability of water, availability of electricity, availability of telecommunications, availability of security, neighboring environments, availability of fences / bars / walls, noise disturbances, interference with air pollution and physical road conditions) related to preferences reduced to eight indicators namely indicators of water availability, availability of electricity , and availability of telecommunications, ease of access to public transportation, proximity to the city center, proximity to workplaces and sports facilities and prices are summarized into three factors/components (infrastructure components, components of sports accessibility and facilities, and price components).

Fruit bats are used as food by the Minahasan tribe in North Sulawesi. This is evident in some traditional markets where various species of fruit bats are sold. As a consequence, bats are continually over hunted for human consumption, threatening bat populations. This study aims to identify bat species sold in traditional markets in Dumoga district, North Sulawesi. Field surveys were performed and data collected in three traditional markets namely Ibolian, Imandi, and Dumoga, located nearby the Nani Warta Bone National Park. The collected samples were identified using morphometric measurements and physical characteristics, then analyzed by descriptive method. From these markets were identified and consisted of Acerodon celebensis, Dobsonia exoleta, Neopteryx frosti, Styloctenium wallacei, Rousettus amplexicaudatus, Thoopterus nigrescens, Nyctimene chephalotes, and unknown species. Five of these bat species are endemic to Sulawesi (Acerodon celebensis, Dosonia exoleta, Neopteryx frosti, Styloctenium wallacei, and Thoopterus nigrescens). According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red-List, two species have declined status (Styloctenium wallacei Near Threatered (NT), and Acerodon celebensis Vulnarable (VU)), and one species is threatened with extinction status (Neopteryx frosti endangered (EN)).

This study aims to analyze the efficiency of types of chainsaws in logging activities and find out the needs of chainsaws in logging activities at PT. Inhutani 1 Gowa Regency. This research was carried out in December 2018 in industrial plantations in Parangloe District, Gowa Regency using quantitative analysis using tree volume calculation formula, log base area, volume sortimen log formula, logging productivity, estimation of chain saw needs, analysis of logging costs, and analyze the logging efficiency of the chainsaw type. Based on the results of the study, it is known that the production plan for each logging group is 256.69 m³/ month/chainsaw while the average production of the three logging groups is 171,308 m³/month/chainsaw. The average logging productivity of these three logging groups is 0.607 m³/hour/unit. The estimation of the need for an efficient chain saw for logging group A is 1 chainsaw unit type MS-STIHL 070 and 1 unit MS-STIHL 381 while in the logging group B is 1 chainsaw unit type MS-STIHL 381 and for logging group C requires 1 unit chainsaw type Ms-STIHL 070 and 1 unit Ms-STIHL 381. The logging activity in this plantation has a chainsaw efficiency of 44.2% for type MS-STIHL 070 and for Ms-STIHL 381 has an efficiency of 45.7% meaning that the use of the number and type of chainsaws is less efficient because the number of chainsaws is used excessively so that the amount of timber production is more than the production plan which results in waste of costs on the chainsaw used.

The research aims to find out 1) the types of marine tourism found in Balobaloang Island, 2) the youth potentials found in Balobaloang Island. This research is mixed-method by using qualitative approaches and quantitative approaches with sequential exploratory models. Data were analysed by using analysis model 3 A (attraction, amenity, and accessibility) tourism product offering and Likert Scale Questionnaire, which was processed using descriptive statistics and in-depth interviews. The time of this study began April until July 2019 in Balobaloang Island, Pangkep Regency. Research results show 1) In terms of attractions there are 11 remote islands in the Balobaloang Village area, 5 inhabited islands and 6 uninhabited islands which are potential to be used as marine tourism such as mangroves, beaches, snorkeling, and diving spots, in terms of accessibility of the island is 14 hours from Makassar and 17 hours from Pangkep Regency even though the facilities and infrastructure available are still limited in this island. 2) Since 2014 until 2019 around 20,83% of youth aged 16-30 years from a total population of 240 young people work as employees on the tourism industry in tourist areas of Labuan Bajo, Lombok, Papua, and Bali. From the survey results of the youth potential of Balobaloang Island in the tourism sector, most of the 72% good potential. Tourist ship competencies have an appropriate score of 78%. Experience competencies have an appropriate score of 68%. Leadership competencies have a slightly appropriate score of 42%. Furthermore, Social competencies have an appropriate score of 60%.

This study refers to the new public management paradigm so that management approaches in private organizations are used in public organizations. This study is to confirm the relationship of leadership with the motivation of public service, then the motivation of public service to the quality of public service and job satisfaction of the State civil service (ASN). This is done because there are differences between the results of research in Europe -America, and Asia, especially in Indonesia about the relationship between public service motivation and the quality of public services. On the other hand, it is found that leadership does not affect the quality of public services directly but there is a strong correlation with the motivation of public service delivery. This study uses a quantitative approach with SEM-AMOS analysis tool version 23. The population in this study is all ASNs in Bantaeng Regency with a planned sample target of 397 respondents consisting of 173 echelons 1-3, echelon 4 totaling 74 respondents (10% of the population), and staff of 151 respondents (10% of the population). However, of the 397 questionnaires distributed, only 369 questionnaires were returned and could be analyzed, while 28 respondents did not return within the specified time limit (4 weeks after being distributed). The results showed that public service motivation became a full mediator between leadership and quality of public service and ASN job satisfaction. Good leadership will increase the motivation of public services which will further improve the quality of public services and ASN job satisfaction.

Good synergy or relationship between students and the community is needed in fieldwork activities. Students build synergy with the community through collaborative activities. Community Service Program is a form of community service to implement the knowledge gained during lectures. Community service aims to minimize the gap between the community and students. The synergy between students and the community in KKN (Community Service) activities can be a place to build management in environmental management. The purpose of this paper is to explore the efforts of synergy that have been carried out by students in protecting the environment in Makassar City.

Non-shrimp commodities diversification is an alternative for increasing aquaculture production, including brackish water ponds in Bontoa Subdistrict, Maros Regency, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Therefore, a study was conducted to analysis land characteristics in an effort to determine land suitability for tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in ponds at different seasons. Factors considered in determining land characteristics and suitability are topography and tide, soil quality, water quality, and climate. Spatial analysis in Geographic Information Systems is used in determining land suitability for tilapia in ponds. The results showed that the land of ponds in the Bontoa Subdistrict has a slope of less than 2%, a tide of 1.38 m, dominated by acid sulfate soil, low water salinity in the rainy season and relatively high of salinity in the dry season with rainfall reaches 3,531 mm/year. In rainy season, from 3,072.6 ha of ponds in Bontoa Subdistrict, 252.2 ha classified as highly suitable (S1 class) and 2,820.4 ha is moderately suitable (S2 class) for tilapia, while in dry season which is moderately suitable (S2 class) area of 2,207.9 ha and classified as not suitable (N class) area of 864.7 ha. High water salinity in the dry season in Bontoa Subdistrict is the main limiting factor for tilapia in ponds.

This study aims to examine the performance of government development financing sukuk/SBSN compared with bonds/SUN period 2014-2017. The method used is descriptive quantitative with secondary data. The data obtained were analyzed and concluded based on a predetermined framework. The results of the analysis based on the method of efficiency ratio, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Value at Risk (VaR) shown that SUN has high efficiency and high risk, while SBSN has low efficiency and low risk. Based on the analysis of the Efficient Portfolio Frontier shown that an efficient portfolio exists at risk level to 0.14% and profit rate up to 369.31% exist in the proportion of 60% SBSN financing and 40% SUN financing proportion, it means that the Sukuk financing portfolio was better rather than Bonds financing portfolio.

Taman Median Jalan is one form of green open space that extends in the form of lanes and is categorized into public green open spaces. Besides being beautiful, the median road can also function as a place of social interaction. This study aimed to know the existing conditions and problems in the median of the road, knowing the inhibiting factors and supporters of median road planning and make a median garden road design. The research using a survey approach with qualitative descriptive analysis. This study shows respondents' desires about four important points. The intention was median garden arrangement mode is lane/path, plant type of squirrel palm tree, croton shrubs and ground cover type plants are moss rose. The discussion focuses on existing conditions, inhibiting and supporting factors and making designs. The application of design is made based on the highest percentage of respondents' desires.

Eucheuma spinosum is one of the seaweed species that can be found abundantly in Takalar Regency. The biomass of this seaweed has been used to remove Mn (II) ion from the aqueous solution via the adsorption process using E. spinosum. The adsorption of Mn (II) ion was studied in various contact time, pH and concentration. An Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) was an instrument used to determine the amount of ion before and after adsorption. Langmuir and Freundlich's equations were used to study the adsorption isotherms of the ion. The results showed that the optimum time obtained was 20 minutes and the optimum pH was 4. The Freundlich isotherm fitted the adsorption of ion Mn (II) using E. spinosum with the capacity (Qo) of 4.13 mg/g. The functional group involved in biosorption of Mn (II) metal ions was hydroxyl (-OH) groups.

The seaweed processing industry uses potassium hydroxide (KOH) in the seaweed cooking process, while the galvanized industry uses hydrogen chloride (HCl) in the pickling process. Liquid waste from these two types of industries can cause environmental pollution if not managed properly. This study aims to utilize liquid waste from the seaweed processing industry and galvanized industry into KCl liquid fertilizer as an effort to manage the environment while providing economic value for waste. The quality of liquid waste from the seaweed processing industry, liquid waste from the galvanized industry, KCl liquid fertilizer and the content of heavy metals in fertilizer are analyzed through experimental testing using SNI and AOAC methods. The results showed that liquid waste from the seaweed processing industry can be utilized together with liquid waste from the galvanized industry to produce KCl liquid fertilizer that meets the requirements of SNI 02-2805: 2005 and Minister of Agriculture Regulation Number 43 / Permentan / SR.140 / 8 / 2011. Potassium levels as K2O from KCl liquid fertilizer produced ranged from 727 - 16443 ppm, where the value is higher than the standard according to SNI 02-2805: 2005 of 600 ppm. The content of heavy metals in liquid fertilizer produced meets the requirements of the Minister of Agriculture Regulation No. 43 / Permentan / SR.140 / 8/2011. Consequently the range of heavy metals contained in liquid fertilizer produced by As, Hg, Cd, and Pb is 0.0032 - 0.034 ppm, 0 - 0.0007 ppm, 0.0064 -0.0546 ppm, and 0.0006 - 0.3497 ppm, where the values This is lower than the standard according to Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture No. 43 / Permentan / SR.140 / 8/2011 namely As (max 100 ppm), Hg (max 10 ppm), Cd (max 100 ppm), and Pb (max 500 ppm).

The development of creative economy in Indonesia is characterized by the participation of youth in the craft subsector, one of which is the city of Makassar, it can be reviewed based on the involvement of youth in the creative craft sector and also the series of creative economy activities both organized by the government and the private sector. This research aims to analyze the form of youth participation in the creative economy of craft subsector in Makassar City. This research used a descriptive qualitative approach, the data were obtained through interviews, observation and documentation. The Informants were determined purposively scattered in three sub-districts of Makassar: Manggala District, Biringkanaya District and Tamalanrea District. The techniques of data analysis were reduction, data display and verification / conclusion. The results of the research indicate that the form of youth participation in the creative economy of craft subsector in Makassar City involves: Planning Participation, youth participating in craft business planning, vision-mission design, recruitment or addition of human resources, product development and innovation , increased production, marketing management, financial statements, job desk distribution, and community empowerment. Implementation Participation, youth participation in carrying out creative business activities, running programs and business targets, initiate education and training services, be directly involved in creative economic activities, control the production and marketing processes, and conduct discussions in decision making. Utilization Participation , young people participate in utilizing the creative economy by developing creative business brands and products, expanding branding and business networks to maintain facilities and infrastructure, management evaluation and production activities, increasing individual insight, economic income and entrepreneurship experience, then community empowerment or social activities through creative economic activities.

Samalona and Barrang Lompo Islands are located in zone II of Spermonde Archipelago with the nearest distance is about 5 km from Makassar city beach. The close distance causes heavy metals as pollutants produced from activities in Makassar city and it surroundings to be carried out to zone II of Spermonde Archipelago waters. Marine biotas used as a bioindicator of heavy metals (Cd and Cr) pollution were sponges (Porifera). Analysis results by ICP-OES indicated that the largest quantities of the heavy metals (Cd and Cr) were found in sponge Xestospongia, i.e 1.250 mg/kg and 5.400 mg/kg dry weight, respectively.

The purpose of this research was to study the effect of fiscal decentralization in terms of regional original income, balance funds and special autonomy with economic growth in the province of Papua in 2010-2017. Our results showed a positive relationship between local revenue and economic growth. Positive and significant relationships are aimed at balancing funds, special autonomy funds, and economic growth.

The research aimed to analyze the development of road infrastructure, marine and air transportation infrastructure, economic infrastructure, agricultural infrastructure, education infrastructure, and health infrastructures with varied descriptions Towards improving community welfare and economic growth in Mappi District. This research uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive analysis method. The data analyzed are secondary time series data from 2005-2014. Secondary data sources are infrastructure development data with each indicator in Mappi district BPS. The results showed that road infrastructure, marine, and air transportation infrastructure, agricultural infrastructure with irrigation channel indicators, economic infrastructure with traditional market indicators, and educational infrastructure have Positive effect on the welfare of society, but has no positive effect on economic growth. Healthcare infrastructure has a positive effect on community welfare. Economic growth does not have a positive picture of community welfare level in Mappi district

This study aimed to examine and prove the effect of formal education, non-formal education, and health on the income of poor households in Merauke District, Merauke Regency, Papua Province. The research method used quantitative descriptive research with a total sample of 130 poor households and multiple regression analysis techniques by using AMOS (Analysis of Moment Structures) analysis tools. The results of the study found that formal education has a positive and significant effect on the income of poor households. While non-formal education and health do not affect the income of poor families.

Conservation of nature or environmental is one of the alternatives in reducing the effects of global warming. Various ways are done so that the conservation of this nature can be realized. One of them is through the sasi culture, the culture of the people of eastern Indonesia, namely Maluku and Papua. Sasi culture is one of local wisdom that forbids humans to take or process natural products from a region within a certain period. The implementation of sasi is based on culture and also on religion. Sasi based on religious is called religious sasi. This research is descriptive research to explain the role of religious sasi culture as one way to preserve the environment. Data were collected by a literature study. The results show that culture sasi can preserve the environment. This is because, in the implementation of sasi, it is prohibited to take and manage the natural products within a certain period. During the duration of the sasi, plants or animals in the sited area are given the opportunity to grow and multiply without any disruption.

The sar culture is a culture owned by the Kanum tribe, one of the tribes that inhabit the Tomer village, Naukenjerai District, Merauke Regency, Papua, Indonesia. This culture forbids humans to take or cultivate an area that has been enforced by sar. This study aims to reconstruct indigenous knowledge of the Kanum tribe through the sar culture, which is considered important to be applied in the teaching materials of environmental physics. This type of research uses descriptive qualitative research with an ethnoscience approach. Data was taken through interviews with customary leaders and some reliable sources. The results show that the sar culture can be used as a teaching material for environmental physics and as a way to keep the nature and culture of the Kanume tribe as well.

Formwork is a molding tool to get the shape of concrete to work as planned. The cost of making formwork is proportional to the cost of reinforced concrete work, so the right methods and strategies are needed to calculate the cost of formwork that can be used repeatedly. When making a bill of quantities, the cost of formwork used is adjusted to the work item, and in the calculation, the formwork that has been used in one application is no longer used for the next. But the reality in the field formwork can be used repeatedly with the right methods and strategies so that the cost for making formwork can be efficient by applying green construction strategy with the Reuse concept. This study aims to determine the methods and strategies as well as the percentage of green construction using green formwork for each building floor. The research method used is qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative methods are used to collect data through observation, interviews, and documentation related to the use of formwork in projects. Quantitative methods are used to calculate the cost of formwork for semi-system methods and one-floor rotation strategies. The results of the research found are the semi-system method and one-floor rotation strategy resulting in the formwork cost savings by 36.10%, and the reduced material on the application of green construction can reduce material successively by 8% for the second use, 16% for the third use, and 24% for the fourth use. This finding contributes to the list of work analysis related to formwork making.

Makassar City is a large city that is facing climate change, population growth and rapid urbanization. This has an impact on increasing land market and demand for servicing facilities and infrastructure. Those impacts can decrease environmental quality, such as environmental degradation and natural disasters. One problem that often occurs every year is the problem of flooding. One of the districts in Makassar City that experienced a flood was Manggala District. This is the background of the researchers to provide an overview of the level of flood vulnerability based on flood vulnerability variables. The variables used in determining the level of flood vulnerability are land cover, rainfall, drainage density, and slope. The objectives of this study are to (1) identify flood vulnerabilities in Manggala District, and (2) identify steps towards Water Sensitive City in its handling solutions from the perspective of urban water management. This study uses a quantitative analysis method with an overlay analysis approach to analyze the vulnerability of flood disasters.

The entrepreneurship skill education program is a program of the non-formal education carried out by PKBM to provide knowledge, skills, and entrepreneurship attitudes for residents based on the potential resources and business field needs in the citizens. The research is aimed to (1) analyze the factors that are influencing the development of the entrepreneurship skill education program (2) formulate the development strategy of the coastal area potential based on the entrepreneurship skill education program. The research used the qualitative descriptive method, and it was conducted in four districts with the characteristics of the coastal area at North Luwu Regency namely: Malangke District, West Malangke District, Bone-Bone District, and Tana Lili District. Data were collected using the documentary, questionnaire, and in-depth interview. The data were analyzed using the descriptive, principal component, and SWOT analyses. The research results indicated that: (1) influencing significantly in the development of the entrepreneurship skill education program at North Luwu Regency are: (1) natural resource potential (2) business field needs (3) partnership cooperation (4) institutional assistance in business pioneering ( 5) skills-based curriculum development based on work and business needs; (6) education level (qualifications) and tutor competence (7) access (distance) to PKBM (8) motivation and mindset of learning citizens (9) permanent work of learning residents, and (10) health conditions of learning residents. The development strategies of the entrepreneurship skill education program are the aggressive strategies through; (1) the development policies of the entrepreneurship skill education program based on regional potential and business opportunities (2) the standardized skill-based curriculum compilation based on competence and commodity types (3) the accompaniment policies of the entrepreneurship skill education program (4) the cooperation development with related stakeholders to carry out the improvement of the tutors competence based on regional potential and business opportunities, and (5) the program partnership establishment between IKM/DUDI and PKBM institutions in an effort to ensure the labour availability and absorption.

This study uses a library approach and field research. The library approach is carried out by reading theories related to land values from the literature study and used to obtain secondary data. Meanwhile, field research was carried out by observation to find out and document land use in the city of Makassar. The analytical method used is descriptive quantitative and qualitative to describe the land value of the distance between Makassar City and land use. Besides, spatial analysis is also used to interpret the land value of Makassar City based on the Bid-Rent Curve in the form of maps of distance and land use. Moreover, correlation analysis is used to determine the relationship between distance and land use to land value. The results of the study through the analysis stages above show the value of land in Makassar City is influenced by distance, where the closer to the city center the higher the land value and the farther from the city center, the lower the land value. Also, land use also affects the land value of Makassar City, wherein this study, the most critical land use is commercial land. This shows that there are conditions in accordance with the theory of Rent-Bid Curve.

The Study has been conducted on the distribution of heavy metal content of manganese (Mn) on landfill in Antang, Makassar. The study aims to determine the presence of heavy manganese metal (Mn) in the landfill of Antang Makassar. There are 4 lines namely line A sampling points (A1, A2 and A3), line B sampling points (B1, B2 and B3), line C sampling points (C1, C2 and C3) and line D sampling points (D1, D2 and D3) with a depth of (0-10, 10-20 and 20-30) cm. Total samples analyzed by heavy metal elements using ICP-OES method were 36 samples. The concentration of heavy metal manganese (Mn) in Antang landfill soil has spread horizontally. The results of the analysis showed the presence of heavy metal content of manganese (Mn) in the soil of Antang landfill, where the samples with the highest heavy metal content were found in line A sampling points (A1, A2 and A3) each depth (0-10, 10-20, 20-30) cm. Line C sampling point of C3 at the of depths (0-10 and 10-20) cm, i.e. sequentially (1660 and 1710) ppm. Line D (D1, D2 and D3 sampling points), except, at the sampling point D1 at a depth of 20-30 cm which is 1460 ppm is still below the normal limit, which is allowed by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the General of Drug and Food Control as a pollutant inside soil. Soil pH varies from 4.82 to 6 and is acidic. Soil pH significantly affects the solubility and mobility of metals, because most metals dissolve in acidic soils. The level of pollution of heavy metal manganese (Mn) for line A, line C and line D at the sampling points (A1, A2 and A3) at depths (0-10, 10-20 and 20-30) cm are included in the category of heavily polluted because the concentration of heavy metals Mn contained in the soil far exceeds a predetermined threshold. So that necessary remediation of appropriate prevention to prevent risks to humans and the environment.

Development and empowerment programs for rural communities are expected to be able to have an impact on youth empowerment. This study aims to determine the impact of youth empowerment in P3MD in Lappariaja District. This research is classified as a qualitative descriptive study. The subjects of this study were P3MD experts, village assistants, sub-district governments, village governments / village officials, the Office of Community and Village Empowerment and Youth Groups. Data collection is done by using interviews, observation, documentation. Researchers are the main instrument in conducting research. Techniques used in data analysis are data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions. The results showed that youth empowerment on the implementation of the P3MD program had an impact on empowerment with two levels of empowerment, in accordance with the empowerment indicators issued by UNESCO.

The purpose of this study is to examine the role of government in the implementation of regional autonomy, especially in the border regions of North Sulawesi Province. This research was conducted using a survey method in the border areas in North Sulawesi Province, namely the Sangihe Islands, Talaud, Siau Tagulandang and Biaro, then comparing it with Manado City which is the Provincial Capital. The data are then analyzed descriptively about the development of the value of the human development index, and government policies. The results showed that local governments play a role in development as evidenced by the value of the Human Development Index which increased from 2010-2018. Although the HDI value of Manado City is higher than the border area, in general regional development has been carried out and the government has implemented regional autonomy.

The urgency of gender-responsive development planning in the implementation of village legislation is needed to facilitate the results of development that can be carried out by both men and women. This research aims to determine the efforts to increase gender mainstreaming in village development planning for the implementation of Number 6 the Year 2014 concerning Villages. This research was an evaluative descriptive study conducted in Uluere District, Bantaeng Regency. The method used was a sequential mixed method, including secondary data, i.e., the identification of data and the review of documentation relevant to the research and primary data, i.e. the data collected through focus group discussion and questionnaire with Likert Scale. The sample was selected purposively from six villages. The data were analyzed by transforming qualitative data into quantitative data using basic internal measurements. The results of the research indicate that the implementation of Law Number 6 Year 2014 concerning with Villages in gender-responsive development planning in Uluere District, Bantaeng Regency has not been fully integrated properly. This by gender-responsive indicators, which are still in the moderate category. The contents of the village RPJM documents do not fully represent the integration of gender issues. The representation of women in the village in village government organizational structure and village community organizations is still in low category. The availability of human resources that understand gender and mainstreaming and regulations/policies in the village level are still relatively moderate even though budget support has been in high category. In such a condition, full commitment from village government is needed in ensuring gender-responsive development planning in the village level through continuous and gradual capacity building, information dissemination, social media and innovative in developing a policy program in accordance with village authority at the local scale as well as building cooperation with various parties related to gender-responsive development planning

The element of youth becomes an inseparable part of village development, and the synergy between the local government, in this case, the elements of village officials and youth are very important. This study aims (1) To find out the role of Bana village youth in Bontocani sub-district, Bone Regency in village development and to determine the impact of youth involvement in village development (2) To find out the synergy between village government and Bana village youth Bontocani sub-district, Bone district in village development in millennial era. This research conducted in the village of Bana, Bontocani District, Bone Regency. The method used is descriptive qualitative analysis. The results of this study indicate (1) the role of youth in rural community development shows social functions (village development) (2) the synergy of the village government of Bana Subdistrict Bontocani with village youth runs well, in terms of economy, development, and resources.

Indonesia is currently experiencing youth employment problems that are absorbed into the informal sector. This study aims to analyze the employment of youth in the informal sector. From the results of this study, it was found that young people who participated in the informal sector were motivated by the enthusiasm to try independently, be free, and not under pressure from others. Besides, the informal sector is also in demand by youth because the informal sector is very easy to enter and flexible. To start a business in the informal sector also does not require large capital so that in the informal sector, the use of capital from personal savings is becoming increasingly common. The informal sector, which has been categorized as a lower-class economic sector and the poor are now being cultivated and managed by a middle-to-high-educated middle class indicating a shift in the informal sector, where the informal sector is associated with poor and uneducated people or low education. The sector which was once filled with uneducated residents is currently filled with middle-to-high-educated residents as a result of the development of education, which is not balanced by the development of employment.

The land is an important resource for human survival. Its utilization must be following the capacity of the environment, the resources owned and the ability of the land, or the other words according to the carrying capacity of the environment. This study aims to determine the conditions of actual land use and investigate the class of land capacity in Kotamobagu City of North Sulawesi Province, so the suitability between the class of land capacity and the plan of actual land use and the plan of land use of RTRW can be known, determine whether the environmental carrying capacity is already overcapacity or not, and arrange the land use directive based on the carrying capacity of the land resources environment in Kotamobagu City of North Sulawesi Province. The research method uses a combination of qualitative methods and quantitative methods. The results of the research indicate that the actual use in Kotamobagu City of North Sulawesi Province, in general, 20.38% of the total area is built up, and the rest has not been built. The class of land capacity in Kotamobagu City consist of Class II (75.93%), Class III (11.57%), Class IV (5.33%), Class VI (5.7%), Class VII (0, 59%), and Class VIII (0.91%). The suitability between the class of land capacity and the actual land use is 90.13%. The suitability between the class of land capacity and the plan of land development of RTRW is 95.85%. The status of the environmental carrying capacity of land resources in Kotamobagu City at present is not exceeded since the amount of land availability is still greater than the land needs. Thus, it is recommended that the land use direction be divided into three functions namely, protected area, cultivated area, and limited cultivated area.

Utilization of by-products from the cooking oil industry, such as palm oil fatty acid distillates (PFAD) can reduce the cost of producing ethyl ester/biodiesel. This PFAD is processed into biodiesel using SO₄²⁻/TiO₂-SiO₂ solid catalyst and ethanol reagent. The central composite design in Response Surface Methodology is applied in optimizing the effect of process variables such as the amount of catalyst, ethanol to PFAD molar ratio and reaction time. The results of the study show that the best-operating conditions with 98.89% ethyl ester conversion were achieved with the catalyst amount of 5% w, a molar ratio of 13 in reaction time of 2.25 hours. The presence of SO₄²⁻/TiO₂-SiO₂ catalyst components can be characterized using SEM-EDX. A functional group showing the presence of ethyl ester in biodiesel products has been identified using FTIR. Ethyl ester properties related to biodiesel properties can be shown as saponification value: 583.8446 mg/g, iodine value: 8.8714 mg/g and cetane value: 49-54.

Plants litter as soil organic matter turn over to soil by the decomposition process. Decomposition is regulated by environmental factors, such as soil water content and pH. High water content (90%) and pH 6.2 increased CO₂ gas production rate, lowest water content (30%) and pH 4.9 increased NH₄⁺ N-mineralization into the soil as decomposition result. In this study, we investigated cacao leaf litter decomposition in soil. Cacao leaf litter was applied in a 100 mL polypropylene bottle with 70 g air-dried soil, but only the soil was applied as a control. For the litter-amended treatments, 2 g (oven-dry weight) with 2 mm sized cacao leaf litter was placed on the soil surface. The treatment with different soil moisture and pH regimes were soil moisture and pH of 30% and 4.9 (SLWC30i), 30% and 6.2 (SLWC306), 60% and 4.9 (SLWC60i), 60% and 6.2 (SLWC606), 90% and 4.9 (SLWC90i), 90% and 6.2 (SLWC906), respectively. All treatment was incubated at 25°C under the dark condition for 28 days. Extractable NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ concentration, and soil greenhouse gas (CO₂, CH₄, N₂O) were measured. Highest extractable NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ concentration showed in SWC906 (30.7 mg N kg⁻¹) and SLWC606 (87.1 mg N kg⁻¹), respectively. Soil greenhouse gas production rate highest in water content 90% pH 6.2, CO₂ was 3.82 kg C period⁻¹, CH₄ was 0.0089 kg C period⁻¹, N₂O was 0.016 kg N period⁻¹.

This paper presents the voltage stability analysis assessment of the Southern Sulawesi power system in Indonesia for the year 2020, considering the load increase every year, the addition of new power plants as well as the large additional load of smelter industries in the Bantaeng Regency. The voltage stability method used in this paper is the modal analysis method. Modal analysis method uses the Jacobian reduction matrix resulting from the Newton-Raphson power flow analysis. Modal analysis produces eigenvalues for each load bus in the system. The bus with the smallest eigenvalue becomes the focus in determining the stability of the system. Then bus participation factor is determined to obtain the most influential bus to improve the stability. The results of this study confirm that by 2020, the Southern Sulawesi power system will be in a stable condition, with the smallest eigenvalue of 5.8 in bus Pare-Pare while bus Barru has the highest bus participation factor.

Sungkai wood (Peronema canescens Jack) is one of the prominent materials used for the production of furniture and other decorative elements in Kalimantan and Sumatra due to its beautiful fiber and colour, and also fairly smooth texture. Since massive production, the waste resulted from the processing of sungkai wood is very abundant. The utilization of sawdust or wood shavings of sungkai still generates a relatively low value. In order to increase the value of sawdust of sungkai, this research was aimed to identify the characteristics and performance of bio-briquette produced from the sawdust of sungkai. This research was performed by evaluating the characteristics and performance of bio-briquettes produced from three concentrations (10%, 15%, and 20%) of glue material made from tapioca starch. The results show that, except for the volatile matter, all parameters of the characteristics and performance of the tested briquettes comply with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) of briquette products. The characteristics and performance of the tested briquettes at the lowest levels are follows: water content (4.52%; SNI: max 8%), ash content (4.36%; SNI: max: 8%), volatile matter (42%; SNI max: 15%), density (0.46 g/cm³; SNI: 0.45-0.85 g/cm³), combustion time (0.14 g/min), ignition time (2.5 second/g), and calorific value (5.889 kcal/kg; SNI: min 5000 kcal/kg). It requires the optimization of the carbonization process in order to reduce the volatile matter.

Jeneberang watershed management plays an important role to the function of Bili-Bili Dam as a multipurpose dam in maintaining year-round water availability (quantity and distribution), agricultural irrigation, water supply for the local freshwater provider (PDAM), demand on drinking water, and hydroelectric power plants in Gowa, Takalar, and Makassar. The study tried to answer the emerging problem of how to predict the hydrological state and water availability in the Jeneberang watershed throughout the year. This study applied the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model, a distributed model connected to the Geographic Information System (GIS) developed by Jeff Arnold for the USDA ARS (US Department of Agriculture - Agriculture Research Service). The hydrological model would be applied to evaluate a scenario of the climate change effects on the hydrology state. Understanding the watershed hydrological response to the changes in physics (land use) and climate (rainfall and air temperature) is an important component of water resource planning and management (Vorosmarty et al., 2000). One of the performance indicators for the watershed water balance is river discharge fluctuation (Surahman, 2016). The river regime coefficient demonstrates fluctuation in river discharge, a number showing the ratio between maximum discharge (Qmax) and minimum discharge (Qmin). SWAT model analysis showed the highest discharge (Qmax) of 30,805 m³/sec and lowest discharge (Qmin) of 994 m³/sec. The analysis employed the data of 2006 and 2009, resulted in the Nash-Sutcliffe (NS) Efficiency values of 0.65 (satisfied) and R² of 0.88 that in line with a study of Yusuf (2010) at the Cirasea watershed (0.74) and Junaidi (2011) at the Cisadane watershed (0.70). This value indicates that the SWAT method can predict the hydrological state of watersheds in Indonesia, including the Jeneberang watershed.

This study discussed the characterization of the different qualities of coal in Kalimantan. The chemical and physical characterization of Kalimantan coal aimed to find the level of coal quality through proximate, ultimate and calorific value analysis. Based on the results of the study, the coal obtained from PT. Kideco Jaya Agung (KJA) had a moisture content of 17.86%, a fixed carbon of 36.56%, ash of 2.94%, volatile matter of42.64%, carbon of 44.86%, sulfur of 0.079% and calorific value of 4468.65 cal/gram. PT. Indemix Coalindo (IC) had coals with the moisture content of 25.94%, fixed carbon of 32.48%, ash of 3.78%, volatile matter of 38.26%, carbon of 45.03%, sulfur of 0.436% and calorific value of 4462.67 cal/gram. Based on the results of the study, the efforts were needed to improve the quality of coal so that the coal collected could become an alternative energy-source with its highest quality and calorific value. Thus, it could compete in the international market.

Tamangapa landfill is main landfill in Makassar city. Some of significant problems arise from the Tamangapa landfil. One of them is environmental pollution caused by waste production. On the other side, the methane gas produced by organic waste can be used for electrical generation via waste power plant. This research examined the potential of methane gas production. It also studied the potential of electrical power generation based on sanitary landfill model. The prediction of waste amount had been done using linear regression method with SPSS software. Based on calculation, the cumulative methane gas production is 134,889.96 m3 in 2029. The cumulative electrical energy and power that can be generated are 1,065.63 GWh and 121.647 MW, respectively.

The river currents is one of renewable energy types. It can be utilized for electrical generation. This study discusses about design and testing of initial prototype of power plants based on river currents prime mover. The working principle of this prototype is to convert kinetic energy from water current into electrical energy. The prototype testing were carried out at several variations of river currents velocity: 0.6, 0.8, 0.9, 1.2 and 1.3 m/s. The testing at 1.3 m/s velocity produced 1300 rpm of generator rotational speed, 0.22 A of electrical current, 5.2 V of electrical output voltage and 1.14 Watt of electrical power output.

Cocoa plantations have ecological functions as carbon sinks and depositors. Cocoa absorbs CO2 during photosynthesis, then converts it to carbohydrates by storing it in the form of biomass in roots, trees, and leaves. The purpose of this study was to determine the carbon uptake of cocoa trees and tree growers, undergrowth, necromasses, carbon uptake at the root and carbon uptake in soils in several cocoa planting systems implemented in Bantaeng Regency, South Sulawesi. Sampling is done by a purposive sampling method with the basic consideration of the type, density and cropping system applied. Biomass estimation is used the non-destructive method by measuring the diameter at breast height (DBH, 1.3 m) and height of cacao and shade plants. Carbon storage in cocoa plants is distinguished by several cropping systems, namely K1 (monoculture harvesters) and K2 (multistrata harvesters). The results showed that carbon reserves in Bantaeng Regency were 32.38 tons/Ha.

Utilization of enceng gondok (Eichornia crassipes) and ketapang (Terminalia catappa) was to reduce phosphate levels in domestic waste. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the combination of E. crassipes and T. cattapa leaf extract in reducing phosphate levels in household wastewater and determine the optimal time that can be generated of the use of a combination of E. crassipes and T. cattapa leaf extract. The approach of this research is an experimental study that aims to treat domestic phosphate-containing wastewater, using small-scale wastewater installations with a simple process for the treatment of waste produced from households. The results of this study showed that the combination of E. crassipes and T. cattapa leaf extract effectively had a significant effect in reducing the value of phosphate content in the wastewater. While the optimal residence time in this study was obtained, a decrease in phosphate levels using a combination of E. crassipes and T. cattapa leaf extract occurred on the 18th day.

The Government of Indonesia is encouraging investments in renewable energy based power plants in Indonesia, including wind power plants (WPPs). Two large WPPs in the Southern Sulawesi interconnected power system are Sidrap WPPs and Jeneponto WPPs. Both Sidrap WPP and Jeneponto WPP are the largest WPPs in Indonesia and they account for significant contribution for the Southern Sulawesi power generation mix. Considering the intermittency characteristics of WPPs and system's failure probability, therefore it is essential to assess the system's stability after their integration. This work evaluates the frequency stability of the Southern Sulawesi interconnected power system with the integration of both Sidrap WPPs and Jeneponto WPPs.

This study aims to correlate fixed carbon content using proximate analysis and calorific value analysis of the South Sulawesi Mallawa Formation coal. The study was conducted at two locations, namely in the Massenrengpulu Region of Bone Regency and Pujananting Region in Barru Regency. The research method used is the collection of field data each using the channel sampling method (ply by ply), which represents the lower layer, middle layer and upper layer. Then a proximate analysis is performed to obtain a fixed carbon content and an analysis of the calorific value. The results of the analysis show that, coal in the Pujananting area shows a correlation between the percentage of fixed carbon and the calorific value has a very good correlation with the linear regression value of 0.9994. Similar to the Mallawa Formation coal in the Massenrengpulu area, the correlation of fixed carbon content and calorific value shows a very good correlation with a linear regression value of 0.9998. An increase in the percentage of fixed carbon in coal will be followed by an increase of calorific value. This increasingly shows a very strong correlation between fixed carbon content and calorific value in coal.

Now days, renewable energy is always being the interest thing to be studied, one of the examples of friendly environment renewable energy is briquette. In this study canary shell and coal were being the main materials for briquetting that would be made because canary shell assessed has high calorific value and not much cultivated and suitable to combine with coal to increase the calorific value, thus the beneficiation of canary shell as a mixture of coal briquette is being the purpose of this study. Research methods of this study were coal and canary shell carbonation grinded being the size 28 mesh, 65 mesh and 80 mesh, then conducted briquetting process with the starch and water as glue with the composition 125 gr: 25 gr: 50 ml and every size consist of four kinds of briquettes that are 100% canary shell, 100% coal, 50% canary: 50% coal and 75% canary: 25% coal. Those samples were analyzed the proximate contents, sulfur content and calorific value to find their quality. The result of this study shows that on proximate analysis, the concentrations of moisture, ash, volatile matter and fixed carbon of briquettes are varies greatly while on total sulfur analysis, the highest concentrations are dominated by 100% coal and the lowest are 100% canary in all sizes. Meanwhile on the calorific analysis, the briquettes with the size 65 mesh in all compositions are having higher concentrations than size 28 and 80 mesh which is from four kinds of those briquettes, the highest calorific value is 100% canary with a concentration is 6354 cal/gr and the lowest is 100% coal with a concentration is 5539 cal/gr) while for the mixing of canary and coal 50:50% is 6020 cal/gr and 75:25% is 6096 cal/gr.

Biodegradable foam (biofoam) is an environmentally friendly alternative packaging to replace Styrofoam. The aim of this research is to synthesize biofoam from blotong waste, obtain its characteristics and determine the economic feasibility of developing the produced biofoam product. This research was conducted with descriptive experimental methods and economic feasibility studies through NPV and PI calculations. The results of this study indicate that biofoam with the addition of a glycerol plasticizer of 15% w / w has the best characteristics, which contain water content (6.321%) and the lowest water absorption (17.181%) and tensile strength (6.7778 N / mm2) and elongity (174.5%) are higher when compared to styrofoam packaging. All biofoam can be completely degraded within 25-30 days. The addition of glycerol plasticizer generally affects the characteristics of the biofoam produced. Based on the results of the analysis of the economic feasibility study, the development of biofoam based blotong products is feasible (positive NPV; PI> 1).

Flyash waste is a result of coal combustion which can pollute the environment. The research aims to determine (1) how the effect of the variation of the percentage of Flyash as a partial substitute for cement on the weight of the concrete load, (2) how the variation in the percentage of Flyash as a partial cement substitute for the compressive strength of concrete, and (3) how does curing variation effect (treatment) on the value of compressive strength of concrete with Flyash as a substitute for partial cement. The research was conducted in the Laboratory of Building Materials, Structures, and Construction, Faculty of Architectural Engineering, University of Hasanuddin, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi Province. The method used in this study was an experiment by making concrete from Flyash class F waste from PT. Bosowa Energi Jeneponto Regency, South Sulawesi Province. Concrete samples were made in a total of 120 pieces for two types of curing, namely dry curing and water curing, four sample variations namely 0%, 30%, 50%, and 70% Flyash, weight testing and compressive strength of the samples carried out each of the three age of 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days respectively. The results showed that the average weight of the lowest concrete samples was in the variation of 30% Flyash for dry curing, which was 3.45 kg, and water curing was 3.61 kg, while the highest was in the 70% variation of Flyash for dry curing, which is 4.47 kg, and water curing is 4.61 kg. Based on variations of 0%, 30%, 50%, and 70% the compressive strength of concrete declined, namely 24.84 MPa, 22.16 MPa, 11.97 MPa, and 4.20 MPa, for dry curing, and 25.73 MPa, 22.93 MPa, 12.87 MPa, and 4.97 MPa for water curing. The effect of curing variations on the compressive strength of concrete is also increasing as the curing period increases, for dry curing 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, respectively 12.73 MPa, 13.33 MPa, 13.63 MPa, 15,07 MPa, and 22.16 MPa, for water curing, respectively 13.50 MPa, 14.09 MPa, 14.56 MPa, 15.84 MPa, and 22, 93 MPa.

Productions and utilizations of organic fertilizers originating from solid waste of super intensive shrimp farms to reduce the amount of wastewater released to the surrounding areas and its environmental impacts, are recommended to support both aquaculture and agriculture industries. This study was aimed to evaluate growth of natural feed (plankton and lablab) fertilized by organic fertilizer originating from super intensive shrimp farm and other different fertilizers. Completely randomized design was applied in this study with four treatments and three replications. The following treatments were urea + SP-36 + organic fertilizers originating from super intensive shrimp farm + isolated shrimp ponds bacteria ISO (A), urea + SP-36 + commercial organic fertilizer (B), Urea + SP-36 + chicken manure fertilizer (C) and control, (urea + SP-36) (D). The dosages of fertilizers were: urea 200 kg/ha, SP-36 100 kg/ha, and organic fertilizers (solid waste originating from super intensive shrimp farm, commercial organic fertilizer and chicken manure fertilizer) 2000 kg/ha. The measured variables were species composition and abundance of phytoplankton, biomass of lablab, and water quality. The results of this study indicated that treatments A and B resulted high in number of plankton genera, which was 19 genera, whereas treatments C and D only 10 genera. The highest mean abundance of plankter was found in Treatment A, which was 14,571 ind/L, followed by Treatment B, 9,489 ind/L; Treatment C was 8,717 ind/L and the lowest was found in Treatment D 5,066 ind/L. The dominant phytoplankton observed in this study was Oscillatoria sp. whereas the most observed zooplankton was Branchionus sp. The mean biomass of lablab produced from solid waste originating from super intensive shrimp farm was 4.35 g/100 cm² which was not significantly different (p>0.05) from Treatments B and C, but significantly different (p<0,05) from the control. The water quality variables measured during this study was within the acceptable values for natural feed productions.

Lightning strikes are one of the main causes of power outages that can result in dangerous conditions because of the high lightning strike current that may damage the electrical equipment. This study investigated the transient voltage of the Southern Sulawesi electricity system by considering the integration of 150 kV substations of Sengkang LNG and one wind power plant. Because of the integration plan, therefore it is necessary to analyse the impact of lightning strikes since it changes the network's structure. This research will simulate lightning strikes by modelling and analysing fluctuations during interference.

Coal deposits in Banti Village, Enrekang Regency, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia are geographically located at coordinates: 03°27'59.72" south latitude and 119°51'34.35" east longitude and are categorized as medium coal quality. This is evidenced by the results of several analysis that have been carried out. Microscopic analysis showed that there were three dominant minerals such as quartz, pyrite and clay. While the results of mineralogical analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD) coal in Banti Village show the contents of minerals such as quartz, illite, kaolinite, pyrite, and hematite. Proximate and total sulfur analysis of Banti coal was carried out in 3 samples, namely; sample ENRE-1A, ENRE-1C, ENRE-1D. Banti coal samples shows the average value of total moisture 2.29%, 13.79% ash content, 28.77% volatile matter, 55.83% fixed carbon, and 1.16% total sulfur content. ENRE-1A coal sample shows total moisture 3.20%, ash content 13.72%, volatile matter 27.57%, fixed carbon 55.52%, and total sulfur content 1.84%. ENRE-1C coal sample contains the lowest total moisture which is 1.68%, the highest ash content is 16.9%, volatile matter is 27.79%, fixed carbon is 53.76%, and total sulfur content is 0.92%. ENRE-1D coal sample showed total moisture content of 1.98%, ash content of 10.76%, volatile matter of 31.06%, fixed carbon of 65.2%, and total sulfur content of 0.70%. Analysis of calorific value of Banti coal samples respectively shows 6,785 kcal/kg for sample ENRE-1A, 6,794 kcal/kg for sample ENRE-1C, and 7,229 kcal/kg for sample ENRE-1D. Analyses of the three coal samples were carried out based on ASTM 1981. The presence of quartz, illite, kaolinite, pyrite, and hematite minerals in the coal samples affects the hight ash content in Banti coal. The sulfur content present on Banti coal is mainly due to the presence of pyrite. In general, the ash and sulfur content of Banti coal is classified as medium coal category. Banti coal has good quality for further study, especially coal seam ENRE-1D (coal seam containt hight calorific value and low total sulfur content).

The development of dairy cows outside Java is an alternative effort to increase the population and national milk production. Production produced by dairy cows in the form of milk production, livestock production, and livestock waste production into biogas and fertilizer. The presence of a dairy farming starting from the input, process, and output has formed a different mode of production. This study aims to analyze the coexistence mode of production based dairy cow supporting farming in producing biogas as renewable energy resources. The research location was conducted in Enrekang Regency from April 2018 to June 2019. Data collection was done through observation, in-depth interviews, documentation, and triangulation and then the data were analyzed descriptively qualitatively. The results showed that dairy farming could coexist with the production of Dangke and its derivative products, the business of selling calves and cows and the processing of livestock waste in the form of biogas which is controlled by modes of production subsistence and commercial without mutually killing. This shows that the capitalists who grow in dairy farming in Java are different in Enrekang Regency.

The dairy cow in Enrekang Regency not only produces the main product of fresh milk that is processed into "Dangke" (typical food of Enrekang Regency), but it is also able to produce by-products in the form of alternative energy. The purpose of this study is to analyze the potential of renewable energy by utilizing biogas on people's dairy farms. The study was conducted in Cendana Subdistrict, Enrekang Regency in May 2018 to Juni 2019. Data were collected using observation, interviews, and documentation with dairy farmers using a purposive sampling method and analyzed using quantitative descriptive. The results show that the potential for feces production over the past five years from 570 dairy cows can produce 11.402 kg/day. Thus, the biogas produced is 456 m3/day, considering that one cow can produce biogas of 2 m3/day and 1 m3 of biogas can be used equivalent to 0,62 liters of kerosene and 0,46 liters of LPG gas. Besides, the potential of biogas energy can meet the cooking needs of one family (4-5 people) for 190 hours or 8 days, considering that the energy contained in one m3 of biogas is 2,000-4,000 Kcal or equivalent to 3 hours. Biogas technology has provided many benefits including improving the health of breeders' families, used to process cow's milk into dangke and saving LPG gas expenditure expenses so as to be able to provide additional income for farmers, even though the value generated is not large enough, but the reduction in costs is enough to reduce the cost burden household issued every month.

The research aims to determine pollutant content in oil industry wastewater by using probiotic bacteria in reducing the content of pollutants in the palm oil industry. This study conducted in Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar and Health Laboratory Center (BBLK). The sample was determined using a random sampling method. The data were analyzed variance (ANOVA) method. The results of the research indicate that there are two types of bacterial isolates, namely, isolate A was Lactobacillus bulgharicus and isolate B was Lactobacillus plantarum. Probiotic bacteria isolated from cow's milk can reduce BOD content from 250.25 mg/L to 95.56 mg/L. COD value decreases from 530.25 mg/L to 245.81 mg/L. TSS value decreases from 420 mg/L to 232 mg/L. The initial fat content decreases from 30.25 mg/L to 21.65 mg/L. The initial measurement of value decreases from 7.5to 6. Biodegradationprocess of the palm oil industry wastewater with the addition of the probiotic bacterial isolates can reduce organic content and pollutant content of the liquid waste of the palm oil industry. The most effective rate of waste degradation is bacterial isolate Lactobacillus plantarum with McFarland 1.5

DNA isolation is a crucial step in the molecular analysis, which influences the quantity and quality of the DNA. The objective of this study was to determine the correlation between DNA quantitative and qualitative assays on Candlenut (Aleurites moluccana) DNAs. This study was carried out in February up to April 2019. The research procedures consisted of sample collection, DNA isolation using CTAB method and Qiagen DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (QDPMK kit protocol), DNA quantitative assay using Qubit 3.0 fluorometer, and DNA qualitative assay using horizontal electrophoresis. No positive correlation was detected between DNA quantitative and DNAqualitative assays. The quantitative assay observed that the isolated DNA using QDPMK yielded more DNAs than CTAB (<0.2 ng/µl). Meanwhile, DNA qualitative assay reported QDPMK had better DNA quality than CTAB

The study aims to analyze the effect of financial inclusion and macroeconomic indicators on financial system stability in Indonesia. The study uses secondary data obtained from Bank Indonesia, World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF) and other sources. The data used is a quarterly time series data from 2007Q1 to 2017Q4 in Indonesia. The method of data analysis is done by building an index to obtain the value of the index, a descriptive analysis of the movement of the index to describe the condition of Indonesia's financial system stability during the evaluation period based the index value obtained. Econometric validation of index by analyzing the effect of financial inclusion and macroeconomicindicators on the stability of the Indonesia's financial system using Error Correction Model (ECM). The movement of the index is fluctuating shows that in general financial system stability in Indonesia during the observation period is in the corridor of unstable conditions. The results show that financial inclusion in the short term does not affect financial system stability, but in the long run has a significant influence. GDP, IHSG and nominal exchange rate has a positive and significant influence in creating good financial system stability. The growth of the money supply (M2) has a negative and significant influence on the stability of the Indonesian financial system.

This article, proposing Quality Function Deployment (QFD) as a product and service design technique, can be used to make decisions. Implementation of the process is done by conceptualizing problems, collecting data, and analyzing and reporting results. In this process, the required product innovation as well as the needs of the employees, as internal organizational clients, are determined. These results are then used to design KPIs that relate to consumer perspectives as well as internal perspectives. This framework is manifested in a diagram called the House of Quality (HOQ). Nevertheless, as a tool developed from practical level, little theoretical and empirical reviews attempt to provide sufficient information to assure the benefits of QFD in the transport context. Therefore, we review the theoretical foundations that can be used to support QFD and present a number of empirical findings from the literature that can be used to evaluate the feasibility of QFD in the selection of modes of transport. Because it is a practical tool, QFD is rarely discussed through theoretical approach. QFD has no theoretical basis at all. However, it is important to support QFD from the relevant theoretical aspects to explain how this system can work in promoting the improvement of product and service quality.

The aim of this research is to understand the effects of katuk and gamal leaf supplementation on production and quality of milk at early lactation period. The research was conducted in dairy cattle husbandry, Enrekang, with completely randomized design consisting of 4 treatments and 4 repetitions, yielding totally 16 experimental units. The experimental diet was made of forage (60%), concentrate (25%), gamal leaf (15%), and katuk leaf (135 g, 155 gr, 175 g). The results showed that supplementation with katuk leaf significantly contributed to production of milk. The diet enriched with katuk leaf of 155 gr and gamal leaf of 15% (treatment P2) was evidenced to exert desirable effects on consumption and digestibility of the forage as source of fibers.

Using of asbuton modification asphalt is another alternative to increase mixing quality. Usually, asphalt the aim of asbuton modification to decrease asphalt penetration. For that, it is needed to see the benefit of using asbuton modification as the natural asphalt. In this research mix using 5 asphalt content variation that was 4.5%, 5%, 5.5%, 6%, 6.5%. 15 specimens made using asphalt penetration 60/80 with each asphalt content three specimen. Using asbuton modification (Retona) asphalt mix which was Marshall characteristic to determine the optimum asphalt content, VMA, VFA, VIM, stability, flow and Marshall Quotient. The experiment for optimum asphalt content result of asbuton modification (Retona) asphalts it was 5.5% the test result value in accordance with specifications of the effective asphalt content determination by the Department of Public Works 2006. According to optimum asphalt content for asbuton modification (Retona) asphalt obtained stability 2251.01kg, for the result above it can be stated that asbuton modification asphalt retona mix it can use to develop the quality of pavement course and increasing the stability of the asphalt that used in road pavement.

The problems that occur in Makassar City explain that the existing open green space does not meet the standards of the Ministry of Public Works PUPR, manipulated for urban scale, the proportion of green open space is 30% while Makassar City only has green open space of 13%. One of which is part of the green space is the greenway. The purpose of this study is to determine how the greenway model to support Makassar City as a Smart City. This research method uses quantitative methods proposed in the greenway model where data is collected by questionnaire and processed by statistical analysis techniques. The data is quoted using statistical analysis, namely Structural Equational Modeling or abbreviated SEM. The results of this study indicate that the Model Greenway as a support of Makassar Smart City has an elongated pattern to follow along the road, diverse vegetation, shady and neatly arranged, as well as land cover that is able to connect the air, maximize the aesthetics and constraints of roads and buildings, the availability of waiting places and bicycle paths and pedestrians, being a link to a larger, more comfortable and pleasant green space, the availability of street furniture and disability-friendly facilities, having good drainage channels and a well-organized electricity network, and providing road and pedestrian connections so as to provide security for pedestrians. This research can be made as a consideration in the planning and design of Makassar City to meet the needs of green space that can support Makassar City as a Smart City in terms of a Smart Environment.

The handling of acid mine drainage has so far been carried out chemically and physically so it is inefficient because it can cause new pollutants. Therefore, biologically, AAT countermeasures can use bioremediation techniques by utilizing sulfate-reducing bacteria (BPS) which are abundant naturally in sediments. This study aims to analyze the ability of sediments of mangroves in neutralists acid mine water, for analyze the optimum pH resulting from the sediments of mangroves in the neutralization of acid mine water, for analyze how reduced levels of sulfates, heavy metals mangan and iron produced, for analyze the type of mangrove sediments of the most good in the neutralization of acid mine drainage. Acid mine water samples were taken at PT. Walanae Sand, Lamuru Bone, mangrove sediments taken in the mangrove tourism area of Tongke-Tongke Sinjai. This type of research is an analysis using descriptive methods in the form of field data collection, sampling in the field and testing in the laboratory. The results showed that mangrove sediments are able to increase pH and reduce sulfate levels, can increase the pH value from 2.24 to 7.02, the optimum pH can be achieved by using sand mangrove sediments that are 7.02 on day 10. Reducing sulfate levels from 1,171 ppm to 0.625 ppm with using sand mangrove sediments on the 10th day, but can not reduce the content of manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) by using sand or mud mangrove sediments because the metal content in these sediments is higher than acid mine water. The best mangrove sediments in the neutralization of acid mine drainage are sand sediments because the time needed is faster in neutralizing the pH and reducing sulfate levels.

The geopolymer of fly ash (FA), rice straw ash (RSA) and laterite soil (LS) was prepared. The strength of the geopolymer mortar with the FA/RSA/LS percentage ratio of 41.67/16.67/41.67 was tested. The geopolymer was activated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Effect on air curing on compressive strength as well as the optimum mix proportion of geopolymer mortar was investigated. It is possible to achieve compressive strengths of 1.64 N/mm², 1.72 N/mm², and 3.22 N/mm², respectively for the 12 M sodium hydroxide-activated geopolymer mortar after 3, 7 and 28 days of casting when air cured. Results indicated that the increase in the curing period increased the compressive strength.

Climate is defined as the average size and variability of the relevant quantities of certain variables over a period of time with a period of time from monthly to annual or millions of years. This study aims to develop climate prediction models that are used for planning agricultural cultivation activities. The method used in predicting climate is Backpropagation Artificial Neural Network technique based on rainfall data in 1975-2018 in Pallangga sub-district, 1992-2018 in Bontomarannu sub-district and 1997-2018 in Bontonompo sub-district. The results showed that the climate classification according to Oldeman in Bontomarannu sub-district was in the B3 climate type suitable for planting rice crops twice and crops once a year while Pallangga sub-districts and Bontonompo sub-districts were in C3 climate type suitable for planting one-time rice crops and crops twice in one year.

The low quality of youth resources, the lack of optimal coordination between youth organizations and youth empowerment in Soppeng District so that researchers are interested in conducting more in-depth studies. This study aims to analyze strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in the implementation of youth empowerment programs and formulate strategies for implementing the Soppeng District Youth and Sports Service Youth Empowerment Program. This study uses the SWOT-AHP method with the descriptive translation then tabulated so as to give birth to a choice of strategies that are a priority or more important. The results of the study found that the strength (S), weakness (W), opportunity (O) and threat (T) groups in the four groups were higher (S) with a value of 0.4958 compared to weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, for threats with the lowest value is 0.0719. The global priority of 16 statements from each strength (S), weakness (W), opportunity (O) and threat (T), the highest value is a 0.5300 statement of weakness (W1) while the lowest value is a threat (T4) 0.0609. The priority groups that are the focus of strengthening the Soppeng District Dispora include the highest value of the SWOT group (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) while the factors that have the highest common values are (Weakness, Opportunity, Threat and Strength). The implementation of the youth empowerment strategy program in Soppeng Regency run by the Dispora is inseparable from the influences of various aspects, both from strength and weakness (internal) and Opportunities and Threats (external). But the choice of the right strategy for Dispora or things that need to be strengthened from the four strategies ST1, ST2, ST3 and ST4, namely ST1 (SO). Awaken young people about the importance of empowerment can be carried out through seminars and provide training on the importance of empowerment, but the youth as objects and subjects must be aware of themselves that the future will be a legacy for them as a youth, especially youth in Soppeng Regency.

Wastewater resulted from textile dyeing is an enormous pollutant around the world. Therefore, the existence of dyes, such as brilliant scarlet (BS), in the water environment, has to be removed. Mesoporous silica (MCM-48) was used to remove BS through the adsorption process. MCM-48 was hydrothermally prepared using co-surfactant of CTAB and Triton X-100 as a template. After being synthesized, the material was washed once and twice with HCl-ethanol to remove surfactants used. Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) were methods utilized to characterize MCM-48 materials. We studied the ability of washed MCM-48 materials (washed once, MCM-48-W1 and washed twice, MCM-48-W2) to remove BS from aqueous media with a variation of contact time, pH, and concentration. A UV-Vis Spectrophotometer was an instrument used for measuring the concentration of BS after adsorption at a wavelength of 505 nm. The adsorption isotherms of BS by washed MCM-48 materials were studied using Langmuir and Freundlich models. The result showed that the optimum time of BS by MCM-48-W1 and MCM-48-W2 was 60 min. The optimum pH adsorption of the dye by MCM-48-W1 was 6, whereas those by MCM-48-W2 was 5. The adsorption of BS by MCM-48-W1 and MCM-48-W2 obeyed the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The adsorption capacity of the former was higher than that of the later. This result showed that mesoporous materials that still had some surfactants are promising to be used as adsorbent of dye.

Pollution includes environmental problems that threaten major cities in Indonesia, especially those originating from motor vehicle emissions and the effect of noise on health. This study aims to determine how the impact of traffic volume with noise by looking at the functional aspects of buildings along the road. This study measured the noise and data collection of traffic volume on the Main street in the neighbourhood between the sub-districts of Manggala, Makassar. Data collection comes from primary data, namely, data from research results and secondary data, library search. The results of the data collection were obtained, namely the volume of vehicles higher on Friday, namely on the road of DR J Leimena, which is 531 units of vehicles, the lowest in the Bukit Baruga housing estate. The more vehicles, the higher the noise level. The results of noise measurements at the research location indicate that in the Bukit Baruga residential area the maximum range is 53 dB, on the LAN 63 dB and the road Dr. J. Leimena - Jalan Antang Raya is around 65 dB, referring to KEP.48/MENLH/11/1996, November 25, 1996. The results of the communication disruption questionnaire are quite disturbing to the community. This study concludes that the noise level prediction model is directly proportional to the volume of traffic and is influenced by factors of road conditions (flat and elevation) and the distance from occupancy to the road.

Harvesting rice conventionally is generally done using traditional tools. Many obstacles on harvesting using traditional tools such as fecal contamination, reduced the harvest. This research aimed to analyze the use difference between the Combined Harvester-CH and sickles, either from the cost side or labors and efficiency. The research was a case study of the paddy farmers who used CH with ten informants consisting of the chairman of farmer union, agricultural extension agent, operator of Combined Harvester, and farmers. The research results indicated that the use of Combine Harvester provided additional rice production of 275 kg rice/ha and an additional income of Rp.3,570,000. The efficiency level of rice harvest using human power was 5.27 kg rice/ha, while the efficiency of CH rice was 11,29. The CH machines were suitable to operate on tidal land and in brackish water. Harvester traditionally needed high waged workers, while some workers were no interested in working in the fields. Cultivating farmers preferred to use CH machines on their paddy farming. Meanwhile, the formers worked as the waged laborers in order to supplement their family income. The cost of the harvest using Ch machine was Rp. 1,800,000/ha while the cost of the conventional harvesting was 4,000, 000/h. However, the presence combine harvester machine could not take the position of the workers as paid workers or the labor power in the agriculture sector.

Pervaporation is currently used for brine water desalination. This high water salt content may impact the environment if it may not be treated. So, in this paper demonstrates the performance of organo-silca membrane to produce potable water from brine water. Organo-silica membrane was employed by sol gel process for 3 hours using tetra orthosilicate (TEOS) as precursor as well as dual catalyzed (organo catalyst/citric acid) and base (ammonia) on reflux temperature of 0°C. The molar ratios were 1:38:0.0007:5:003 for TEOS:EtOH:Citric Acid:H2O:NH3. Organo-silica membrane was applied in various artificial brine water (7.5-15 wt % NaCl) operated at 40 and 60°C as feed temperatures. The citric acid was chosen as carbon source to increase the carbon chains in the silica matrices. It was found that the water flux was increased as the feed temperature also increased from 40°C (1.27 kg.m².h⁻¹) to 60°C (1.55 kg.m².h⁻¹). Organo–silica membranes can produce water with a salt rejection of >90%.

The Waste tire is one of the largest waste contributors. Due to the abundant amount of waste tires that would require the proper way to utilize waste tires as an aggregate replacement in concrete. Crumb rubber is a fiber-shaped material, which is produced from shred or scrap of post-used tires from trucks. Tire Chips is a material that consists of small pieces of waste rubber tires. This study explores the ameliorative effects of rubber particles on some properties of concrete. The objectives of this work is to present the mechanical properties of concrete (compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and split tensile strength) with variations of crumb rubber + tire chips 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% on fine and coarse aggregate volumes. Two types of rubber particles (crumb rubber and tire chips) have been used in the rubberized concrete mixtures replacing partially natural aggregates. Cylinder-shaped test object with 100 mm in diameter and 200 mm in length. Compressive strength testing was conducted at 3, 14 and 28 days. While the modulus of elasticity and split tensile strength were tested at 28 days. The results showed that the weight of the concrete volume decreased by 3.5% in each addition of 10% crumb rubber + tire chips. Compressive strength and split tensile strength decreased with increasing the number of crumb rubber + tire chips in concrete. The decrease in compressive strength was 24% on the addition of up to 10% crumb rubber + tire chips, while the split tensile strength decreased by 16%. Adding more than 10% of crumb rubber + tire chips to fine and coarse aggregate volumes is not recommended.

Shear strength analysis of the reduced beam section (RBS) on the castellated beam with exterior connection aimed to analyze the structural elements to determine the shear force acting due to cyclic loading. The study was developed from the theory of moments due to shear forces based on the American Institute of Steel's Prequalified Connection Construction for Special and Intermediate Moment Frames for Seismic Applications (AISC 358-10). This study used an experiment of RBS on a castellated beam with an exterior connection model subjected to cyclic loading. The result shows that the shear strength occurred after the bending failure of the beam.

In the construction of the transportation network, road infrastructure is being developed intensively. Quality assurance is needed to prevent failure and ensure long performance. To measure the quality of road works, especially asphalt, can now use the laboratory version of the Lightweight deflectometer (LWD) tool developed by DGH. Lightweight deflectometer (LWD); which has been developed for evaluation of surface stiffness can be used to estimate the degree of compaction and produce modulus of elasticity. This a laboratory-based study aims to analyze the effect of asphalt mixture density (AC-WC) on deflection values and modulus of elasticity using laboratory version of the LWD and find the correlation between the modulus of elasticity of asphalt against variations in the height of the mashing load.

The orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) is a valuable food fish. To support the sustainable management of orange-spotted grouper fisheries, it is important to determine the optimum catchable size. The purpose of this study was to determine an optimal catchable size for the orange-spotted grouper stock in Kwandang Bay, North Gorontalo District, Indonesia. The Catchable size was determined based on the size at first sexual maturity, fecundity, and reproductive potential. The study was conducted from December 2016 to November 2017. The size at first sexual maturity was estimated based on the examination of gonads from 141 specimens, while fecundity was estimated based on a sample of 40 female fish with ripe gonads. The mean total length (TL) at first maturity was 40 cm. Fecundity ranged from 30,526 - 1,395,846 eggs with a mean of 687,025 eggs. The reproductive potential was highest in the size range of 55-64 cm TL. The recommended size for orange-spotted grouper is above 64 cm, to enable females to attain their maximum level of egg production before capture and thus contribute to maintaining the stock.

This research aimed to figure out the infrastructure effect on the poverty level in the Eastern Part of Indonesia. The developed research model applies an econometric approach i.e. simultaneous equation model using data panel of 16 provinces. The variables of the energy, housing, transportation, clean water, education, health, and telecommunication were used to measure the effects of the infrastructure whereas the growth and income inequality were used as the intervening variables. The result indicates that housing, clean water, and telecommunication have a negative and significant effect, while energy has a positive and significant effect on the poverty level. Indirectly, housing, clean water, education, and telecommunication variables have a negative and significant effect on the poverty level. In addition, energy and transportation have positive and significant effects on the poverty level. Another finding is improving economic growth in the Eastern Part of Indonesia causing more equal income distribution. However, it is not accompanied by poverty reduction.

This paper aimed to examine the indigenous culture of the Kanume tribe in the process of making Sagu sep as a medium for Papuan contextual science learning. This research was conducted in the Sota district of the Merauke Regency. The method used is descriptive qualitative research. The data collection technique is done through observation, literature study and in-depth interviews. The data obtained is then represented and interpreted in the concept of the heat exchanger. The results of the study show that there are scientific concepts that exist in the process of making Sagu sep and can be implemented in science learning.

Salt hydrolysis is a difficult subject matter for some students, due to the characteristic aspects of chemical concepts and aspects of the learning model. Overcoming the difficulties of these students, one of them uses POGIL (Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning) learning. The POGIL learning model does not direct students in documenting material, so it is accompanied by mind mapping and summary. The purpose of this study was to determine the differences of students' cognitive learning outcomes in the POGIL learning model by mind-mapping assignment between the students taught using the POGIL learning model with a summary assignment on salt hydrolysis material. This study used a quasi-experimental model with posttest only control group design. The results of this study showed that there were differences in cognitive learning outcomes which shown on the average value of students taught with POGIL learning models accompanied by assignments mind mapping higher compared to students who were taught with the POGIL learning model along with summary assignments.

This research aims to develop practical tools faraday effects that can be used as a medium for learning physics subjects in magnetic materials. The development method used is the Research and Development (R&D) method with the ADDIE model approach. The stages of this research are to Analyze, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. The tools and materials used are magnetic field sensors, 400 winding solenoids as induction sensors for test materials, Power Supply, 500x magnification USB microscope, CSV as data storage from sensors, Delphi 2007 as a hysteresis curve viewer. Product evaluation in the form of validation was carried out using an instrument in the form of a questionnaire filled by media experts with an average score of 93.94% so that it was in the excellent category and material experts with an average score of 86.05% so that it was in the very good category. The expected results of this study are. The results of the assessment of the effectiveness of the Faraday effect practicum tool, an N-gain of 0.67 was obtained that the average pretest was 48.0 and posttest 83.0. Based on the data above, this research shows that the development of the Faraday effect practicum tool is suitable for use as a learning medium.

Increased human activity in all sectors due to rapid development, often resulting in pollutants such as heavy metals that have an impact on the environment and one alternative is phytotechnology. This study aims to (1) Determine the seagrass's capacity to absorb lead (Pb) and copper (Cu), (2) Determine the optimization of seagrass, sediment, and seawater in absorbing Pb and Cu. This study was an experimental study carried out at the Hasanuddin University hatchery unit, Barrang Lompo Island, then analysis of Pb and Cu metal content in the Analytical Chemistry Laboratory of the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Hasanuddin University using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The results showed that Enhalus acoroides seagrass had capacity dal am absorbed Pb of 0.08 mg/kg at a concentration of 120 ppm, while dal am absorbed Cu of 0.65 mg/kg at a concentration of 2 ppm, so that this seagrass is more effective at absorbing Cu than Pb, the Pb optimum results in seawater at a concentration of 120 ppm at 3.04 mg / L and sediment at an concentration of 80 ppm at 29.30 mg/kg, while the optimum yield of Cu content in seawater and sediments, obtained at concentrations of 1 ppm and 2 ppm, namely 0.56 mg/L in seawater and at a concentration of 4 ppm is 29, 67 mg / kg in sediment. While the optimal absorption of Pb by seagrass occurs at low concentrations of 40 ppm and 80 ppm of 0.07 mg/kg. The same result was obtained in sediments, 29.22 mg/kg at a concentration of 40 ppm. While the optimum Pb content in seawater is at a concentration of 40 ppm of 1.26 mg / L.

This study aims to analyze the development of livestock farming in North Sulawesi Province, especially the border areas. This research was conducted using a survey method in the border areas in North Sulawesi Province, namely the Sangihe Islands, Talaud, Siau Tagulandang and Biaro. The data are then analyzed descriptively about the number and types of livestock farms managed by the community, and market opportunities for livestock products. The results showed that livestock farming is very likely to be developed in the border area. All traditional markets in the area sell animal husbandry products in the form of meat and eggs from the city of Manado. The existence of livestock farming is still lacking, so the Regional Government needs to program animal husbandry development through development policies in the area.

Water that flows in channels in free conditions is water that flows in open channels and comes into contact with free air. All flows that enter the open channel system are designed to flow by gravity. The Open channels can be divided into two types, namely artificial and natural channels. Open channels encountered in technical, semi-technical, and non-prismatic irrigation. Research is carried out in line Secondary Regional Irrigation Alitta village Bentenge Subdistrict Paleteang district Pinrang the channel reviewed is a secondary channel which has a different type of channel, namely pair stone channel, concrete lining channel, precast concrete channel, and soil channel which is influenced by 3 door openings, namely 20 cm opening, 30 cm opening and 40 cm opening.

This study aims to determine the effect of ocean acidification and temperature on growth, survival, and shell performance of fluted giant clam (Tridacna squamosa). Juvenile fluted giant clam put into an aquarium which is given a combination of CO₂ pressure treatment (415, 1000 and 1800 ppm) and temperature (30, 32, and 34°C). Measuring the length, width and height of the shell perform in every two weeks for five times. CaCO₃ content and shell strength was test at the end of the study. The best growth of shell length, shell width, and shell height in the treatment of CO₂ concentrations of 415 ppm and temperatures of 30°C were 23.28 mm, 11.51 mm and 0.69 mm respectively. Survival live also obtained in the treatment of CO₂ concentrations of 415 ppm and temperatures of 30°C and CO₂ concentrations of 415 ppm and temperatures of 32°C each of 100%. The strength of the shell and CaCO₃ content decreased in the treatment of CO₂ concentration and high temperatures. Higher concentration of CO₂ and increased temperature negatively affected the growth of length, width, survival of scales, reduced strength and the CaCO₃ content of shell.

The presence of slag as a result of waste from steel production annually increases. Researchers and environmentalists are very concerned to overcome this problem. Currently steel slag has been studied as a substitute for concrete compilers. The focus of this research is to utilize steel slag as a constituent of porous concrete in direct contact with acidic regions, in this case sulfuric acid and chloride. This test was carried out using 243 samples in testing the compressive strength, tensile strength and pore volume of concrete. Content of steel slag used is 0%, 50% and 80%. In the compressive strength test results for normal curing, sulfate curing and chloride curing showed an increase of 6.49%, 5.71%, 8.28% in the 50% slag content and 10.81%, 10.29%, 17.20% in the 80% slag content. Then in the tensile strength test showed an increase of 7% to 11% in the 50% slag content and 16% to 17% in the 80% slag content. As for the pore volume, the value is in range from 17% to 19%. These results indicate that slag can be used as a substitute for aggregate on porous concrete with compressive strength ranging from 10 MPa to 19 MPa.

Acid mine drainage (AMD) contains a high concentration of various heavy metals and have low pH levels. In this study, the comparison between the use of natural zeolite and synthesized zeolite for Cu²⁺ removal in AMD was conducted. The adsorbent of natural zeolite was prepared through a chemical activating method by adding NaOH. While, synthesized zeolite was made from coal fly ash using a two-step method, fusion, and hydrothermal process. The AMD used in this study was artificially designed with the concentration of Cu²⁺ 100 ppm and pH ± 3. The adsorption experiment was carried out using a batch method to observe the influential parameters such as adsorbent dosage, contact time, adsorbent isotherms, and kinetics. The result show that the removal efficiency of Cu²⁺ for natural zeolite and synthesized zeolite was 98,16% and 93,98 % with optimum adsorbent dose 1,5 g/l and 21 g/l, respectively. The optimum contact time for both adsorbents was 120 minutes. The Langmuir isotherm model fitted the adsorption for synthesized zeolite and natural zeolite, with the maximum sorption capacity of 23,8 mg/g and 30,03 mg/g, and the kinetics model of pseudo-second-order and pseudo-first-order. The result of this study that the good adsorption effectivity synthesized zeolite. Furthermore, both natural zeolite and synthesized zeolite have great potential as a sustainable and economical material for heavy metal removal ion Cu²⁺ in wastewater.

This study aims to determine and analyze the flexural behavior of the double straight notch joint beam column exterior due to lateral cyclic load. There are 3 (three) scale test specimens, BK monolith, SBK type 1 and SBK type 2. The joint model on the beam is a double straight notch and uses the method of mechanical connection and grouting. Loading with alternating lateral loads assumed as cyclic loads. Testing and analysis using the Displacement Control Method with the standards of the European Convention for Constructional Steelwork (ECCS) 1986. The results showed that the stability of SBK type 1 and type 2 specimens in terms of the characteristics of the hysteresis loop curve had a curve similar to BK monolith. The greatest displacement in compressive conditions occurs in SBK type 2 while drag conditions occur on monolithic BK. From the results of the study, it is also known that lateral loads are directly proportional to displacement, where the higher the lateral load is borne the greater the displacement experienced and vice versa. The displacement ductility that occurs is the partial ductility in type 1 SBK = 0.971 monolithic BK while SBK type 2 = 1.047 monolithic BK. Based on the results of studies of some of these behaviors, type 2 SBK has more advantages than type 1 SBK so that the results of SBK type 2 analysis can then be used as validation of monolithic BK.

City open space is an open space within a city, commonly used for parks, green spaces, and other open areas. The landscape of the city's open space can range from playing fields to highly maintained environments to relatively natural landscapes. In Palangkaraya city, there are many vacant open spaces located in flood-prone areas near a river stream. It has a significant function for the city environment, however, most of them are occupied illegally for settlements. Palangkaraya city is a small-medium city located in Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. The city is surrounded by forest 285,349.28 hectares while the size of the city itself is 168,000 hectares with a population of 376,647 people. According to Burgess, a small-medium city is a city with a population of more than 100,000 people but a little bit less than the minimum number of the population categorized as a medium city which is 500,000 people. The use of the vacant open spaces in flood-prone areas in such a small-medium city like Palangkaraya city is mainly for environmental function. This research will measure scientifically the use of the vacant open spaces in flood-prone areas for environmental function, hence city policy on the development of city open spaces can be formulated to increase benefits from the existence of city open spaces within a small-medium city.

This research study discusses the modulus of elasticity of concrete using abaca fibers. The addition of abaca fiber to concrete mix is done with the composition of abaca fiber 0% (normal concrete), 0.15%, 0.20%, 0.25% with a fiber length of 50 mm. Concrete cylindrical specimens (100 mm x 200 mm) with each variation of 3 cylinders with a total of 12 specimens tested after the specimens reached 28 days in a Universal Testing Machine (UTM) and evaluated through the ASTM standard in testing concrete compressive strength. Concrete compressive strength test results with variations in length of 50 mm with a fiber volume of 0.15% produces an elastic modulus of 23057.14 MPa. For a volume of 0.20% the modulus of elasticity is 19575.44 MPa. Then for the fiber volume of 0.25% the modulus of elasticity is 17104.90. Normal concrete modulus value 20058 Mpa. From these results it can be concluded that the more fiber volume, the smaller the modulus of elasticity. The modulus of elasticity of abaca fiber concrete with a fiber length of 50 mm and a fiber volume of 0.15% is the best and gives an increase of 14.96% to normal concrete.

The design and construction of the coupling beams remain challenging due to the presence of large reversed-cyclic nonlinear rotation demands combined with large shear forces. One way to increase the shear strength of a coupling beam is to use fiber. The purpose of this research is to determine the shear strength for coupling beam using annealed wire fiber. Two coupling beam test specimens measuring 20 cm x 40 cm with a length of 115 cm with a ratio of L_n / h is 2.875 with the details of 1 coupling beam without fiber (CB-1) and 1 coupling beam with fiber (CBF-1). Annealed wire fiber used in research with diameter (D) 0.8 mm with fiber length (L) 48 mm (L / D ratio is 60) with fiber composition 0.75% of volume. The results show the Shear strength of coupling beam using fiber increases by 58% from normal concrete shear strength. Also, the shear strength of the coupling beam in SNI 2847:2013 is 0.67 and 0.42 of the experimental shear strength of normal CB and annealed wire fiber CB so that the design of the coupling beam based on SNI 2847:2013 can be used as a reference in planning earthquake resistant building structures.

A study was conducted on the identification of the group of compounds from from n-hexane and chloroform extract of bark of M. umbelatta (Houtt.) Stapf var. Vicenia (Houtt.) and its activity test against dengue antiviral causes dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). The method used through several stages are maceration gradually starting from n-hexane and then followed chloroform, to stem bark powder M. umbelatta (Houtt.) Stapf var. Vicenia (Houtt.). Phytochemical test was done to know the group of compounds in each extract. In both extracts tested its activity against dengue virus. From the phytochemical test it is known that the n-hexane extract contain terpenoid, steroids and alkaloids, while in chloroform extract contain of steroids and alkaloids. From this study it was found that n-hexane and chloroform extracts were very active against dengue virus with IC₅₀ values of 2.39 and 2.34 μg/mL. Thus, n-hexane and chloroform extracts can be used to help cure of Dengue Fever (DHF) disease

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) are porous materials that have an active binding site and can recognize specific target molecules. MIP synthesis was carried out by precipitation polymerization method using toluene as a porogen solvent and stigmasterol molecule as a template molecule. The synthesized NIP and MIP were characterized using FTIR and SEM-EDS. The ability of MIP adsorption on Stigmasterol was determined by concentration measurements using UV-Vis. The results of the characterization using FTIR showed that the functional groups that influence the formation of NIP and MIP are -OH, -CH, C=C, and -C=O. Characterization using SEM shows that the surface morphology of MIP is rougher than NIP. Characterization using EDS showed that there was a decrease in mass% by 2.54% and C% atom by 2.08% in MIP after extracting the Stigmasterol molecule. The ability of MIP adsorption on stigmasterol was 0.204 mg/g, while the ability of NIP adsorption on stigmasterol was 0.040 mg / g. The ability of MIP adsorption to stigmasterol molecules is better than NIP. Therefore, MIP can be used as an adsorbent to adsorb stigmasterol in sample extracts.

Fisheries ports are the main base in capture fisheries industry activities which must be able to guarantee the success of fishing activities in the sea . This research aims to form the structure of the proper utilization of the regional infrastructure in order to increase the activities of Untia Nusantara Fisheries Port . The analytical method was used to determine the formulation of the right utilization strategy for the regional infrastructure to increase the activities of Untia Nusantara Fishery Port; this analysis is called force analysis. The research results indicated that the inactivity of Untia VAT to utilize the infrastructure availability, when viewed from the Fishery Port and based on the Regulation of the Ministry of Maritime and Fisheries of the Republic of Indonesia, for the Untia VAT infrastructure was still not available, such as the station of refueling, sewage treatment systems, and availability of clean water facilities

Residents of Majene Regency especially young people today like to access information sites on the internet so digital media literacy skills were needed among young people. The research aims (1) to review and describe the digital media literacy level in the Majene Regency and (2) to review and describe the relationship of digital media literacy level and regional hierarchy development of Majene Regency. The research was classified as explanatory research with a quantitative approach. Determination of samples by probability sampling. Data were collected with a questionnaire and document study method. The data were then analyzed using the scoring method with Likert's scale and scalogram analysis with Gutmann's scale. The research results indicated that in general digital media literacy's young level in the Majene Regency was classified as moderate, the capacity of their technical skills was categorized as high, their critical understanding capacity, as well as their communicative abilities, were categorized as moderate. The correlation between the development of the Majene Regency area the literacy level of the youth has a significant correlation. The regions which have a higher hierarchy in digital media literacy of the youth would be categorized as high, while the regions which had a lower hierarchy in digital media literacy would be categorized as low.

A livelihood strategy is fundamental in the lives of residents, including torani fishermen as an effort to survive or improve their standard of living. The sustainability of the torani fishermen's livelihood pattern is related to the social formation in the mode of production (production power and production relations) that takes place. This research aims to analyze the relationship between the mode of production with a livelihood strategy that is carried out for the sustainability of torani fishermen in Takalar district. This research develops a pospositivistic paradigm of descriptive research through a qualitative method using a case study design. Data was collected and analyzed according to the instructions of qualitative research through three stages of activities, namely 1). Data reduction 2). Data exposure and 3). Conclusion and verification. The results of the study indicate that the mode of production that takes place in the torani fishing community is the capitalist mode of production and the non-capitalist mode of production, where the capitalist mode of production dominates the non-capitalist mode of production. The two modes of production provide different income results and become the basis for making a choice of livelihood strategies. Some choices of livelihood strategies that have been carried out are survival strategies, consolidation strategies, accumulation strategies and diversification strategy