Table of contents

INTRODUCTION OF The 3^rd ICoBio 2019

It is undeniable that Biosciences play a pivotal role in every aspect of life. Currently, biosciences have been translated into various inter and trans-disciplinary fields which in turn lead to practical solutions to global issues occurs in the disruptive era of industrial revolutions 4.0. Indeed, today we are facing serious issues including food and feed security, energy scarcity, healthcare issue, global warming, and others. Integration of biological field with engineering, information technology, economy, and social sciences may serve as potential strategies to combat such challenging issues.

The International Conference on Biosciences (ICoBio) is a biannual international conference organized by the Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Indonesia, since 2015. This conference is designed to facilitate academicians, researcher, students, and practitioners related to the field of biosciences worldwide to gather and share information, ideas, knowledge, and research results as well as to strengthen research network and collaboration in a fruitful scientific environment. The 3rd ICoBio 2019 was taking the theme "Innovation in Biosciences towards Industrial Revolution 4.0". The 3^rd ICoBio 2019 was held on August 8^th, 2019 in Bogor, Indonesia. This conference was intended to gain insight into current trends in research and development related to biology, such as interdisciplinary approaches that are important for understanding the biology and its applications. This 3^rd ICoBio 2019 event also became the framework of an existing collaboration between Department of Biology, IPB University with Kasetsart University, Thailand; Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia; and Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Germany. It also served as a step towards building collaboration with Flinders University, Australia and Keio University, Japan.

The 3rd ICoBio 2019 was attended by speakers and participants from several countries including Thailand, Malaysia, Germany, Australia, Japan, and Indonesia. Twenty hundred and three participants attended the event and among them presented their research interests via oral (87) and poster (60) presentations. The presenter's manuscripts were bases and reviewed into 84 published papers in IOP Proceeding Series. Research topics were divided into six main groups focusing on Biodiversity, Conservation Ecology, Climate Change (Group A), Bioactive Compounds, Bioprospecting, Drug Discovery (Group B), Sustainable agriculture, farming technology (Group C), Industrial Biology, Bioprocess, Biosensors (Group D), Techno-biology, Bioengineering, Epigenetics (Group E), Computational Biology, Bioinformatics, Synthetic Biology (Group F).

The 3^rd ICoBio 2019 was also supported by the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education, and the International Collaboration Office of IPB University for financial support. There were also contribution from the company partners such as PT Pandu Bioscience, PT Biogen Scientific, PT Genetika Science, and PT Elokarsa Utama.

List of Steering Committe, Organizing Committee (IPB University) Scientific Editors are available in the pdf.

Cover page present in the pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

The objective of this study is to reveal birds found in Greater Jakarta Area, and categorize the bird based on the probability of encounter, namely urban exploiters, adapters, and avoiders. Bird list of 36 sites in Greater Jakarta Area collected by other workers in the last seven years were used as the basis of determination. Percentiles were used as cut off points for each category. Of the 243 bird species found the study area, there were 8 species categorized as urban exploiters and the 3 highest ranks were the Sooty-headed Bulbul, Cave Swiftlets and Eurasian Tree Sparrow. Forty-nine bird species were categorized as urban adapters. The rest of species, which constitute a big portion of the species spotted in the Greater Jakarta (186 species, 76.5%) were categorized into urban avoiders. The nocturnal species was represented only by Black-crowned Night-heron. The presence of species exploiters and adapters showed that (a) Greater Jakarta Area still have sufficient green open spaces, including significant numbers of mature and decayed trees; (b) there were still good quality of small rivers, creeks, and swampy area; (c) small mammals were sufficient to support small raptors, and (d) bird community was quite rich to perform brood parasitism habit.

Limestone karst in Java is rich of land snail fauna. Unfortunately, the ecosystem is now threatened by mining or tourism activities. However, the impact of that activities on land snail diversity is not well studied. The objective of this study was to inventory the diversity of land snail in limestone karst with focus on their ecological and distribution in Java. Purposive sampling methods using plots (10 x 10 m) were used in 12 different stations in Western Java, Central Java, and Yogyakarta during 2017-2018. Thirty-five species from eleven families of land snail were identified. The highest species richness and population of land snails were found in Watu Blencong (16 species and 158 individuals). Landouria rotatoria distributed in eight locations, while Japonia ciliocinctum (85 individuals) distributed in six locations. Results showed that extended distribution records of ten land snail species were reported. Currently, 63 species of land snails species have been identified in karst ecosystem in Java.

Dipterocarpaceae are globally important tree family due to its conservation status. Most of Dipterocarpaceae in Java are distributed in lowland area. However, several species exist in higher altitude such as Gede Pangrango National Park (GPNP) area. All Dipterocarpaceae species in GPNP are vulnerable or endangered based on IUCN Red List status. Dipterocarpaceae species are main priorities for plant conservation in GPNP. In this study we conducted early survey of Dipterocarpus retusus Bl. sub-population in Bodogol area (northwest slope of GPNP) at elevation 800-1000 m above sea level. We searched D. retusus individuals along trail in the Bodogol area from forest exterior towards forest interior. The subpopulation of D. retusus detected in mixed forests that dominated by emergent Fagaceae species (Castanopsis argentea). Positive correlation between diameter and height may reflect low disturbance rate in Bodogol forest area. We also found negative effect of habitat elevation toward plant height, which mean that the centre of sub-population located in the lower elevation part of the sampling location. This study signifies the importance of Bodogol forest area that contain globally important Red List plant species.

Varanus timorensis is an endemic species of Monitor lizards in Indonesia. Distribution areas of the species are restricted to a few islands in the Lesser Sundas and protection for conservation is given through a legal status in the Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 7 Tahun 1999. Successful breedings have been reported outside Indonesia and we attempt for the first time to report efforts to breed this species in captive environments in Indonesia. We conducted inspections at five reptile breeding facilities in Java between 2017 and 2018. Using information and data obtained from interviews with owners and/or managers, we estimate production capacity for each facility and compare with export permit data. We found sufficient breeding infrastructure in all five facilities and parental stocks at F0 and F1 levels were recorded by legal documents issued by the Biodiversity Conservation Directorate of Ministry of Environment and Forestry to ensure no additional animals are stocked from the wild. Estimates of individuals produced in breeding facilities is lower than minimum estimates of production capacity. We found no breeding records were available during inspections. Therefore, Management and Scientific Authorities should carry out regular inspections and collect direct reproductive data, for example once or twice per year.

An edible gastropod, Filopaludina javanica, is widely distributed in freshwater habitats. It was the most abundant gastropod species with variation on size at some lakes in Bogor. However, the relation between morphological size and heavy metal concentration in F. javanica is barely understood although gastropods are well known to accumulate heavy metal. The aim of the research is to measure the impact of concentration of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) concentration to the morphological size of F. javanica in Situ Gede, Bogor. Sampling of the species was carried out in February and April 2017 in Situ Gede (SG), Situ Panjang (SP), Situ Burung (SB) and Situ LSI (SL) while samples for heavy metal accumulation analysis were collected in January and February 2018 in SG. The morphological characteristics of the samples' shell were measured. Body mass samples were powdered and analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The average range of length and wide shells (mm) were 8.89-30.25 and 7.40-24.80, respectively. The average concentration of Pb and Cd were 0.82 and 0.11 ppm, respectively. The morphometric variability of the species varied among lakes while the concentration of Pb and Cd in this study was generally lower than the acceptable limit.

Lichens are often used as bioindicator to monitor air quality. This study aims to use the Mekarsari Fruit Park area as a model to analyse the population of Parmotrema tinctorum and Leptogium, and considering the possibility of using them as bioindicator of air quality. The method used is descriptive exploratory with survey techniques. The observation plots were consisted of 3 zones, each of 1000 trees. The samples of each plot were identified morphologically and chemically and then the lead contents were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Parmotrema tinctorum were found in all zones but Leptogium only found in zone 3. Lead contents of P. tinctorum thalli in each zone of 1, 2, and 3 were 13.34, 24.87, and 23.61 ppm with the number of total thalli were 8, 223, and 469, the thalli area of 3369. 91 cm², 39259.48 cm², and 98984.97 cm² and the average thallus area (ATA) of 1.3, 13.8, and 17.2 cm². P. tinctorum tends to be tolerant lichen, because the lead content increasing of 43-46% caused increasing of 96-98% thalli number, 91-97% of thalli area, and 91-92% of ATA. Although Leptogium spp. are known as sensitive lichens, it occurred in higher lead concentration zone.

Myoglobin protein plays significant role in intracellular oxygen storage and transcellular oxygen transport in the green turtle (Chelonia mydas). This globular protein contains amino acid compositions which have similarities between other species. This study aimed to analyse the fragment homology among 331bp myoglobin sequences of green turtle with hypoxia-tolerant and hypoxia-intolerant group organisms. Green turtle myoglobin sequences was aligned with 16 organisms for 84 amino acids number 71 to 154 in the N terminal region of the myoglobin protein. The data was analysed in BLASTX bioinformatics portal. The result showed that the percentage of similarity was 58%-93% with myoglobin in hypoxia-tolerant organisms and 79%-93% in hypoxia-intolerant organisms. Fragment homology in this study indicate the conserved positions of protein sequences during evolution in hypoxic tolerant organisms, which indicate that these positions may be important for the structure or function of myoglobin. Further study is needed to determine the difference of amino acid composition between these organisms.

Macrobrachium is a genus of freshwater prawn widely distributed in tropical and subtropical waters. Its two species found in Lake Lido, i.e Macrobrachium sintangense and M. lanchesteri. Macrobrachium sintangense is an indigenous prawn species from Indonesia while M. lanchesteri is an introduced species. The objective of this study is to identify the growth pattern, mortality rate, and recruitment pattern of both. The study was conducted from July to December 2015. The results show that the growth parameter carapace asymptotic length (CLœ) of M. sintangense and M. lanchesteri were 20.50 mm and 18.50 mm, respectively; and the growth coefficient (K) were 1.02/Year and 1.10/Year, respectively. The exploitation rate of M. sintangense were 0.68 and 0.81 thus both have exceeded the optimum exploitation rate. Therefore, these species can be considered as overexploited. The recruitment of the two species was performed twice per year. During the study, the population of M. sintangense happened to ceased in December 2015. An extra six-month study was conducted to see the recovery of this population, however M. sintangense had been extinct since then. It is suspected that there had been a natural competition between the native M. sintangense and the introduced M. lanchesteri.

Mangroves, as intermediate vegetation in the tidal line of seawater, have benefits for the surrounding ecosystem. Tidung Kecil Island is an example of a conservation zone in northern Jakarta that has a mangrove cultivation area. The purpose of study is to determine the mangrove community structure on Tidung Kecil Island. The data was obtained by a descriptive method with purposive sampling technique and belt data collection techniques transect methods. The transect is drawn perpendicular to the shoreline along 50 meters and a 10m x 10m plot was made. Data were taken in the form of a number of stands and characteristics of the type of mangrove obtained. For the data technique analysis, Simpson's index formula was used to obtain density and dominance values and the Shannon-Wiener's index formula to obtain the value of diversity. The results showed that on Tidung Kecil Island 18 species from 15 families were found. The diversity of mangroves in this region is classified as low, with values 1.54 and 1.85. The high presence of species (Rhizophora stylosa) dominated the region, with dominance index values 1.21 and 1.32. Rhizophora stylosa is a species that is cultivated by the people and tourists of Tidung Kecil Island.

The polypore mushrooms or polypores are distinguished by their binding and skeletal hyphae and typical poroid hymenophore. Huge beneficial ecological and anthropocentric values can be obtained from them. The taxonomy information about of this group of mushrooms in Indonesia is very limited and very difficult to find. This study was aimed to collect, characterize, and identify the polypores in Universitas Indonesia Depok Campus which has forest area. Sampling was conducted using broad survey method. Characterization, identification, and species description were performed based on morphological data, both macroscopic and microscopic examination. Seventy specimens which were collected consisted of 34 species from 22 genera, 7 families (1 incertae sedis), and 4 orders. Polyporales Gäum is the largest order (82,35% from all species found) with Polyporaceae and Trametes as the largest family and genus, respectively. This study discovered 17 new recorded species polypores for Java and 11 new recorded species polypores for Indonesia.

Stingless bees, the smallest honey-producing bees, have high diversity with over 600 species in the world. Exploration at Bukit Barisan Sumatra found 23 species of stingless bees. However, stingless bee diversity in Belitung has not been explored and identified. This study aims to identify stingless bees based on morphology from Belitung. The methods used included the preservation of dry samples, characterization and identification of morphology based on: hind tibia, hind basitarsus, malar space, mandible, head, thorax, abdomen, and fore wing. A total of 12 stingless bee colonies were collected in Belitung. The study found three identified species of stingless bees in Belitung: Tetragonula laeviceps (colonies 1, 4, 5, 7, 8), Tetragonula aff. fuscobalteata (colonies 6, 11, 12), and Heterotrigona itama (colonies 2, 3, 9, 10). Body length, body color, eye color, abdominal color, mesoscutum, teeth in the mandible, malar space, wing length, wing venation and wing color are morphological characters that differentiate between the three species. Three morphometric parameters also differentiate between the three species, those are the width of hind basitarsus, malar space, and wing length. We also observed that T. aff. fuscobalteata show variations in the color of the eye and abdomen in all three colonies.

Nepenthes get their nutrient by carnivory using their pitchers. A prey drowned in the pitcher fluid, will be digested by enzymes called nepenthesin, i.e. nepenthesin II. The structure of nepenthesin II-encoding gene might be related to the role of the enzyme. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the molecular and adaptive evolutions of Nep2 gene expressing nepenthesin II. We analyzed 29 Nepenthes species that represent most habitat types. Total DNA was extracted from silica-dried leaf samples and amplification of Nep2 gene was performed using degenerate primers. Homology searching was conducted using BLASTn, followed by computation of isoelectric point of the enzyme, and testing for positive selection using Mega 5. The result showed 29 DNA sequences of Nep2 gene have no introns. Intron-less Nep2 gene will produce nepenthesin II rapidly to digest the prey. The gene experienced significant positive selection on N. sumatrana, a species inhabits the lowest altitude habitats amongst Sumatran species. An obvious adaptive phenotype is the development of two unusual types of lower pitchers to obtain nutrient in lowland habitats. In conclusion, molecular and adaptive evolutions of Nep2 gene characterized Nepenthes as highly adaptable plants that actively respond to the environmental stress.

The forest area of Mount Merapi has been designated as the Mount Merapi National Park (TNGM) since 2004. The satellite imagery has shown that there are 3 levels of damage to forest ecosystems in TNGM, namely minor, moderate, and severe damage. This study aims to determine the progress of the landscape function in several regions that suffered damage to forest ecosystems due to the eruption of Mount Merapi. The research method consists of: (1) Determination of research location, (2) measurement of microclimates, (3) Measurement of soil characteristics, and (4) Landscape Function Analysis (LFA): characterization of landscape organizations and Soil Surface Assessment (SSA). The value of land stability in the zone of minor, moderate, and severe damage is respectively: 48.00, 52.90 and 45.50%. The infiltration value of water in the zone of minor, moderate and severe damage is respectively: 26.50, 28.40 and 29.70%. The value of the soil nutrient cycle in the minor, moderate, and severe damage zones is respectively: 20.80, 23.60, and 16.30%. The progress of the ecological function of the zone of moderate damage is better for land stability and the soil nutrient cycle, while water infiltration is better in the zone of severe damage.

Dieng highland in Central Java provides high potential habitat for the endemic Javan gibbon. In order to conserve the sustainability of Javan gibbon population and its habitat in Dieng, the conservation priority for high suitable habitat should be maintained. This study aimed to identify the HSM for Javan gibbon in Dieng highland and the most contributing biophysical variables. Medium-resolution variable layers, which interpret the biophysical environment of gibbon habitat, were derived and pre-processed from Sentinel-2 image and Indonesian elevation model product. A total of 305 occurrence data recorded in extensive field survey non-correlated 11 variables were maintained for HSM in presence-only machine learning, maximum entropy (MaxEnt). Suitable gibbon habitats were predicted as 81.286 km². The area under the curve value estimated to be 0.971 and 83.516 % of validating points was on suitable habitat. The final model pointed out that the suitable areas were fragmented. Relatively large of the suitable patch for Javan gibbon located in Sokokembang, Linggoasri-Mendolo, and western of Kembanglangit were considerable to get the conservation priority. The most contributed variables were a natural forest, elevation, distance to cropland and land surface temperature, which are important factors to be considered when generating a conservation strategy for Javan gibbon.

The thermophilic Actinobacteria are known not only as producers of pharmaceutically important bioactive compounds, but also commercially important enzymes, yet their diversity in geothermal area in Indonesia have been rarely reported. In our previous study, a new thermophilic Actinobacteria genus belonging to the family Pseudonocardiaceae has been isolated from soil in Cisolok geothermal area. This current study reports the taxonomy and findings of potentially new taxa of thermophilic Actinobacteria, based on phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. Twenty-five isolates of thermophilic Actinobacteria were isolated from soil samples and maintained using previously described methods. The 16S rRNA gene sequence-similarity search against all related species was performed using EzTaxon-e database. The sequences of 25 isolates showed similarity to member of family Streptomycetaceae (genus Streptomyces; 10 isolates), Thermomonosporaceae (genus Actinomadura; 3 isolates), Streptosporangiaceae (genus Microbispora; 6 isolates), Micromonosporaceae (genus Micromonospora; 2 isolates), Pseudonocardiaceae (genus Amycolatopsis; 3 isolates), and Nocardiaceae (genus Nocardia; 1 isolate). Fifteen out of 25 isolates are belong to non-Streptomycetaceae family, thus regarded as rare Actinobacteria. Nineteen out of 25 isolates showed 16S rRNA gene sequence-similarity values 97 – 99% to their closely related species, suggested the potential for findings novel taxa of thermophilic Actinobacteria from Cisolok geothermal area.

Some freshwater crabs can be found from brackish up to the freshwater habitats. The crab of the family Varunidae, i.e. Varuna litterata (Fabricius, 1798) has unique migration distribution pattern because it is a euryhaline and catadromous species. The Varunid species is distributed throughout the Indo Pacific region. The purpose of this study was to determine the existence of V. litterata in Meru Betiri National Park (MBNP). Specimens were collected along the rivers passing Andongrejo and Bandealit resorts in MBNP by road sampling method on various habitats, and from lowland up to the middle stretch. The collected specimens were preserved in 70% ethanol. V. litterata was found mainly in settlements at lowland area. This species can migrate to the freshwater as far as 31 Km from the coast. During the collecting time, large females were found in coastal area showing this species association with marine life.

Although mixed flock has been widely studied in various locations elsewhere, very little information was reported from Indonesia. This study was aimed at re-discovering the mixed-flocks that were reported existed in Gunung Gede-Pangrango National Park three decades ago. Transects between 1,600m and 2,400m with 200 m interval were surveyed for 50h in Gunung Putri Resort. Flock size, composition, dominance and sighting probability were calculated. Five mixed flocks were re-discovered in the study site (probability 0.10), decreased in number compared to previous research (probability 0.57). The flocks were found between 2,000m and 2,300m asl, consisted of 9 species, averaging 39.6 individual birds (ranged 9-11 birds) and. Blue Nuthatch, Mountain White-eye and Little Pied Flycatcher were dominant and always part of every flock member. Ashy Drongo and Lesser Racquet-tailed Drongo could play role as flock leaders.

Sheep are farm animals that have long been cultivated and become abundant food resources for humans. Sheep are particularly susceptible to ectoparasite attacks. One of ectoparasites that could infect sheep is lice, it can reduce the production of meat and decrease quality of leather and fleece. Therefore this research aims to inventory, identify, and study the existence of lice in sheep. Lice samples were collected in four districts in Magetan i.e Karas, Parang, Panekan, and Plaosan. Preparations of lice were done by whole-mount with Hoyer's solution. Results showed that species of lice infesting sheep in four districts in Magetan was Damalinia ovis. The prevalence value of D. ovis infested sheep was 100%, it means that all examined sheeps were infested by D. ovis. The largest prevalence value was found on the sheep body (77.86%). The number of individual D. ovis found was not affected by the altitude, air temperature, and humidity.

Unused feed containing protein in the water affects the fish survivability under the recirculating aquaculture systems. Microbial communities play important roles in nutrient cycling in the aquatic ecosystems, however, bacteria that may help in protein degradation remains underexplored. This study aimed to identify the proteolytic bacteria obtained from aquaculture system based on 16S rRNA genes. Bacteria were isolated using non-selective medium and then assayed for proteolytic activity on skim milk agar. Characterizations were conducted for selected proteolytic bacteria before subjected to Sanger dideoxy DNA sequencing. The results of BLAST show that five representative isolates are closely related to Flavobacterium nitratireducens, Micrococcus aloeverae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Exiguobacteríum indicum at the level similarity of 99%. The nucleotides of collected proteolytic bacterial strains have been deposited in NCBI Genbank. Finding of those proteolytic bacteria in the recirculating aquaculture system may lead the further ecological studies about their roles in the ecosystem.

Birds market survey has been proofed to be effective as a complementary method to evaluate the population of birds in the wild. We implemented this method to monitor the birds trade in Jambi. Rather than direct observation to the market, we examine the transaction records from three wholesalers to obtain data. Our results show that during the period of January-September 2017 the total birds traded is 11,660 specimens and transaction value is Rp 941,932,900.00. Number of generic species is 76 in which some names refer to same species. From those generic species, we can identify about 26 species and the rest of birds is grouped according to their genus or family by which consist of 11 kind of birds. There are 4 species (and group of species) that traded over 1000 specimens i.e Acridotheres javanicus (2,824), Chloropsis sp. (2,185), Garrulax mitratus (1,266), and Zosterops sp. (1,355). The expensive songbirds such as Pycnonotus zeylanicus and Kittacincla malabarica are absent but the least expensive species but favorable, Copsychus saularis, is only traded in small number (157 specimens). Combine field survey and market survey may give better picture of overall bird population that critical for setting up conversation strategy of Indonesian birds.

The zigzag leafhopper Maiestas dorsalis (Hemiptera) is a tungro virus vector that cause damage on rice plants. Genetic analysis of M. dorsalis that be isolated from Samosir island, North Sumatra, Indonesia using partial DNA sequence of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) DNA is still limited. This study aims to identify and to find out the genetic data of M. dorsalis that be derived from region of its mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI). Analysis was done by four steps, namely: Hopper collection on paddy field by using insect net, DNA extraction by using Zymo Tissue & Insect DNA Mini Preparation, amplification by PCR using My Taq^TM HS Red Mix and DNA sequence analysis using ABI PRISM 3730xl Genetic Analyzer. Primer cocktail tRWF-Mlep was used in DNA amplification step. The research result pointed out that COI DNA fragment of M. dorsalis has length 521 bp. This COI DNA sequence was dominated by A and T(U) bases with concentration 74.30%. The concentration of T(U), C, A and G nucleotides in the COI sequence were 35.90%, 13.40%, 38.44%, and 12.30%, respectively. Identification of M. dorsalis based on this COI DNA sequence confirmed the identification result based on its morphological characters.

Brachyuran is an important biotic component in marine ecosystems, and is known as a keystone species. Information about brachyuran species in Indonesia, in this case from Seribu Islands-Jakarta, is still limited, especially for the non-economic crabs. Based on the manual sampling, it was found that there are four crabs that have not been reported from the Islands, i.e. Ozius guttatus, Carpilius maculatus, Gelasimus hesperiae, and Etisus laevimanus. In term of ecological point of view, the Islands are influenced by the Jakarta Bay as food provider for supporting the live of brachyuran crab. Crab database is necessary to increase the utilization of crabs in the future, e.g. as antibacterial activity and the sources of chitin and chitosan.

The convertion of forest functions to oil palm plantations has an impact on biodiversity. One of the impacts of biodiversity may affect the butterflies diversity. This research was conducted in one of the oil palm areas in PT. Humusindo in Jambi. The purpose of this study were to determine the diversity and active time of butterflies in oil palm plantations of PT. Humusindo Jambi. The study was conducted for 2 months. Sampling method used for this research were scan sampling in the oil palm plantation area by capturing using insect nets. Butterflies are captured using insect nets then counted, marked (to avoid repeated calculations) and released again. Observation separated per one hour starting at 08.00 am to 04.59 pm. The results showed the highest diversity index of butterflies found was at 13.00-13.59 (H'=2.39) with total species number was 34 species. Overall, the butterfly diversity index found was relatively low (H'=1.78) with total species number was 54 species. The most dominant butterfly species found at each time of observation was Yptima praenubila. The conservation status of all species found were common species (there is no endemic species) and least concern in the conservation status.

Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) have been isolated from the hive of Giant Honey Bee (Apis dorsata) origin from tropical climate. Information about the diversity of LAB from the hive of A. dorsata from Benu Village has not been found yet. The information is important as a preliminary study of the potential of biological resources for food functional development in the future. Therefore, it is needed to research on diversity of LAB that isolated from the hive of A. dorsata from the village of Benu as an area of semi-arid tropical climate. The purpose of this study is determine the diversity of LAB isolated from the hive of A. dorsata from Benu Village. This research is important because it provides preliminary information about the diversity of LAB species from the hive of A. dorsata from Benu Village as a representation of semi-arid tropical climate. Profile of Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis showed the presence of seven LAB isolates from the hive of A. dorsata in Benu Village. This is an early indication that hive of A. dorsata from semi-arid tropic climate has the potential as a biological resources of LAB that important for food funtional development in the future.

Zingiberaceae, Musaceae, and Cactaceae families are a small part of the diversity of species of tropical plants found in Indonesia. The Zingiberaceae consists of around 50 genera and more than 1,300 species. The uses of Zingiberaceae ranges from food, medicine, industry, to ornamental plants. The constraints in the commercialization of the species of this family are the lack of information on the growth characteristics and cultivation techniques to produce quality crops, and understanding on the phytochemical content of different parts of the plants. This study aims to identify the presence and diversity of Zingiberaceae species in the Central Java region, particularly in Mijen District, Gunung Prau, and Darupono Teak Forest, and to study the uses by the local community by conducting surveys and interviews. We recorded 19 species belonging to the Zingiberaceae in the study area, with a total of 293 individuals from the 10 genera, and Zingiber was the most dominant genus. Five of these species have been used by local residents as spices, 12 species as herbal medicines, and 2 species have potentials as ornamentals or cut flowers, Etlingira foetens and Etlingera elatior.

Seed storage at a seed bank facility is one of the ex-situ bioresources conservation strategies in the world's Botanical Gardens. Enrichment of species for seed banks is done through exploration in various forest areas. The exploration and conservation of seeds have been done in Ciremai Mountain National Park (CMNP) on November 7-16^th, 2016 and Kerinci Seblat National Park (KSNP) on April 11-20^th, 2017. This research aims to search and collect plant seeds and to know the diversity of species from fruiting plants and seeds. Furthermore, this exploration also aims to study a biological seed that support conservation efforts for these plants. Research used an exploratory method at each location. The recording of ecological data includes habitat, altitude, soil pH, soil moisture, and air temperature. This study obtained thirty-two (32) collection numbers in the CMNP area consisted of 20 families and 28 genera; and thirty-three (33) collection numbers consisted of 21 families and 31 genera in the KSNP area. Most of the seeds found are orthodox seeds that can be stored for a relatively long time.

Declines in insect population and diversity particularly in the tropical forest region have stimulated wide interest among researchers worldwide. Loss of insect diversity and abundance is expected to provoke cascading effect on the ecosystem, but few data and documentation are available. So far, the coccinellid beetle study in Mount Gede-Pangrango National Park, Indonesia was conducted more than 40 years ago with last well-documented exploration by 2004. We aimed to update and deliver the newest data on the diversity of coccinellids of Mount Gede-Pangrango National Park. We tracked along the interpretation path and beetles were collected using hand method during observation between July 2018 to October 2019. A total of 17 species coccinellids were identified. Seven species belong to the phytophagous group of Diekeana, Epilachna, and Henosepilachna. Two mycophagous species from Psylloborini and Sticholotidini tribe, while others species (8 species) are a member of the predatory group, including Coccinellini and Chilocorini tribe. In this study, plenty of them are common species and widely distributed in the open area of the buffer zone. Our temporary findings indicate the possibility of species loss compared to past surveys that discover rare taxa, such as Ryszardia, and other specialist Epilachna group infesting wild host-plants.

Long tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) has wide ecological plasticity to adapt and interact in various habitats. This ecological plasticity can be reflected on their daily activities and feeding behavior. This study aimed to analyze the daily activities and feeding behavior of Troop B of M. fascicularis in Telaga Warna. This troop is often seen to stay near by the big street and fed by human with provisioned food. We observed and recorded daily activity and feeding behavior of the troop. This study resulted that this troop spent most of their time on moving activity (35.85%), followed by feeding (25.41%) and resting (19.96%). We analyzed their daily activities both on weekdays and weekend plus holiday time to see the different frequencies of activity among those types of days. The macaques showed higher percentage on moving during the weekend (40.97%) compared with weekdays (30.74%). The high percentage of moving was related to their movement to find articifial food from people. The troop also showed high dependency to artificial food, by consuming provisioned food (68%). This study provide new data about a troop of macaques in Telaga Warna which can be used as a basic data for conservation management of long tailed macaque.

Emergency rescue for the Sumatran rhino in East Kalimantan is through consolidation into a sanctuary. This study aimed to analyse wildlife diversity and to identify potential zoonosis in the Sumatran rhino sanctuary located in Hutan Lindung Kelian Lestari (Kelian Lestari Protection Forest).Wildlife diversity observation was done by installing some devices (camera traps, small trap mammals, mist nets) and establishing transects. Zoonosis data was carried out by collecting blood samples and faeces of wildlife and domesticated animals. Our findings showed that there were 18 species of wildlife belonging to 13 family and 16 genus. Bearded pigs, malayan porcupines, and southern red muntjak were among animals with the highest RAI (Relative Abudance Index). Identification of potential zoonosis revealed that Salmonella was commonly found in faeces of both wildlife and domesticated animals. Furthermore, the most noticeably helminth parasites found in domesticated animals were Paramphistomum, Fasciola, and Emmeria, whilst Toxocora and Trichostrongylus were more common in wildlife. Theileria was blood parasites only detected in domesticated animals.

The nuclear ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS), and three chloroplast loci (trnL-trnF, rps16 and trnL) were also carried out in this study. Morphological analysis of leaves, stems, and flowers is used to identify visual differences. This study was the purpose of analyzed morphological and phylogenetic relationships among ten taxa of Orthosiphon from the analysis of DNA sequences. The results that the difference in leaves, flowers and stems is very striking in seven taxa of Orthosiphon aristatus (OGP and OGW) and O. endanghidayatae (OWW, OG + W and OW + W). The phylogenetic trees constructed from cpDNA (trnL gene, trnL-trnF intergenic spacer region, and rps16 region) of using NJ methods among taxa of Orthosiphon aristatus and O. endanghidayatae collected from Indonesia showed constant topologies with high bootstrap values (BS 86% and 100%, respectively), but were different from those ITS of nrDNA that the phylogenetic trees supported low bootstrap values (65% by NJ). Although differing from morphology to species of Orthosiphon spp. but still similar in DNA analysis. The results of this study indicate that the speciation process of O. endanghidayatae (OWW, OG + W and OW + W) is as a process of morphological changes faster than the process of genetic change.

Ujung Kulon National Park is a lowland tropical forest that was still preserved. There was limited information about the diversity of dragonflies in Ujung Kulon National Park. The purpose of this study was to study species diversity of dragonfly in Ujung Kulon. The research was conducted in Ujung Kulon Peninsula, Banten, Indonesia in five locations and three types of aquatic habitats i.e., natural ponds, streams in forests, and rivers. The transect line method is used to collect adult dragonflies. Thirty-one species of dragonflies belong to two anisopteran families and six zygopteran families were reported in this study. Twenty-two species were as new records based on previous publications. There were different species compositions in all habitat types (R = 1, p = 0.0016, one-way ANOSIM with Bray-Curtis similarity index). Natural ponds have the highest anisopteran species richness compared to other habitats. Eight species Anisoptera only were found in natural ponds. Meanwhile, zygopteran species prefer in flowing water habitat.

Entomopathogenic fungi have been reported to produce secondary metabolite quinolines. One of the quinoline alkaloids is quinidine, a compound that has antiarrhythmic properties, therefore it has an economic important value. The aim of the experiment reported here was to study the potency of entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria sp. IPBCC. 19.1499 and Aspergillus sclerotiorum IPBCC.19.1500 in producing quinidine. The quinidine was obtained from a broth culture of each fungus grown in Potato Dextrose Broth medium (pH 6.2, static, room temperature) for 7, 14, and 21 days incubation period. At harvest, broth of each culture was extracted using chloroform. The extract then dried using an evaporator. The presence of quinidine in the extracted was detected by HPLC. The dry weight of fungal biomass and the crude extract of broth culture were also recorded. HPLC analysis showed that quinidine was produced by both fungi tested. The species of the fungus and incubation period significantly affected quinidine production. Beauveria sp. IPBCC.19.1499, in general, produced quinidine in higher concentration than that of A. sclerotiorum IPBCC.19.1500. The quinidine concentration increased significantly with increasing incubation period. The quinidine concentration was also positively correlated with biomass dry weight, while the crude extract dry weight was negatively correlated with quinidine concentration.

The main target of fatty acids is disrupting the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation of bacterial cells. One of the fatty acid-producing microorganisms is Spirulina platensis. Therefore this study was aimed to determine the types of fatty acid compounds from S. platensis, which have the potential as antibacterial. Biomass is extracted by soxhlet using different polarity solvents (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and ethanol). An antibacterial activity using the paper disc diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Identification of fatty acid compounds using Gas Chromatography-Spectrometry Mass (GC-MS). The antibacterial activity showed that chloroform extract showed the largest inhibition zone. Furthermore, chloroform extract was fractionated and simplifying fractions. The results of the identification of the best fraction showed that there were several types of fatty acids namely Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (10.99%), 1.2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid (0.74%), heptadecanoic acid, methyl ester (0.09%), 6.9.12-Oxiraneoctanoic acid (8.84%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (0.52%), Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester(2.28%), Oxiraneoctanoic acid (8.86%), Eiocosanoic acid, methyl ester (0.46%), Hexanedioic acid, dioctyl ester (6.46%) and Docosanoic acid, methyl ester (0.26%). Based on this study, the fatty acids found in S. platensis have an ability to be naturally antibacterial.

The alternative blue pigment of phycocyanin sources other than Spirulina is Galdieria from Cyanidiales order. Galdieria sp. is unicellular red microalgae which naturally found in volcanic area with a high temperature and low pH (0.5–3). In this study, Galdieria sp. 009 has grown autotrophically in Allen medium and on different concentrations of ammonium sulfate. The growth and in vivo phycocyanin content were quantified in the cultures. Phycocyanin was extracted using a physical method with different extraction pH (3, 5, and 7). Highest specific phycocyanin content up to 100 mg g⁻¹ was observed in cell grown on Allen medium with two times ammonium sulfate concentration and extracted with pH 7. The different concentrations of ammonium sulfate used in the Allen medium impacted the yield of phycocyanin. Although extraction at pH 7 caused high phycocyanin content, the phycocyanin tends to have high thermostability (>60°C) and purity index at pH 5. The phycocyanin extracted from Galdieria sp.009 may potentially be an alternative blue food colorant beside Spirulina, as it has higher thermostability that Spirulina phycocyanin (>47°C).

The carotenogenesis in Haematococcus lacustris, accompanying by encystment starting from green motile cells to aplanospores, is suggested mediating by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Our previous study showed that isobutyl-cyanoacrylate nanoparticles (IBCA- NPs) induced the cell mortality, preceding by intracellular ROS accumulation, in most of Volvocales species but not H. lacustris. This study aimed to investigate the effect of IBCA- NPs exposure to H. lacustris on carotenogenesis. The cells were cultured on C medium then exposed to 100 mg · L^{−1 -1} of 180 nm of IBCA-NPs for the 14 days. The accumulation of astaxanthin was started after four days of IBCA-NPs exposure. The ratio of intermediate cells reached to 46% after 14 days of IBCA-NPs exposure, while the ratio of intermediate cells of untreated culture was only 11%. The results suggested that the addition of nanoparticles could enhance the production of astaxanthin. Further studies are required to investigate the correlation between nanoparticle exposure and ROS generation that leads to the biosynthesis of astaxanthin. The condition of cell growth and the addition of nanoparticles shall be optimized to increase the production of ketocarotenoid and to minimalize the negative effect of longer exposure time of IBCA-NP that could lead the cell mortality.

Cancer is still become the main causes of death in the world. The leaves of Aquilaria malaccensis have an antioxidant and cytotoxic activity against several cancer cell lines. It can be developed as an alternative medicine. However, comprehensive information about the database of metabolites in A. malaccensis leaves is not yet available. This study aimed to screen the metabolites of chloroform and ethanol extracts of A. malaccensis, which has been reported in the database as an anticancer. Determination of metabolites contained in both chloroform and ethanol extracts were conducted using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). GC–MS analysis detected nine metabolites in the chloroform extract while twenty one metabolites in the ethanol extract. The most common compounds observed was fatty acids and terpenoids. Among those detected, metabolites that have potential as anticancer in the chloroform extracts were 9–Hexadecanoic acid and Tetracosanoic acid. While in the ethanol extracts include 2,6–Octadien–1–ol, 3,7–dimethyl; 3,6–Octadecadiynoic acid, 3–Octadecyne, Lauric acid, Myristic acid, Nonadecanoic acid, Oleic Acid, Phytol, Loliolide dan Squalene. Further analysis to confirm which compounds most responsible for the anticancer activity in the A. malaccensis extract is planned as the next steps of this study.

Curd from buffalo milk, called dadih, is famous fermented milk from West Sumatra, Indonesia. The milk is fermented naturally by relying on microorganisms which exist nature. Dadih is commonly consumed as breakfast or eaten together with rice. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activities of dadih from different regency in West Sumatra by using ABTS, DPPH and Fe reducing power methods. The soluble protein of dadih was separated from insoluble protein and fat by centrifugation at 11,000 x g. The supernatant was then assayed for protein content and antioxidant activities. The result showed that among dadih from Agam, Sijunjung and Solok regency, dadih from Agam regency showed lowest protein content but highest antioxidant activities in Fe reducing power with absorbance 1.28 and scavenging activity against radical ABTS (86.46%) or DPPH (82.24%). The result indicated that dadih, especially from Agam regency is very potent as an antioxidant.

Bioethanol can be produced through fermentation process of sugars based on carbohydrate biomass such as lignosellulosa by microorganism such as yeast. Yeast changes sugar as a carbon source to produce ethanol and CO₂ in anaerobic condition. Pineapple as a fruit commodity that is widely cultivated in Indonesia contain high sugar and carbohydrates so it might contain yeast which has the potential in bioethanol production. This research aims to select and characterize potential yeast from pineapple for bioethanol production from some sugars. The method included fermentation test, ethanol production (measurement of reduction sugar, dry cell biomass, and ethanol contain), and molecular identification. Yeast utilize substrates as carbon source for producing cell or ethanol. Ethanol production influenced by substrates, microorganism, and total cell. The results showed that NHC3 used as selected isolate based on the degree of coloration in Oxidative Fermentative Media. The largest ethanol production was 10,63 g/L obtained from mannose where the highest value of substrate utilization efficiency was 95%. The value of yield product is 0,27 g bioethanol/g substrate and yield biomass is 0,14 g biomass/g substrate. BLAST result shows NHC3 had homology >99% with Saccharomycetales and Kodamaea ohmeri.

Potential insecticides generated from several plants or some plant wastes are used to control citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri. The aim of the study was to determine the toxicity of botanical insecticides from the extract of tobacco leaf, marigold leaves and Japansche citroen (JC) citrus peel against D. citri. The three plants, which were extracted with five kinds of solvents, namely acetone, distilled water, dichlormethane, hexane and methanol by maceration method. The test used leaf dipping method at 10% concentration with control and imidacloprid chemical insecticide as a comparison. The results showed that tobacco extract with all solvents was effective in controlling D. citri, starting at 1 day after treatment (DAT) with 44-92% mortality. The effective marigold leaf extract was those with the solvent of distilled water, dichlormethane and acetone. The mortality at 8 DAT was 100% and 70% and 74% respectively. Meanwhile, JC citrus peel extract with acetone, methanol and dichlormethane solvents were effective to control D. citri with the mortality at 8 DAT, the mortality reached 98%; 88% and 70% respectively. Thus, botanical insecticides of tobacco, marigold and JC orange peel with certain solvents can be used as controller of D. citri.

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is commonly complication of diabetes mellitus. Antimicrobial and antioxidant herbs can be used as complementary therapy in DFU and these properties will be strengthened by silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). This study was performed for screening of Indonesian herbs promising as antioxidant which can be subsequently involved in the green synthesis of AgNPs. Antioxidant of eight herbs extracts were evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl method. Their total group of compounds were quantified as well. Phyllanthus niruri and Orthosiphon stamineus exhibited the strongest antioxidant power with IC₅₀ of 102 and 133 μg/ml, followed by Curcuma domestica, Stelechocarpus burahol, and Curcuma xanthorriza with the IC₅₀ of 363, 481, and 540 μg/ml, respectively. Sonchus arvensis, Apium graveolens, Centella asiatica did not have antioxidants activity. Total phenolics from the highest is: O. stamineus > C. domestica > C. xanthorrizha > P. niruri > S. burahol > S. arvensis > A. graveolens > C. asiatica, whereas total flavonoids order is O. stamineus > S. burahol > P. niruri > A. graveolens > C. asiatica > S. arvensis > C. xanthorrizha > C. domestica. We concluded that O. stamineus was the most suitable herb to be used as a bioreductor in the green synthesis of AgNPs.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are known to exhibit an efficient, wide spectrum of antimicrobial properties. Certain metabolite compounds in plants can be used as reducing agents for silver ions reduction into AgNPs. The potential of Diospyros celebica extract was used to synthesize AgNPs and it was tested for their antibacterial activity. The phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of phenols and saponins. For biosynthesis, 2% (w/v) of the extracts were treated with 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 mM of AgNO₃ as precursors in a ratio of 1:9 (v/v). AgNP formation was confirmed by the observation of the solution color change from yellow to brown as well as by UV–Vis spectrophotometry, which revealed a peak at 350–500 nm. The nanoparticle size and shape confirmed using a Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The antibacterial activity of AgNPs against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was examined by the well diffusion method. The results revealed that AgNPs synthesized by using the D. celebica extract exhibit antimicrobial activity for E. coli, which was indicated by the formation of clear zones. This result paves opportunities to develop an antimicrobial agent trough this method optimization.

The use of biological agents for nanoparticle biosynthesis is an alternative to the eco-friendly green synthetic method. In this study, fruit extracts from Pometia pinnata (Matoa) and Diospyros discolor (Bisbul) were used as reducing agents to produce silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The ratio of silver precursors to water extracts from the fruit and the reaction time was observed to determine optimum reaction conditions. The characterizations were carried out using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), and Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) to analyze the size and morphology of the AgNPs. With the increase in the volume ratio of extracts and silver nitrate, the absorption peak intensity tended to increase—these results were shown by the color of the colloid. Based on the comparison of these two extracts, the peak absorbance of the synthesis using D. discolor fruit extract was higher than P. pinnata. The result showed D. discolor fruit extracts had faster reaction times for AgNPs synthesis. The average size of silver nanoparticles from D. discolor was 32 nm and from P. pinnata was 51 nm. The use of D. discolor fruit extract tends to produce smaller AgNPs. This method can be developed for further application for antimicrobial nanoparticles and sensors.

One of the problems of onion (Allium cepa L.) horticulture is the present of pathogenic fungus, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, which causes anthracnose. Endophytic bacteria have potential to inhibit the pathogenic fungus. The aims of this research was to isolate endophytic bacteria controlling fungus C. gloeosporioides on onion, test ability of bacteria to inhibit the growth of suspected pathogenic fungi, test of hemolysis, and test of hypersensitivity. A total of 40 endophytic bacterial isolates were isolated from the roots, stems, and leaves of onion plants from Brebes, Central Java. The results of the antagonist test produced 6 isolates, which inhibited growth of fungi Colletotrichum sp. with inhibition radius on a scale 3 (60-75%). Four of six potential isolates namely ABS4.1, ABP5.1, BBP5.2, and ABP5.2. Each isolate has different morphological and microscopic characteristics. The hypersensitivity tests are negative, which indicates that all potential isolates are not pathogenic to plants. The results of hemolysis test are 2 isolates of the 6 potential isolates, were negative or not pathogenic in mammals including human namely BBP5.2 and DBP4.2. Based on all the test results, the one potential isolates BBP5.2 had the greatest fungal growth inhibition and were not categorized as pathogen on plants and mammals.

Throughout human history, people used various materials from nature to cure their illnesses and improve their health. Substances were derived from flora, fauna and mineral sources located in people's immediate surroundings but also remote areas. Still, there is very little information on ethnopharmacology and publications about plants from Piper, especially those from around Ketambe. The research was done by exploration method, direct observation and interview, followed by laboratory analysis and literature study. Phytochemical screening was performed by the Ciuley Method. In this exploration, there were seven species of Piper. The results of interviews with indigenous elders obtained information that the seven Piper species can be used to cure different diseases. From phytochemical screening, it was found that the seven Piper species studied contained sterols & triterpenoids, carotenoids, tannins, cumarin derivatives, polyuranide, steroid glycosides but did not contain fat & high fatty acids, emodols/anthracids and coumarins.

Beekeeping is one of the excellent businesses for people around the forest. To date, the bee species that began to broaden are stingless bees. Tetragonula spp. is a stingless bee species in Lombok that have been promoted. This research aim is to determine the characteristic of stingless beekeeping products in Lombok. The meliponiculture products of Tetragonula spp. consist of honey, beebread, and propolis. SNI 3545 was used to examine the honey characteristic of Tetragonula spp., the proximate analysis was performed for beebread products and phytochemical analysis was used to stingless bee propolis products. The results showed that stingless bee honey has a value that fulfills 65% standard, the diastase enzyme was <3 DN and acidity was < 200 ml NaOH/kg. The average content of moisture, ash, protein, fat, and carbohydrates from bee bread were 24, 2, 15, 9.5, and 49% respectively. The phytochemical analysis results of propolis determined that all samples contain flavonoids, tannins, saponins. Several of them positively steroid detected. This study results could be used to considerate further research related in manufactured final products of stingless bee products as raw materials.

There are many bacteria classified as growth enhancer in plants which known as Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR). PGPR can directly induce plant growth by producing of phytohormone Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA). The objective of this study was to obtain bacterial isolates of IAA producing rhizobacteria from red onion rhizosphere and to characterize the potential isolates. The methods used in the study were a sampling of soil, isolation of IAA producing rhizobacteria, measurement of IAA by using colorimetric assay, morphological identification of bacterial isolates, measurement of bacterial growth and IAA production, and test of hypersensitivity on tobacco leaves. There were fourteen IAA producing bacterial from red onion rhizosphere. The isolates could produce IAA by colorimetric assay detection. Three isolates produced IAA was higher than other isolates i.e. BIT 2,4 (61.72 ppm), BIS 3,4 (60.92 ppm) and BIT 2,1 (49.3 ppm). Meanwhile, isolate BIT 4,1 produced the lowest IAA as much as 3 ppm. Four isolates were gram-positive bacteria. Isolates BIS 3,4 and BIT 2,1 produced exogenous (extracellular) IAA on stationary phase. Two isolates potential (BIS 3,4 and BIT 2,1) did not cause necrotic symptoms or negative results for the hypersensitivity test on tobacco leaves.

Lantana camara is known as a noxious weed but it has the potential for pest control. Currently, the insect pest of cabbage (Crocidolomia pavonana) larvae reported has been resistant to certain synthetic insecticides. The fractionation L. camara leaf extract has been extensively studied to find out the phytochemical active constituents and bioactivity on C. Pavonana larvae. The antifeedant active fraction and the minimum effective concentration were investigated. The fractionation using polar (ethanol), semipolar (ethyl acetate), and nonpolar (n-hexane) solvents were tested on 4^th instar of C. Pavonana larvae. Experimentally choice and no-choice antifeedant tested was carried out with 7 concentration levels: 0 ppm (control) and 500-5000 ppm (treatments) exposed 24 hours with 4 replications. The parameters were mean leaf areas consumed and analyzed using Mann-Whitney U non-parametric. The results were showed that ethyl acetate fraction was an active antifeedant fraction on the 3^rdinstar larvae of C. pavonana, the minimum effective concentration was 1000 ppm in both of antifeedant test, and the ethyl acetate fraction at 1000-5000 ppm was considered in good deterrents category. The phytochemical constituents of ethyl acetate fraction including alkaloids, saponins, and steroids that potentially as antifeedant against the 4^th instar larvae of C. pavonana.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed malignancy and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. The gut bacteria are an important player in the development of colorectal cancer. Dewandaru (Eugenia uniflora L.) have been used as a traditional medicine to treat various diseases. Many of antibacterial metabolites produced by the fruit and its endophytic bacteria. This study aimed to find Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of dewandaru fruit using Kirby - Bauer disk diffusion method and to determine Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) using Dilution Tube Method (DTM). Endophytic bacteria were isolated from dewandaru fruit by using sterilization treatment followed by serial dilution agar plate and streak technique. All the isolates and ethanolic extract with different concentration were evaluated for the antimicrobial activity against colorectal bacteria (Streptococcus bovis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica). The results showed resistant– strong inhibitory zone category of fruit extract and isolated endophytic bacteria. The isolates were identified as Bacillus cereus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and Bacillus sp.

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) constitutes a main crop for production of sugar that serves as the main calorie source for public consumption. It is a particular challenge for the Government and related parties to ensure its availability. A decline in sugarcane production on agricultural land occurs due to disturbances by plant pests, especially stem borers. Stem borers can reduce sugar production by 52 to 73%. The purposes of the present study were to screen and detect genes resistant to stem borer attacks in 22 sugarcane cultivars and to characterize SacBBI4 as among the resistance gene markers in sugarcane. The present study produced 3 primer designs. The primer P-SacBBI4-A successfully amplified SacBBI4 gene at 729 bp, the primer P-SacBBI4-B at 624 bp, while the primer P-SacBBI4-C successfully amplified the target gene at 671 bp and same value were also obtained when analyzing the sequences on the Genstudio. As shown by the phylogenetic tree, two large clusters were formed. The first cluster was the WIP1 coding cluster, while the second one was the BBI coding cluster. The phylogenetic tree and genetic distance showed that the primer P-SacBBI4-C was the primer design closest to the target gene SacBBI4 on the NCBI data.

Bacterial blight (BB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is one of major diseases in rice production. The BB resistance gene Xa7 is one of effective genes against Xoo strains in Indonesia. This study aimed to introgress BB resistance gene Xa7 into submergence tolerant rice variety Inpara 5 (IR64 Sub1) and brown plant hopper (BPH) resistant rice variety Inpari 13. Stable BB resistant rice lines have been successfully developed after three backcrossing and four generations of fixation (BC3F4). Screening for BB resistance were conducted in generative stage using Xoo strains IV and VIII. The reaction pattern of the backcross lines against these two Xoo strains were similar to the BB resistant parent Conde. The introgression of the Xa7 gene in Inpara 5 and Inpari 13 genome have been confirmed by using SSR markers RM20589 and RM20590; and Xa7 gene specific marker Xa7-LD34. Agronomic characters and grain quality properties of the backcross lines were comparable to the recurrent parents. Other desirable traits from recurrent parents including submergence tolerance and BPH resistance retained in the selected backcross lines. The BB resistance rice lines with popular rice varieties genetic background developed through this study have potential to be released for farmers adoption.

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Foc), a causal agent of panama disease was reported carrying bacterial endosymbionts. This research aimed to identify the endobacteria in 7 Foc strains and to study their symbiosis effect on the Foc pathogenicity towards Ambon Kuning and Tanduk banana cultivars. The pathogenicity of endobacteria-Foc symbiosis were tested in vitro on banana plantling. Crude filtrate and biomass suspension that were produced by culturing each Foc strains for 21 days in static condition either in PDB (Potato Dextrose Broth) (Foc⁻ ) or in antibiotics supplemented PDB (Foc⁺) were used as effectors. The Foc pathogenicity was stated as disease severity percentage on leaves and on rhizome. The result showed that all Foc strains contained endobacteria. Enterobacter sp. was hosted by Foc IPBCC 19.1427 and Izhakiella australiensis was in the hyphae of Foc IPBCC 19.1430. Enterobacter sp. affected Foc IPBCC 19.1427 virulence towards banana cv. Tanduk through effectors in the filtrate, while that towards cv. Ambon Kuning was unclear. Izhakiella australiensis did not affect Foc IPBCC 19.1430 virulence towards the two banana cultivars. The pathogenicity of Foc should further be verified, as the antibiotics given could not completely kill the endobacteria.

Banana production centers in Indonesia are still being invaded by panama disease. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), the causal agents of that disease is reported as genetically varied. Twelve Cryphonectria parasistica vic primer sets were evaluated and used for Foc community structure analyses of Foc population in Java and Sumatra. The results showed that 5 loci (vicia, vic2, vic3a, vic6, and vic7) with 9 (A, B, C, D, E, I, J, K and L) alleles were detected in 38 Foc samples using nine C. parasitica vic primer sets. Two out of nine vic primer sets presumably detected vic loci (vic1a and vic3a). These loci were suspected to relate to the mechanism of apoptosis in Foc somatogamy. Based on loci diversity and allelic interaction systems, 18 haplotypes (1-18) in Foc population from Java and Sumatra were recognized. Haplotype diversity in Sumatra was higher than Java, while alleles relatively spread uniformly. Haplotype-7 and E allele were dominant and were found in Java and Sumatra. Meanwhile, Haplotype-18 and C alleles were specific to Java. Distribution of the dominant haplotype indicated that the island is not a geographic barrier. Three (vic3a, vic6, and vic7) out of nine loci were polymorphic.

The response of soybean crop to organic fertilizers has not been fully understood in Indonesia. This research aims to investigate the response of new superior variety of Anjasmoro soybean to phosphorus and organic fertilizers in the dry climate ricefields. The experiment was conducted in Sesela Village, West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia from August - November 2015 using a randomized 2-factor design. The first factor was phosphorus fertilizer with 4 levels: 0 kg/ha, 36 kg/ha, 72 kg/ha and 108 kg/ha. The second factor was organic fertilizer with 4 levels of fertilizer dosage: 0 ton/ha, 2.5 tons/ha, 5 tons/ha and 7.5 tons/ha. Parameter observed were plant height, number of leaves, number of nodules, number of productive branches, number of pods, number of empty pods, dry weight, weight of 100 seeds, and production. The results showed that the optimum dose of organic fertilizer was 7.5 tons/ha with the highest number of pods of 100. This was confirmed by the regression value (R²) of 0.97 which indicates that organic fertilizer affects the increase in the number of pods in a quadratic. Phosphorus fertilizer has an effect on the number of empty pods, number of productive pods, number of pods, productivity and production of soybean.

Indonesian new superior varieties of soybean are continually released as an effort to increase soybean productivity. Some new superior varieties such as Devon 1, Dena 1, and Dega 1 were not widely known by the stakeholders. This research aims were to investigated the growth and yield of five Indonesian new superior varieties of soybean in the dry climate rice field. The experiment was conducted from March to July 2018 in Segala Anyar Village of Central Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. The experimental design was used non-factorial randomized block design with the soybean varieties as treatments (Devon 1, Dena 1, Anjasmoro, Argomulyo, and Dega 1). Each treatment was repeated four times. The parameters observed included plant height, number of branches, number of leaves, number of sections, number of pods, and soybean production. Data were collected from 10 crop samples for each replication during vegetative phase 1 and 2. The results showed that the soybean varieties had a significant effect on plant height, number of branches, number of sections and production. The crop could not produce optimally during field experiment due to lack of water in the pod-filling phase. Generally, it could grow well and has ability to produce yield.

Ganoderma boninense is the pathogenic fungi causing Basal Stem Rot (BSR) disease on oil palm. This study aimed to obtain potential endophytic bacteria as antagonist as well as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) agents. This study employed three stepwises as follows: 1) isolation and selection of endophytic bacteria in vitro, 2) in vitro antagonism and plant growth promoting assays, and 3) molecular identification of the bacteria. Endophytic bacteria isolated from the root tissues of oil palm and areca nut totally produced 88 isolates. Among those, EG17, EG26, EG113, EG215, AC28, AC112, and AC214 were investigated further because they showed negative result on both hypersensitive and hemolytic assays suggesting that these are not plant pathogen and harmless to mammals. Antagonism assay showed that three isolates with highest growth inhibitions to G. boninense were exhibited by EG26, EG113 and AC112 with 56.80%, 56.51% and 56.11%, respectively. These isolates also significantly enhanced the growth of rice seedlings as a model plant, particularly AC112 that increased root length and plant height up to 30.77% and 39.57%. Molecular identification using 16S rDNA sequencing showed that EG26, EG113 and AC112 were identical to Bacillus subtilis strain VD1, Bacillus velezensis strain Bac57, Bacillus toyonensis strain JCT-23, respectively.

Accumulation of insecticide residues is harmful to the environment and human living. The research was conducted to explore the chlorpyriphos and BPMC degrading bacteria from contaminated shallot farm soils and to formulate bacterial consortium to be applied as the insecticides bioremediation agent. Among nineteen bacterial isolates, K10 and K14 bacterial isolates could degrade up to 38.3% and 43.3% chlorpyrifos contained in its growth medium in 5 days, respectively. Two bacterial isolates namely B21 dan B17 could degrade BPMC up to 75.9% dan 77% in 5 days of incubation. Bacterial consortium of K10+K14, K10+B21, and B17+B21 isolates could enhance in-vitro degration of chlorpyrifos up to 89.6%, 88.9%, and 88.1% respectively, while its BPMC degradation enhanced up to 75.9%, 70.3%, dan 69.5% respectively. The highest in-vitro degradation was showed by K10+K14 bacterial consortium. It could degrade up to 79.9% for chlorpyrifos, and 71.9% for BPMC. Base on the 16S rDNA sequence analysis, the isolates have similarity 97.7% to A. baumannii, 96.3% to B. toyonensis, 94.4% to uncultured enterobacter sp. clone 150, and 78.08% to uncultured bacterium clonenck09g01c1 for K10, K14, B17, and B21 bacterial isolates, respectively.

Chili pepper is a vegetable plant in a group of horticulture plants. The seedling vigorous and their genetic potency to reduce the number of aphids infestation can encourage chili pepper productivity. The objective of this research was to study heterosis, heterobeltiosis, and correlation of seedling traits to aphids infestation from ten chili hybrid genotypes derived from five chili inbred lines through half diallel crosses. The experiment was conducted using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications at the IPB University experiment field and laboratory, Darmaga. Seedling traits and aphids infestation observed at 5 weeks after sowing. Two aphids were infested per plant and evaluated 12 days after infestation. Heterosis effects were predicted based on the average values of their parents whereas heterobeltiosis were predicted based on the average values of the best parents. Hybrid IPB C5 x IPB C4 had the highest heterosis and heterobeltiosis for all seedling traits. Hybrid IPB C3 x IPB C4, IPB C4 x IPB C313 and IPB C20 x IPB C313 had the highest heterosis and heterobeltiosis for reducing number aphids per leaf and aphids per plant. There was no correlation between seedling traits with aphids infestation.

The high production and consumption of rice in Indonesia show that rice commodities are not the only concern of producers' interests but also consumers' needs. If there is a rice crisis, there will be a food crisis that will affect other social problems. West Java has great potential to become a center for rice production in Indonesia. This study uses a combined method called Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and SWOT Analysis - AHP. The results of the study indicate that the role of Gapoktan and farmer regeneration are very important consideration factors for the development of lowland rice commodities in West Java. In this case study, it was proven that the combination of SWOT and AHP methods can be used to measure the priority of factors in the SWOT analysis.

Global warming caused a large rise in global sea level poses many threats, especially to a country like Indonesia. One of the threats that affected rice field located adjacent to coastal area is increase level of soil salinity. Inpari 34 and Inpari 35 varieties tolerant to salinity at seedling phase cannot perform well when planted in salinity prone area where the increase in salinity affected by the up and down of sea surface occurred during the planting season. The aims of this experiment were to obtain putative salinity-tolerant mutant (M1) at vegetative and generative phase from Inpari 34 and Inpari 35 through combination of gamma rays irradiation and in-vitro selection. The study consisted of several activities, namely embryogenic callus induction, mutation induction by gamma-ray irradiation, callus in-vitro selection by NaCl, regeneration of selected callus, and plantlet acclimatization and greenhouse grow-out. In this experiment 62 and 54 putative salinity-tolerant mutant lines obtained from Inpari 34 and Inpari 35, respectively.

Newly described pathogenic fungal Fusarium odoratissimum is known to cause severe panama disease on banana and grouped as tropical race 4. The disease constrains banana production throughout the world with no known method to completely manage the disease. This study assayed the ability of myxobacteria to control the pathogen. Myxobacteria were isolated from soil, karst limestone, and decaying wood in Karimun and Simeuleu islands using filter paper and baiting methods. A total of 20 myxobacterial isolates were collected during the process. Based on 16S rRNA gene analysis, they were identified as Myxococcus, Archangium and Corallococcus. To our knowledge, this is the first record of the last two genera in Indonesia. Antifungal assay of two myxobacterial isolates Corallococcus KR39b.5 and SLU3.3 extracted using ethyl acetate against F. odoratissimum InaCC F936 and F. odoratissimum InaCC F946 revealed that both were capable of inhibiting the fungal growth up to 40%. The results suggested the possibility of utilizing myxobacteria as biocontrol agents against pathogenic F. odoratissimum.

The Cucurbitaceae has been known to many farmers as a plant that has beneficial for agriculture industries. For decades plants that belong to Cucurbitaceae such as cucumber (Cucumis sativus), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), and melon (Cucumis melo) has been cultivated to meet consumer needs. In Indonesia, a new variety of melon has been discovered namely apple cucumber. This new variety has blurred the difference between melon and cucumber due to the vegetative resemblance. This research was conducted to clarify the different characters and to study the morpho-agronomic characteristic in qualitative and quantitative-based on IPGRI descriptors. Important and significant diagnostic characters were observed to developed good cultivar in quality and quantity. 16 qualitative and 15 quantitative characters from 120 characters of apple cucumber were observed to determine the specific characters for good cultivar. Principal Analysis Component (PCA) using Python was used to showed discriminative character and also to distinguished apple cucumber to melon and cucumber based on 120 characters of apple cucumber. Morphological differences existing among melon, cucumber, watermelon, and apple cucumber, in particular, are presented.

These research objectives were to identify the honey type and the potential plants as food source of stingless bees in Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara. Stingless bees honey samples were collected on September 2016 from four different locations in Lombok which are North Lombok, West Lombok, Central Lombok, and East Lombok. The pollen analysis was performed using Von Der Ohe et al. (2004) methods with modification. The result showed that stingless bees honey samples from four locations did not have predominant pollen which classified as multifloral honey. Meanwhile in the honey samples there identified 27 pollen types belonging to 21 families. The pollen spectrums of honey samples were diverse, with the highest dominancy of Arecaceae (Cocos nucífera) in North and Central Lombok and also Tiliaceae (Type Tílíaceae) in West and East Lombok.

The urban farming plant system is a type of plant that requires extra monitoring in its maintenance. Internet of Things is a concept whereby an object has ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction. In otherwise, optimizing limited spaces in urban areas we can combine several cultivation technique as integrated urban farming consist of plant culture, aquaculture apiary, veterinary, etc. This study aims to create smartly integrated all those cultivations as one cycle system that we called Ecoholistic Vertiminaponic using automated control and monitoring applications on the systems by utilizing the Internet of Things using Android and Cloud smart phones. Applications on Android smart phones are made to be able to know the sensor data that exist on the Cloud and also control the lights, pumps, and fans on the vertiminaponic system through Cloud. Both tasks can be done remotely via an Android smart phone connected to the internet. By using this system, activities that should be done directly can be done remotely via the internet, including in the monitoring and control of plant systems. As the cycle of cultivation system Ecoholistic Vertiminaponic will support urban sustainable farming and its food self-sufficiency.

Agriculture development in Indonesia has been targeted to attain food resilient by increasing rice production. Lampung has been involved in rice production increasing activity since 2008 up to now. Rice transplanted area in Lampung was increased by distinctive effort by mean of increasing rice planting index and acceleration of planting time to boost rice planting areas as well as production. The objectives of this study were to observe pest before and after; as well as ongoing rice field with and without increasing rice planting index and acceleration of planting time, and to analyze factors involved in the pest attack. The results showed that brown planthopper and rat were main pest problem. Infested area by brown planthopper and rat were negatively correlated with delayed planting but were increased by increasing planting index. The rise of brown planthopper populations was affected by pest management, planting system, integrated crop management implementation, and resistant variety planted. Meanwhile, the increase of rat attack was influenced by increasing of rice planting index, acceleration of planting time, and the dose of urea fertilizer. The brown planthopper and rat threaten sustainability of rice production in which increasing rice planting index and acceleration of planting time were implemented.

This study aims to investigate the effects of temperature regimes on oxygen consumption of barred loach Nemacheilus fasciatus. Three experimental groups were set to measure oxygen consumption (OC) of the rearing fish (Length: 6.14 ± 0.4 cm; Weight: 1.46 ± 0.05 g) on different temperatures (21.5, 26.5, and 31.5°C) with six replicates. Fish were adapted in an aquarium before stocked and observed in a closed respirometer system (Stocking density: 10 fish/L; Respirometer volume: 1.4 L). Barred loach consumed 365.9, 320.9, and 298.4 mg O₂/kg/h at 21.5, 26.5, and 31.5°C indicating that the OC decreased gradually with increasing water temperature. However, oxygen consumption of barred loach did not change significantly within the temperature range from 21.5 to 31.5°C. The ventilation rate of barred loach increased from 115.0 ± 8.9 to 265.2 ± 42.5 times/min between 21.5 and 31.5°C. Oxygen consumption per breath of barred loach was higher at a lower temperature (3.18 ± 0.63, 2.11 ± 1.22, and 1.13 ± 0.57 mg O₂/kg/breath at 21.5, 26.5, and 31.5°C) (P<0.05). In terms of Q₁₀, the lowest value was found between 26.5 – 31.5°C with a value of 1.16. The thermal range was a comfort zone for barred loach to maintain their metabolic efficiency.

The aimed of this research was to callus initiation of I. zollingeriana Miq using a various concentration of 2,4-D and source of explants. The source of explants was the first factor which consisted of 2 types of explants, leaf (A1) and stem (A2) and concentration of 2,4-D was the second factor with several levels D0 (MS0), D1 (0.0 mg/L), D2 (1.0 mg/L), D3 (2.0 mg/L), D4 (3.0 mg/L), and D5 (4.0 mg/L). The results showed that source of explants and plant growth regulator of 2,4-D afford give a significant effect on the time of callus induction and very significant effect for the weight of callus, but no interaction between source of explants and 2,4-D for a time of callus induction and weight of callus. The fastest of callus initiation on MS media added by 2,4-D with a concentration of 2.0 and 3.0 mg/L (3.55 weeks after planting). The largest callus diameter showed on MS media without 2,4-D. The biggest weight of callus showed on MS media added by 2,4-D with a concentration of 3.0 mg/L. Callus had friable textured and creamy white-colored. Ultimately, the fastest of callus initiation from the source of explants was stem with 3.51 weeks after planting.

Detection of plant viruses can be done by protein or nucleic acid approaches. The immunocapture-reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (IC-RT-PCR) method is a combination of the two approaches. Research was carried out to develop and validate IC-RT- PCR based-detection method for SCSMV, which can be applied for the sugarcane seed indexing program to support the national government's goal for sugar self-sufficiency. Evaluation of the IC-RT-PCR method was conducted using 5 field samples. Conventional PCR and serological methods, i.e. dot immunobinding assay (DIBA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was also performed in the same time. All field samples gave a positive reaction to SCSMV antibodies in the DIBA and ELISA methods with the intensity of the reaction varying from low to high. SCSMV was still detected on plant extract up to 10⁴ dilution by ELISA and DIBA. Specific DNA fragments were successfully amplified from 2 field samples using the conventional PCR method; whereas the IC-RT-PCR method was successfully amplified all field samples. Optimization test showed that the IC-RT-PCR method was able to detect SCSMV from plant extract up to 10⁻¹⁰ dilutions. IC-RT-PCR method is more sensitive than conventional PCR and might be recommended for the indexing method to produce high-quality virus-free sugarcane seed.

Xylanases are hydrolytic enzymes that degraded xylan into xylooligosaccharide and xylose. Nowadays, the xylanases play a major important role in the industrial products, in the field of paper, pulp, food, beverage, pharmaceutical and animal feed. This study was to characterize and optimize xylanase produced by Stenotrophomonas sp. EL-8 isolated from the seagrass substrates in Enggano Island. The seagrass substrates were collected from Banjar Sari Beach, Enggano Island. Isolation of bacteria from seagrass substrates using 0.5% beechwood xylan agar medium. The isolates were screened by morphological characters. Colonies which produced clear zone were presumed as xylanolytic bacteria furthermore they were selected for determination of xylanase enzyme activity. The selected potential xylanolytic isolate was identify based on 16S rRNA. The results of this study showed that a total of 22 bacteria were isolated. Based on clear zone screening, EL-8 isolate indicated more potentially than the other 21 isolates. The crude enzyme production of EL-8 showed the highest activity at 18 hours incubation with the enzyme activity of 0.831 U/mL. This crude enzyme optimally worked at pH 5, temperature 45 °C with the enzyme activity 2.836 U/mL. EL-8 isolate has a close relationship with Stenotrophomonas sp. EL-8 based on 16S rRNA gene identification.

Cassava pulp is a solid waste resulted from the processing of cassava into tapioca. Cassava pulp is composed of cellulose and residual starch extract. In addition, cassava pulp contains undigested oligosaccharides. During the cassava pulp drying process, various indigenous microbes grow so that it affects the quality of dried cassava pulp. This study aimed to examine the role of indigenous cellulolytic and amylolytic microbes in cassava pulp during the drying process. Indigenous microbes were isolated from cassava pulp from 0 to 15 days using CMC and starch agar to obtain cellulolytic and amylolytic bacteria. Thirty-two types of cellulolytic bacteria and four types of amylolytic bacteria from cassava pulp were selected based on their cellulolytic and amylolytic index. The dominance of cellulolytic bacteria occurred during the drying process (15 days). The highest cellulolytic index obtained was 1.47 and the amylolytic index was 0.86. Selected isolates that had a high index value were then further tested for growth and cellulase enzyme activity. Cellulase produced by isolates of COC1 bacteria had the highest enzyme activity at the 15th hour, which was 0.06 U / mL. Cassava pulp which underwent a drying process for 15 days had crude fiber and carbohydrates changes.

Indonesia has about 14.03 million hectars of palm oil plantation. Palm kernel cake (PKC) is a byproduct of palm oil processing majority consist of β-mannan. Mannan is a component of hemicellulose which have an economic value. Mannan can be converted to the manooligosaccharides (MOS) using bacterial enzyme. This study aimed to produce MOS from PKC using actinomycetes from Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas Jambi. The selection was begun with the production of the clear zone on medium containing PKC then enzyme activity was measured. Isolate HJ4-5B had the highest mannanolytic index up to 0.4. The enzyme activity of isolate HJ4-5B increased significantly up to 0.895 U/mL at 7^th day of culture incubation. The highest mannanase activity of isolate HJ4-5B occurs at pH 6 and 70 °C with an incubation time of 7^th day which reached 1.186 U/mL.

This study sought to evaluate the influence of hot water extract addition on cell growth, biomass production and lipid productivity during cultivation of microalgae Choricystis sp. LBB13-AL045 under different light intensity. The cellular growth of microalgae in terms of growth rate and produced biomass increased significantly with the addition of hot water extract into the microalgal culture under both low- and high-light intensity (3000 and 30000 lux, respectively), demonstrating that hot water extract of microalgal biomass positively interferes with the metabolism of microalgae and the production of biomass. Thus, microalgal lipid productivity was eventually increased almost three times when hot water extract (7,5 mg/mL) was employed in the microalgal cultivation with high light intensity. Hot water extract was prepared by the autoclaving varied concentration of dried microalgal biomass (2,5-7,5 mg/mL) in water. The cultivation of Choricystis sp. LBB13-AL045 showed the highest net increase of biomass production (975,05 mg) at hot water extract concentration of 7,5 mg/mL and light intensity of 30000 lux. The current investigation demonstrates that hot water extract of Choricystis's dried biomass accelerate its growth and induce its lipid productivity for its application in biodiesel production.

Bioethanol is one of the renewable alternative energies and can be used as a substitute for fossil fuels. Bioethanol is produced from a fermentation process, which is assisted by microbial yeast groups (ethanologenic yeast). Yeast Pichia kudriavzevii is capable of converting both carbon source pentose and hexose sugars to ethanol. In the previous study, P. kudriavzevii ethanol stress - tolerant mutant strains T5 was successfully constructed via directed mutagenesis thus suggesting their potential as fermentation agent. One strategy to increase ethanol production is by applying co-cultivation techniques. Thus, this study aimed to examine the ability of sugar substrate utilization by ethanologenic yeast S. cerevisiae and P. kudriavzeviiat various inoculum ratio. The results of the study indicated that no antagonist interaction detected between S. cerevisiae with all of P. kudriavzevii, both mutant and wild type strains. Based on sugar consumption analysis, both yeast isolates could be used in ethanol production simultaneously to maximize mixed substrate utilization. Our study revealed that the best sugar consumption found on co-cultivation of S. cerevisiae with wild type P. kudriavzevii T (wt) in 1: 1 inoculum ratio.

Waste of smoked fish processing still contains nutritious ingredients for fish feed. Aims of this research were to determine the effect of giving pellets from fish fumigation waste to the growth and proximate levels of fish. Dumbo catfishes that feed by recycled pellets and characterizing fungal content that might contaminate recycled pellets. Catfishes were grouped into five groups, and feed with a variation of smoked fish waste contents in pellets K.0 (Control), K.1 (0% of recycled waste), K.2 (30% of recycled waste), K.3 (60% of recycled waste), and K.4 (90% of recycled waste). Feeding and nourishment were performed for 30 days. Results indicated that K4 yields the highest yield of weight and length for catfishes with a length of 22.28±0.69 cm and weight 31.74±0.93 gr, in addition to the lowest FCR value 0.77.

Potatoes are horticultural commodity that have high economic value. Kennebec is one potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivar suitable for potato chips, therefore it is able be used as genetic resource to develop superior potato cultivars. By gamma ray irradiation at a dose of 15 Gy to cv. Kennebec, one mutant clone, i.e. clone 53.1, had been obtained. This research had an objective to analyse the clone 53.1 as a mutant of potato cv Kennebec. Molecular analysis by RAPD marker using 9 primers namely OPA 1, OPA 2, OPA 5, OPA 7, OPA 8, OPA 9, OPA 10, OPB 8 and OPB 18 showed that the mutations occured at all nine loci and 36.67% alleles had mutated. The highest level of mutation occurred at the OPA 2 locus. Mutations also significantly affected morphological characters in the form of plant height at 45 and 90 days after planting (DAP), tuber diameter, tuber number, tuber weight, shoot weight, root weight, color of tuber eye and color of basal stem of sprouting tuber. The plant height and the tuber productivity of clone 53.1 as a mutant are higher than that of potato cv Kennebec as an original cultivar.

Gamma irradiation has been applied to potato (Solanum tuberosumL.) cultivar Atlantic and IPB CP1 cultivar is one of mutant clones had been obtained. RAPD was applied as molecular marker to analyze the difference between the potato cv IPB CP1 and cultivar Atlantic. A total of 24 primers composed of single random primers and combination of two random primers were used to amplify DNA fragments from the genomic DNA of potato cultivar IPB CP1 and Atlantic. These primers are considered as loci and the amplicon generated by this primer is considered as allele. The number of allele indicated by the number of amplified DNA fragment ranged from 3 to 16 alleles depending on the locus represented by the primer. The combination of two random primers produced the highest polymorphic fragments. The difference between potato cultivar IPB CP1 and Atlantic is determined by 4 loci among 24 loci of RAPD, as OPA-02, OPA-02 + OPA-03, OPA-02 + OPA-07, and OPA- 01 + OPA-13. Locus OPA-02 + OPA-03 contains the highest genetic difference with 2 polymorphic fragments (22.22 %). This research had succesfully detected molecular difference between potato cv Atlantic and IPB CP1 as its mutant using RAPD marker.

It has been known that the EGFR have the role for regulation the cytoskeleton activity and its expression increased in endometriosis tissue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the DNA methylation of the EGFR gene that might cause the alteration of its mRNA expression in peritoneal endometriosis tissue. Samples were peritoneal endometriosis tissue from 20 endometriosis patients and 20 female of non-endometriosis patients. The DNA methylation of the EGFR gene was analyzed by the method of Methylation Specific PCR and ImageJ software, while its expression of mRNA were analyzed by the method of qRT-PCR. The DNA methylation in the EGFR gene in peritoneal endometriosis tissues increased compared to normal endometrial tissues (peritoneal endometriosis tissue = 56%, normal endometriosis tissue = 19%). The expression of mRNA EGFR gene in endometriosis peritoneal tissues was 1.341 fold increased relative to normal endometrium. There is no significant correlation between the DNA methylation with expression of mRNA EGFR (p = 0.947 and r = -0.016). Increasing of EGFR mRNA expression in endometriosis tissue that was not caused by alteration of its DNA methylation, have to play a role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis.

Salinity (salty and acidity) is one of important abiotic stresses, which can decrease corn production. In Indonesia, corn is one of important cereal crop beside rice. Madura is an island that known as widest area of maize landfill in East Java but has lowest productivity. Madura local corns (var. Manding, Duko and Elos) and hybrid corn (var. Sukmaraga) known as salt tolerance. This research objectives was to compare response of those callus to salt stress. Callus responses to salt stress, can indicate to their resistance to salinity. The young corn stalks were induced to be callus by MS+2,4D 4mg/L, then cultivated to media MS+NaCl (0, 100, 200 mM) for 30 days. The parameters were morphology (colour and texture), survived and proline content. Proline content was measured by nynhidrin methods. The results showed that salt stress change callus colour (from white to creamy white and brown) and texture (from friable to compact and intermediate). Duko and Elos survived more than 90%, but Manding and Sukmaraga survived less than 15%. Salt treatment increased proline content of all callus. Madura local corn had better tolerance to salt stress than hybrid.

Pyrophosphate-dependent Phosphofructokinase or PFP is an enzyme that regulate sucrose metabolism. It consists of α- and β-subunits, which encoded by PFPα and PFPβ genes, respectively. Sugarcane PFPa has a strong function in glycolysis and has the potency to be engineered to increase sugarcane yield. Hence, the purpose of this work was to isolate, clone and characterize the sugarcane PFPα gene. Total RNA was isolated from leafrolls of TD 91 sugarcane variety. cDNA synthesis followed by DNA amplification of PFPα gene were performed using degenerate primers. cDNA and DNA fragments were ligated into pGEM-T Easy vector, which were subsequently introduced to E. coli competent cells. EcoRI were used to cut the plasmids for sequencing. Finally, homology searching was conducted using BLASTn, and then the nucleotide sequence was translated to a protein sequence using Bioedit. The results showed that PFPα cDNA fragment was 900 bp in length. The translated PFPa protein showed binding sites for fructose-6-phosphate and fructose-1,6-biphosphate, which are conserved in all family members of PFP. In silico analysis of the DNA fragment showed gene without intron. In conclusion, the PFPα gene from sugarcane has been successfully isolated, cloned and characterized.

Endometriosis is characterized by the presence of endometrial-like tissues located outside the uterine cavity. The expression of focal adhesion genes including FN1 gene increased in endometriosis. Epigenetic factors play a role in the alteration of expression that lead to the pathological conditions. This study aimed to analyze the mRNA expression and promoter methylation level of FN1 gene as an epigenetic mechanism in endometriosis. Forty of the total samples from endometrial patients and normal were used. The DNA and RNA were isolated, DNA was converted using sodium bisulfite procedure, amplified by MSP method. Promoter methylation level was determined by intensity of the bands that arose in gel electrophoresis using ImageJ software. The RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA and was amplified using RT-qPCR. The mRNA expression level of FN1 gene was higher in endometrial endometriosis compared to normal, but not significant statistically (p=0,63). There was a significant difference methylation level of FN1 gene in endometrial endometriosis compared to normal endometrium (p=0.022). There was positive correlation between promoter methylation level to its mRNA expression in endometrial endometriosis (r=0.080; p=0.736). DNA methylation alteration in promoter FN1 gene was not to be caused by the increasing of mRNA expression.

Until now, Huanglongbing-HLB disease caused by a simple bacterium (Ca. Liberibacter spp) and distributed by Asian citrus psyllid vector (Diaphorina citri) and clonal propagation (grafting), was a major challenge in the national citrus production even almost all citrus nation production center in Asia, Africa also at the USA. This disease attack at phloem vessels by callouses forming that covering plasmodesmata and could be crop failure. There have been no citrus varieties reported resistant to HLB attack. Plant ploidy increase derived from in vitro breeding through somatic hybridization and endosperm culture expected to increase the plant's defense system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the tolerance of polyploidy plant to HLB attack. Tolerance of in vitro shoot of citrus regenerated from protoplast fusion (Citrus nobilis + C. unshiu) and culture of tangerine (C. nobilis) endosperm were screened by HLB pathogen suspense as selecting an agent and local lime as a negative control (HLB susceptible citrus). In vitro selection result that in vitro shoots derived from somatic hybridization shows resistance increase to HLB and characterize by recoverability after were selected.

In vitro spermatogenesis has many clinical applications and hopefully with improvement of research findings this technique will solve the applied fisheries era 4.0. This research aimed to evaluate the effects of testosterone and type of serum on the in vitro spermatogenesis of shark-minnow fish (Osteochilus hasselti). In the present research, four concentrations of testosterone (0, 5, 10 and 15 ng/mL) were tested. The types of serum used were autologous serum and Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS). The results showed that the use autologous serum in the culture medium capable of maintaining the consistency of the tissue culture in culture period and maintaining in vitro spermatogenesis of shark-minnow. This study shown that stage-specific of spermatogenic cells needed certain testosterone concentration. The stage of secondary spermatocyte needed testosterone concentration of 5ng/mL i.e. 50.81±9.29% in medium with autologous serum and 36.47±15.49% in medium with FBS, while stage of spermatid and spermatozoa needed testosterone concentration of 10ng/mL i.e. 36.66±19.81% and spermatozoa 43.45±23.44% in autologous serum and the proportion of spermatid i.e. 42.35±9.09% and spermatozoa 35.25±14.0% in medium with FBS. This study proven that in-vitro spermatogenesis, already demonstrated in shark-minnow fish, offered great promises to cope with reproductive issues in the aquaculture and applied fisheries biotechnology.

Xyleutes and its allied genera are two of the major wood borer pests in South East Asia, especially in Indonesia. The systematics of this group is still vague since all these genera were mostly described based on superficial external characters only. Therefore, the validity of each genus within this group needs to be assessed based on more comprehensive data. To assess the monophyly of each genus, and to elucidate the relationship of the Indonesian Xyleutes and its allied genera, we analyzed 28 species from 11 genera based on nucleotide sequence variation across a 579-bp region in the CO I gene. The results showed that ML tree- building methods recovered almost all sections recognized based on morphological characters. Some genera such as Morpheis, Chalcidica, and Rapdalus are valid genera and their relationship within each genus well resolved. On the other hand, genera Trimoslemos, Zeuzera, and Xyleutes seem to be paraphyletic groups. Those genera, indeed, need revision based on materials not only from Indonesia but also from other countries. The current phylogeny proposed here is necessary to be evaluated by involving conserved genes to get better resolution for the relation among all genera.

Duku (Lansium domesticum) has a high diversity. There are no specific markers to assess genetic diversity in Duku. Microsatellite markers can determine genetic diversity more specifically in the cultivar level. This study aimed to isolate and characterize microsatellite sequences from the assembled-genome database. The markers were developed from 455 010 contigs of the velvet-assembled genome using the MISA program. BLASTN program was used for sequence annotation.Characterization of microsatellite markers was analyzed using bioinformatics. The result was found 7 types of repeat type: 63 contigs of mononucleotide with most motif of T, 450 contigs of dinucleotide with most motif of TA, 3094 contigs of trinucleotide with most motif of AAT, 561 contigs of tetranucleotide with most motif of TTAA, 85 contigs of pentanucleotide with most motif of TTTCT, 144 contigs of hexanucleotide with most motif of AAAAAT and 1331 contigs of compound sequence. This study provides information about specific markers in L. domesticum and will contribute to plant breeding development.

Tetragonula laeviceps from Pandeglang West Java is characterized by a thin honey pot. The purpose of this study was to analyze variations of wing venation among stingless bee T. laeviceps, T. laeviceps (thin honey pot) and T. aff. biroi using geometric morphometric analysis. The research was conducted by digitized the landmark at nine homologs venations of stingless bee anterior right-wing venation from 20 individuals of each species. The results show variations on wing venation in the intra- and interspecies of stingless bees based on the relative warp ordination plot. Landmark numbers 4 and number 6 are the characteristics that separate T. laeviceps and T. laeviceps (thin honey pot), and landmark numbers 1, 2, 5, and number 9 are characteristic between T. laeviceps and T. aff. biroi. Based on relative contribution value, landmark number 7 revealed as significant characters in the genus level and landmark number 9 are characteristics in the intraspecies of Tetragonula. The number of landmark variations and bending energy value of intraspecies are less compare to the interspecies of Tetragonula. The unrooted phylogenetic analysis shows the T. laeviceps, T. laeviceps (thin honey pot) and T. aff. biroi are separate in a different cluster for the intra- and interspecies.