Table of contents

Preface

The Third Latin-American Conference on Bio Impedance (3^rd CLABIO or CLABIO 2018) was held in Manizales, Colombia on October 4^th and 5^th 2018. The city of Manizales is the capital of Caldas, one of the three Departments forming part of an eco-region known in Colombia as the "Coffee Triangle", which lies on the Western hillside of the central section of the Colombian Andes mountain range. The University of Caldas supported the event, especially through the Research Group on Electrical Bio-Impedance (GruBIE), the PhD program on Biomedical Sciences and the Faculty for Health Sciences.

On this occasion, an academic event dedicated to "Clinical Applications of Electrical Biompedance" took place as a pre-conference activity on October 3^rd. This event was organized through the frame of an annual Symposium on Basic Biomedical Research (this one being the XIII), which is mainly aimed at students in the Faculty of Health Sciences (Human Medicine, Nursing and Physical Education) and is organized by the Department of Basic Sciences.

Academic events in the field of Electrical Bio-Impedance (EBI) are usually and mainly attended by engineers, physicists and mathematicians, i.e. people on the technical side of the field, and little by end users as physicians, nurses, physical educators, nutritionists, physiotherapists and the like, i.e., people on the biological side of the field. In this instance, mainly due to the fact that the group behind the organization of CLABIO 2018 were, precisely, from the latter side, the emphasis was placed on biomedical applications of EBI and the majority of people attending both events were researchers and professionals more interested in its applications and practical use than in its technical aspects. This reminded me of the complaint regarding this issue by Professor Brian H Brown, my PhD tutor back in Sheffield, UK, who used to point out the need for greater involvement of people who develop devices, mathematical algorithms and different types of software, with those who are meant to use these at the final end of the chain. From my point of view, the need to collaborate and cross talk between these two sides of the equation is still valid and the field and the community of people working in EBI would benefit immensely by doing so. This is why the organizers at the University of Caldas feel very proud of what we achieved on this occasion in that people from different parts of the world, and with diverse backgrounds, came together and interacted during those 3 days. For instance, there were around 100 people participating in the events altogether from as many as 8 countries (Argentina, Australia, Brazil, India, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay and, of course, Colombia) and various and diverse backgrounds such as physicians, nutritionists, physiotherapists, physical educators, biologists and, of course, engineers.

List of Conference Photographs are available in this PDF.

List of Logo's are available in this PDF.

List of Committee members, Chair of the Conference, Co-chair, Scientific Comittee, Logistic are available in this PDF.

All papers published in this volume of Journal of Physics: Conference Series have been peer reviewed through processes administered bythe proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

Using cross-sectional anthropometric data of 897 ethnically Russian individuals aged 16-61 years from the European part of Russia (Arkhangelsk, Moscow, and Samara), we checked the accuracy of our previously proposed bioimpedance-based formulae for the assessment of the endomorphy and mesomorphy ratings of the Heath-Carter somatotype, and suggested the revised formulae: ENDO_BIA= -3,399/R + 0.992×BMI - 0.0102×BMI² -0.85×Sex - 5.93 (r²=0.80; SEE=0.91); MESO_BIA = 1,578/R + 0479×BMI - 0.077×BM - 0.015×Age + 0.81×Sex - 4.14 (r²=0.87; SEE=0.54), where R is the whole-body resistance at 50 kHz (Ohm), BMI- body mass index (kg/m²), Sex= 1 (male), 0 (female), BM- body mass (kg), Age (years). These and previously proposed formulae for adults provided close and unbiased estimates of the endomorphy and mesomorphy ratings and can be used for the assessment of the somatotype in ethnically Russian adults.

Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a noninvasive method for assessment of body composition with better accuracy, and less inter-observer error than anthropometry. Despite these advantages, reported BIA equations may not be suitable for populations other than where they were developed. The aim of this study was to develop equations for single-frequency (SF) BIA and bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS) using a three compartment (3C) model as the criterion method to predict total body water (TBW) and fat-free mass (FFM) in South-American adult women. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted using a convenience sample (n=40). SF-BIA and BIS prediction equations were developed using forward-stepwise multiple regression with TBW by D₂O and FFM by 3C model as dependent variables; and weight, resistance and impedance index (stature²/resistance) as independent variables. A cross-validation was conducted in a randomly split subsample (n=20). Four final equations were developed. There were no differences between SF-BIA and BIS equations for TBW (p=0.68) and FFM (p=0.66). The cross-validation showed a strong association and broadly meets the limits of agreement with the 3C reference method. The equations have an excellent goodness-of-fit to predict TBW and FFM. Validation of these equations in populations of different ages and ethnicities is warranted.

Introduction: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a condition characterized by chronic widespread pain and generalized tenderness accompanied by fatigue, disturbed sleep and cognitive difficulties. Several types of muscle abnormalities have been reported in FM at tissue, cellular and subcellular level, which could eventually alter the passive electrical response of the muscle. Methods: We evaluated the brachial musculature of 41 women, 21 with FM and 20 without, using multi-frequency electrical impedance myography and the characteristic parameters of the Cole-Cole model were obtained (R₀, R∞, τ and α). Results: The alpha parameter of the FM group was statistically different (0.21 ± 0.05 against 0.17 ± 0.05 p = 0.008). Discussion: The higher values of alpha parameter in the FM group may suggest that the behaviour of the cell membrane in FM is more permeable to the ions than in the non FM group and, therefore, less resistive.

The aim of this study is to establish the effect of a functional and nutritional intervention on the physical performance and muscular state of elderly people with sarcopenia in Manizales, Colombia. 28 sarcopenic patients, aged between 60 and 85 years old, underwent evaluation before and after 12 weeks of nutritional intervention and aerobic and resistance exercises. The latter was-gradually increased, with a frequency of 3 days per week and for 3 months. Muscle mass was estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and corroborated by dual x-ray absorptiometry. The gait speed and the short battery of physical performance (SPPB) complemented the diagnosis. People with sarcopenia improved significantly with the intervention in their physical functionality, shown by physical performance tests (SPPB), and in the calf circumference, with no significant increases in grip strength or muscle size. A 12-week intervention with nutritional supplements and physical training improved physical performance without increasing skeletal muscle mass or grip strength. These results reinforce the findings of other researchers and suggest the need to continue investigating the most effective of supplements and exercises as well as the time required to impact the study variables.

The role of sarcopenia in the elderly has received increased attention across a number of disciplines in recent years. In 2010 the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) defined the condition as the loss of muscle mass plus low muscle strength or low physical performance, associated with age. There is little published research on this issue in Colombia and South America. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of sarcopenia according to the criteria of the EWGSOP in the elderly population of Colombia who live in the community. Two hundred and ten subjects were studied. Muscle mass (The main component of sarcopenia as it is defined) was estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis from which the skeletal muscle mass index was calculated. Muscle strength was measured through hand dynamometry and physical performance using the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Based on the reference values which are themselves based on U.S. or Asian population reference cut off points, an overall prevalence of sarcopenia of 52.8% or 15.7% respectively was found. The prevalence of sarcopenia in the studied population is within the ranges reported worldwide in different populations. However, there are variations depending on the cut off points and diagnostic tools used for its definition and to estimate muscle mass.

Body composition, respiratory and skeletal muscle function have not been studied in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) using the combined COPD assessment recommended by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). An assessment was carried out n 27 COPD to relate body composition and muscle strength, with the combined COPD assessment. Fat free mass (FFM) was estimated using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and body mass index (BMI). Percentage body fat was estimated by plicometry and muscle strength by hand dynamometry. For the women studied, the average FFM was 35.6 kg and for the man, this was 45.1 kg. 55.5% of the population was normal, 11.1% was underweight and 33.3% was overweight or obese in terms of BMI but 92.6% of the participants were at risk of hyperadiposity-associated diseases. Dynapenia was found in 59.3% of patients. There were no differences in body composition or muscle strength between the groups created with combined COPD assessment categories or their components except in FFM among patients with less than 2 vs those with 2 or more exacerbations. There were not differences in body composition or muscle strength between the combined COPD assessment and its components except in FFM in patients with different numbers of exacerbations.

The systemic effects associated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), are related to alterations in body composition in these patients. The phase angle (PA) is the most extensively used parameter of electrical bioimpedance for the diagnosis of malnutrition since it is an indicator of water distribution, body cell mass (BCM) and cellular integrity. Therefore, the aim of this study is to compare the PA values of patients with COPD and healthy individuals and to study their relationship with parameters of lung function and functional capacity. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) was carried out in order to determine PA in 35 patients with COPD and 36 controls. In the group of women, the PA value was significantly lower in those who had COPD with respect to their controls. For both sexes, in patients with COPD the relationship with PA was inversely proportional to age and gait speed and directly proportional to weight, height, hand dynamometry and fat-free mass. We conclude that, in patients with COPD, the decrease in PA is related to impaired body composition and functional capacity. In particular, the PA could be a useful parameter for evaluating not only the body composition but also the functional capacity of these patients.

Neonatal care has improved dramatically over the last decades thanks to a better understanding of the transition to extrauterine life, especially due to the new respiration condition. A privileged technique to assess the filling of the lungs with air in a non-invasive way is Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT), which is, therefore, also a tool to monitor ventilation. Out of 2427 papers on EIT from 1985 to 2018, 116 deal with EIT in neonatal care, with both the set and subset increasing at similar rates of 5 and 0.4 additional papers per year (0.03 and 0.05 papers per year) respectively. EIT can be used to determine Body position and Pneumothorax, to guide Endotracheal Tube Positioning and to monitor Ventilation Homogeneity. Moreover, real time EIT gives abundant evidence to develop new techniques such as Sustained Inflation, Protective Intended Ventilation, Minimal Invasive Surfactant Therapy, Less Invasive Surfactant Administration, Intubation-Surfactant-Extubation and Oro Pharyngeal Surfactant during their application to both animal models and patients. The low cost, non-invasive and easy graphic interpretation of EIT leads to the belief that it will have widespread use in Neonatal Medicine.

Diabetic foot (DF) is a complication of people suffering from diabetes mellitus (DM) with an overall prevalence estimated as 6.3%. Healing of diabetic ulcers takes several weeks, and follow up is needed both to assess the improvement of the wound and to detect possible complications. Ulcer diameter, pH and temperature have been used for such purpose and some authors have also proposed the use of Electric Bioimpedance (EBI). The results presented in this paper are taken from a small pilot study carried out to evaluate the healing effect of high quality, unrefined, whole cane sugar ("panela") in people with unilateral diabetic foot ulcers in one of the legs. 6 volunteers (3 male and 3 female, aged between 51 and 85 mean age 71) were treated either with Triticum vulgare or with "panela" and EBI measurements (resistance or R, reactance or Xc, and phase angle or θ at 50 kHz) on both legs were taken during a follow up period of 5 weeks. Although the healing process ran well with no complications, EBI parameters did not rise during the treatment, as expected. Differences between the ulcerated and the not-ulcerated legs seem to be present (higher values for R in the affected side and lower for Xc and θ), but it does not seem to be a trend of the former towards the values of the latter. EBI values of the sample with DM are much lower than those of a sample of the 8 healthy volunteers measured for this study.

Bioimpedance measurements are used increasingly in health applications because bioelectric parameters have been associated with anatomical and physiological properties, thus enabling to distinguish medical conditions. For bone fracture diagnostics, nevertheless, there is no established non-invasive method. Ex vivo studies and In vivo bioimpedance procedures, both invasive and non-invasive, on mammalians long bones are associated with promising results. In this work, out of a total of 568 papers, we reviewd 59 articles that mention long bone integrity by electric properties, be it Bioimpedance Analysis, Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy or Electrical Impedance Tomography. The papers are described in three sections, "Ex vivo measurements", "In vivo invasive measurements" and "In vivo non-invasive measurements". This review allows to establish the basics to planning the development of new technology to detect bone fracture via bioimpedance measurements.

The aim of this research was to measure the structural changes in the squamous epithelium of women in the perimenopausal stages through colposcopic and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). 167 women between 44 and 69 years of age were classified into three groups: premenopausal, menopausal and postmenopausal. Each of them underwent colposcopic examinations and were evaluated by electrical impedance spectroscopy to measure the resistivity of those tissues in two sets of measurements: firstly, after the application of normal saline solution (NSS) at 0.9% and secondly, after being impregnated with 4% acetic acid (AA). It was found that the resistivity of the extracellular matrix (R) of the cervical squamous tissue, measured with NSS and with AA, decreases progressively from the premenopausal stage (NSS 16.7 +/-15 Ω-m; AA 22.3 +/-14.2 Ω-m) until the postmenopausal stage (NSS 7.0 +/-8.1 Ω-m; AA 9.6 +/- 10.6 Ω-m). The characteristic frequency (Fc) of the impedance spectra increases significantly for the mentioned stages from 38.6 kHz to 102.3 kHz with NSS and from 29.5 kHz to 86.4 kHz with AA. It was evidenced that, as the years of amenorrhea increase, the electrical resistivity of the tissues decreases progressively.

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide. Tests available for screening this cancer have low sensitivity or are challenging and costly to implement. Based on the concept of field cancerization, or carcinogenic field effect, the possibility of early detection of cancer by electrical bioimpedance spectroscopy measurements on the rectum was studied. For this research, seventy-seven subjects who attended the clinic for total colonoscopy were examined, and readings were taken at eight frequencies with an electrical bioimpedance spectroscopy probe. Four measurements were taken from the rectum of each subject, with the electrical probe being introduced into the rectum through an anoscope, before a total colonoscopy. An inverse model was used to obtain Cole-Cole parameters for each electrical bioimpedance spectra. Two results were the more prominent in this research; firstly, the field cancerization effect was observed and secondly, a significative correlation between rectal electrical bioimpedance and abnormalities associated with cancer was found (p-value = 0.002).

Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) is produced by an accumulation of liquids in the abdominal cavity. In such case, the intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) increases, and the abdominal wall is stretched. Previously, an inverse correlation between the abdominal wall's thickness and the IAP was theorized. Since the abdominal wall can be modelled as a compound of parallel dielectric slabs, changes in their width have direct effect on its overall bioimpedance. Numerical analyses of the bioimpedance as a function of the compression of the abdominal wall were verified by an in-situ trial on a porcine model. In this work, we present the project of a medical grade bioimpedance spectroscopy system along with a summary of our findings.

The electrical properties of microbial culture have been studied by electrical impedance spectroscopy. Electrochemical changes in microbial systems are facilitated by the metabolic and proteolytic action of microorganisms. In this study, the growth of isolated bacteria compatible with genus Pseudomonas was evaluated by direct technique using electrical impedance spectroscopy with two electrode geometries. In these experiments a minimal salts medium with glucose as the energy source was used. The data of electrical parameters were correlated by counting viable cells using cetrimide agar. Cell growth in the culture medium was increased in capacitance, clearly describing the exponential phase of bacterial growth. The correlation of the viable cell count compared with the capacitance showed a high Pearson coefficient (>0.9). The bacterial growth can be estimated in culture medium using electrical parameters, such as capacitance using parallel plates electrode and parallel circuit equations.

Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements with four electrodes is widely used in the study of electrical properties of cells in suspension. Under less than ideal conditions, this set up enables the removal the surface polarization effects. However, in the case of HeLa cells in suspension, we noted that the electrical impedance spectra reproducibility is affected by the impurities and ionic species adsorbed on the electrode surface. We studied the influence of the electrode's surface conditions on the EIS measurements of HeLa cells in suspension. EIS spectra were obtained before and after submitting the electrodes to a cleaning process. Chronopotentiometry and open circuit potential (OCP) measurements were carried out to verify the electrode's surface conditions. The main effect of cleaning the electrodes was to decrease the standard deviation of the EIS data (On average, 3.42? to 0.70? for PBS and 17.22? to 0.31? for PBS with HeLa cells). OCP measurements evidenced surface differences between the cleaned and uncleaned electrodes. In addition, the chronopotentiometric curve obtained for the gold electrode/PBS system showed the adsorption of chloride and phosphate ions and other species existing in PBS on the electrode surface at 0.28 V and 0.53 V. Results suggest that the adsorbed species on the electrode surface led to an electrostatic build-up, which has a non-passive behavior.

Fruits and vegetables in the daily diet offer protective action against free radicals, inflammatory agents, and fungi. Polyphenols, found in these natural products, have been studied in order to understand their contribution to the prevention of multiple diseases. The identification and quantification of polyphenols have been evaluated uding the Folin-Ciocalteu method. This procedure requires several chemical reagents and different electrical devices, generating chemical waste and at great expense. There is a need to develop polyphenol identification and quantification techniques that are less costly and generate minimum contamination. Electrical bioimpedance spectroscopy (EBS) is a promising alternative that could contribute to measuring total polyphenol content in fresh fruits and vegetables. This study focused on using EBS and characterizing electrical response in fruit pulp from three different Colombian passifloras. The study aimed to compare the electrical parameter values of an Equivalent Electrical Model (EEM) to the total polyphenol content quantified by the Folin-Ciocalteu method.

Impedance Spectroscopy (IS) has been shown to be a non-invasive and reliable technique for the electrical characterization of biological materials. This paper presents the design and implementation of reliable, reusable wells that are used to perform IS measurements of aqueous solutions. These reusable wells are detachable, easy to clean and low-cost and they are made up of a platen on a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) and the chambers are manufactured using 3D-printing technology. In this case, in order to verify its functionality, IS measurements of electrolytic and non-electrolytic aqueous solutions were carried out. Initially, as a reference, the impedance spectrum of a Hanks' solution was obtained following a proposed measurement protocol. Then, we analyse this spectrum and we propose an Equivalent Electrical Model (EEM) for validating the reusable wells. Finally, IS measurements are carried out on aqueous solutions of molecular D-glucose and sodium chloride prepared in Hanks' solution and deionized water, by considering physiological concentrations. The parameter values of the EEMs of each solution tested were obtained using genetic algorithms and Matlab and, from these values, it is possible to conclude that the measurements performed are unable to differentiate the physiological concentration of glucose in the aqueous solution used. Also, from these results, it can be concluded that the designed wells are suitable for IS measurements of aqueous solutions and that they can be used in Electrical Cell Impedance Sensing (ECIS) or applications that require electrical characterization of solutions.

When measurements are made in the field of electrical bioimpedance spectroscopy (EBIS), it is common to fit the raw data to the Cole model. In theory, EBIS data graphed in the impedance locus (resistance -R-on the x axis or abscissa versus reactance -Xc-on the y axis or ordinate) is expected to form an arch of a circle with its center lying below the resistance axis. The fitting process is most commonly made using least square (LS) techniques to obtain the four parameters involved in the Cole model: resistance at zero frequency (R₀), resistance at infinite frequency (R_∞), a time constant (τ) and a dimensionless exponent (α). In this article, the use of a geometrical approach to fit raw data to the expected arch is explored, where only three parameters are needed: the coordinates of the center in the Cartesian plane (named here as h for the abscissa, and k for the ordinate) and the length of the radius (r). These three parameters are obtained from the R and Xc values at three different frequencies. Data published in other literature was used to explain this approach, which is very simple and straightforward to use, while our own data was used to illustrate the performance of the method which, however, still needs thorough validation.

Electrode polarization, movement artefacts, cable impedance, parasitic capacitances, and electronic constraints are the main undesirable factors when performing an electrical impedance spectroscopy. Four different phantoms were implemented with electrical components. A 4-electrode probe was used for doing the measurement of the phantoms. The model RLC-RSC ((Resistor//Inductor//Capacitor)-(Resistor//(Resistor, Capacitor))) is proposed and then used for extracting the parameters from raw impedance data by using a particle swarming optimization (PSO) algorithm. The maximum root mean square of the relative error (RMSRE) was 0.80%, whereas 0.15% the minimum. It can be concluded that the model can significantly remove parasitic effects out of a phantom implemented with electrical elements and measured by a 4-point electrode probe.

Detection of molecular markers or specific DNA sequences (genes) represents the future in genomic medicine. Gene detection requires expensive equipment and specialized technicians, thus biosensors development that allows such detection quickly, economically and simply is fundamental in the first level of health care. In this study the development and evaluation of a genosensor based on magnetic anchoring of DNA sequences and electrical bioimpedance spectroscopy measurements is presented. As a first proof of concept, bioimpedance measurements were developed in PCR product anchored by magnetic nanoparticles and two conditions were compared; PCR product and absence of amplicons. The experimental evaluation indicates technical feasibility of developing a biosensor of molecular markers or specific genes trough electric bioimpedance measurements assisted with magnetic nanoparticles. The observations show that the DNA biosensor proposal offers the possibility of detecting a PCR product and differentiating it from the absence of amplicons.

One of the major applications of EIT is in medical imaging where low values of current are injected at low frequencies owing to safety concerns. Due to low values of injected current, the differences between the boundary voltages are quite small, especially as we go farther from the injected electrodes. In this paper we propose the use of logarithmic transformation to increase the difference between the boundary data, making them distinguishable enough for high resolution imaging. Simulation and practical phantom experiments are carried out and the reconstructed images are analysed before and after the logarithmic transformation. Results are also compared with the pre-processing technique based on root transformations. Limitations of the proposed logarithmic transformation technique are also discussed.

A spherical coil was used to measure a broad range of conductivities of solutions of NaCl in water. The method proposed in this paperrelates the conductivity of the sample with the frequency at the minimum value of an imaginary admittance spectrum when the coil is immersed in the solution. There is a high correlation between the experimental results and the fit equation (r = 0.95). Since the proposed method is an inductive one, the drawbacks of electrode methods are avoided, e.g. the interface polarization impedance. The method presented is fast, does not require an estimate for the Q factor and the measurements do not depend on the sample volume when the coil is completely immersed. This system is capable of continuous monitoring of biological and inorganic samples.

In this study, we propose basic instrumentation for a new gene-sensor based on Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) product and its multifrequency bioimpedance relative measurements assisted with nanotechnology. The instrumentation proposal is split into four basic blocks: A) Control. - The fundament is a microcontroller (µC) for wide bandwidth current excitation, as well as data acquisition and registration. B) Digital Synthesizer. - A wide bandwidth digital synthesizer will provide a sinusoidal excitation current. C) Bioimpedance measurement.- this section will detect relative multifrequency bioimpedance by comparison of a reference signal with the signal of the Analyte Under Test (AUT). Comparison is on the basis of magnitude ratio and phase shift. D) Electrical-Ionic Interphase. – This is based on gold electrodes in contact with the AUT for current injection and relative bioimpedance measurements. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) fragments as PCR products will be functionalized by magnetic nanoparticles-DNA biding and its magnetic DNA insulation. The specific electronic components for every section are out of the range of this study, and the general instrumentation structure proposed is intended to show tentative low cost technology for gene detection and obtain academic discussion and feedback.

A portable, 4-electrode bioimpedance spectroscopy meter called BioZspectra-v1 was developed, based on thinking about a cost-competitive, highly flexible, nimble and easily customizable solution for the differing needs of researchers and scientists. There are diverse alternatives on the market but they are costly and designed for specific applications. However, research into new topics requires the manipulation of raw data and different configurations that BioZspectra-v1's hardware and software can supply, enabling customized experiments. Output current is available in 4 discrete values: 10 µA, 20 µA, 40 µA and 100 µA; frequency range is from 1 Hz to 100 kHz, with 0.1 Hz resolution; the communication port is either USB or Bluetooth, the spectrum recording can be pseudo-real-time, and point-by-point and wide types of cell connector can be used. In addition, the circuit topology is as simple as possible, without detriment to performance; weight is light, for field and in situ applications and the design complies with IEC-60601-1, for patient safety. The equipment was tested obtaining a maximum measurable impedance of 100 kΩ with an error of below 2%, and a minimum of 10Ω with an error of below 1.5%. Applied current error was below 1.5% for the whole frequency range.

This paper shows a preliminary study of behaviour comparison in NaCl and KCl saline solutions of three screen printed bipolar electrodes with a coating mixture of Poly Methyl Methacrylate (PMMA) and graphite. Results indicate greater selectivity of the coating electrodes with partial ring geometry compared with concentric and spiral bipolar, cover mixture allows eliminating electrolyte electrode interface in low frequencies. The benefits of using this electrode are: optimize sample measurements; low-cost manufacturing; integration feasibility into a mobile device. Upcoming research requires including test with other ionic solutions and new doped graphite composes.

This poster presents a project that aims at collecting evidence that a colon hydrotherapy can reduce the cardiovascular risk (CVR) in a group of young overweight females with hyperlipidemia, probably through modulation of the intestinal microbiota.