Table of contents

PREFACE

The 4th International Seminar on Sciences (ISS) is an annual meeting organized by the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University (FMIPA IPB). The seminar was held for two days from 19-20 October 2017, at the IPB International Convention Center, Baranangsiang. Bogor. The main theme of this seminar was "Sciences for Green Development" in accordance with the importance of science in maintaining the ecosystem and supporting its sustainability and IPB research expertise. The scope of the seminar comprises these topics:

• Bio-based Functional Materials

• Biophysics, Biomaterials, and Biosensors

• Bioresources, Biosciences, and Biotechnology

• Data Science and Modelling

• Environmental and Climate Change

• Information Technology for Agriculture

• Internet of Things for Sustainable Agriculture

• Life Sciences

• Nanotechnology in Life Sciences

• Renewable Energy

• Actuarial Sciences and Risk Management

• Other related topics

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

Berenuk (Crescentia cujete L.) fruit is widely used by the community in East Java as traditional medicine. The objectives of this research were to determine the antibacterial activity and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of ethanol extract of berenuk's fruit rind and flesh against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Berenuk's fruit rind and flesh were extracted with 70% (v/v) ethanol by maceration method. Phytochemical screening was performed by Harborne method. Antibacterial activity and MIC of the extracts were analyzed using disc diffusion method by bacterial concentration of 10⁶ CFU/mL. The result showed that ethanol extract of berenuk's fruit rind contained alkaloid, saponin, tannin, and flavonoid, while ethanol extract of fruit flesh contained alkaloid and flavonoid. Antibacterial analysis showed no inhibition zone on both extracts against E. coli. Ethanol extract of berenuk's fruit rind showed inhibition zone only on the growth of S. aureus at the concentration of 80% (w/v) and 100% (w/v). The MIC of ethanol extract of berenuk's fruit rind on S. aureus growth obtained at a concentration of 65% (w/v).

This research observes about the cancer patients in a censored data. The purpose is to work out parameter estimation of hazard function of a survival model. By using Bayesian and giving a prior, posterior formula is constructed from Exponential - Jeffrey's and Likelihood function. The formula is used to predict the parameter λ under Linex and General Entropy Loss Function (GELF) approach. The parameter estimation of hazard function _BL, _BGELF and survival function _BL, _BGELF are determined after ${\hat{\lambda }}_{BL}$ and ${\hat{\lambda }}_{BGELF}$ found. The result shows that the value of _BL and _BGELF are 1,058533880 and 0,008221809, respectively. Thus, we compare the result hazard value under both of Linex and GELF approximation with the real hazard value to find the best method for the research by finding smaller MSE. The MSE of hazard value under Linex and GELF are 1,103155 and 0, respectively. It means that the GELF approach is the best method.

Quantifying dependence among variables is the core of all modelling efforts in financial econometrics. In the recent years, copula was introduced to model the dependence structure among financial assets return, and its application developed fast. A large number of studies on copula have been performed, but the study of multivariate extremes related with copulas was quite behind in comparison with the research on copulas. In order to predict extreme losses in finance, extreme value copulas play more important role than copulas. In this paper, we study the modelling of extreme value dependence using extreme value copulas on finance data and introducing a negative dependence between the assets return. This model was applied in the portfolio of the IDX Composite Index (IHSG) and the exchange rate for Indonesia Rupiah to United States Dollar (NT). Each individual asset return is modelled by the AR-GARCH and the joint distribution is modelled using extreme value copulas. As a comparison, the joint distribution is also modelled using the copulas. The result shows that the dependence between IHSG and NT is negative. Therefore, in this paper, we tested the extreme value copulas and the copulas which were rotated 270 degree and 90 degree. The empirical study showed that the extreme value copulas rotated with 270 degree are relatively more appropriate model than the copulas. Quantifying dependence among variables is the core of all modelling efforts in financial econometrics. In the recent years, copula was introduced to model the dependence structure among financial assets return, and its application developed fast. A large number of studies on copula have been performed, but the study of multivariate extremes related with copulas was quite behind in comparison with the research on copulas. In order to predict extreme losses in finance, extreme value copulas play more important role than copulas. In this paper, we study the modelling of extreme value dependence using extreme value copulas on finance data and introducing a negative dependence between the assets return. This model was applied in the portfolio of the IDX Composite Index (IHSG) and the exchange rate for Indonesia Rupiah to United States Dollar (NT). Each individual asset return is modelled by the AR-GARCH and the joint distribution is modelled using extreme value copulas. As a comparison, the joint distribution is also modelled using the copulas. The result shows that the dependence between IHSG and NT is negative. Therefore, in this paper, we tested the extreme value copulas and the copulas which were rotated 270 degree and 90 degree. The empirical study showed that the extreme value copulas rotated with 270 degree are relatively more appropriate model than the copulas.

Silicone dioxide (SiO2) was extracted from baggase charcoal obtained from sugar factory. The charcoal was firstly dried at 105 °C for 2 hours followed by ashing at 800 °C and 900 °C. Treated baggase was then washed with 3% HCl under stirring at 240 rpm at 200 °C for 2 hours. Subsequently, to neutralise the pH, the acid-washed baggase was soaked in aquades repeteadly. Neutralized treated baggase was then filtered using free ash filter paper. To obtain high purity silicone dioxide, the filtrate was heat treated at 800 °C for 1 hour. Physical properties of the obtained silicone dioxide were investigated using Spektrofotometer Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), Scaning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX).

Sago palm starch produced not only wild or semi-wild plant and only as a staple food for local people, but sago palm has become a commercial crop and an important source of starch for food and non-food industries. Especially for people in Sulawesi, most of the sago in some areas as a traditional food and industries materials. As a local food likes kapurung, bagea, food flavoring, sago noodle, various of snacks, sago perals, and dried refining sago starch. The one of the waste generated from sago processing is sago pulp. Nowadays, the sago pulp is only used for animal feed and composite fertilizer for plants. Characteristics of waste sago waste that can be used as a renewable composite material because it has a requirement as a composite material caused the fibrous and porous material has a cellular networks with interconnected pores. The fibers of the sago pulp have strength and rigidity. Synthesis composites fiber and matrix are required. Furthermore, the gypsum on this research was needed. In this research has been made composite based on fiber of sago pulp waste in diameter variation and measured composite physical properties using loading test machine. In this research, the compression strength test using tube method. The highest water content was 13.46% indicated accordance with Indonesian National Standard and Japan International Standard (JIS). The compression strength is intended to determine the composite resistance to loading at the bending point. It was observed that compression strength test on the ratio of fiber: gypsum: water (1:2:1) for diameter 5.5 cm, 4.5 cm, 3.5 cm and 2.5 cm were 0.1221 MPa, 0.0671 MPa, 0.1067 MPa, and 0.1091 MPa, respectively. In this case of the sample which 5.5 cm has the highest compression strength in 0.1221 MPa. It's caused by density is poor when pressured process. The higher the density of the resulting composite board, the higher the fracture strength of the resulting particle.

A cross linked sago starch phosphate (SgP) was successfully synthesized from sago starch (Sg) and a mixture of Na₂HPO₄-NaH₂PO₄ in an acidic solution. The synthesized SgP was then used as a bioadsorbent of Pb(II) in an in vitro simulation of the human digestion system. The optimized synthesis condition was reached at an acidic pH 6, at a temperature of 30° C, with a reaction time of 10 minutes, and a mixing rate of 100 rpm. Analysis of Sg and SgP using XRD did not show major differences. An absorption band with a wave number of 2345 cm-1 was observed on the IR spectra of SgP and is a characteristic of a phosphate diester bonding (RO-PO3-R'), indicating a successful cross-linking process. It was found that the adsorption of Pb(II) by SgP follows the second order kinetics and Langmuir equation with adsorption capacity of 23.67 mg/g. It was also found that SgP is resistant to digestive enzymes and changes in pH and temperature, making it suitable for use as a bioadsorbent of Pb(II) under varied conditions.

This study aim was to determinate physical properties of sago bark. This research was a descriptive research with five repetitions. Physical properties observed included moisture content, acid resistance, alkaline resistance, compressive strength, and modulus of rupture. The results obtained were then compared with JIS A 5908-2003 and SNI 01-0608-89. The results showed that water content of sago bark was 33.74%, resistant against acid and alkaline, compressive strength equal to 64.09 N/mm², and modulus of rupture 87.29 N/mm². The water content was not conform to JIS A 5908-2003 and SNI 01-0608-89 standards, but resistance against acids and alkaline corresponded to JIS A 5908-2003. The compressive strength and modulus of rupture were classified in strong classes I and II in SNI 01-0608-89 wooden strength class.

The palm oil industry is one of the strategic industries in Indonesia. the annual increasing of oil palm production provides negative impact on the environment. This is related to waste of production. There are two types of waste production of crude palm oil, namely solid waste and liquid waste. Palm kernel cake (PKC) is an example of solid waste. PKC processing technology innovation is expected to improve sustainability of crude palm oil production. This study investigated the possible valorization of PKC protein as bioadhesive for particle board application. Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) was used as the fiber for particle board production. This study indicated the possibility to valorize PKC as bioadhesive.

The catalyst in the combustion process is a material additive. Catalyst is added to the fuel such as a subbitumin-type of coal which is having a caloric value of 4596.45 cal/g at a concentration of ± 0.1% w/w will increase energy of coal. The combustion catalyst are an alkali metal, an alkaline earth, and a transition metal as well as its oxide forms. In addition to having catalytic properties, metal oxide is also shown to have magnetite properties that will increase the catalytic activity such as Fe₃O₄. In this study, the Fe₃O₄ combustion catalyst was prepared from wire plating sludge (sludge) wastes having a high metal content and FeSO₄ dispersed into a vegetable oil, water, and surfactant mixture to form a catalyst suspension. The catalytic activity of the transition oxide is compared with the sludge catalytic activity and mixing the ratio of 1: 1. The result of catalytic activity test using differential thermal analyzer obtained coal combustion efficiency up to 91.00% due to the addition of sludge catalyst suspension at combustion process or an increase of 34.30% combustion efficiency compared without catalyst. In contrast, the addition of Fe₃O₄ catalyst only resulted in a combustion efficiency of 55.63%. The value of this combustion efficiency is lower 6.96% compared without catalyst. This is concluded that the catalytic activity of the Fe₃O₄ transition oxide tends to decrease the combustion efficiency of coal.

It has been conducted the synthesize of single phase of hydroxyapatite (HAp) from ale-ale (Meretrix meretrix) clamshell waste by using double-stirring precipitation method. The biocompatibility of HAp-coated CoCrMo alloy was examined as a coating material of implant. The coating of CoCrMo alloy which was treated by using electrophoretic deposition method showed that the surface morphology was well-densified and crack-free. Corrosion resistance test showed the corrosion rate at the level of 0.0055 mils per year (mpy) on HAp-coated CoCrMo alloy, this result was better than that of uncoated CoCrMo alloy (0.0224 mpy). In vitro cytocompatibility assay in endothelial cell of Calf Pulmonary Artery Endothelium (CPAE) (ATCC-CCL 209) showed that there was no toxicity in cell culture with the percent inhibition of 33.33% after 72 hours of coated CoCrMo alloy incubation. Based on this corrosion resistance and cytocompatibility properties, HAp-coated CoCrMo alloy has the potency for bone implant application.

Results on the studies of electrical conductance on the chicken-egg membrane in presence of alkali chlorides (NaCl, MgCl₂ and AlCl₃) are presented in this article. The conductance measurements of the inner thin layer membrane of a chicken-egg observed with electrolyte solution of some common alkali chlorides over a range of concentrations and at different temperatures. The increasing of concentration in the electrolyte solution through chicken-egg membrane tends to the increasing of conductance values. The magnitude follow the order Al³⁺> Mg²⁺ > Na⁺. The temperature range studied is between 303 K and 363 K at 10 K interval. The linear regression with a negative slope shows a correlation between conductance and temperature. The increasing of temperature indicates some kind of mobilization of the ions occurred during the conductance measurement.

A comparative trial conducted between February 2017 and April 2017, at Electronic Material Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Bogor Agricultural University, West Java, Indonesia. Blood spectral data from participant older than 17 years were assigned to single measurement group. Blood spectral data previously taken from All participant modulated using Twin Table and Ladder (TTL) methods, and further transformed using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Methods, and inferred using Fast Artificial Neural Network. The data contained blood glucose level measurement using both prototype of non invasive blood glucose level measurement optical device (prototype) and veni puncture spectrophotometry (veni). The objective was to measure effect of FFT on accuracy of TTL based optical spectral parser engine for prototype compared to veni for fasting normo glucose participants (participants). Main outcome measure: accuracy as rooted means squared error (RMSE) of either TTL and FFT - TTL inference method, smaller is better. Clarke error grid analysis (ega) and Parker ega, and sensitivity and specificity are calculated from the outcomes, larger is better. No randomization of records. The data was inferred using TTL method, and further transformed using FFT method. Analyser are not blinded for either measurement methods. 120 blood spectrum data from volunteerd included in measurement group. The trial is completed for current prototype version, and shall be reopened for future versions. 110 datums were included in the analysis of the primary outcome. RMSE of FFT-TTL 5.16 mg / dl is smaller than TTL 5.27 mg / dl. No difference between Parkes ega of FFT-TTL and pure TTL. There is insignificant increase in Clarke ega, 99.5 % group A in FFT-TTL compared to 99.3 % group A in TTL. There significance increase of specificity (0.76) but also decrease of sensitivity (0.65) of FFT-TTL compared to TTL. (0.67 and 9.72). Diagnostic accuracy (0.71) and odd ratio (5.83), and Youden index (0.41) remain not changed. No apparent possible case for adverse effect for either methods. No Significant Performance Difference on Fast Fourier Transformed Twin Table Ladder Modulation on Recognising Non Invasive Blood Glucose Level Measurement Optical Device Spectral Responses.

Magnetite Nano spheres was prepared and used to fabricate a modified carbon paste electrode as xanthine biosensor and applied to determine inhibition kinetics of Syzygium polyanthum extract toward xanthine oxidase (XO). The magnetite Nano spheres was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Electrochemical behaviour of xanthine was investigated by immobilizing the XO on the surface of carbon paste electrode (CPE), modified magnetite Nano spheres-CPE (MCPE), and modified 2,3-dimethoxy-5-metil-1,4-benzoquinone (Q₀)-CPE (QCPE) employing cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique. The result showed that the MCPE was the best electrode to determine the analytical performance under optimum condition, based on lower limit of detection (0.005 mM), wider linearity range (0.01-1 mM with R² = 99.24%), and higher sensitivity (5.16 µM^-1) than the two other electrodes (CPE and QCPE). The MCPE successfully improve the analytical performance on xanthine biosensor and to be applied for determining inhibition kinetics of S. polyanthum extract. Inhibition kinetics of the extract has caused increase of K_M and V_MAX (I_MAX) constant. Based on the result, the type of inhibition kinetics was a competitive inhibition.

In this research, we studied how the nano Ca₃(PO₄)₂ uptake in bone mineral influenced Rattus norvegicus (Sprague Dawley) calcium deficiency status. Association of Official Analytical standard method was used for proximate analysis, meanwhile calcium and magnesium compositions were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. In addition to that, ultraviolet spectrophotometry and fourier transform infrared were used to determine the content of phosphorus and infrared spectrum of transmittance, respectively. The results showed that administration of nano-sized Ca₃(PO₄)₂ purified diet gives a higher uptake than the regular-size, suggesting that the application of nano Ca₃(PO₄)₂ to rats suspected in a bone mass peak age with calcium deficiency may potentially prevent the occurrence of osteoporosis.

Protein-based bioplastic from sweet sorghum has succesfully synthesized. This study was aimed to identify and analyze the surface morphologycal structure of bioplastic by using SEM and water vapour transmission rate analysis. Plastics produced from protein extracted at 60 °C showed smoother surface compare to plastcis produced from protein extracted at 25 °C. all bioplastics had a various particle size in the range of nanometer, protein-based bioplastic ranges from 3.51 to 3.85 g/m².24 hours.

The main inorganic constituent of human bone is carbonated-hydroxyapatite (CHA). Chicken eggshells (CES) become potential waste which can be used for biomaterial synthesis because it contains of 94% calcium carbonate (CaCO₃). This research aims to synthesize CHA by microwave assisted methods. CHA was successfully synthesized by mixing a calcium solution from CES with aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ and H₃PO₄. Microwave assist offers many advantages such as fast reaction, easy reproducibility, high yield, high purity, efficient energy transformation, and throughout volume heating. After precipitation process, samples were irradiated in microwave oven for 30, 35, and 40 minutes by using microwave power 40, 200 and 400W. The functional groups of CHA powder was determined by FTIR. There are functional groups of phosphate (PO₄³⁻), hydroxyl (OH⁻), and carbonate (CO₃²⁻). The FTIR spectrum indicates that the prepared sample is B-type carbonated substituted HA because part of phosphate groups in the HA structure is replaced by carbonated groups. The phase composition was evaluated by XRD and indicated the presence of HA and CHA. The quantitative analysis showed that Ca/P ratio is 1.64, which indicates that the obtained product is non-stoichiometric HA. The successful synthesis of CHA is a critical step forward in our efforts to fabricate bone tissue engineering scaffold.

Type 1 Collagen is a protein consisting of polypeptides that constitutes organic structure of bones. During aging, the collagen content will decrease and lead to reduced bone strength as the result of the increased activity of bone resorption by osteoclasts cells. In the current experiment, the rat bones were conditioned into calcium deficiency state with low dietary calcium feeding. The hydrolyzed collagen and regular-sized of calcium phosphate (CaP) were later added into the feeding with certain composition as the intake to restore bone strength from the deficiency state. The quantitation of mineral groups and mineral compositions such as phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) in bone matrix structure was conducted using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The results showed that the deposited mineral of deficiency state bones of rats fed with hydrolyzed collagen and CaP intake was higher compared tothose with CaP intake only, thus indicating that the dietary hydrolyzed collagen intake is essential method to restore the bone strength.

Alcohol is commonly found in food and beverage. This alcohol contents must be precisely measured to ensure the halalness of a product, considering the fatwa of Ulema's Council of Indonesia. Alcohol measurement can be carried out using alcohol biosensor based on microbe from pineapple juice, Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, which is known to produce alcohol dehydrogenase. This enzyme can reversibly convert ethanol to acetaldehyde. 1 % Ethanol measurement shows oxidation and reduction peak current at potential 0.736 V and 0.248 V, respectively. The result shows that immobilized electrode with OD600 value of 0.300 microbe cells generate the highest peak current. One of requirement sufficiently biosensor is high linearity. The best linearity measurement value is 0.9936 which is would be obtained at 0.01-2.50% concentration range. This linearity of ethanol measurement is similar with ethanol measurement using pure enzyme. The result would make this study potentially prospective.

Demand for handycraftpaper is getting higher lately. This paper is commonly utilized as decorative paper, interior decoration, frames, and many more. Handycraftpaper making was one alternative to waste treatment and to reduce the use of wood fiber as paper raw material. Nypa palm (Nypa fruticans) petioles which is usually thrown away has the potency to be processed as pulp because it has 42.22% of cellulose and 19.85% of lignin. Delignification with chemical and microbiological methods has been executed to find out the pulp with the lowest lignin, highest cellulose and highest yield. The chemical method used NaOH 1 N (with concentration of 5, 10, 15, and 20%) and H₂O₂, while the microbiological method used effective microorganisms 4 (EM₄) which was economical and easy to find. Fermentation time (5, 6, 7 and 8 days) was implemented as treatment. For chemical method, the treatment that produced the optimum response of lignin and cellulose was 20% of NaOH concentration, while for the microbiological method was 8 days of fermentation. Orthogonal polynomial model showed that both chemical and microbiological methods produce cellulose had linier model that P-Value was less than 0.05. For lignin response, the chemical method obtained linier model, meanwhile the microbiological method obtained quadratic linier model where P-Value was less than 0.05.

We have succeeded in growing thin film of lithium niobate with variation of ruthenium oxide impurity (0, 2, 4, 6%) doped on pure silicon substrate (100) p-type with chemical solution deposition (CSD) method assisted with spin coating method. Lithium niobate thin films with variations of ruthenium oxide impurity and MESA surfactant precursors (methyl ester Soulfonat acid) with 2 M solubility was made using spin coating at a rotational speed of 8000 rpm for 30 seconds with three repeated coatings. The growth of thin film was carried out with an 850°C annealing temperature which is held for 8 hours under atmospheric conditions in the Furnace. The optical properties test was performed with the VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer tool and obtained energy gap values in the range of 2 to 3 eV using Kubelka method. The optical properties of thin films indicate that thin films of lithium niobate with variations of ruthenium oxide impurity (0, 2, 4, 6%) have the potential to become the embryo of light sensor materials.

Mole crab (Emeria emeritus) has a distinctive composition of its shell structure that can harden and soften due to mineral and composition properties in the body itself. There is no preliminary information about the content and structure of E. emeritus, therefore the writing of this article was to understand the body and shell composition, elements and microstructure of E. emeritus. The scope of this research was divided into two parts, i.e body observation of E. emeritus showed that the greatest result were 40.03% of ash content, 8.74 g/100 g protein of glutamic acid, 6.42 g/100g protein of aspartic acid, 5.03 g/100 g fat of palmitic acid, and 3.23 g/100 g fat of omega-9. Another scope of its shell showed 55.24% of crystal purity phase was magnesium calcite in Lattice rhombohedral form on the highest peak angle at 29,76° and the lowest at 23.3°, 36,35°, 39.85°, 43.63°, 48.16°, and 49.11°. Besides, it was found ±37.32% of oxygen element, ±32.06% of carbon, ±15.09% of calcium, 8.74% of nitrogen, ±2.18% of magnesium, 0.36% of aluminum, 0.63% of phosphorus, and 0.47% of sodium. Functional groups in the absorption spectrum bands were followed by magnesium calcite at 1030 cm^-1, 874 cm^-1, and region of 700 cm^-1 to 400 cm^-1, while O-H amine groups at 3402 cm^-1, 1657 cm^-1 and 1412 cm^-1. In addition, low spectrum band demonstrated connection with Al, Mg, Si and Na in the region of 1155 cm^-1 to 928 cm^-1. In microstructure found four main layers consisting of epicuticle, exocuticle, endocuticle, and epidermis layer, which has common structure generally.

Orthopedic implant nowadays often use TiAlV due to its high strength, lightweight and resistant to corrosion. However, TiAlV has poor biocompatibility and bioactivity. The objective of this research was to composite hydroxyapatite with chitosan and coat the surface with TiAlV under electrophoretic deposition method. Electrophoretic deposition process carried out by the potential difference of 80 V in an hour. The coated TiAlV was observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). There were granules which were believed as hydroxyapatite. The density of those granules was quite high which was believed to be the existence of chitosan. X-ray diffraction and Fourier transformed infrared spectra showed that the alloy has been coated by the hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite. The coated TiAlV by the hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite lowered the corrosion rate and did not have toxic effect to endothelial cells based on the inhibition to the cells was only 35%.

Composting fiber ex-fibercyclone and oil palm midrib are the alternative method in waste management and the yielded organic residues that have potential to enhance soil and to assists plant growth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physico-chemical properties of oil palm midrib and fiber composted by palm oil mill effluent (POME) and microbial inoculant provided commercially. This study was arranged in randomized block design (RBD) and the design was divided into 2 groups based on the type of solid waste samples used. Within each group the solid waste (SW) was tested as follows: P1 = SW was inoculated by activator A (Control); P2 = SW was mixed with cow manure and inoculated by activator B; P3 = SW was mixed with cow manure and inoculated by POME; P4 = SW inoculated by activator B; and P5 = SW inoculated by POME. Physico-chemical status were periodically tested along the experiment. The results of this research showed that composting process had formed mesophilic temperature with the highest at 39.25°C; with a range of pH 6.02 – 8.29 and conductivity 0.35 – 1.84 mS/cm at week 16. The C/N ratio of compost product at the end of composting was 7.05 – 12.41. Results revealed that the final of compost C:N ratio <20 and the macronutrient content fulfilled the requirement of Indonesian Standard Quality of Compost which potentially used as an alternative growing media for plant.

Bacteria associated with plants grown in saline natural habitat provide an advantage to the host they colonize and their utilization would give a great benefit for alleviating the salt stress to the plants growing in such environment. With the objective to find the most promising bacterial strains to be used for induction of salt tolerance in agricultural crops, we evaluated 12 bacterial isolates that previously isolated from plants grown in the Java coastal area. Gnotobiotic system was performed to test the ability of isolates in enhancing salt tolerance in three different varieties of rice (Ciherang, IF8, Situbagendit) under different levels of NaCl. The result suggested that promising isolates for enhanced salt tolerance in rice seedling are E194-3, D150 and R146-6 for root endophyte, leaf endophyte and rhizoplane respectively. Isolate E194-3 (root endophyte) gave the best result at highest concentration NaCl of 200 mM by increasing the root length, shoot length, fresh weight and dry weight 21%, 39%, 62% and 49% respectively (means from three rice varieties) in comparison to uninoculated control. This study suggested that gnotobiotic assay for evaluating rice seedling growth promotion by bacterial endophyte and rhizoplane under salt condition could be used for the selection of potential bacterial strains subjected to further testing of bacterial isolates to be used in inducing salt tolerance in rice under field conditions.

The tangerine var. Garut (Citrus reticulata Blanco) is one of the promising local Indonesia fruit commodity. In order to penetrate to new markets, extended shelf life is a necessity. Concern on the energy cost and health made application of natural products as coating material as the best option for post-harvest protection. This research focused on examining the effectiveness of local propolis as the coating material for tangerine var. Garut. The propolis used in this study originated from Trigona laeviceps farm in Maribaya, West Java. Propolis was extracted with propylene glycol solvent. Propolis extract then diluted in propylene glycol to produce extracts with concentration 5%, 10%, and 15% and applied as biocoat of the tangerine by dip method for a minute. Fruits washed by ethanol 70% in a minute were designated as positive control and fruits without any treatment as the negative control. All fruits were stored in room temperature for 34 days. Measurement of weight and diameter, the firmness of mesocarp and endocarp, the temperature of the rind and the flesh, and content of sucrose, total soluble solids, and vitamin C conducted every 3 days. At the same time, digital pictures were taken to observe the changing of color pigment on the fruit skin. Observation of physical and chemical characteristics of fruit showed that propolis coating maintained endocarp firmness, diameter, and vitamin C level for also delayed the decaying process 20% longer than the control with the best concentration for application was 10%.

Concern on the environmental impact of conservative feed material made the search for alternative feed becomes global challenge. Insect have been addressed as a possible alternative feed due to their high nutrient and extremely low environmental impact. The present research studied for the potential application of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) (Hermetia illucens) in substitution to fish powder in the diet for broiler chickens. Furthermore, propolis extract also added to enhance the performance of broiler chickens. Growth performances, blood traits, and meat quality were considered in this study. A total of 40 male broiler chicks as one-day of age were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments: P0 (100% basal diet + 1 ml aquadest), P1 (100% basal diet + 1 ml propolis extract 3%), P2 (85% basal diet + 15% BSFL powder + 1 ml aquadest), and P3 (85% basal diet + 15% BSFL powder + 1 ml propolis extract 3%). The total weight of 35 days old chicken was recorded at P3 (979 g) slightly higher than other group. The broiler chicken breast meat with significant lowest fat content recorded at P1 (1.19%) and highest crude protein at P3 (32,67%) (p<0.05). On the other hand, control chicken has highest red blood count, P1 has highest haematocrit, P2 has highest haemoglobin, and P3 has highest white blood cell count. BSFL and propolis inclusion showed satisfactory growth, blood traits, much healthier meat quality, thus suggesting this method as a promising to develop local based feed ingredient for chickens.

Trees in the landscape has strong character in color which is performed by flower, however flower appear only in certain period. This study aims to determine the flowering period of trees, climate factors that affect period of flowering, and its usage in planting plan. This study was conducted for 12 months from September 2013 to August 2014 using 10 species of flowering trees. Based on the observation, all species showed peak flowering in certain month while 8 species namely Caliandra surinamensis, Callistemon citrinus, Cassia siamea, Cerbera mangas, Jacaranda acutifolia, Lagerstroemia speciosa, Plumeria rubra, and Spathodea campanulata showed flower along the year, and 2 species namely Samanea saman and Tabebuia caraiba showed no flower in certain month. Based on analysis of percentage of flowering showed a significant correlation with climate factors. Rain days significantly affected flowering of J. acutifolia and S. saman, maximum temperature affected flowering of P.rubra, minimum temperature affected flowering of Samanea saman, length of irradiation affected flowering of Cassia siamea, P.rubra and T. Caraiba and relative humidity affected flowering of P.rubra and T. caraiba. Aesthetic value of site can be increased by using more species with different in period of flowering to show flower blooming along the year.

The objective of this study determines the effect of Plectranthus amboinicus L. Spreng ethanol extract on the hematological profile of rats exposed to Rhodamine-B. This study used 40 male rats that divided into eight groups consisted of five rats in each group. Group P0 was given 1% CMC. P1, P2, P3 groups were given 350, 700 and 1050 mg of ethanolic extract of Plectranthus amboinicus L. Spreng (EEP)/kg bw as preventive dose, and P4, P5, P6 groups were given 350, 700 and 1050 mg EEP/kg bw as a curative action, whereas Positive Control (PC) is given 980 mg of Rhodamine-B/kg bw. Preventive treatment was done by giving EEP from the 1st to 42nd day and Rhodamine-B was given from 21st to 42ndday. Whereas in curative treatment is done by inducting Rhodamine-B from the first to the 21st day and followed by EEP from the 22nd until the 42nd day. Parameters being observed were Erythrocyte, Total Leukocyte Count (TLC), Platelet (Plt), Hematocrit (Ht), Hemoglobin (Hb), MCH, MCHC and MCV.The results revealed that Rhodamine-B decreased the erythrocyte level significantly and there was no difference between the prevention and curative treatment. Platelets were decreased significantly in PC treatment but are similar to controls. The treatment in P4 and P5 showed significant increase in platelets level. The total leukocyte increased significantly in P6 treatment. The hematocrit (Ht) profile did not change in all treatments. The hemoglobin profile remains normal, however there was a significant decreased in PC and P6 treatment. MCV and MCH were increased significantly only in PC treatment. There was no difference in MCHC profile in all treatments of EEP and Rhodamine-B.

This study aimed to investigate the diverse types of lichens in Medan Industrial Area and Pinang Baris Integrated Terminal in Medan. The study was conducted for five months, starting from May to September 2016. It was a descriptive study, with a purposive sampling method. The research results showed that there were differences found in the lichens diversity in the two research locations. While the diversity index values (H') in Medan Industrial Area (0.13904) was low, the diversity index values in Pinang Baris Integrated Terminal (1.00572) were categorized as a medium. In the two research locations, seven types of lichens were found, consisting of six genus. The distribution pattern of lichens in Pinang Baris Integrated Terminal was clumped with the highest value of 12,96 on the type of Graphis scripta. The three types of lichens found in Pinang Baris Integrated Terminal have a clumped distribution pattern with the highest value of 12.96 in Graphis scripta, while the other three types of lichens with a uniform distribution pattern 0.43 on the type of Ochrolechia tartarea and Opegrapha atra. The physical-chemical factors of the environmental condition which supported the growth and the development of lichens in Medan Industrial Area and Pinang Baris Integrated Terminal were the average temperature (30.75°C and 30°C), average humidity (75.75% and 73.25% ), light intensity (371 J and 500 J), and wind speed (1,6 m/s and 2,1 m/s). The accumulated Pb had a very high in thallus Ochrolecia tartarea (26,96 mcg/gram). The correlation between Pb lichens and the traffic density showed that Parmelia saxatilis had a very high significant correlation, compared with the other types.

The purpose of this study was to know the effect of probiotic supplementation to feed consumption, egg production, egg weight, feed conversion, feed efficiency and egg cholesterol. 80 quails of Coturnixcoturnixjaponica at 14 weeks of age were completely randomized into five treatments, each treatment consisted of four replication and each replication consisted by five heads. T0 as a control without probiotic supplementation, T1 with the addition of 1 ml probiotic/kg of feed, T2 with the addition of 2 ml probiotic/kg of feed, T3 with the addition 1 ml probiotic/liter drinking water and T4 with the addition of 2 ml probiotic/liter drinking water. The results showed that the probiotic supplementation gave a significant effect (p<0,05) to feed consumption, feed conversion, feed efficiency and egg cholesterol, but couldn't effect (p>0,05) egg weight and Quail Day Production. T4 showed the highest significantly different in feed conversion, feed efficiency and egg cholesterol. It could be better to give 2 ml probiotic containing Enterobacteria spp., Bacillus spp., Cellulomonas spp., and Actinomyces spp. in drinking water for the best result.

Indigosol is commonly used as a synthetic dye to generate blue color. However, synthetic dyes are detrimental to health and environment because they contain heavy metals. Nila plant (Indigoferatinctoria Linn.) contains indican glucoside which produces indoxyl exotic blue gold color and known as indigo. Indigo produce the dull-colored, when applied to cotton material. This study aims to get the optimize extraction method and standard dyeing of nila as cotton material natural dye, in order to generate sharper blue color. Nila leaves were extracted by variation time of maceration at 12, 24, 36, 48 hours and variation boiling temperature at 70, 80, 90 °C in aquadest, with pH 11 and 13. The indigo level was measured using spectrophotometer at λ 611 nm. The optimal result were applied to prima and primissima cotton material and then tested in fade resistance to leaching with staining scale (SNI-08-0285-1998) and color depth with spectrophotometer method with λ 380 - 780 nm. This study showed that in maceration and boiling method, pH significantly affected the indigo level. The treatment of 12-hour maceration at pH 11 and boiling at 80-90°C at pH 11 were the most optimal treatment to produce sharp blue color, both in prima and primissima cotton material. The best scale of fade resistance was 3-4, which was indigo extract with 12-hour at pH 11 in the maceration method and applied in primissima cotton. It can be concluded that maceration method generates sharper dye than the boiling method in primissima cotton material.

De novo genome assembly is computationally intensive tasks in genome analysis, where it builds the whole genome from small fragments (reads) generated by next-generation sequencing (NGS) platform. Parallel processing is a method to reduce the time complexity. In this work, we analyze the performance of three popular de novo genome assembly tool based on de Bruijn graph i.e., Velvet, SOAPdenovo2, and ABySS in a parallel environment. Simulated and real genome datasets from several species are used in this study. We determine the performance using two criteria, including the quality of contigs produced and the parallel performance. For the quality of contigs produced, we measure the N50 size, the number of contigs, and maximum contigs length. As for the parallel performance, we measure the speedup of the use of multi-core CPU in a shared memory system. Lastly, memory usage for each tool also compared. Based on the experiment, SOAPdenovo2 have the best performance for the quality of contigs produced with highest N50 value. All assembly tool work well in the parallel environment and give the speedup significantly. SOAPdenovo2 is the best tool that gives 22 times super-linear speedup. As for memory usage, ABySS is the most efficient one.

The National Socioeconomic Survey (SUSENAS) has been regularly conducted by BPS (Statistics Indonesia) to collect data related to socio-economic conditions of society such as health, education, fertility, housing, and other social and economic conditions. In 2015 important changes were made in the implementation of SUSENAS, such as (1) data collection were conducted two times a year, respectively in March and September and (2) the sample size in March was extremely larger than the sample sizes in September implying that more precise estimates were expected from data collected in March. Moreover, the sampling units enumerated in September were basically a subset of sampling units used in March survey. In another word, the measurement in a particular year was repeated for several sampling units but most of the sampling units was measured only in March. Hence, it is interesting to investigate how small area estimation can improve the precision of estimates resulted from data collected in September by borrowing strength from other areas as well as from previous survey.

Recent development in small area estimation has been related to the measurement errors in the auxiliary variables. The development has been driven by the fact that in standard small area estimation the auxiliary variables in the model are assumed to be measured without error. This type of auxiliary variables is not easy to find in practice. In fact, the auxiliary variables cannot be provided by survey data since the data is subject to sampling errors. Hence, it is of interest to the researchers to understand how to use the auxiliary variables which are based on survey data in small area estimation. Several studies on small area estimation models with measurement error have been conducted recently and they usually are based on types of measurement error assumptions namely functional and structural measurement errors. This paper reviews recent development of measurement errors in small area estimation. Illustrative examples are also provided using real data.

For many years, paddy production data was obtained from 2 different sources namely harvested area (form monthly report of agricultural statistics; Statistik Pertanian (SP)) and productivity from Ubinan Survey. Both sources need a standard operational procedure (SOP) and an officer to do it. Based on the data, the government states that the paddy production is self-sufficient. However, in fact, the government is still importing the rice. The fact the government still importing the rice is become concerns from researcher. We would like to investigate this issue by doing an in-depth interview involving respective parties. With this method, researcher tries to retrieve an information related to potential sources of bias and measures bias in every step of SP and Ubinan Survey. This bias are allegedly influenced by the implementation of data collection is not in accordance with the SOPs that has been determined. As a result of indepth interview, potential sources of bias in SP are influenced by 50% officers when they are doing the data collection with compilation. The other influence is that 22%-50% officers are not doing verification into the field after acquiring the harvested area data. Meanwhile, the potential sources of bias in Ubinan Survey indicating that the occurance of officers whose 5% - 10% doing listing and enumeration not timely and 5% doing replacement of selected paddy farmer/respondent. Both source of potential bias (SP and Ubinan Survey) makes a bias for harvested area of paddy between 12.61% - 20.72% and bias for paddy productivity between 0.23% - 0.25%.

Nested error regression models have played an important role in small area estimation (SAE) especially for deriving indirect or model-based estimates of small area parameters. The models are valid to be employed whenever the auxiliary information is available at level units, as well as the random effect is independent from the sampling error. Furthermore, the models also assume normality the random effects and sampling errors. The standard SAE method, specifically the Empirical Best Linear Unbiased Predictor (EBLUP), which derives the estimates for small area parameters under the nested error regression models, certainly have to satisfy the strictly assumptions. In this paper, we study the Empirical Best Predictor (EBP) which can be utilized for deriving estimates of small area parameters whenever the variable of interest has skewed distributions. We apply the EBP to estimate the poverty incidence and poverty gap for the regions ('kabupaten' and 'kota') in West Java Province – Indonesia.

West Kalimantan is one of the provinces in Indonesia that has an important role to produce palm oil, rubber and also orange. This research attempted to evaluate the relationship between the three crucial commodities and the prosperity of inhabitants at six districts in the province namely Bengkayang, Ketapang, Landak, Sambas, Sintang, and Sanggau. For this case, the prosperity of the community at the six districts is measured by gross regional domestic product at 2010 constant market prices (GDP). This research was conducted by panel regression that chooses the best model among common effect model, fixed effect model, and random effect model based on the results of Chow Test, Hausman Test, and Lagrange Multiplier Test. According to the result of analysis, it can be concluded that fixed effect model with adjusted determination-coefficient 0.96 is the best model to evaluate this case. Moreover, the model also deduced that only palm oil production that give contribution to GDP of the six districts.

Ordinal data widely appear in many scientific areas, are often assumed with proportional odds in ordinal logistic regression. When the ordinal data have monotone manner across cut-points, proportional odds assumption become less appropriate. The lack of proportionality may be possible captured using trend odds model which have constrained structural relationship between the odds and the cut-points. This paper describes briefly cumulative odds which are the foundation of trend odds model and demonstrates algebraically the trend odds model related to latent logistic and uniform distribution to obtain the explicit form of slope of the trend. A data set is used to illustrate the interpretation of trend odds model, we apply this model to cigarettes consumption which has monotone manner across cut-points that seems the proportional assumption is more likely not appropriate. However, characteristic of ordinal data that fit trend odds model properly must be specified because only monotone manner is insufficient. We perform simulation using PROC NLMIXED in SAS system and find that ordinal data must significantly monotone for unexposed group and the ratio between covariates is higher for higher level cut-points.

The standard method of count data modeling is Poisson distribution, which has the assumption of equidispersion, as identified by the same mean and variance values. The modelling of count data frequently causes the emergence of over-dispersion which has a higher variance than mean itself. Many research could be found especially for handling over-dispersion problem such Negative Binomial, Zero Inflated Poisson and Quasi approach. However, a few method in research could be fitted under-dispersion problem, such as Generalized Poisson which able to handle both problems, but has limited range of under-dispersion values. In this paper, a review of Conway-Maxwell-Poisson (COM-Poisson) distribution for count data is delivered. The COM-Poisson distribution is not only a generalization of the Poisson distribution, but also the distribution of Bernoulli and Geometric. Furthermore, we compare the performance of Negative Binomial, Generalized Poisson, and COM-Poisson models through its application to real data and simulations on overcome over- and-under-dispersion problem.

Linear Mixed Model (LMM) analyzes the relationship between Gaussian response and predictors with either fixed and random effects. Procedures based on LMM have been used to construct estimates of the means of small areas, by exploiting auxiliary information. In this article, we show how to resample fixed effects coefficient estimates via bootstrapping and we construct nonparametric and parametric bootstrap confidence interval of predictions for small area estimation, based on mixed-effects linear models. Examples of computation for bootstrap confidence intervals of prediction are given for Battese, Harter and Fuller Data (1988).

The economic development in Indonesia is strongly supported by the existence of the retail industry. The retail market potential is also quite large, which has grown from traditional to modern retail. Retails need to improve its strategy to retain customers, both on design, pricing, facilities, or green retailing concepts. This study provides the application of spatial marketing method Multiplicative Competition Interaction (MCI) for retail marketing analysis and strategy. This method has advantages because it uses the concept of location and retail interaction in each region. The sample used is minimarket type of retail, both local and national in 6 villages in Ngaglik, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta. Surveys also conducted to consumers about the perception of minimarket quality when shopping for basic needs. The analysis shows that every minimarket has different market share in every location. Consumers not only prefer minimarkets that provide complete facilities, professional waiters, and affordable prices, but also prefer shop at minimarkets located closer to their house, because it can save time and transportation costs. The MCI model used 48 interactions between i = 6 villages and j = 8 minimarkets. By least square estimation and α = 5%, locations, parking facility, and price of product influence to the minimarket consumer choice. The positive parameter estimates, i.e. 4.087, 13.288, and 6.965. It shows that minimarkets that have a high valuation of "convenient location", "sufficient parking facility", and "affordable price" would achieve a higher capture of consumers.

Hierarchical Generalized Linear Model (HGLM) extended Generalized Linier Mixed Model (GLMM) in which the distribution of random components are extended to conjugate of arbitrary distributions from the GLM family. HGLM modeling used to model fitting with exponential family random effects. The Extended Likelihood used in HGLM should be describe hierarchical data character. Nasional Labor Force Surveys, a regular survey by Statistics Indonesia, indicates a hierarchical character data. Application of HGLM with Gamma Normal Beta model on the Nasional Labor Force Surveys data, indicate that the proportion of working population in Kepulauan Riau Province in August 2015 are affected by the number of population in age group 25-49, age group 50 years and over, and the number of population with graduate or post graduate degree. The interaction between the number of population by age group and the highest educational attainment completed, together does not affect the percentage of working population. Model without interaction between age group and highest educational attainment provides a better model compared to model with interaction.

Hotspot as one of forest and land fires indicators is regularly monitored for early detection the fires. Large fires are difficult to detect based on a single occurrence of hotspot. However, hotspots that are occurred in high density clusters can be used as indicator of large forest and land fires. Our previous studies have applied several clustering algorithms on hotspot datasets in Sumatra and Kalimantan. However, those studies have not included new hotspot data in the clusters of hotspots. This study aims to implement incremental clustering on hotspot datasets in Sumatra. Clustering was performed using the modified spatio-temporal density based clustering algorithm namely ST-DBSCAN. The main process of the incremental clustering in hotspot datasets is to update the initial clusters based on the existence of new hotspot data without doing clustering from the beginning. The incremental clustering algorithm has three parameters namely Eps1, Eps2 and MinPts. Eps1 is the distance parameter for spatial attributes whereas Eps2 is the distance parameter for non-spatial attributes. Eps represents maximum radius of the neighbourhood. MinPts is the minimum number of objects within Eps1 and Eps2 distance of an object. The algorithm was applied on the hotspot dataset in Sumatra in the period of September to October 2017. As many 2659 hotspots were used in initial clustering and 1023 new hotspots were used for updating the initial clusters. The initial clustering at the parameter eps1 of 0.1, eps of 7, and MinPts of 5 results 16 clusters and 23 outliers. The incremental clustering at those parameters results 7 new clusters and 6 new outliers.

The rainfall pattern is always interesting to be investigated. This paper discusses the performance of three methods in modeling the rainfall data namely the LASSO (Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator) and GLMM (Generalized Linear Mixed Model) methods as well as a combination of GLMM and LASSO techniques. The rainfall data is usually collected on a regular basis, hence it is longitudinal data. The GLMM methods are usually employed to analyze longitudinal data, especially when number of explanatory variables is small. If the number of explanatory variables is large and if these variables are correlated then the GLMM estimation will be suffered by ill condition problems. These problems may be overcome by adding L1 penalty and start doing variable selection and shrinkage simultaneously. In this paper a combination of GLMM and LASSO techniques is evaluated by using monthly rainfall data, a high dimensional data, collected during 1981-2014 in Indramayu sub-district. The results showed that a combination of GLMM and LASSO methods is superior when compared with GLMM and LASSO methods separately. This claim is supported by evidence that MSE of the combined method is smaller than MSEs of the other two methods for various λ (lambda).

In regression analyses it is of interest to obtain prediction intervals of the response variables. However, such prediction intervals are not obvious if the number of explanatory variables exceeds the number of observations since the least square method cannot be used in this case. This paper discusses the problems of constructing prediction intervals in high dimensional regression models, in which the number of explanatory variables is greater than the number of observations. A quantile approach is proposed to construct such intervals and it has been evaluated by means of simulation. In this approach pairs of quantiles based on the certain probability are specified and followed by evaluation to obtain the shortest interval. Since the number of explanatory variables was large then several techniques to select the variables were employed. These techniques were the best subset regression, LASSO (Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator) regression, and model averaging. The simulation data was generated according to two different scenarios. The first scenario was designed for models having symmetric error distributions whereas the second scenario was designed for models with non-symmetric error distributions. The simulation results showed that in the case of symmetric error distributions all of the regression methods mentioned above produced similar prediction intervals, except the LASSO regression. However, in the case of non-symmetric error distributions it has been evidence that model averaging has provided the best prediction intervals when compared with the best subset and LASSO regressions although has wide range of intervals. This revealed that model averaging can be used to predict the response variables in high-dimensional regression analyses although the data is non-symmetrically distributed.

Rainfall data is usually of high variation that needs advanced statistical techniques to properly model the data while taking into account its variation. Statistical Downscaling methods are well known in climate modeling especially to analyze the relationship between the large-scale climate data with small-scale climate data. In this setting, the large-scale covariates are correlated and require techniques for shrinking the regression coefficients. Fused LASSO (Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator) is a very popular shrinking method. The fused LASSO is a generalization of the LASSO penalty in a sense that new penalty parameters are added to enforces sparsity in both the coefficients and their successive differences. This addition of new parameters is desirable in applications especially if the covariates can be ordered in some meaningful way. In this paper the Fused LASSO is employed to model the average monthly rainfall data at Indramayu Sub-District collected from January 1981 until April 2014. The rainfall data is treated as a response variable whereas the precipitation data is considered as large-scale covariates. These covariates are obtained from a combination of interpolate surface observations and satellite data based on GPCP (Global Surface Climatology Project) version 2.2. The results showed that based on the AIC and BIC loss function the Fused LASSO method can selects 28.57 % significant grids.

An accurate early warning system to forecast dengue fever enhances the effectiveness of preventive measures against dengue fever and the most widely used is time series analysis. Forecasting dengue by using bayes count data is a need for improved surveillance tools. In this paper we constructed a count data model with including rainfall as covariate. Rainfall slightly improved dengue fever forecasting in South Sulawesi by bayes count data model which was GSARIMA-X fitted to logarithmically transformed dengue fever case data twelve ahead. In addition, we compare accurately the result of forecasting either with rainfall as covariate or not.

The problems of class imbalance have attracted concerns from researchers in the last few years. Class imbalance problems occur when the data had unbalanced proportions between two or more groups of data which are usually called as minority and majority classes. These problems relate to creation of bias in parameter estimation as well as misclassification of the objects especially for the minority class. These will lead to incorrect prediction of the minority class, and eventually will risk the policy making. Several approaches have been proposed to correct misclassification such as data-based and algorithm-based approaches. As a data-based approach, over-sampling method is very popular nowadays. This approach is basically balancing the distribution of data through addition of synthetic data. This paper discusses the strategies of adding synthetic data in order to improve the accuracy of classification. Moreover, this paper also reviews several over sampling methods for class imbalanced problems. Specifically, the classification of poor households is illustrated by using the National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas) data which has been stratified according to urban and rural areas. Finally, the K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Naïve Bayes, Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Generalized Linear Model (GLM) are employed to evaluate the classification performance by comparing the value of sensitivity and area under the ROC curve (AUC). The simulation result shows that there are bias on parameter estimation both on interception and on slope. The bias gets bigger as the data condition becomes more unbalanced and on small sample. Meanwhile, the classification accuracy will decrease with the decrement of probability (high imbalanced) value especially in the data with small sample. Decreased accuracy of classification mainly occurs in the minority class (sensitivity) and AUC. Based on the simulation result, it is clear that the synthetic over sampling approach can improve the accuracy of classification in minority class through increasing sensitivity value and AUC value. This occur at the small probability (unbalanced data). In line with the simulation results, the over sampling approach also shows the evident of improving the prediction of poor households in Yogyakarta Province. But on the other hand, it can also lead to decreased accuracy and specificity. However, further research is required to obtain a more accurate prediction result for all performance measures.

In many such mixture-process variable experiments, constraints such as cost or time prohibit the selection of treatments completely at random. This leads to a split-plot structure of the data and affects both the experimental design and the statistical modelling. The constraints of the mixture component affect the experimental region. The experimental region could be a regular or irregular shape. For the irregular shape, the design points are difficult to identify by hand. XVERT algorithm is one algorithm in mixture experiments to define the design points of mixture experiment. An algorithm used for selecting a subset of extreme vertices when the number of candidate vertices is large. This research a new split-plot designs of mixture experiments with process variables was developed. The study case was on cementitious mixture components for steelslag concrete. The five mixture components were cement, aggregate fine, aggregate coarse, percentage steel slag replaced the aggregate fine and water. The process variable was size of steel slag. The steel slag concrete experiment was run using a split plot mixture process variable design with 23 whole plots of three observations. The final design consisted of {8 7 8} and experiment design with 69 observations.

Classification analysis is a type of analysis for group prediction towards existing groups. There are several classification methods, which are developed, based on the characteristics of the data. Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogies (SIMCA), is a method that applies a Classical Principal Component Analysis (CPCA) towards every single group. CPCA based on covariance matrix is very sensitive toward outliers and then we use a Robust Principal Component Analysis (ROBPCA) which produces a principal component that will not be affected by outliers. SIMCA is applying ROBPCA as a beginning for SIMCA classification which will be called Robust SIMCA (RSIMCA). Simulation data is used in this research. Simulation data consist of three different scenarios of simulation which are Scenario I, II, and III. The average of misclassification of RSIMCA in all scenarios tends to be stable and smaller when compared to SIMCA. It also revealed that the misclassification from SIMCA are significantly smaller than the misclassification from RSIMCA.

The main objective of this research is to develop a Logit-Normal model with spatial effects. Spatial effects are characterized by a spatial weighted matrix. The weighted matrix used is the distance of the amount of auxiliary variables of area. It was used to estimate the proportion/parameters using Hierarchical Bayesian method. The design of the research is a case study. Data used in the case study is poverty data in Bengkulu Province. The results show that the spatial effect can improve the value of the Root Mean Square Error.

GSTARIMA-X model is a development of the GSTARIMA model involving exogenous variables. The approach of transfer function model in the GSTARIMA-X model produces a dynamic space-time model. The influence of exogenous variables in a GSTARIMA model can assist in better estimation of response values. In this study, GSTARIMA model will be compared with GSTARIMAX model by using transfer function model approach. Both models are applied to data of medium rice price at the market level in six provinces of Java Island, Indonesia. The exogenous variables in the GSTARIMA-X model use data of dried grain price at the milling level at the same location. The best model of GSTARIMA was GSTARIMA(2_1,1, 1,0) and GSTARIMA-X with transfer function approach was GSTARIMA-X(0, 2_1,1, 0,0,0). The performance of comparison model showed that GSTARIMA-X model with a transfer function approach was better model than GSTARIMA model. The RMSEP and MAPE values of GSTARIMA-X model by using transfer function model approach for training and testing data had tendency of lower value compared to GSTARIMA model.

This paper presents the comparison of the predictive power of rotation forest and other classification techniques in the case of classification problem. Rotation forest is an ensemble of many decision trees that utilizing principal component analysis to do some rotation to the original predictor variables before constructing the trees. An empirical study using fourteen different datasets was held to observe how good the prediction resulted by the rotation forest. The authors found that in most of the cases rotation forest perform better compared to logistic regression, tree, and discriminant analysis. We also revealed that the rotation forest fails to have excellent prediction when the predictors are dominated by categorical variables. In general, rotation forest could be a competitive approach to handle classification tasks.

Multilevel ordinal logistic regression analysis is a type of regression that modelling data with hierarchical structure and has an ordinal response variable. The Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) produced data with hierarchical structure from individuals nested within sub-district. This research had three goals: first, to select the best model of the highest level of children's education in the family; second, to explain factors that affecting the highest level of children's education; third, to describe the characteristics of the highest level of children's education categories. The result showed that the best model was the random intercept model. The estimation variance of between sub-districts was 0.2314. The explanatory variables that have significant effects in the model were mother's education, number of household members, and number of household members who graduated from senior high school and status of residence. People who had high probability to go to university were coming from family, which the mother had at least senior high school background, most of family member graduated from senior high school, and they lived in Bogor city. In the other hand, people who had high probability to had only elementary school were coming from family which the mother had elementary school background, no members of family who graduated from senior high school, and they lived in Bogor Regency.

Publication of the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) show that Banten is province with the highest unemployment rate in Java Island during the period 2006 to 2016. One of the efforts in resolving this issue is to do a classification of labor force into unemployment and employment as well as identify its characteristics, so that later the government policy will not be mistaken. The classification method used in this research is CART that has the ease of interpretation against the results of the analysis. The accuracy of a classification tree can be viewed from the value of specificity, sensitivity, and the AUC. Unfortunately, the imbalanced data causes low value of sensitivity and AUC. One alternative way to increase the accuracy is to conduct SMOTE on pre processing data. Classification tree with SMOTE is more accurate compared to the classification tree without SMOTE, because it can increase sensitivity from 6.35% to 77.78% and has higher AUC, as much as 0.7846. While AUC of classification tree without SMOTE is 0.7507. The best classification tree produce 18 terminal knots that influenced by 6 variables, which are age, gender, marital status, status in the household, level of education completed, and the residence area.

Nanosilica (nS) are synthesized using the sol-gel method, with tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as precursors, ammonia (NH₃) as base catalysts, water as hydrolysis and ethanol as solvents. Polyvinyl alcohol is added to the sol solution, serving as a capping agent. The purpose of this research is to know functional group, from TEOS with the addition of variation of PVA concentration and without addition of variation of PVA concentration. Functional groups were analyzed using Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR). The nanosilicas of the TEOS precursors using the sol-gel method were successfully synthesized by marked detection of typical peaks of SiO₂ in all samples of Si-O-Si (siloxane) and Si-O.

Last 20th-century urban area faced with the phenomenon of Urban Heat Island (UHI) caused over land use to meet increasing human needs. The most populous island in Indonesia is Java Island, in the year 2015 recorded population density rising 0.82% from the year 2000 to reach 20,902 people/km2. The layout of urban areas in Java is bordered by sea due to the climate is more heat, such as Jakarta, Tangerang, Serang, Semarang, Surabaya, Sidoarjo, Banyuwangi and Cilacap. The phenomenon existence of UHI in 8 cities, it's interesting to be analysed using the air temperature time series throughout the 21th-century. The impact identification of UHI on a sense of discomfort and potential drought is done by correlating values of air temperature against Discomfort Index (DI) and Accumulated Potential Water Loss (APWL). Further analysis using Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model for last decade is done to map the spatial and temporal patterns of UHI in Java. Based on the analysis of trend line, the 8 cities experienced a temperature increase between 0.0060°C/years to 0.0246°C/years, indicating the occurrence of UHI. The increase of temperature value cause the change of normal temperature value significantly every decade. The range values of the correlation between temperature and DI are 0.746 to 0.987 showed UHI effect is strong against impact sense of discomfort, but the effect is weak against a potential drought due to the range values of the correlation between temperature and APWL are –0.677 to 0.120. WRF output results showed during the last decade, UHI in spatial experience increased the area of 33°C to 34°C maximum temperature.

The simulation of the mesoscale convection system (MCS) during the 13 - 19 January 2014 was conducted for Greater Jakarta (GJ) using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. In this study, WRF simulations were carried out for different sizes of urban and built-up area, which in the experiment (SCE) wider than the standard (CTL) simulations. The results of the two WRF simulations are evaluated against the surface observations. The comparison of the measured wind speed and direction in the GJ area shows a reasonable result between observed and simulated data. The results showed a consistent significant contribution of urban and built-up development to wind speed. The significantly increasing wind speed was up to 3 ms^-1. There is no persistent variation in the wind speed and direction of each station. Simulations suggest that the new urban developments caused an intensification and expansion of MCS propagation. The SCE simulation provided a stronger convective cloud system that spreads from south to north.

Paddy field production is impacted by the climate and water resources, which is driven by environmental condition and also water management. It is required to evaluate the impact of climate change and water management to plan the future management strategies as the adaptation of climate change. This paper evaluate the potential impact of climate change on paddy field production and water resources using Aquacrop crop simulation model for Subang District in Indonesia. The crop phenology information was obtained from the field survey and applied to set up and validate the Aquacrop model. The historical paddy field production and irrigation water requirement was calculated based on history data and the future paddy field production and irrigation water management was calculated based on future climatic condition. The future climate projection under RCP 8,.5 climate scenario was applied to investigate the impact of future changing climate on crop production. The simulation outputs show the increasing of the rainfall by average of 27% and impact to the increasing of the paddy filed productivity by 19% in the period of 2021 – 2050. The result also indicates the increasing of the flood and plant diseases and influence to the paddy production in the future. These findings suggest that the good water management on flood impact is required to mitigate the negative impact of the future climate and secure the future paddy field production.

Precipitation is the key factor of energy and water cycle of the earth. The aim of the research is to evaluate the accuracy of GSMaP (Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation) by using the rain-gauged precipitation measurement across Indonesian Maritime Continent at daily scale. We compare the daily rainfall precipitation of GSMaP with 152 rain-gauge observation stations during 2016. The results show that GSMaP products generally over-estimated precipitation amount with the average accuracy is 82.6%. The performance of precipitation estimation based on satellite data is poorer in mountainous area than in flatlands. According to location, Moluccas and Papua Island have the highest mean correlation (0.40 – 0.61). Meanwhile, the lowest is in small islands such as Bali and Nusa Tenggara (0.20 – 0.47). The highest monthly average correlation is in January while the lowest is in June.The results also show that the daily mean errors (ME) is 0.16 and the root mean square errors (RMSE) is 17.44. However, from the results indicate that GSMaP algorithm is a good performance to estimate rainfall in the area.

The increased of aquaculture activity have a negative impact for the environment, these activities will result pollutants from aquaculture wastewater. Therefore, aquaculture wastewater must be treatment. One technology that is cheap, easy and effective in controlling aquaculture wastewater is constructed wetlands system. The constructed wetlands system combines plants and microbes activity in treating wastewater. The purpose of this study is to determine the ability of vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides, L), cyperus plant (Cyperus alternifolius) and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) at the constructed wetlands system to removing pollutants (NH₃ and PO₄³) of Catfish (Clarias gariepinus, var) wastewater aquaculture. In this study, the constructed wetlands system used Flow Water Surface type and the plants is planted with a floating system using steyrofoam in four treatments, i.e.control (bioball without plant), vetiver grass (C. zizanioides, L), cyperus plant (C. alternifolius) and water hyacinth (E. crassipes). The results showed that the each plant have a different ability to eliminate NH₃ and PO₄^3-. Vetiver showed NH₃ and PO₄^3- removal was 2 - 66.7% and 0 - 75.4%, cyperus was 0 - 66.7% and 42.4 - 71.2% and water hyacinth was 0 – 15.8% and 33.1 - 89.7%.

Climate regionalization has an important role in providing information on profile and climate potential of the region, but its requires long time series data with equally spatial distribution. Climate data in Indonesia is still a constraint related to the limitations of spatial and temporal data availability. Therefore, the use of good quality of reanalysis data can be an alternative to obtain information on profile and climate potential in local or regional scale. This paper evaluate the use of daily rainfall reanalysis data based on WordClim and CHIRPS with spatial resolution of 1 km2 and 5 km2 respectively in the study area of Subang district, West Java. The climate regionalization of the region was done by three climate classification methods and statistical approach (PCA) using cluster analysis based on seven linkage methods. The results of the analysis show the similar pattern of seasonal and yearly spatial distribution of rainfall on both reanalysis climate data with annual rainfall range between 1330-3700 mm and 1200-3300 mm for WorldClim and CHIRPS data respectively. Climate regionalization produced seven clusters on both reanalysis data with monsoonal rainfall pattern, characterised by one peak of rainfall at the beginning of the year. The result also indicates the similarity of monthly rainfall pattern from north to south region following altitude distribution. Despite of some different patterns noticeably for monthly temporal distribution, these findings suggest that both climate reanalysis data is proper to be use as alternative to obtain information on profile and climate potential of the region.

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) has still become a major health concern in the world particularly in the tropical and sub-tropical area such as South-east Asia including Indonesia. In 2010, about 1.317 mortality due to dengue out of 150.000 cases has made Indonesia become the highest case of DHF country in South-east Asia. The province of East Kalimantan represents the endemic region of DHF and contributes the highest cases in Indonesia especially in the sub-district of Tanjung Redeb, district of Berau. This study investigated the level of vulnerability of DHF at sub-district scale based on population density, rainfall, drainage condition, natural water body and vector control program. A geographical information system (GIS) software were used for mapping the spatial distribution of vulnerability area of DHF in sub-district of Tanjung Redeb for every three months period of 2014. The level of DHF vulnerability in Tanjung Redeb was fluctuate. At the first three months was medium, and continues to become high level at the second and third three months, then become medium level at the last three months during 2014-time period. This result indicates that the spatial distribution based on climate, landscape, and human factors might be used to predict the vulnerability area of DHF at the fine scale such as sub-district level. This information will in turn may help government to conduct a better strategy for controlling the transmission of DHF in each area.

The extremogram is a method for measuring extreme events dependence in stationary time series, which can be view analog as the autocorrelation function (ACF) of extreme value. This study aims to measure the time dependency of extreme rainfall in West Java using extremogram, and to observe the pattern of time dependencies of extreme rainfall between stations and see the relationship based on distance using cross-extremogram. The data used is monthly rainfall from 30 BMKG rain observation stations with period from 1981 to 2012. In general, the extremogram plot shows that extreme rainfall in West Java has a periodic pattern except for zone 14 and 18. As seen from the peaks of maximum values for monthly rainfall in extremogram, extreme rainfall occurring over a certain period of time, especially in November, December, and January. The periodic pattern is illustrated by the recurrent extremogram peak values for lag-11, lag-12, and lag-13. The plot between the cross-extremogram and the distance shows the further distance between the rain stations, the value of extreme rainfall dependency gives a smaller correlation value.

Oil palm is susceptible to drought. Research to increase oil palm production continues to be developed, including the influence of drought to oil palm production. One of the methods used to analyze drought is using the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). The purpose of this study is to analyze the dynamics of SPEI at diurnal, ten days periods, and monthly time scales, and their correlation with meteorological factors at an oil palm plantation in Jambi province, Indonesia for the year 2015. Using diurnal values, the SPEI does not indicate any drought as there are no values lower than -1. Using ten days periods, the SPEI shows a dry period starting from mid May to mid October. Using monthly values, the SPEI shows drought conditions with the driest month in October with SPEI reaching -2. Solar radiation and evapotranspiration are significantly correlated with the dynamics of diurnal index SPEI while precipitation affects significantly the dynamics of the SPEI at ten day and monthly periods.

The research has been conducted entitled "Modification of EcengGondok (EichorniaCrassipes) to Chitosan-Epichlorohydrin". The aim of this research is to determine the solubility test of water hyacinth composite on chitosan-epichlorohydrin. This research begins with sample preparation covering the manufacture of eceng gondok and charcoal activation and testing the quality of activated charcoal of Eceng Gondok. After that, it is continued by making the composite through the initial stages of chitosan charcoal production and chitosan modified chitosan test and chitosan-epichlorohydrin modified chitosan test. The result of the research shows that 3 standard of active charcoal quality test fulfill SNI requirement except fly content. And chitosan charcoal solubility test showed that the solubility level of charcoal: the lowest chitosan was found on charcoal ratio: chitosan 5:7. While chitosan-epichlorohydrin-modified chitosan test showed that the lowest solubility rate occurred at a concentration of 1% epichlorohydrin.

Ecotourism, or green tourism, is a combination of four factors: conservation, community, culture, and commerce. Internationally, ecotourism is defined as responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the welfare of local people. On the other hand, Indonesia ecotourism is defined as activities of responsible travelling in intact areas or in areas which are named according to the role of the nature. These activities are aiming on enjoying natural objects as well as increasing local communities' income. Indonesia has numerous community-based ecotourism whereby the social, environmental, and economic needs of local communities meet to offer tourism objects. However, the information and the location of these community-based ecotourism are rarely known even for local tourist. This study aimed to applied e-Commerce through the creation of an Android-based marketplace application for tourist on the client side and the community-based ecotourism on the provider side. The scrum process of Android Studio was applied in the development of the application named IndoExplore.id. The main processed of Android-based development was initially began with the product backlogs establishment as a results of system requirement investigation followed with iterative sprint implementation comprised of sprint planning, daily scrum, sprint review meeting, and sprint retrospective. The Android-based IndoExplore.id installed in Android smartphones enabled local tourist in planning their visits including provided choices of ecotourism destinations. Further, using Android smartphones the community-based ecotourism had channels for promoting their ecotourism objects to be visited.

There are 50 national parks in Indonesia ranging from rain forests, endemic species, mountain, oceans, and rivers/waterfalls. Of all national parks, six are World Heritage Sites, six are part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, and three are wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar convention. Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy of Republic of Indonesia continually promotes these National Parks as ecotourism sites. On the other hand, there are numerous community-based ecotourism were left alone without any promotion. This study aimed to promote community-based ecotourism through the creation of e-Commerce web-based marketplace, named IndoExplore.id, to raise public awareness of the many products and services of natural ecosystems and biological resources that respect traditional knowledge and practices. The ecotourism web-based marketplace was developed using the Scrum framework to bring together tourist as client and micro, small, and medium community-based ecotourism (travel agent) as providers. The main process of the web-based development initially began with product backlogs establishment followed with iterative sprint implementation comprised of sprint planning, daily scrum, sprint review meeting, and sprint retrospective. This study also incorporated the creation of representational state transfer application programming interfaces (REST API) to enable data transfer between the developed web-based and the Android-based of IndoExplore.id. In essence, the web-based IndoExplore.id application was successfully developed and enabled client select variety of ecotourism objects including providers upload their ecotourism objects and services to be promoted and marketed.

Ministry of Agriculture, Republic of Indonesia provide Indonesia agricultural commodities data which presented in the simple tabular format. It is a challenging task to analyze this growing data and generate data summarization. This study was conducted to implement online analytical processing (OLAP) application to provide an analytical tool for agricultural commodities data. The OLAP application is built using RESTful website architecture with Node.Js and Angular.Js. The back-end side uses Node.Js as a server and PostgreSQL as data storage. In front-end side, we use HTML5, Wijmo, and Angular.Js for visualizing data summary in the form of crosstab table and chart. OLAP operations are used in this application to perform analysis of some feature of agricultural commodities data. The features include crop production, productivity, and harvested area.

Hermetia illucens or Black Soldier Fly (BSF) is one of the bioconversion agents that can convert any kind of organic wastes. In this research, BSF larvae was used as a bioconversion agent on spent coffee ground, the main waste in coffee industry. This study aimed to determine the effect of spent coffee ground as feed on larval growth and the ability of BSF larvae in converting this spent based on ECD (Efficiency of Conversion Digestive) and WRI (Waste Reduction Index). The 7-day old larvae was nourished on spent coffee grounds with different feeding rate (200, 100, 50, 25, dan 12,5 mg/larvae/day). The results showed that larvae with feeding rate at 200 mg/larvae/day had shortest development time (25.6 ± 2.19 days), highest ECD value (5 ± 0.49%), highest pupae biomass (14,8 ± 2,15 mg), highest grow rate (1,41 ± 0,17 mg/day), but low WRI (0,997 ± 0,11). Additional proximate analysis exhibited that pupae contain total protein up to 33,45%. We concluded that BSF larvae has slow growth rate but can convert spent coffee ground.

Black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens is one organism that widely used to reduce organic wastes through bioconversion process by employing the ability of larvae to consume various types of organic waste. This process changes organic waste into larvae and prepupae biomass which was developed in order to provide an alternative protein source for animal feedstock. In this study, the effect of four experimental diets was analyzed, namely horse manure, a mixture of horse manure and vegetable waste, sheep manure and a mixture of sheep manure and vegetable waste. Newly hatched larvae were inoculated on experimental diets. The sample of 20 larvae from 5 replicates were measured and weighed until pupae stage. Nutrient content of prepupae reared on experimental diet were analyzed proximately. The effects of diet on development time, growth of the larval stages, mortality, fecundity and nutritional composition of black soldier fly were studied. Results indicate that a mixture of horse manure and vegetable waste diet was the best of the four diets in terms of the shorter of development time, the lowest of percentage mortality, the highest of fecundity and the better of nutritional content. In conclusion, both of morphological development and the nutritional ingredient of black soldier fly were highly determined by the used growing substrates and food ingested. Addition of vegetable waste can improve growth performance and nutritional content of black soldier fly when reared on horse and sheep manure.

Imogolite is known as variable charge aluminosilicate mineral which physicochemical properties depend on the pH solution. Dispersion and gelation properties can be adjust by change in pH solution. However, the effect of solvent on the physicochemical properties of imogolite is almost no information. Here, we studied on effect of length tube imogolite and type of solvent on its dispersion and gelation behavior. Guava extract has been used as herbal model and loaded into imogolite suspension.These results obtained important information that the length of the tube imogolite greatly affects the quality of the gel formed. The changes in the distribution of solvent polarity in certain level will affect the force of inter-surface repulsion in imogolite. Under organic solvent, formation of the gelation is not influenced by the pH solution. The obtained data is interesting because until now there is no information on the dispersion and gelation properties of imogolite in the organic solvent. Furthermore, gelation of imogolite is easily formed by addition of extract herbal into imogolite suspension. Therefore, imogolite can be used as herbal delivery material.

Multifunctional composites based on organic/inorganic materials had been synthesized using polyacrylate hydrogel as organic material and Fe(III)hydroxo as the inorganic material. These 2 materials were reacted to become a composite using two methods, chemically and physically. The composites did not dissolve in water when pH solution was changed, proving that they had high stability. However, physically-prepared composites still showed swelling properties whereas that of the chemically-prepared composites revealed very low swelling properties. Surface properties of the composites showed adsorption capability to cations and anions. Experiment result showed that the chemically synthesized composites had better adsorption for anions, however, the physically synthesized composites showed conversely. The analysis showed that adsorption of chemically synthesized composites followed the Langmuir isothermal model, meanwhile that of the physically synthesized composites followed the Freundlich isothermal model.

Iron-exchanged zeolites are used as iron nutrient source to plants. To develop materials which allow an effective supply of iron, we prepared iron-exchanged Na-P1 zeolites using ferric chloride (FeChl-Z) and ferric citrate (FeCit-Z) solutions via a cation exchange method, and evaluated the chemical form and release property of the iron. The content of iron in FeChl-Z and FeCit-Z was 199 and 225 mmol kg^-1, respectively. FeChl-Z mainly contained highly polymerized hydroxy-iron species, whereas FeCit-Z contained mainly monomeric to oligomeric hydroxy-iron species. 1 M ammonium acetate solution (pH 4.5) extracted 68% and 17% iron from FeCit-Z and FeChl-Z, respectively. This suggests that the different iron form retained by the methods using different iron solutions influenced iron release properties of the iron-exchanged zeolites.

Adsorption is a cost-effective method that is successfully used to remove dyestuff from waste. However, this method requires filtering that takes a long time to separate the adsorbent medium. The Fe₃O₄/Volcanic soil composite was prepared to obtain adsorbates that can respond to the magnetic field so that the adsorbate is easily separated from the adsorbent medium after adsorption. The experimental results showed that physical mixing has adsorption capability better than composite. However, the physical mixing has weaker magnetic strength such that in the adsorbate separation process from the adsorbent medium can not be performed using a magnet. The composite has a homogeneous surface and can adsorb only one adsorbate molecule for each of its adsorbatet molecules as evidenced by the obtained Langmuir isotherm.

Tsunami is an event triggered by earthquake parameters. The earthquake parameters can provide information on the probability of a tsunami even that can be used in estimating the height of a tsunami. By excluding information beyond the earthquake parameters, this research aims to derive a mathematical model that describing the correlation between the height of the tsunami and the parameters of earthquakes. The method used in this research is to apply one of the multivariate methods of time series, namely the transfer function. Based on diagnostic results of Autocorrelation Function plot, Partial Autocorrelation Function and parameter significance, for the strength and depth of the earthquake selected model are ARIMA model (0, 1, 1). Based on the results of the processing of the input-output series model, cross-correlation, and weighting response formed twelve models of possible transfer functions to be modeled relationships between variables Tsunami height (Y), Strength of the earthquake (X₁), and Depth of the earthquake (X₂). By looking at the minimum AIC values of the model parameters, where the X₁ variable is 1679,156 and X₂ of 1668,258, we get the order transfer function model is ((0,3,0), (9,0,2), (0,1)), with the mathematical equation model as follows: ${Y}_{t}=(3,71978+1,43267B){X}_{1t}+\frac{(-0,03142)}{(1-0,64514B)}{X}_{2t}+(1-0,93230{\rm{B}}){a}_{t}$.

Ba_0,5Sr_0,5TiO₃ (BST) thin films were deposited on Si (100) p-type substrates using a chemical solution deposition (CSD) methode and doped with 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% tantalum pentaoxide (Ta₂O₅). Chemical Solution Deposition Methode (CSD) used the spin coating techniques with a rotational speed of 3000 rpm for 30 seconds. BST thin films annealed at a temperature 850 ^oC, then characterized by, LCR meter for electrical conductivity characterization. The result shows that electrical conductivity and dielectric constant value of BST and Ta₂O₅ doped based on BST (BSTT) thin films are in the range semiconductor materials. The electrical conductivity values obtained increased when the higher intensity light is used whereas resistance value could decrease if the light intensity is increased. Dielectric values obtained in the range from 7.29 to 16.11. The addition of tantalum pentaoxide dopant will increases electrical conductivity value of BST thin films. Electrical conductivity data show that BST thin films have shown the characteristic of the photoconductivity.

Glutathione is a natural antioxidant in human body and the depletion of its content commonly used as a marker for oxidative stress condition. In this study graphene modified screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE-G) was developed as working electrode for voltammetric detection of glutathione. Graphene was synthesized using microwave with nitronium ion, while deposition of graphene on to SPCE was performed by electrodeposition methods. Glutathione measurement was carried out by cyclic voltammetry using 1 mM NaBr solution in 0.2 M NaClO₄ as electrolyte. The result indicated that graphene was successfully synthesized and deposited on to SPCE. The voltammetric measurement of glutathione based on oxidation of bromide in NaClO₄ at SPCE-G provided a linear response with a detection limit (LOD) of 8.01 µM and %RSD of 2.95%. Despite further optimization is required to improve its analytical performances, graphene modified SPCE seems to be potential for voltammetric detection of glutathione.

Integrated farming is an ideal agricultural system with the principle of management and utilization of agriculture biomass and organic waste. The objectives of this study were to build a model of rice-based integrated farming as well as to calculate its economic feasibility. The research was conducted at Sabana Mandiri Farmers' Group, Sukatani Village, Rajeg Sub-district, Tangerang District in Banten Province. The location was determined using agro-ecosystem, agribusiness, participatory and integrated approaches in order to discover potentials and problems with regards to agriculture systems. Whereas, the integrated farming model was developed to improve farmers' technology and socio-economic conditions. Primary data were collected from focus group discussion (FGD) and analysis of cost and profit of improved farming systems. Secondary data were collected through literature studies. Data were calculated and analyzed descriptively. The results showed that Sukatani Village fulfills the requirements of the integrated farming model (rice, cattle, mushroom). Through the application of technology, the profits derived from rice, cattle, and mushrooms were respectively IDR. 11,298,000 (B/C ratio 1.14); IDR. 6,300,000 (B/C ratio 0.17) and IDR. 1,898,500 (B/C ratio 1.02). Implementation of rice-based integrated farming may reduce agriculture waste and increase farmers' income by using rice straw to produce more economic agriculture products such as mushrooms, feed, and organic fertilizer.

Mangrove forests across the globe have experienced remarkable rapid reduction over the recent few couple of decades due to land use changes and socioeconomic factors. These phenomena also have an impact on the socioeconomic condition of the local communities. This study was carried out to determine the impacts of mangrove changes on local community's socioeconomic condition at the surroundings of Sungai Pulai Mangrove area in southwest Johor, Malaysia. A total of 360 respondents were interviewed by using a questionnaire. The perceived impacts were both negative and positive. As negative impacts, the respondents perceived 'species and habitat loss' followed by 'coastal erosion', 'reduction of mangrove production and income', biodiversity threatened', 'increase of migrants' and 'increased risk of livelihood'. However, as positive impacts, they perceived 'new infrastructure developed for useful purpose replacing mangroves' followed by 'improved communication system' and 'increased the overall quality of living standards. The study concluded that the mangrove change in the study area negatively affecting to their mangrove dependency for livelihood activities whereas positively improving their living quality.

An Euler deconvolution technique is one of geophysical method for rapidly making depth of anomaly estimated from gravity. Preliminary results from Euler deconvolution of gravity survey (300 meter spacing station) which analyzing on geothermal prospect area, provide confirmation of a structure zone as a geothermal fluid path, such as fault and fracture. In addition, the data allow identification of the location and trend of contact fault that has not been recognized at the surface (satellite mapping). Contact faults can be interpreted from the Euler deconvolution gravity by using SI of 0.0, while dyke use SI of 1.0 and is represented as the boundary of negatif anomaly and positif anomaly on Gravity modelling. The experimental results show that the structure zone distribution of euler deconvolution is localized at a depth of 374 to 579 meters below the surface with a percentage of 59%. Especially, structural zones where are localized near upflow manifestations are at a depth of 374 to 783 meters below the surface, while structural zones where are near outflow manifestations are at a depth of 150 to 570 meters below the surface. This euler deconvolution structures zone are also inline with geology structure

Thin film Cu₂ZnSnS₄ (CZTS) is an alternative semiconductor used as a light absorber layer in solar cells. CZTS can replace silicon that is commonly used as a commercial semiconductor. The advantage of using CZTS as an absorber layer is due to the abundance of its elemental components, and the high value of its absorption coefficient. The absorber layer was electrodeposited on ITO glass substrates. The films were deposited at room temperature using potentiometer at a potential of -1.05 V for 30, 45, and 60 minutes. After that, the films were annealed at 500 °C, for 45 minutes in N₂/H₂S atmosphere. Based on X-ray diffraction analysis, the polycrystalline thin film obtained fell into the kesterite crystal phase. The value of the optical band gap energy for the CZTS thin film varied from 1.50 to 2.2 eV with a film thickness of 1.039 to 3.352 µm, depending on the length of time of electrodeposition. The sample of CZTS from the electrodeposition time of 45 minutes showed the best result and met the requirements of an absorber layer for solar cells.