Youth potential in developing marine tourism and reducing destructive ecological changes on remote island

The research aims to find out 1) the types of marine tourism found in Balobaloang Island, 2) the youth potentials found in Balobaloang Island. This research is mixed-method by using qualitative approaches and quantitative approaches with sequential exploratory models. Data were analysed by using analysis model 3 A (attraction, amenity, and accessibility) tourism product offering and Likert Scale Questionnaire, which was processed using descriptive statistics and in-depth interviews. The time of this study began April until July 2019 in Balobaloang Island, Pangkep Regency. Research results show 1) In terms of attractions there are 11 remote islands in the Balobaloang Village area, 5 inhabited islands and 6 uninhabited islands which are potential to be used as marine tourism such as mangroves, beaches, snorkeling, and diving spots, in terms of accessibility of the island is 14 hours from Makassar and 17 hours from Pangkep Regency even though the facilities and infrastructure available are still limited in this island. 2) Since 2014 until 2019 around 20,83% of youth aged 16-30 years from a total population of 240 young people work as employees on the tourism industry in tourist areas of Labuan Bajo, Lombok, Papua, and Bali. From the survey results of the youth potential of Balobaloang Island in the tourism sector, most of the 72% good potential. Tourist ship competencies have an appropriate score of 78%. Experience competencies have an appropriate score of 68%. Leadership competencies have a slightly appropriate score of 42%. Furthermore, Social competencies have an appropriate score of 60%.


Introduction
Indonesia has wonderful natural resources and cultural diversity. This holds great potential for tourism. Indonesia is the largest archipelago country in the world which have ocean area of 6.4 million km 2 , coastline length of 108,000 km 2 (the second-longest in the world after Canada),± 17,504 islands and natural beauty of Indonesia as the center and triangle of the world's coral reefs (Coral Triangle) is supported by a very high diversity of marine biodiversity (590 species of coral, 2,507 species of reef fish, 12 species of seagrass, 34 species of mangrove, 1,512 crustaceans, 6 types of sea turtles, 850 species of sponges, 24 types of marine mammals [1,2]. The sea, coastal area, and small islands in Indonesia have the potential to be developed by focusing on special interest tourism such as scientific diving, conservation tourism, educational tourism, cultural tourism, underwater photography tourism, and other diverse tourism [3]. Having a warm tropical climate and the sun shining all year, the sea, coast, and small islands is an ideal place for all types of marine tourism activities (sunbathing, diving, snorkeling, fishing, surfing boats, boating, yachting, parasailing, cruising, marine parks, whale watching, etc). Tourism potential in the coastal area and small islands in Indonesia certainly cannot be managed and developed only by the government or other formal institutions by considering the limited resources exist [4]. These limitations are needed by the people who are able to manage development tourism and to realize sustainable tourism, and one of them is youth [4].
As an essential asset in tourism, youth should have a significant role in the development of tourism in Indonesia [4]. With their competencies and qualifications, the youth potential is able to be a part of the development process and management of tourism by independent, creative and committed, it is necessary to develop policies and strategies that encourage community economic improvement [5] by developing the potential of small islands and coastal islands through youth participation [6]. Certainly, one of them is how the potential of youth as an opportunity in developing marine tourism in one area of islands in the Liuakang Tangaya District, Pangkejene, and Kepulauan Regency, namely Greater Balobaloang Island.
Greater Balobaloang Island (Pulau Balobaloang Besar) is on the northwestern end of the diminutive Sabalana Archipelago (Kepulauan Sabalana) Pangkep Regency, roughly half away between the much larger main Indonesia islands of Sulawesi to the north and Sumbawa to the south. The archipelago is about 200 km from both, and in the southern part of the Strait of Makassar on the edge of the Flores Sea [7][8][9]. Since its beginning in 1999s, 2003, 2005, and 2008 many researchers were focused on the physical and biological impacts of destructive fishing and the condition of the surrounding reef in Balobaloang Island and the social and economic impacts and adaptations by local fishers with the decline in the fishery [10]. Besides the ecological changes in the area, the tourism potential of the area that can be opportunities to maximize the participation of people who are starting to lose their livelihoods, due to damage to coral reefs and reduced fishing catches. Specifically, the present study seeks to determine: (i) the types of marine tourism; (ii) the potentials carried out by members of the community, especially young people, in supporting the development of marine tourism potential in Balobaloang Island.

Research Method
The present study was a mixed-method using a qualitative approach and quantitative approach with sequential exploratory models [11] to explore and describe the marine tourism potentials and the youth potentials. Field data collection was carried out through observation, local government documents, questioners and in-depth interviews with respondents. In particular, this study focuses on the potential of younger men as opportunities for developing marine tourism on Balobaloang Island by using a Likert Scale (LS) [12][13][14][15] (see Table 1). The sample of LS is used 50 younger men aged 16-30 years old who have been working on tourism industry. To measure the youth potentials were used four indicators competencies (tourist-ship competencies, experience competencies, leadership competencies, and social competencies) of young men, which were processed using descriptive statistics [16][17][18]. This research was conducted since April until July 2019, on Greater Balobaloang Island (Pulau Balobaloang Besar/Lompo), one of five islands comprising the Village of Balobaloang and of over thirty islands which make up the District of Liukang Tangaya, the remoteness islands in the Regency of Pangkajene and Kepulauan, in the Province of South Sulawesi. These islands, or, more appropriately, coral islets, comprise the Sabalana Archipelago (Kepulauan Sabalana) and are spread across two adjacent coral reefs or atolls in the Flores Sea and are bordered on the south by the Province of West Nusa Tenggara [7,8]. As one of the closest islands to the government seat of Pangkajene, it takes around 14 hours by ferry to reach Balobaloang Island from the Soekarno-Hatta port of Makassar (see Figure 1).

Greater Balobaloang Island Profile
Greater Balobaloang Island (Pulau Balobaloang Besar) is included in the village area of Balobaloang. Indeed, this village has 11 islands, including five inhabited islands namely Balobaloang Lompo Island (Pulau Balobaloang Besar) it self as the capital city of the village, Balobaloang Caddi Island, Sumanga Island, Longkoitang Island, and Pelokkang Island. While the six islands are not inhabited, namely Sarege Island, Manukang Island, Sanipa Island, Sadolangan Island, Pelokang Caddi Island, and Bangkoabankoang Island, this village has an area of 125 km² with a land area of 22.95 km² (see Figure 1). Geographically, Greater Balobaloang Island is located at cordinates 118°51'39,92" E and 6°35'18,35" S, 112 miles to the southwest of Makassar [7]. The island is bordered with the Makassar Strait to the north, Sabalana Village to the south, Sabaru Island to the west, while to the east bordering with Balobaloang Caddi Island and Sumanga Island. In addition, Balobaloang Island according to Ammarell [7] has an area of 120 hectares with the leghth area, 1,9 km² and the wide area, 0,9 km².
The population of Balobaloang Island is 917 people with 240 head of families which consist of 461 males and 456 females (primary data 2019). They are generally ethnic of Bugis and Makassar. Recently, the main livelihood of the population in Greater Balobaloang Island as fishers, shipbuilders, fish processors, laborers and merchants more recently many have joined the sector that provides services to tourists. In brief, marine resources play a significant role in the constellation possible livelihoods of residents of Balobaloang.

Marine Tourism Types of Balobaloang Island
Marine tourism has been define widely. [19] states that marine tourism includes recreational activities that involve travel away from one's place of residence and which have their host or focus the marine environment. It seems to [20] by referring to Oram's notes marine tourism included swimming in the ocean,cruising, sea fishing, enjoying sea views, visiting an island staying at marine resort, visiting port or, sea village, marine sport and marine use, marine health activities (e.g.,a hot sand bath and mudpack), marine ecotourism, and enjoying sunrises or sunsets in marine locales. Many tourist destinations are located near the coastal area, and recreational activities by the seaside are prevalent. Marine tourism activities in this period consisted of beach activities including swimming, diving, and surfing [19,21]. In line with in Balobaloang Village, based on Marine and Fisheries Agency of Pangkep Regency [22] show that the islands covered by mangroves, sands, coral reefs, seagrass, vegetation and cultivation area. These islands included in Balobaloang Village offer a wide range forms of recreation to be used as marine tourism such as sea walking, sea views, beaches, swimming, sea fishing, snorkeling and diving spots, and also special tourism interests such as tracking activities.
On the other hand, Middleton [23] states that the tourist is concerned the product covers the complete experience from the visitors from the time he leaves to the time he return to it'. Further, He added the quality of tourism products is divided into three components including attraction, facilities at the destination, and accessibility of the destination. However, this research just pay close and describe attention to the components related to attractions, accessibilities, and amenities factors from the area of Greater Balobaloang Island.

Attractions.
Tourist attractions can be defined as anything that can attract tourists to a tourist destination. Pendit in his 1994 book "Tourism Science" defines tourist attractions as everything that is interesting and worth visiting and seeing [24]. Furthermore, there are several tourism destination spots in Baloabaloang Village, especially in Greater Balobaloang Island that covered beautiful beaches, sunrise and sunset views, snorkeling and scientific diving spot, camping area, and also shipbuilding center. The finding of this study support the concept of tourist attraction by Nyoman [25] marine tourism activities that take place on beaches, or coastal areas that become unique as tourist attractions.

Amenities.
Amenities refers to the facilities used to obtain pleasure, for example: accommodation, cleanliness and hospitality (tangible and intangible products). This component cannot be separated from the infrastructure component, which guarantees the availability of complete facilities [24]. Unfortunately, the infrastructure facilities available are inadequate on this island, especially telecommunication and electricity. The situations make quite difficult for villagers to communicate with the rest of the regency or other area. However, there are still many facilities that are lacking or in need of repair. The electrification of the island is currently incomplete almost one decade. Also, in information and technology networks, telecommunications signals that are still limited access to this island, but clean water still available on this island and another facilities such as mosque, school, BWT (bathroom, washing room, toilets), and Unhas Marine research homestay.

Accessibilities.
Accessibility factors, which refers to the ease of access to facilities, which is sometimes overlooked by tourists when planning trips. Accessibility also includes transportation facilities and travel routes [24]. One of the most striking aspects of life on Balobaloang Island is the distance of the island from the nearest city. To reach this island is around 14 hours from the Port of Soekarno-Hatta, Makassar. Otherwise, the vast distance between Balobaloang Island and the seat of government in Pangkajene Kepulauan Regency, almost 17 hours by PELNI, a passenger ship. However, The accessibility of the island is close enough to be visited by visitors from Labuan Bajo. It needs 8 to 10 hours by ship. The results show that the accessibility to the island is quite far from the seat of Pangkep Regency and Makassar City.

The Profile of Youth in Balobaloang Island
The number of human resources (especially youth) on Balobaloang Island is quite potential. This potential is 240 people from the population of Balobaloang Island 917 people based on the local government documents of Balobaloang Village (primary data 2019). There are 120 men and 120 women. If this asset is managed maximally through tourism development opportunities, surely it can make the tourism sector one of the efforts to alleviate ecological and socio-economic problems that occur on Balobaloang Island almost three decades [8]. In Table 2 shows the young people's education and their working currently in Balobaloang Island.  It can be seen on the Table 2, the socio-demographic characteristics of the young people of Balobaloang Island. In terms of education the majority of the youth education is primary education (37%), followed by secondary education (32%) and (23%) and some of them have a bachelor degree (4%). While 2 % of the young men did not have a school. Regarding to the current occupations or, profession the majority of youth, the main group was ship crew (33%) followed by student, representing (27%), house-wife, representing (17%), unemployed, representing (6%), fishfinder and entrepreneur, representing (4%), teacher, representing (3%), Village employee, representing (2%) and others, representing (1%) are mechanic and midwife/nurse. In brief, the youth are balanced in term of gender. Other characteristics of youth vary. They are generally have primary education and working on tourist ship and cargo ship.

Youth Potencial of Balobaloang Island
Based on the primary data of the study, since the last five years (2014-present) approximately fifty young men from Balobaloang have become employed in the tourist industry activities, especially tourist ships in Labuan Bajo, Lombok, Papua and Bali. They work on tourist boats as captains, engineers, and crew members.  Regarding to the current job of the respondents, the main group of them were tourism employee representing (20,83). The main age group was 21-25, representing (56%). The next two groups were 26-30 (38%) while 16-20 (6%). The majority of the respondents have secondary education (52%) and (36%), followed primary education (10%). The last group only accounted for a bachelor degree with a percentage of (2%). In brief, the respondents are generally classified 21 and older, when education representing primary education.
According to McClelland [26][27][28] propose the term "competency" and indicated that intelligence (i.e knowledge and skill) is not the only factor to the determine job performance. He added that attitude cognition and personality traits are also the underlying factors needed. Therefore, deal with this study to measured the competency of the young men in Balobaloang especially in their ability or, potency in the tourism industry not only measuring to their personal knowledge but also to their personal traits. Furthermore, to measured the competencies are using a Likert scale questionnaire model whose indicators are tourist-ship competencies, experience competencies, leadership competencies, and social competencies of the young men. Based on the analysis of the youth comptencies of Balobaloang Island in the tourism sector indicated that most of the 72% have an excellent score (see Figure 2). The finding of this inconsisten with the research of Kaslam [18] and Susantiningrum [17] that the high potency of youth greatly influence by the quality of the motivation and strategic concept in developing their competency. Labour in tourist ship recruit directly for what a considered skilled workers such as captains, chiefs, engineers, tourist guidance, managers and so forth [29]. In addition, the labour get better working conditions and larger, more realiabel salaries. The teams of men from Balobaloang got broader, more useful experience, skills in the service of management, foreign language acquisition, hosptalilty in particular their tourist ship competencies. Based on research instruments, tourist ship competencies have a good score from the respondents. Tourist ship competencies are calculated with the parameters of the ability of youth either soft skills or hard skills on the ship, which the ability to operate a tourist ship procedures, English language skills, and tourist guidance competencies. From the results of the study, it is known that the tourist ship competencies of youth Balobaloang Island have an appropriate score of 78% (see Figure 3). The finding of the study is deal with Chien and Lin [27] research that the tourist competencies is needed as professional competencies as part of tourist product that tourist ship competencies can influence on service quality of tour guiding and improving tourist satifisfication and knowledge and skills characterizing the professional competencies. Garman and Johnson [28] note that experience is related to term of duration and number of assignments handeled. Further, this refers to the length of time in working in their fields, tourist ship industry. In this context, the competency from respondents is measured by using the parameters of the working in period whole this time in the sector, their experience assigments handeled on the ship, and also they worked for more than one tourism industry company. Youth potential in the tourism sector, experience competencies had a slightly appropriate value of 68% (see Figure 4). This results support the finding of Gunasti [30] who explain that someone with more experience stored in his memory can easily develop a good understanding of event and they can be good at making decisions. Even more, the young people of Balobaloang with 3-year experience of course have professional attitude, commitment to the organization's performance in tourism. One of the indicators to show youth potential is leader competencies. Khalil et al., [31] describe leader competencies relate to the ability of individuals to lead a community or organization. In addition, he notes that proficiency, skill, and responsibilities in leader competencies and be able to effectively enhance job function and performance [32]. From the context of the study, the leadership

SOCIAL COMPETENCIES
competency is measured by using their job positions, management, and certificate of proficiency. From the survey results, it is known that the youth competency leader of Balobaloang Island is 42% slightly inappropriate (see Figure 5). The findings provide that a leader capable of young people have a big role in their competencies. Extension worker of youth who posses the desire to lead, may enhance their skills and abilities required for the leadership competencies that might influence their performance and success to achieve a common goal. Muhyi and Herwan [33] argue that social competencies is refer to ability to get along, sociable, self-confidence, sympathy, and empathy for other people. Cetinkaya and Oter [34] social components is also concerned with his or her own responsibility for the cohesion morale of the touring party. As the capital of the skills of the young men in Balobaloang Island also play an important role in their competencies. In this case, social competencies are measured by using networking or connections relationship parameters that are owned, trust, and ability to work in groups, so based on the results of the assessment of this ability has an appropriate value of 60% from respondents (see Figure 6). These finding argue consisten to the research of Susantiningrum [17] that with a good social competencies, the youth can establish and develop his business networking quickly. Furthermore, it relates to the networking/connection that they have to. The broader networking is possibility for businesses growing in future. In brief, social interface a young people from Balobaloang between the visitors plays a vital to their competencies.

Conclusion
The youth competencies of Balobaloang Island in the tourism sector, most of the 72% has good potential. Particularly, as can be seen from figure 4,5,6, and 7 for youth competencies, their tourist ship competencies are the significant number of competency, followed by social competencies, leadership competencies and experience competencies. Consequently, competencies could potentially be used to integrate and link an organization's main human resource process in Balobaloang such as extension performance management, training and leadership development, succession planning and rewards to the tourism extension and coastal development strategy. It also concludes that competencies are tools that can help extension organisation to focus on developing the human capital. Absolutely, when competencies are used within an organisation they can serve as a road map to human resource practices and encourage organisation to identify these competencies to improve extension youth participation. In other words, the island of Balobaloang has several marine tourism potentials such as beautiful beaches, white sand, sunset, and underwater park. The potential of the area that can maximize the participation and opportunities to develop marine tourism in Balobaloang Island of young people who are starting to lose their livelihoods, due to damage to coral reefs and reduced fishing catches in the area.