Table of contents

Message from the Dean of Faculty of Engineering Universitas Bangka Belitung

On behalf of Faculty of Engineering Universitas Bangka Belitung, I am honored and delighted to welcome all the keynote speakers and participants to the 1st International Conference on Green Energy and Environment (ICOGEE) on 3-4 September 2019 in Pangkalpinang, Bangka Belitung, Indonesia. The conference aims to provide the forum for presentations and discussions of the most recent research in energy and environment.

I would like to express my gratitute toward the keynote speakers and participants for the conference. And also, I would like to extend my congratulations to all the authors and presenters. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to the organizing committee and co-sponsors for their valuable contributions.

Finally, welcome to Bangka Belitung and enjoy your participation in ICOGEE 2019.

Wahri Sunanda

Dean of Faculty of Engineering

Universitas Bangka Belitung

Message from the Head of Committee ICoGEE 2019 are also available in this pdf.

List of Scientific Committee are available in this pdf.

International Conference on Green Energy and Environment 2019 (ICoGEE 2019)

List of Conference photographs available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

Human life needs are essentially supported by the need for electrical energy currently faced with environmental issues. Power plants in Indonesia 57.2% still use coal fuel as their primary fuel. The electrical load needed is undoubtedly a critical concern on energy. The existing water treatment plant is still completely dependent on the existing power generation system. We can utilize the available space at the water treatment plant to design a solar-powered electricity generation system. Later, the system with 800 PV modules and 290 batteries that produce 1106.175 MW of power will be able to support the daily electricity needs of water treatment plant.

Renewable Energy is starting to grow rapidly, the use of solar energy in Indonesia has a good development. According to the grid code issued by the national utility company, the maximum standard harmonic limit is 5%. Harmonic is mostly caused by non-linear loads that form a distorted sine wave, which leads the equipment to become hotter faster, adding losses and reducing the equipment lifetime. The simulation method uses ETAP software to obtain values from Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) on the 20kV and 150 kV Beta substations sides with several scenario simulations of photovoltaic power plant integration with a capacity from 5 to 20 MWp with multiple of 5. The simulation results have shown that the maximum THDv value in the scenario at 20 kV Beta substation is 0.26% and at 150kV Beta substation is 0.1%. This value is still below the standard limit, so by the integration of PV plant, system still operates securely.

PV output power is firmly influenced by temperature and solar irradiation that fall on the surface of the PV modules. Shading which cross-wising the surface of PV modules is major factor that prevails the degradation of its performance. The shading in PV arrays is caused by the presence of cloud, dust, fog, trees, the shadow near buildings, and so on. As the result of the shading effect, the voltage and current outputs fluctuate which would in turn reducing the efficiency of the PV output. The voltage and current of PV solar cells will drop from partial shading effect experiment which consists of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% shading area. This paper shows the effect of PV system over the voltage stability by variating the shading conditions using simulation by ETAP software 12.6.0.

Photovoltaic is one of the products of renewable energy-based electrical energy generation technology, without using fossil fuels, even without mechanical movements in the energy conversion process. Photovoltaic depends only on photons from solar rays. The sensitivity is relatively high against the sun's irradiance, so because of that, both the output voltage and current become unstable. However, the instability of photovoltaic in producing electricity needs to be fixed by adding power storage component, such as batteries. The purpose of this paper is to design an optimal system to measure the size of the battery in Solar Power Plant. The best sizing battery is 80MW with 194 cells.

This study aims to design and assess the simulation of the On-Grid PV System that will be implemented in Building K at the Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia (FTUI), Depok, West Java. In addition, this research is also to find out the amount of energy potential and issued by the 66 kW PLTS On-Grid design and its energy saving value. On-Grid PV System was designed and simulated by PVsyst and the results were analyzed. Load profile data from Building K FTUI are used. The simulation shows that the energy produced by PV is 97,889 MWh per year, the performance ratio is 82% with the contribution rate to Building K is 23.79% in a year, and the reduction in energy consumption from utilities is 19.48% during workdays and 49.01% during the weekend.

Dielectric materials have attracted attention cause their potential applications such as energy storage devices and sensors. The biggest issues in the synthesis of dielectric materials reside in improving dielectric properties. In our work, a carbon dielectric composite material was successfully synthesized with PEG 4000 and PEG 6000 matrices respectively. The dielectric properties of candlenut shell carbon based composites filled with PEG 4000 and PEG 6000 were investigated. Conductivity of carbon decreases along with the addition of the matrices. The lowest conductivity value was obtained from Carbon / PEG 6000 material (0.52 – 0.91) x 10⁻⁸ S / cm in the measurement range of 10³ Hz - 10⁴ Hz. This is due to the small carbon porosity (33.14%) and the addition of the matrices causing a decrease in the reactive surface area of the carbon.

Dependence on the usage of fossil fuel energy sources as a source of electrical energy to overcome the increase in electrical energy needs. The high demand for electricity encourages the development of the use of non-fossil energy sources. One of the new and renewable energy sources producing electricity is solar energy from the sun. Solar panels produce DC electricity which can be converted into AC electricity using an inverter so that it can be connected to an AC load. The switching process and the use of power electronic components in the inverter can generate electrical wave distortion such as disturbance with 9 – 150 kHz frequency in the solar panel system. In this study, the characteristics of the disturbance frequency 9-150 kHz reviewed and their effects on solar irradiation. Furthermore, it shows that the solar panels system-generated disturbance and increased by 1.5 – 12.6% per 100 W/m2

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel that is included in renewable energy. Various problems of the source of raw materials for making biodiesel create an opportunity to find alternative sources of raw materials from plant oils, one of which is papaya seeds. Extraction of papaya seeds into oil is carried out by socletation and distillation methods. GCMS analysis showed that papaya seed oil contained oleic acid. Biodiesel transesterification has been carried out using CaO catalyst from the Strombus canarium shells. The reaction was carried out at the papaya seed oil to methanol molar ratio of 1: 6, presence catalyst 5% wt relative to oil and temperature reaction of 65 °C for 2 h. GC/MS analysis result showed that the content of methyl esters is 50.35% with the highest abundance is 10-Octadecenoic acid and the smallest abundance is 9-Octadecenoic acid.

A solar power plant converts light into electricity using photovoltaics. It uses an inverter to convert DC to AC current to be connected to an AC load. Increasing use of solar panels in household application results in an increase in the use of inverters, in which some might due to the fact that inverters can produce disturbances at a frequency between 9-150 kHz. This study is focused on observing the disturbance characteristics of an off-grid photovoltaic system due to variations of irradiation and shading in the frequency range from 9 -150 kHz. It is expected that the output of this observation can provide a reference for research in determining the effects on electric power system. This observation provided a shading effect of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the photovoltaic area and then conducted observation based on two solar irradiation conditions. Based on the observations, it is identified that in general there are 3 frequency ranges of dominant disturbances, they are: 20-25 kHz, 72-73 kHz, and 144-146 kHz. Their voltage disturbance will decrease with increasing shading area, where at shading conditions of 25% and 50% they will have a value voltage disturbance that tends to be the same as that in the 3 dominant frequency ranges.

Cellulose acetate biopolymer electrolyte from oil palm empty fruit bunch doped with LiClO₄ was synthesized by solution casting method. Structural properties of this biopolymer electrolyte were characterized by Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) and X Ray Diffraction (XRD). Result of FTIR analysis, the addition of LiClO₄ caused shifted in wavenumber to the lower wavenumber in C=O functional group and shifted in wavenumber to the higher wavenumber in C-O functional group. Based on the results of XRD analysis, the presence of LiClO₄ caused the crystalline phase of cellulose acetate to be a more amorphous phase. These indicated an intermolecular interaction between cellulose acetate and LiClO₄ and LiClO₄ dissociate in polymer matrix of cellulose acetate.

To use solar energy into electricity, a solar panel system is needed which of course uses solar panels. As we know, a solar panel system has quite a lot of non-linear equipment, for example is an inverter. The use of this inverter will affect the power quality of the output of solar panels, one of which is disturbance. At a frequency range of 9 – 150 kHz, electrical equipment with an inverter will produce a disturbance in the system. So, in this paper, the study was conducted to observe the characteristics of the disturbance frequency of 9 – 150 kHz towards total demand distortion on on-grid solar system in the electrical system at the gas station so that it can be used as a guide for future disturbance and solar energy research.

In this article, we address the optimal biodiesel production through transesterification reaction using waste cooking oil, methanol and presence of calcium oxide (CaO) as a solid base catalyst. CaO catalyst was activated from calcined Strombus canarium shells, collected at Bangka Belitung Islands Province, Indonesia. X-Ray Diffraction and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) were applied to characterize the prepared catalyst. The transesterification process will produce methyl ester (biodiesel) yield of 83.5% was obtained in the optimum condition at the waste cooking oil to methanol molar ratio of 1:12, presence catalyst 3.0% wt relative to oil and temperature reaction of 65 oC for 4 h. The GC-MS analysis assured to identify the chemical composition of the synthesized biodiesel which contained methyl myristate and methyl palmitoleate as the dominant esters. As such, the uses of Strombus canarium shells as a catalyst source and waste cooking oil as a feedstock for biodiesel production.

Nanofluids is a material that has good prospects to increase the efficiency of the heat transfer process. With the addition of small fraction nanoparticles, the thermal conductivity of the nanofluids can increase significantly compared to the fluid base. Although it has excellent application prospects, the study of thermal conductivity models is still a problem. The uniqueness of the characteristics and rapid development of nanofluids experiments make the proposed model continue to undergo validation testing. In this paper, a model of temperature-dependent the effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids is proposed. This model is a development of a previously proposed model that only involves aspects of the fraction of the volume and diameter of nanoparticles. The model construction comes from the modification of the model proposed by Mintsa-Roy-Nguyen-Doucet, which is equipped with aspects of the nano-convection mechanism as proposed by Jang-Choi.

Biogas is an alternative clean energy that can replace the utilization of LPG, fossil fuel for cooking. But many reports said that biogas is mixture composition which carbon dioxide composition must be removed. This study aims to investigate the combustion performance of purified biogas after sodium hydroxide absorption. Carbon dioxide removal has been conducted by absorption method. There are 4 type concentration of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) that used in this study 5, 15, 25 and 35. After carbon dioxide absorption using 5, 15, 25, 35% methane content of biogas increased. The increase in methane affected on the increase in calorific value. Purified biogas after absorption using 5, 15, 25 and 35% of sodium hydroxide increased 187.91, 225.42, 227.91, and 243.82 kJ respectively.

The Savonius wind turbine is one types of vertical wind turbine that can be working in low wind speed conditions. This type of turbine is suitable for development in Indonesia, which has an average wind speed ranging from 3 to 5 m/s. This research presents the results of performance comparisons among three types of turbine blades, namely L, U, and S with each helix 60° and no-load conditions. Turbines are made of alumunium with a thickness of 0.7mm. The dimensions of the turbine are high 0.8m and the rotor diameter 0.46m, and each has three blades. The testing location was carried out on the seashore of Batu Belubang village, Bangka Island, Indonesia. The research was conducted to see how much the blade performance was by measuring the shaft rotation that occurred. From the results of the study, the three turbines showed excellent performance. Where for U blade type, the shaft can rotate up to 559 rpm at 5.5 m/s wind speeds. For type L blades with wind speeds of 5.6 m/s, the beam is capable of rotating up to 430 rpm. While for the type S showed the best performance on 564rpm at a wind speed of 5.5 m/s.

In producing its power, Photovoltaic (PV) performance is influenced by environmental factors, such as solar irradiance and temperature. System stability is needed to maintain safe operation of the system. This paper presents a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) control model of PV array to improve system reliability and the performance of MPPT. The main parameters in Matlab/Simulink simulation that become the highlight influences are the changes in solar irradiance from 500W/m² to 1000W/m² and ambient temperatures from 25°C to 50°C. With the control algorithm that has been made in the Perturb and Observe (P&O) method, it obtains the optimal voltage control point in each PV conditions in a power system. System simulation shows that the voltage stability was maintained above 510 Volt in various conditions of solar irradiance and temperature. The results of the control scheme show the stability of the system and the optimal performance of PV.

Renovation and retrofitting have differing meanings. The term renovation refers to the process of returning something to a good state of repair. In the construction industry, improvement relates to the method of improving or modernizing an old, damaged, or defective building. The opposed to a term of retrofitting which is providing something with a component or feature not fitted initially. Retrofitting means giving something with a part or not installed during manufacture or adding something that it did not have when first constructed. Otherwise, it used as improving the health of occupants or increasing the building adaptability, durability, and resiliency. The strategy of green achievement is the purpose of the research. This state of the art is providing how researchers to understand the achievement strategy from building components. To provide a clear overview for the reader, which are building components in Green Building. Then Green building is one of the measures forward to mitigate significant impacts of the building stock on the environment, society, and economy. Professional for respondents taken from three which has differed on AMSL and climate, exploring for knowledge and practices profiles. However, this paper consists of a critical review of the existing body of knowledge of researches related to the strategies of green building achievement. The research themes and findings identified. These universal themes are the definition and scope of renovation and retrofitting on green building, and discussions approach to achieve green buildings by researchers how recognizing the building comIponents. It found that the emphasis played predominately focus on knowledge of professional role as the aspects which are affecting green building achievement. Future research opportunities were identified, such as climatic of all countries to consider green building assessment tools and future-proofing on preconstruction. We suggest developing an awareness of managing and controlling preconstruction work for achieving green achievement. Moreover, it could develop to the next research on developing a strategy on green construction for construction management and project management.

Adsorption was carried out on the water of post tin mining using nanomagnetic Fe₃O₄/chitosan from Portunus pelagicus shells. Nanomagnetic Fe₃O₄/Chitosan was prepared for iron adsorption. The nanomagnetic Fe₃O₄ was characterized through XRD and chitosan was characterized through FTIR The concentration of Fe in post tin mining water is 6.1 ppm. This study varied the mass of Fe₃O₄ and stirring time. The adsorption results were analyzed by AAS and obtained the largest adsorption efficiency (96.72%) at stirring 30 minutes with a mass of Fe₃O₄ of 120 mg.

Agricultural activities are one of the main income sources in Bangka Regency, but this activity also provides a dilemma for environmental conservation. Oil palm plantation activities always use fertilizers and pesticides, leaving organic contamination in the waters. Cases of poisoning against pesticides, especially organophosphate groups, have been widely reported. To avoid that preventive measures are required, so we must know the water quality and pollution load that contained in the water around the area of oil palm plantations. This study aims to monitor water quality based on chemical parameters (DO, BOD, COD, nitrate and phosphate levels), and the presence of pesticide residues in the waters around oil palm plantations in Bangka Regency. The results showed waters around oil palm plantations in Zed meet mild to moderate pollution (3.21-4.95 mg/L) based on DO parameters, meet class II water quality standards for BOD (2.37-2.68 mg/L), COD criteria (8.7-11.4 mg/L), nitrate (0.985 mg/L) and phosphate (<0.0313 mg/L). Waters around oil palm plantations in Sempan meet moderate pollution based on DO parameters (3.59-3.78 mg/L), and meeting the class II water quality standards for the criteria of BOD(2.37-2.47 mg/L), COD (8.68-9.56 mg/L), nitrate and phosphate. The results did not found any pesticide organophosphate residue.

Green inhibitors are inhibitors that utilize secondary metabolites of plant to reduce the rate of corrosion. Secondary metabolites with heteroatom content phosphate, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur function as ligands and adsorption centers to bind metals. These metabolites compounds include alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins. Tristaniopsis merguensis Griff. is a local plant of Bangka Belitung which contains alkaloid, flavonoids and tannins. The focus of this research is to analyze the effect of T. merguensis leaf extract on corrosion rate of stainless steel. T. merguensis extract was obtained by maceration for 3 x 24 hours using ethanol solvent. Determination of corrosion rate using the mass reduction method. Then, functional group analysis contained in extract uses the Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) at wavenumber region 4000–400 cm⁻1. The results obtained that at the highest concentration of 1000 mg/L the extract of T. merguensis was able to inhibit the corrosion rate of stainless steel until the corrosion rate was 0.3826 mmpy equal to inhibition efficiency 85.27%. This inhibiting ability is more likely because T. merguensis leaf extract containing phenolic compounds. Therefor T. merguensis extract can be used as a green inhibitor.

Post-tin mining land in Bangka Island can be utilized by application of mulch and nutrient from organic material to stimulate plant growth. The aims of this study is to know the effect of mulch and palm oil waste to stimulate growth of mustard. The research was conducted in Post-Tin Mining, Bangka, from December 2018 to May 2019. This study used Factorial Randomized Block Design with two factors. The first factor was application of mulch consisted of without (M0) and application of mulch (M1). The second factor was application of palm oil waste consisted of empty palm fruit bunch (T1), empty palm fruit bunch + cow manure + Effective Microorganism-4 (T2) and empty palm fruit bunch + palm bunch ash (T3). The result of variance analysis showed that mulch and palm oil waste gave significant effect on all parameter except ash content. Mulch gave the highest result than without mulch, and empty palm fruit bunch + cow manure + effective microorganism-4 gave the highest result than the other treatment. Interaction between mulch and empty palm fruit bunch + cow manure + effective microorganism-4 gave the best result and could be a profitable solution to stimulate the growth of mustard.

This study discussed the analysis of load flow before and after the Toboali Substation (GI Toboali) - that is still in development process stage when the paper is written-. This study was operated in a computer simulation using ETAP Software. The Toboali substation needs to be built because Toboali diesel power plant will be shut down because the Toboali diesel power plant is a diesel power plant leased from PT. Megapower. From the simulation results it was found that before the Toboali substation operated the energy loss was 3,895.7 MWh/year and after the Toboali Substation operated an energy loss was 3,377.5 MWh/year and will reduce 20 tons/day usage of biodiesel. It is expected that when the Toboali substation operates it will reduce the energy loss and electricity dependence of the region on fossil energi and also it will increase power system reliability.

Acid mine drainage can be predicted by testing the geochemical characteristics of rocks, to be knowing acid-forming rocks and acid neutralizing. Prevention and mitigation efforts from acid mine drainage can be predicted by knowing the characteristics of rocks and looking for the direct contact of acid rocks with air and water. The static test aims to determine the potential for acid formation that occurs in rocks as a first step to characterize rocks. Tests were carried out on argillic silica alteration rock samples from the Lanut site, PT J-Resources Bolaang Mongondow. The calculation of total sulfur shows a smaller percentage of the value of the advance argillic than the silisic sample. The results of advance argillic samples, NAG pH> 4.5 were obtained and the value of Net Acid Producing Potential (NAPP) in the range of 110-153 kg H2SO4 / ton rocks which means that the potential nature of rocks cannot be ascertained PAF or NAF. Whereas for silisic alteration rock samples the pH value of NAG <4.5 and NAPP values in the range of 146 - 355 kg H2SO4/ton rocks means silisic alteration has the potential acid forming.

Ocean primary production is an important factor for determining the ocean's role in global carbon cycle. Primary production is the process whereby inorganic carbon is fixed in the sunlit (euphotic) zone of the upper ocean and forms the base of the marine food pyramid. It occurs when marine phytoplankton use sunlight energy and dissolved nutrients to convert inorganic carbon to organic material, thereby releasing oxygen. The objective of this study was to analyze primary productivity in estuary mangrove area in Kurau, Bangka Tengah, Indonesia. The study area was carried out in mangrove area, specifically in Kurau mangrove, Bangka Tengah, Indonesia. The physicochemical sea water parameters were recorded for all stations. The area was divided into four research stations. Based on the data, value of GPP was between 98.95 mg/L – 114.58 mg/L, NPP between 10.42 - 72.92 mg/L, R between 41.67 - 104.17 mg/L. In general, the mean value of temperature, pH, salinity, sea water current, brightness, phosphate were 29.5 ± 0.5 °C; 6.75 ± 0.83; 15 ± 12.74 ppm; 0.075 ± 0.032 m/second; 0.21 ± 0.15 m; 0.74 ± 0.52 mg/L. GPP rates still in typical state range for estuary of equator. Based on nitrate data, the sampling area was eutrophic, so that respiration rates was higher than NPP rates. Moreover, it is because higher recycling of labeled organic matter in brackish part of the estuary as well.

Indonesia is one of the largest tin producers in the world. The by-products of processing tin ore in the form of tailings are not used properly. Based on several studies, tin tailings have high levels of silica. In this paper, a silica purification study from tin tailings is proposed using a solid-state method at different pH. The purity of silica in this paper is determined by XRF and XRD analysis. This research is expected to increase the economic value of tin tailings, which can be utilized in various applications.

Various economic, social, and environmental costs and benefits in illegal unconventional tin mining in Bangka Island have not been mapped clearly. The objective of this study is to obtain information on the economic, social, and environmental costs and benefits incurred by these mining activities expressed in monetary terms. The researcher conducted a field research in three mine villages and interviewed the miners, village government apparatus, and community leaders to map the impacts in the area. The benefits are the income and the growth of sales business, while the incurred costs include the flow of cash towards investors outside the village and the cost of river revitalization, land reclamation, watershed rehabilitation, and flood emergency response. Limited disclosure of data by the mining community and the lack of data available have yielded little cost benefit calculation. Net Present Value (NPV) approach was used to measure net social impact by assessing the profitability of mining, its benefits for the mining community, and the losses incurred by cost of investors and land reclamation. The results of calculation were positive, suggesting that unconventional mining had a significant economic impact at the local level. However, there needs to be further cost analysis of broader environmental damages.

FABA (fly ash and bottom ash) is a by-product of coal combustion at the Air Anyir steam power plant (PLTU), in the Province of the Bangka-Belitung Islands. The waste generated from this PLTU always increases every year, but its utilization is not getting the attention of the related parties. In connection with these reasons, the aim of this study was to analyse the advantages and disadvantages of FABA utilization and to identify barriers in applying the use of FABA as an alternative to local construction materials. The in-depth interview method was selected in this study to obtain detailed information regarding FABA issues. The interviewees were derived from the internal and external parties of the PLTU Air Anyir. The interview results were analysed using the narrative method. The results of this study are expected to encourage relevant parties to use FABA as an alternative substitute for construction materials.

The problem of slope stability is an important problem because it involves issues of human safety and other activities. To analyze slope stability, it can be seen through mechanical properties such as cohesion, friction angle and specific gravity. The friction angle is commonly identified as the variable strength of a slope but in previous studies it has been found a problem with the principle of variable friction angles as slope strength in a wedge failure. This test is based on wedge failure kinematics testing use stereonet and will be continued by analytic calculation of safety factors using point estimate method to be calculated as a whole to graph the relationship of friction angles and the value of safety factors. Based on analytic calculations, the difference in the strike value of planes A and B 102° untill 179° affects the safety factor, the greater of friction angle then make the greater value safety of factor. While the difference in the strike value of planes A and B 1° untill 101° graph the relationship between the friction angle and value safety of factor inversely proportional.

One of the alternative solution to reduce ash waste in landfills is by utilizing coal fly ash for the removal of metal ion in wastewater, especially acid mine drainage (AMD). In this study, zeolite was synthesized from coal fly ash using a two-step method, hydrothermal and fusion method. The coal fly ash and the zeolite product were characterized physically and were used for the removal of Zn²⁺ in AMD. The adsorption experiment was carried out using batch method in synthetic AMD solution to study the influential parameters such as adsorbent dosage, contact time, adsorbent isotherms and kinetics. The zeolite synthesized in this study resulting hydroxylsodalite zeolite type, which increases the surface area. It was revealed from the adsorption experiment that the removal efficiency of Zn²⁺ was 93.47% under the conditions of pH ± 3, initial concentration Zn²⁺ 100 ppm, optimum contact time 120 minutes, and adsorbent dose 6 g/L. Furthermore, the Langmuir isotherm model and the kinetics model of pseudo-second-order fitted the adsorption data better, with the maximum sorption capacity of 27.32 mg/g. The result of this study indicate hydroxylsodalite synthesized from coal fly ash has great potential as an economical and sustainable material for the removal of metal ion Zn²⁺ in wastewater.

Watersheds in the Bangka Belitung Islands Province are increasingly experiencing environmental damage from year to year. Location of the Kantung Watershed in Parit padang Sungailiat Bangka Village. The causes of damage to this watershed are mining activities, land use changes that were previously forested as residences and agricultural land that is not managed properly so that the impact is reduced forest as a natural protector, erodible soil or erosion. The method of analysis carried out in this study is the USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation) approach. Based on the analysis that has been carried out by the USLE method, the total erosion size of the Kantung watershed is 521,684 tons / ha / year 3,140,190,871 tons / year / year with Class V (Very Heavy) erosion hazard classification. Based on the results of the erosion hazard classification obtained is class V (Very Heavy), with large erodibility, the slope of the dominant slope is very steep, changes in land cover especially for mining activities, residences and agricultural land without management, the recommendations for reducing erosion are mechanical and vegetative soil conservation methods

Manually, pepper peeling uses water flowing in the river for 8-14 days that cause the river to become polluted by pepper peel and cause a bad smell. A pepper peeling machine is a tool to peeling pepper that has a system using two dishes consisting of a fixed top dish and a rotating bottom dish. A shaft is used to rotate the bottom dish with 14.58 rpm rotation, and it requires 1 kW electric motor with 1400 rpm rotation that is transmitted by reducer ratio of 23.3:1 and a bevel gear ratio of 1.6: 1. The shaft must be analyzed to determine its ability where the material is carbon steel material that has yield strength 350 MPa and is supported by two angular contact bearings which function as pin constraints and frictionless constraints. The shaft was analyzed using stress analysis with static analysis method using Autodesk Inventor Version 2019 software. Based on the analysis results, a minimum von mises stress of the shaft is 0.00 MPa and a maximum of 826.57 MPa on the diameter of 25 mm, minimum safety factors of 0.42 on the diameter of 25 mm and a maximum of 15. In Von-Mises stress and safety factor, the diameter of a shaft is not strong enough to withstand the load. To be able to meet the determined yield strength with a minimum safety factor of 1, the minimum diameter needed is 34.05 mm with a safety factor of 1.1. Using this machine, pepper peeling that done in the river can reduce river pollution.

Hydroxyapatite is a biocompatible material that has great potential in the development of scaffold in the bone tissue engineering. To satisfy the needs of mechanical properties and the time of degradation to support the bone growth, currently hydroxyapatite-based composite material is being developed. One of the fillers that can be used is silica because it also has excellent biocompatible properties. In this study, hydroxyapatite/silica composites were prepared using cockle shell waste and tin tailings as raw materials. The study aims to utilize the waste produced in the maritime and mining sectors to move towards sustainable industries. The characteristics observed in this study are crystal characteristics and degradation properties of composites.

Bangka Belitung Archipelago Province is one of the few provinces in Indonesia that has nomenclature of archipelago province in Indonesia. Archipelago Province means that the provinces have fewer land areas compare to sea areas. The Bangka Belitung Archipelago Province has many small islands is about 470 islands that have names, and the rest, 480 islands, that doesn't have name. Information technology are believed to be able to answer a number of obstacles and problems that found on those small islands. The use of information technology by design information system for the small island is to make ease manage the information about the island and development planning of the potency of those island and in order to collect data on island in Bangka Belitung so planning and development for those island can carried out in the future, especially economic and tourism. This information system provide information on small islands and their potency and sea lanes can be used when they want to visit the island in Bangka Belitung. The system can be access using computer and smartphone through Internet to make it easier to get information about small islands and detail information when visiting the island in Bangka Belitung

Plaza Pangkalpinang – Bangka Trade Center Area as The Central Market of Pangkalpinang, generates a large number of trips. The trips are not only vehicle trips but also trips of the pedestrian. The high pedestrian traffic requires pedestrian facilities. The availability of pedestrian facilities will affect the pedestrian environment. The pedestrian-friendly environment will encourage people to walk more. This study aims to assess pedestrian facilities to improve the pedestrian environment in Plaza Pangkalpinang – Bangka Trade Center Area. Pedestrian facilities are evaluated based on the walkability index. In this study, the area is divided into 2 zones, followed by determining the pedestrian routes in each zone. All of the pedestrian routes are divided into 16 road segments. Then, the walkability index will be assessed using 9 parameters in each road segment. The research finding shows that Plaza Pangkalpinang – Bangka Trade Center Area is in bad condition for walking and not pedestrian-friendly. The walkability index in this area is 49.17. It means the available pedestrian facilities are not good enough for walking. Furthermore, the result can be used as a consideration of the government for increasing pedestrian facilities to improve the pedestrian environment in Plaza Pangkalpinang – Bangka Trade Center Area.

Cassiterite (SnO₂) is a mineral carrying element of tin (Sn) and other associated minerals of economic value. Mining activities need to go through several analyze including those related to environmental impacts regardless of primary and secondary sediment conditions. In this reseacrh, twenty-six data samples were took around Sambunggiri Hill, Jurung Village, Merawang District, Bangka Regency. The data were test using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) in a laboratory. There are two types of elements will be taken, they are Tin, (Sn) and Zircon (Zr), as well as one other type of related mineral is Hematite (Fe₂O₃). In this research, we use spatial analysis to estimate patterns of distribution of mineral content. The spherical model can apply to describe the spatial relationship between location pairs based on Hematite, Tin and Zircon. The pattern of minerals distribution mostly found to the east of Sambunggiri Hill. The estimated distribution pattern of Cassiterite minerals can provide an overview of mining activities that can prevent environmental damage. So that environmental damage caused by mining activities can be minimized and raise awareness to maintain a sustainable environment. A good mining concept will have a positive impact on the surrounding environment.

Cobalt stearate can be used as an oxidant additive into High Density Polyethylene (HDPE). HDPE with the addition of 0.075% (w/w) of cobalt stearate was printed with a hot press. SEM results showed damage to the membrane surface which had been thermally degradation at 75 °C for 10 days. The TGA results also showed that the film had a weight loss of 75.99%. This decrease in weight indicated that an oxide compound had been formed due to the degradation of HDPE. The oxide compound is a chemical compound containing oxygen. With this oxygen, the degradation process of polyethylene will be easier and faster.

Natural polymers such as chitosan are one of the interesting things to study or are widely used as industrial raw materials such as adsorbents, membranes, and edible films. Portunus pelagicus L. is one of the sources of chitosan from nature. The shell of Portunus pelagicus L. in Bangka Island are waste from the untapped food industry. Even though this shell can have high values because there are chitin and chitosan. Good chitosan has a high degree of deacetylation. So the research purpose of this study is to see the effect deacetylation process using a microwave. The microwave used was MARS 6 - Microwave Accelerated Reaction System (CEM) using an EasyPrep Plus vessel. Various in Microwave deacetylation process is the time at 1200 W and 100°C. The method for analyzing the structure and degree of deacetylation (DD) in this study uses Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results showed that deacetylation using conventional methods for 120 minutes at a temperature 100°C had DD 76.67% while deacetylation using microwave for 40 minutes at a temperature of 100°C had a DD 77.89%. Microwave deacetylation is three times faster than conventional methods.

Cratoxylum glaucum Korth. is a members of the family Hypericaceae which are spread in Indonesia, one of which is found in the forest of the Bangka Belitung Islands. Cratoxylum glaucum Korth is often used by the people of Bangka Belitung as a flavoring ingredient from ancient times until now it is still consumed and utilized by people around Bangka Belitung. One source of natural antioxidants is the top of the crust. The effort of increasing its activity is very strong, so in this study we try to develop extraction of Cratoxylum glaucum made in the form of nanoemulsion. This study aims to determine the comparison of Cratoxylum glaucum extract in nanoemulsion preparations with extracts as antibacterial. Nanoemulsion is made with the composition of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) as an oil phase, tween 80 as surfactant and aquades as a water phase with a ratio of 2.5: 10: 25. The nanoemulsion extract of Cratoxylum glaucum have a size 422.9 nm and PI value 0.493. The antibacterial activity of nanoemulsion formulation has inhibitory growth power in moderate categorized Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, whereas in the extract of Cratoxylum glaucum it has the inhibitory growth of active Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.

School infrastructure that reflects environmental management efforts really needs attention. This study aims to analyze the importance of green environm entally friendly school infrastructure development in supporting the learning process in schools. The object of this research is Junior High School at Salatiga. This research is descriptive qualitative research. The parameters in this study are implementation and strategy in creating an environmentally friendly school environment. Data collection is done through interviews, documents, and observations. The results of this study indicate that green school infrastructure must have clean water, rubbish (the provision of separate bins, composters), feces, wastewater/drainage, green open space (RTH), noise/vibration/radiation. The realization of a green environment also needs to be maintained by planting trees, contest, strict sanctions, slogan, galactic activities that are fostering a love for the environment, and defend grass fields.

Margodadi Embung (retention basin) is located in South Lampung, Indonesia, which is designed for irrigation use and water conservation area. This Embung is surrounded by different types of farm fields, such as corn plant, cassava plant, palm tree and paddy fields. The farmers were using manure and chemical fertilizers for their fields, and they also cleaned their cattle in Embung after plowing at the farm. Those various activities around Embung can be the source of pollutant that decrease the water quality in Margodadi Embung. This study was aim to identify the water quality of Margodadi Embung from the parameter of faecal and urinary bacteria. Water sampling were carried out during the rainy and dry season conditions, at three sampling points at Margodadi Embung. The methods for calculating the number of faecal bacteria were using Most Probable Number (MPN), while biochemical test of faecal bacteria were using Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) media. Afterwards, to find out the other contaminating bacteria from urine, the plate count method in selective media were conducted. The results show that the total of faecal coliform bacteria were 2604 MPN/100 mL in dry season, and 1340 MPN/100 mL in rainy season, and the urinary bacteria were 100 CFU/mL. It can be concluded that the water quality of Embung was suitable for irrigation use.

The synthesis of pepper shell activated carbon-based supercapacitor electrodes to determine the effect of particle size on electrode performance has been done. The pepper shell activated carbon was synthesized using HCl activator with a ratio of 1: 4 (W/V) and then activated physically in an inert condition at 600⁰C. The characteristics of activated carbon samples were carried out using SEM and BET. SEM results show that carbon has a porous morphology with radius size of absorption pores of 130.0 nm and 121.9 nm respectively for particle size samples of 74 microns and 149 microns. The results of cyclic voltammetry (CV) to find out the value of specific capacitance at a scan rate of 50 mV/s showed an amount of 0.037 F/g and 0.0075 F/g for samples 74 and 149 microns. The results showed the influence of particle size on the performance of supercapacitor electrodes.

Clay is a soil with low stability, so an effort is needed to improve soil stability in order to improve the quality of subgrade. In this study, an effort was made to improve soil stability by adding gypsum waste and tin tailings as a mixture in clay. Gypsum waste and tin tailings have not been utilized optimally in Bangka Belitung Province, so the research needs to be done to determine the effect of using gypsum waste and tin tailings as a material for stability of clay. The tests of soil characteristics carried out in this study were sieve analysis, soil specific gravity, compaction and direct shear test. In this study, the addition of gypsum waste and tin tailings in soft soil with 4 variations, namely clay with additional 8% gypsum waste and 20% tin tailings, clay with additional 8% gypsum waste and 30% tin tailings, and clay with addition 8% gypsum waste and 40% tin tailing, besides that, testing of the original soil was also carried out. The results of sieve analysis test showed that the addition of gypsum waste and tin tailings to clay soils could change the gradation of clay. Addition of gypsum waste and tin tailings on clay soil increases cohesion (c) dan shear angel value so that increases soil shear strength. From the results of the study, the addition of gypsum waste and tin tailings can improve the stability of clay so Improve Quality of Subgrade.

Since 2017 PT Timah Tbk has been processing residual ore (SHP) with low tin content of ± 10-30% wt. In order to increase tin grade and associated mineral products to be high grade (> 70% wt), an evaluation and optimization process is needed on High Tension Roll Separator processing equipment. The evaluation and optimization process was carried out on conductor products, especially index of separation efficiency of cassiterite. Sampling of the feed and the product based on the parameter settings. The feed rate is set at 250, 630 and 2100 gr/10s. The splitter opening is set at 13, 16, 20 cm of magnetic rollers. While the electric current is set at 1, 2 and 3 miliamperes. Mass and grade data are then analyzed by regression and variance statistical methods and optimized by the response surface method. The evaluation results show that only the splitter opening parameters and electric current strength are significant in explaining the product results obtained with a level of hypothesis error of 5%. The results of HTRS optimization show that the best parameter conditions are in the <1.5 ampere of electric current and <14 cm of splitter openings with schulz's efficiency capable of >90% in second order of central composite design.

The history of Chinese ethnic migration to Bangka Island is inseparable from the history of economic expansion based on production from tin mining. Initially, the Chinese were brought as coolie to work in tin mines and then had a major influence on tin management in this area to date. This paper traces the transformation of Chinese influence in tin mining so that this paper will be focused on the organization and production process. This paper is obtained from the results of qualitative research that has an explorative pattern. This study found that the transformation of Chinese influence in tin mining occurred in at least two forms, namely transformation in worker organization, and transformation in the production process. In worker organizations, it was found that Chinese involvement in workers was organized by tiko in a kongsi form, in the form of a partnership. When the reforms began and open mining began to flourish, the ethnic Chinese were transformed into tin owners and traders, no longer as coolie. Transformation also occurs in the form of the use of Sa Kan technology in the production process that is used even more varied in the post-reform period of 1998. This study observed that the technology used since the early has contributed to the damage to the environment, although the rate of damage it is manual compared to newer and more masive technologies since the last of two decades.

The presence of Pb is one of the constraint to utilize ex tin-mined ponds for various purposes. Information about Pb content in ex tin-mined ponds is useful for determining the kind of utilization and ponds development. This research was conducted to provide an alternative way of predicting Pb content in ex tin-mined ponds through generating a prediction model using fuzzy logic with mamdani inference. Two fuzzy input variables, namely pH and turbidity, and one output variable namely Pb content were gained from measurement of water samples from eighteen ponds in Bangka regency. Sampling technique used was purposive sampling at three kinds of ponds i.e young, medium, and old ponds. These three variables were defined respectively at three fuzzy sets i.e. low, medium, and high. From eighteen data testing, sixteeen prediction shown true values. This imply that fuzzy prediction model provide a high degree of accuracy, namely 88.9%.

CuO-doped SnO2 nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using biosynthetic methods with the pelawan leaf extract. This method is a modification of the sol-gel process by utilizing antioxidant compounds from the leaf extract as a trap-matrix for tin oxides. This research was conducted based on variations in CuO doping. The characteristics of tin oxide observed in this study were a phase, crystallite size, and crystallinity, which determined based on x-ray diffraction method. It is expected that the method proposed in this study can be developed to synthesize SnO2 nanoparticles that are environmentally friendly.

Tobacco plants are notably known for its pesticidal properties, particularly due to its nicotine content. In this study, Nicotiana tabacum L. bio-oil was obtained using pyrolysis technique. The safety of the bio-oil to be used as bioinsecticide was analyzed through acute oral toxicity test by administering 5000 mg bio-oil/kg body weight of female winstar rats that were analogous to humans. It was concluded that the bio-oil was not toxic due to absence of mortality and no significant change in the body weight and behavior of the rats.

Biosurfactants are surface-active compounds synthesized by microbes. They have the ability to reduce the surface tension of a liquid and interfacial tension (IFT) between two different phases. Thus, they can be applied in water-oil emulsification. The development of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology has led to increased interest in biosurfactants. The purpose of this review was to compile information on important components of biosurfactant production. Understanding the characteristics of biosurfactants, especially IFT derivation and effects of alterations in the wettability of reservoir rocks can aid the applications in EOR. Both the microbe type and growth substrate influence the yield and type of biosurfactant produced. The type of fermenter also affects the efficiency of surfactant production. The use of batch type fermentors and the use of Pseudomonas and Bacillus bacteria in the previous research was superior whereas the sugar group and plant base oil as substrates. The measurement methods of biosurfactants in microbial culture are of considerable importance to be done prior to characterization of biosurfactant products. Furthermore, some reservoir components discussed in this review are the keys to the success of biosurfactant flooding in the field.

In this article, we add egg white (albumen) to the synthesis of aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al₂O₃). Egg white can be used as a trap for the aluminum oxide particle matrix to prevent agglomeration of aluminum oxide particles during the synthesis process. To determine the effect of pH on the characteristics of aluminum oxide crystals formed, variations in pH were carried out starting from 7, 9 to pH 11. The calcination temperature used was 1000°C. We used the results of XRD analysis to determine the crystalline size and crystallinity of aluminum oxide nanoparticles. pH 7 shows the size of the smallest nanoparticles of crystals and the relatively large levels of crystallinity.

The heat exchanger is a device used to heat between two or more fluids. Heat exchangers can use fluid flow or construction. Heat exchangers are widely used in engineering applications. The heat exchanger has long been recognized by industries that relate to heat transmission phenomena. Improve the speed of all types of heat exchangers widely in the industry, in the process of retrieval (heat recovery process), air conditioning, and chemical reactors. Increasing the amount of light flow can be done in several ways, namely: flowing inequality, damaging the boundary layer, changing the fluid flow, and rotating fluid flow (vortex flow). One of the techniques used to increase the heat coefficient of convection is to provide insert material or often called Insert. The research methodology was to determine the effect of the rotational ratio of the insertion bent band on the pumping power of the pipe heat exchanger by using TiO2 nanofluid with a heat transfer oil base fluid (thermo XT32). This research was carried out with experimental methods, as for the tools and research materials in this case: primary fluid of thermo XT32, TiO₂ nanoparticles, and an annular channel concentric pipe heat exchanger by inserting a bent band. In and out data (Th, _i and Th, _o), the temperature of the fluid in and out of the annulus (Tc, i and Tc, _o), the outer wall temperature of the inner tube (Tw1, Tw2, Tw3, Tw4), and the water height difference on the manometer. Data collection was carried out with TiO2 particle nano samples with a volume fraction of 0.3% Vol, without a bent band. Insert (plain tube) and rotate the tape with a touch ratio of 3, 6, and 9. The results of the research carried out on the conclusion of the rotational ratio in the band bending the insertion of the pumping power of the heat exchanger. This proved the pumping power increases with decreasing rotational ratio from a bent band, the addition of a twisted tape insert can increase the pumping power when compared to a pipe heat exchanger without concentrically turning the inserted tape (plain tube), this is proven by using a twisted tape insert with a twist ratio of 3. It requires a pumping power of 87.71 W / m2 to be able to drain TiO₂ nanofluid, with a volume fraction of 0.3% Vol at a fluid temperature of 60 °C whereas when compared to a heat exchanger without turning the inserted tape (plain tube), it only requires pumping power of 17.73 W / m². to be able to drain nanofluid in a heat exchanger.

Indonesia has hundreds of renewable energy systems as a source of electrical energy that is spread in rural area. This is done as a government effort to provide electricity access for people who do not have access to electricity from the National Electric Company. The technology built in the village managed by the community. Community preparation in technical and non-technical is needed, thus the renewable energy system can provide electricity for a long time. The Green School is a place for the community to learn from each other and discuss about the renewable energy system in their village. The Green School is designed to have three curricula consisting of Basic Training, Intermediate Training and Advanced Training. The training should consist of participants from various background, education and also notice on gender perspective. Basic training's main goal is making participants braver to express their opinions in front of the forum. The material is about their daily problem. Intermediate Training's goal is increasing capacity building of community on managing renewable energy technology, e.g. how to handle the problem. Advanced Training's goal is networking with outside parties to get more ideas and experiences thus community ready to collaborate in managing technology.

Of the total disturbances that occur in Lampur feeder, most of disturbance are caused by temporary disturbance whose source of disturbance is unknown/not found. Only relying on sense of sight to find the source of disturbance results in a disturbance occurring repeatedly without a solution to resolve the disturbance and inefficient in the process of finding the location of the disturbance. With middle voltage air feeder inspection management, the location of the source of the disturbance can be found. Disturbance point search process with inspection management consists of mapping medium voltage air feeder using distribution software and detailed search in the field with ultrasonic tools. The results of this inspection management can reduce temporarily disturbance and also reduce energy not sale (ENS) on Lampur feeder.

Rawasari is one of location at Tanjung Jabung Timur Regency that installed by photovoltaic system through Millenium Challenge Account Indonesia (MCAI) program by Konsorsium Energi Mandiri Lestari (KEMALA) in early 2018. The total installed photovoltaic system at Rawasari was 41.8 kWp which consisted of solar home system, solar system for public facilities, and solar system for business unit. When Kemala program ended in February 2018, the sustainability of the business unit was threatened because of there was not educated or skilled assistance that ensure photovoltaic system can run well. Therefore, the role of Student Community Service - Community Empowerment Learning Program (SCS-CEL) by Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) was deemed necessary to parse that problems. The SCS-CEL program has conducted from June-August 2018 that involved about 27 students from multidiscipline studies. Through two main programs of SCS-CEL namely strengthening the management system for photovoltaic and improving the quality and capacity of production business units. The result showed that an increasing of public awareness of the importance of maintaining a photovoltaic system and developing of drinking water business unit.

This study aims to assess the condition of pavement to determine the type and level of damage that occurs on the road, determine the handling or maintenance based on the damage that occurred. Calculating the value of road damage, One way to determine the condition of road damage is to use the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) method and to make road maintenance decisions using Fuzzy Logic, and provide maintenance model simulations. The stage of data collection is done by direct observation to the field and data analysis using PCI and Fuzzy Logic methods to make decisions with the help of Matlab Student Version software. The research location is Liang Bunyu Street, West Sebatik Sub-District, Nunukan district. The results obtained from the data analysis on the damage to the Liang Bunyu Street section have a PCI value of 804,53 of Damaged with Average grade condition based on Pavement Condition Index (PCI) pavement rating. Fuzzy logic Mamdani Method, road maintenance, obtained by road damage of 804.53 m2 and Grade Condition 70 %, with the decision of maintenance of 26 is Escalation.

The development of the Tarakan City Road network for coastal areas has increased. The area of Tarakan in particular, the Binalatung Street has improved quality, it aims to help the community activities to fulfill daily needs. In the activity of this beach road increase has risks that can affect the quality of the work so it is interesting to be researched from the point of view of Public Works and the planning of the city Department as the owner. The research method is done by spreading questionnaires and interviews, with respondents from the Public Works and the planning of the city Department of Tarakan as the owner of the project to increase the road of Tarakan. From the questionnaire will be processed with statistics to find out the highest risk events from the road enhancement activities. The results obtained from this study are from 13 risk variables from 9 risk criteria. analysis of inter-risk relationships followed by micmac analysis so that it is obtained: 1). Autonomous: 1 risk variable. 2). Dependent: 4 risk variables. 3). Linkage: 5 risk variables. 4). Independent: 3 risk variables.

This study briefly wants to know the value of the projections of Indonesia's total energy consumption and how it affects the economic growth that occurs. This is also in line with the need for preventive actions related to the type of policy that will be carried out by decision makers where in this case the government will have an impact on the economic performance of a region reflected in the data presented in income posts and expenditure from Gross Domestic Product. The forecast method used in this study is the Exponential Smoothing method which emphasizes the procedure of continuous improvement of the latest observation objects. This method consists of three types, namely simple exponential smoothing, holt winters and triple exponential smoothing models which will be seen which model is the best. Based on the projection analysis, it was found that the Holt Winters Smoothing Smoothing method was the best method of the other method with R Square value of 0.608, RMSE of 68.446, MAPE of 4.495 and Normalized BIC of 8.888. Based on the projection results for the next n years, total energy consumption has an upward trend with the projection value in 2018 amounting to 1248.76 (thousand barrels of oil equivalent and experiencing an increase in 2019 amounting to 1273.47 (thousand BOE).

Caesionidae is one of the first commodity from a kind of varieties fishes in Nusantara Fishery Harbour (PPN) at Sungailiat, Bangka Regency. Caesionidae is consumption fish and become important food source for human. People call this fish as Yellow tail fish because it has yellow tail and the upper body of this fish is dominate by yellow colour. In scientific name, this fish named as caesiocuning. On local name, yellow tail fish named "delah".This research aims to analyze the charachter of morphometric and meristic of yellow tail fish in PPN Sungailiat, Bangka Regency on December 2018 to januari 2019. The data was taken using random sampling method. This research takes 23 morfometric and 9 meristicparameters.The character of morphometric showed that the yellow fish tail has Total Length body 12-18,3cm. The characters of meristic of Yellow tail fusilier in PPN Sungailiat Bangka Regency showed has the formula of Dorsal Rays, Anal Rays, Pectoral Rays, Ventral Rays, and Caudal Rays in order are D.IX 15- D.X 15, A.III 9- A.III 11, P.18, V.19-V.20, and C.18-C.22. The final result of classification showsthat the name fish in PPN Sungailiat (Bangka Regency),is Lutjanus vitta (Lutjanidae).

Bangka Island is one of the two largest islands in Bangka Belitung Islands Province. The total population in Bangka Island in 2018 was 1146654 persons. The growth of the population every year is accompanied by an increase in electricity demand. The increase in electricity demand is also caused by economic factors, namely GDP growth and regional development factor. By using LEAP software, forecasting of electricity needs for the year 2019-2028 are obtained. The number of electricity customers grows by an average of 1.83%/year while average growth of electricity consumption is 11.697 %/year. The total electricity production in 2028 is estimated to reach 2.47GWh with peak load of 394.07 MW. The average peak load growth during 2019-2028 is 10.48%/year. Fulfillment of electricity demand will be met by the construction of 4 new types of power plants and the addition of submarine cables from Substation Tanjung Api-Api to Substation Mentok in 2020.

Biodiesel is one of the promising alternative energy to replace fossil fuel which is produced from natural resources that contains lipid or oil. Common sources of biodiesel are lately growing controversy about the use of potential food sources for the production of fuel. One of the strongest non-food alternative for biodiesel source is algae since it can produce considerable amount of lipid based on their species and cultivation condition. One of the suitable species that can be used is Botryococcus braunii because of its ability to accumulate high amount of lipid and hydrocarbons extracellularly. All process simulations are done by using SuperPro Designer v9.0. The objective of this algae-based biodiesel preliminary plant design is to provide technological reviews, economical assessments, and HSE assessments of this plant. Based on supply consideration and process area needed, the best location for this plant is in Kariangau, Balikpapan, East Kalimantan with the estimated land area of 7,700 m². The value of IRR and ROI of this plant is found to be 17.39% and 16.9% respectively. The NPV of this plant is 2,902,358.32 USD. It can be concluded from the profitability analysis that this algae-based biodiesel plant with capacity of 3,000 ton of biodiesel per year is economically feasible with payback period of 5.91 years.

There are many ways to produce essential oils from pepper, one of which is the distillation system. This paper aims to determine the results of essential oils of pepper through a process of distillation of water and steam produced from 500 grams of pepper seeds using a time variation of 4 hours, 6 hours and 8 hours using water and steam distillation, but heating using an electric stove and condenser coil made of aluminium. The results of the most volatile oil volume at 6 hours were obtained 11.8 ml with a specific gravity of 0.87, the refractive index of 1.48 and solubility in 95% ethanol with an essential oil content of 2.36%. This innovation provides an interdisciplinary approach to study the environmental systems and find solutions to resolve the problems associated with it for sustainability