Table of contents

In this study, The mechanical properties and antimicrobial activity of chitosan films added with patchouli oil were investigated. Film chitosan with the addition of essential oils (EO) have shown great promise for application in food preservation. Patchouli oil have contains essential oil that can inhibit Ecerchia Stapphylococcus aureus and E.coli bacteria. Characterization tensile strengh increasing at composition ratio patchouli oil 7 g, chitosan 45 g and glycerol 1,6 ml is 16 Mpa while moisture content ability 31.47% and thermal stability 521.18°C. In otherhands, patchouli oil could improve mechanical properties of the film. The resulting film can be suggested as a promising application for food packaging.

The focus of this study is to Investigate, study and modification of chitosan molecules tow with nano silver particles as an adsorbent for absorbing oil industry palm oil mill effluent. Liquid waste palm oil industry (POME) from local palm oil mill is used as a sample of oily wastewater. High molecular chitosan from crab shells do crosslink raw materials has to Overcome the disadvantages as the adsorbent, the Appropriate crosslink is AgNO3 used for this study. The controlled variable is the volume of the adsorbent, contact time and pH. A batch of detailed studies on high-molecular chitosan and chitosan Also -nanoparticles and silver are conducted with respect to the adsorption capacity, isotherm. Characterization using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrophotometer see changes in the functional groups of high molecular chitosan and chitosan -nanoparticle silver that has been crosslinked before and after the adsorption treatment to prove that the palm oil industry waste liquid has been absorbed by the adsorbent. The performance is assessed in terms of turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS) of chemical oxygen demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), and Parameter metallic iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn). Using maximum adsorption capacity of the high-molecular chitosan nanoparticles of silver is calculated. This research study Will Prove the high molecular chitosan and chitosan silver -nanoparticle high molecular adsorbent after cross section as expected very potential to absorb liquid palm oil mill waste industry.

A dihydrostilbene derivative compound, namely 3,3-dihydroxy-5-methoxybibenzyl or batatasin III (1) was isolated from the yam peel of Dioscorea alata L. The structure of compound 1 has been elucidated based on spectroscopy UV-Vis, 1D and 2D NMR Analysis. The IC50 of DPPH radical scavenging of this compound (206.82 μg/mL) lower than ethyl acetate extract (109.99 μg/mL), but higher than methanol extract (893.59 μg/mL).

The blood of male white rats has been experimentally characterized by Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) Spectrophotometry. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry appears as an affordable option to monitor morphine composition in blood of male white rats (Rattus norvegicus). Morphine compounds were identified following two different methods, namely qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative analysis of this research by the marquis test and quantitative analysis with spectrophotometry method. The male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) received morphine and it was maintained drug free for 10 days. After that, the blood was taken from the male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) and were extracted the blood using organic solvents, namely methanol and chloroform (1: 1). In the extraction process was used sonication (42 KHz) at temperature 500°C. The qualitative test proves the presence of morphine content with respective concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5%. Furthermore, identification of ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry showed that morphine levels in each subcutaneous, that is 0%; 0.6%; 1.0%; 1.6% and 3.5%. The percent transmittance on each samples are 99.9%; 76.9%; 68.8%; 55.9% and 31.0%. The successful application of this simple methodology to a blood of male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) suggests that this approach has practical utility for confirming the identity of abused drugs like morphine detected by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry.

Silica dispersion enhancement in natural rubber (NR) composites utilising stearyl alcohol (SA), a type of fatty alcohol, was carried out. The effects of SA-fatty alcohol on curing, swelling behaviour and silica dispersion degree of NR composites were studied. The commercial grade of SA-fatty alcohol was utilised and added into NR composite which was filled by filler (silica) at 30.0 phr. The SA-fatty alcohol is a derivative material from palm kernel oil and it was mixed into the composites of NR as an additive of rubber. The SA-fatty alcohol concentrations were from one to four phr. From the results, the SA-fatty alcohol functioned not only as a curative but also as a plasticizing agent. As a curative agent, SA-fatty alcohol decreased the cure time but increased scorch time of the composites of NR. The higher the loading of SA-fatty alcohol, the shorter the cure time and the longer the scorch time was. As a plasticizing agent, SA-fatty alcohol reduced minimum torque and increased degree of silica dispersion in NR. The 2.0 phr was the optimum concentration of SA-fatty alcohol.

Synthesis mesoporous silica using oleic acid as template and 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane as co-structure directing agent has been conducted. As a silica source used tetraetylorthosilicate. The reaction was carried out under three conditions: first, reducing the concentration of tetraethylortosilicate and 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and varying the volume of HCl 0.1M; second, increasing the concentration of tetraethylortosilicate and 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane by varying the addition of HCl 0.1M and the third was carried out with the addition of methanol but without the addition of HCl 0.1M. The obtained silica mesopores were characterized by infrared spectrometer, X-ray diffraction and adsorpsi-desorption isotherm and scanning electron microscopy.

IGI learning model has been produced valid, and practical. The model contains rational, supporting theories, model characteristics, model instruction manuals and learning tools of the IGI model. The 4-D design instructional model was chosen in this study. The Model has been validated by experts and practicable test conducted by teachers and a number of students at SMAN 10 Padang. Instruments to test validity and practicality are questionnaires, whereas to see the implementation of IGI model by teacher and student response using observation sheet and questionnaire. Data of validity and practicality were analyzed with kappa moment. To observe the implementation of learning model IGI done with percentage technique. The result of data analysis showed that Kappa moment for model validity is 0,81 with very high category of validity. The Kappa moment value for the model's practicality is 0.93 with a very high practicality category. The result of observation data analysis of the implementation of IGI learning model in SMAN 10 Padang shows that 96.8% learning model component can be done by the teacher. From the analysis of questionnaire data of student response to the implementation of learning with IGI model showed 94.7% of students stated the learning atmosphere of IGI model is fun, 89% of students said learning becomes easier and 91,3% students expressed motivated to learn using IGI model. The results of this study indicate that IGI learning model developed valid and practical use in chemistry learning in senior high school.

The main objective of this study was to observe the influence of Organic Loading Rate (OLR) on treating slaughterhouse wastewater PD RPH Medan using UASB reactor during the start-up phase. A laboratory scale UASB reactor with an effective volume of 5.8 L made of PVC pipe with gas-liquid-solid separator at the top of reactor. The reactor was inoculated with mud and fed with wastewater from anaerobic lagoon of PD RPH Medan. The UASB reactor was operated with increasing OLR gradually from 0.64-2.95 kg COD/m³d.The effluent pH is in the optimum range for anaerobic decomposition at OLR 0.64-2.95 kg COD/m³d. Maximum COD and TSS removal efficiencies 58.4% and 85.5%, respectively obtained at OLR 1.01 kg COD/m³d. Maximum biogas production achieved 270 ml/d with COD removal 442 mg/l obtained at OLR 2.95 kg COD/m³d.

This study aimed to investigate the hydrodynamic of fluidized-bed column, the adsorption capacity for nitrate removal using zeolite modified with magnesium, the effect of flow rate and bed-height on nitrate removal efficiency, and the breakthrough point. In this study observed the effect of different flow rate 30 l/h, 60 l/h and 90 l/h and the effect of different bed-height 5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm. In a hydrodynamic study showed that the superficial velocity conditions in fluidized-bed operation were between the minimum velocity 0,019 m/s and the terminal velocity 0,121 m/s and the increase of the flow rate showed an increase on bed expansion ratio in fluidized-bed operation In hydrodynamic.

Technical Kaolin is a commercially sold kaolin with a relatively low level of purity and is often used as a filler of paints, paper, and ceramics. In this study, we tested the technical properties of kaolin physically and chemically, which include XRF, SEM, XRD, and FTIR. Based on the XRF test, the main composition of kaolin, SiO₂, Al₂O₃, K₂O, Fe₂O₃, and TiO₂ were 46.66%, 39.63%, 0.84%, 0.55% and 0.274% respectively, while the rest were impurities. The FTIR spectra showed the functional groups of Al-OH, Al-O, and Si-O. While the XRD diffractogram identified kaolinite as the main mineral phase in the presence of quartz, chlorite, halloysite, and cristobalite tested in small quantities in the sample.

The isolation and the content determinations of bentonites obtained from Bener Meriah, Aceh, Indonesia has been carried out. The process involved dissolving bentonites in water, ultrasonication and gravitational sedimentation process. Bentonites were milled with a planetary high energy ball-mill to obtain nanoparticles of montmorillonite with the milling times varied at 20 and 30 hours. Ultrasonication and sedimentation process increased the montmorillonite content from 1.53 % to 5.22 %. The diverse milling times of 20 and 30 hours respectively produced montmorillonite with average sizeof 388 nm and 186nm.

This study aims to fabricate cellulose nanocomposite film from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) and to compare the difference in resulted films, which were treated with various dissolution time. The method applied to generate cellulose fiber was steam explosion method; also, the alkali treatment was employed. In order to form cellulose nanocomposite film from cellulose nanofibers, LiCl/DMAc was used as the solvent with the dissolution time varied, namely 30 minutes and 60 minutes. The chemical structure was investigated using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, whereas the surface morphology was done using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The FT-IR results show all appropriate vibration peaks to confirm that the cellulose nanofibers and nanocomposite film were successfully produced. From the photographs of the cellulose nanocomposite film as well as SEM photographs, it can be concluded that 60 minutes dissolution time gives smoother surface and more transparent film than those of 30 minutes.

In this study, all-cellulose composite film which was fabricated by utilizing the cellulose extracted from empty brunch of palm oil has been successfully conducted. The film was initially prepared by performing chemical technique treatments involving alkaline treatments to remove the ligno-cellulosic contents. To obtain the nano-scale materials, the mechanical experiments were performed by using the homogenizer instruments, so the nanofiber cellulose could be obtained in addition to fabricate the film. Next, the cellulose fiber was partially dissolved by 8% LiCl/DMAc and it was used to fabricated composite film of all fiber cellulose. Functional groups of the cellulose fiber were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy. The highest tensile strength was held by all fiber cellulose treated 2% NaOH, i.e 109.37 MPa, Young's Modulus 3.56 GPa, and elongation at break 3.07%. The morphology was also determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and showed the most regular surface structure owned by all fiber cellulose treated 2% NaOH as well.

The process of continuous landfill in the area of the final disposal (landfill) of waste produces pollutants such as leachate (leachate) is a liquid containing dissolved substances and suspended very fine as a result of waste decomposition by microbes. Leachate water contains decomposing organic materials and heavy metal materials. Heavy metals (Cr, Hg, Pb, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zl, Cl) present in leachate water are from waste that has been disposed to TPA Keudah Kota Banda Aceh. The author would like to do research on the adsorption of heavy metals by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer in landfill leachate Banda Aceh. The purpose of this research is to get the absorption of some heavy metals in the landfill leachate by using AAS analysis method. The results of the analysis in landfill leachate solution Banda Aceh by using Atomic Adsorption Spectrohotometer its highest uptake in heavy metal parameters Iron (Fe) amounted to 10.9191 ppm, and is followed by the parameters of heavy metals (Ni) 0.9820 ppm, ( Zn) 0.4188 ppm, (Co) 0.1698, (Cu) 0.1198 ppm, (Pb) 0.0602 ppm, (Cr) 0.0502 ppm, (Hg), and (Cu) Cd) the results are not detected (ND). Considering that Indonesia in the future is still faced with environmental pollution problem as a result of the development, the restoration and rehabilitation of contaminated land needs to get mutual attention, such as by using dilution method, stabilization, and phytoremdiation technique.

The purpose of this research is to obtain the monitoring system and temperature data recording a system based on National Instruments USB-6001 and to obtain a Human Machine Interface (HMI) which is suitable for monitoring the temperature process of the conversion POME into biogas on a laboratory scale using LabVIEW software. This study was conducted by two stages, hardware design and software design. In hardware design, a stirred tank and a PC were connected to the microcontroller hardware National Instruments USB-6001. The software design was consisted of the LabVIEW programming. The results indicated that the components were suitable for the monitoring process of the conversion POME were the National Instrument USB - 6001, series TC module to DC and 5 volt power source, as well as a temperature sensor used is a thermocouple type K. For HMI design using LabVIEW 2014 was in accordance with the needs with the graphic display of temperature conditions in real time from a stirred tank and the data logger was automatically stored in the Microsoft Excel. After completion of the design of HMI, thermocouple that is used is calibrated to obtained a linear equations of analog data versus temperature data from a digital thermometer so that the equation to be inputted into the program LabVIEW block diagram which was y = 0.0064x + 0.2217 with R² value was 0.993. Afterward, the research was continued using a set point 55 ° C with a variation of hysteresis 1, 3, and 5°C. Data was obtained from this study then to be calculated the standard error values to compare the data generated from every variation of hysteresis. The results indicated that the best data on research was the data obtained using hysteresis 1°C from the set point temperature compared with the data on the hysteresis 3 and 5°C.

Preparation of α-Fe₂O₃/bentonite composite has been carried out by solid state reaction method by using iron ore from Aceh Besar district, Aceh as hematite source and bentonite from Kuala Dewa, North Aceh. The α-Fe₂O₃ was extracted from iron ore using hydrochloric acid and precipitated using ammonium hydroxide. The α-Fe₂O₃/bentonite composite was prepared by mixing α-Fe₂O₃ and bentonite at 4: 1 ratio using ball mill for 2 h. The XRD results showed that the dominant phase of iron ore was magnetite (Fe₂O₃) and was converted to α-Fe₂O₃ after extracting and calcined at 700 °C. The photocatalytic activity of α-Fe₂O₃/bentonit composite was evaluated on degradation of indigo carmine (IC) dye at various condition of pH, photocatalyst mass, initial dye concentration and irradiation time. The results showed that the highest photocatalytic activity of α-Fe₂O₃/bentonite composite was obtained at an initial pH of 1, a photocatalyst mass of 250 mg and an initial dye concentration of 5 mg/L with UV irradiation time for 2 h. The photocatalytic activity of α-Fe₂O₃/bentonite composite using solar light was higher than that of UV light.

Antidiabetic and cytotoxic activity examination of ethyl acetate extract of betel leaf (Piper betle L.) has been done. The antidiabetic activity test was performed in vitro by investigating the inhibition of the extract against the activity of a-glucosidase enzyme. The IC₅₀, of the ethyl acetate extract of betel leaves against the a-glucosidase were 48.42 ppm. The cytotoxic activity of ethyl acetate extract was carried out by using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. Data analysis was done with Probit Analysis, it was found that ethyl acetate extract of betel leaf had high cytotoxic activity with LC₅₀ value of 3.92 ppm and its standard error of 0.42 ppm.

The Analysis of Natural Radioactivity content in coal wastes from Medan Industrial Area has been carried out by using Gamma Spectrometer with HP-Germanium detector. Coal wastes was collected from a pile of wastes in a plant which used two different origin of coal was Palembang and Kalimantan areas. The aim of this study to determine the content of activity concentration of natural radioactivity elements and to assess risk exposure to human and environment. The results of quantitative analysis of the activity concentration of natural radioactive elements from Palembang coal wastes of U-238, Th-232 and K-40 were 3640.60±593.70; 112.78±13.14 and 155.82±32.18 Bq/kg, respectively. Whereas for Kalimantan coal wastes the concentration of U-238, Th-232 and K-40 were obtained 1778.77±79.29; 52.00±2.27 and 160.10±5.92 Bq/kg, respectively. Risk assesment of the exposure to radiation gamma of the wastes to human and enviroment in the vicinity of area, was calculated as risk indeces. The average radium equivalent (Raeq) was of 2760.4168 Bq/kg, the average of absorbed dose rate (D) was of 1275.0414 nGy/h, gamma index (γ_i) was of 64.3468 and the average of annual effective dose was of 10.9022 mSv. All indeces were above average world values and therefore its suggested to suspend the use of the coal and the wastes. This was the preliminary study to measure the activity concentration of natural radioactivity in the study area.

The research to observe the influence of hydrolysis time towards the degree of crystallinity owned by oil palm wood (Elais guinensis Jack) based cellulose and α–cellulose had been conducted. Cellulose was extracted from oil palm wood by means of alkali treatment as the first stage then it was bleached with NaOCl 5%~, 10 drops of CH₃COOH glacial, and heated 70°C while stirred for an hour. The residue was added with HNO₃ 0,05N at 70°C while stirred for an hour to produced cellulose. After dissolved into NaOH 17,5%, cellulose will yield a-cellulose and then it was hydrolized by HCl 2N for 20, 40, and 60 minutes. Functional group analysis using FT-IR showed the functional group of O-H, C-H, and C-O-C in the molecules of cellulose and α–cellulose. Degree of crystallinity from cellulose and α–cellulose were analyzed using x-ray diffraction. The highest degree of crystallinity of cellulose and α – cellulose are 79,538 % and 80,036 % respectively for 40 minutes hydrolysis time.

This work aims to synthesized Ni/Natural zeolite (Ni/NZ) catalyst and produces bio-gasoline (main product) and gas (byproduct) from used cooking palm oil by catalytic cracking reaction. Ni/NZ catalyst was prepared by impregnating Ni with various concentrations (0.05; 0.1; and 0.2 M) onto natural zeolite. Ni/NZ catalyst was the characterized by XRD, XRF, and Gas Sorption Analyzer (GSA) to know the specific surface area, pore distribution, and total pore volume. Characterization of product and byproduct conducted by Gas Chromatography (GC), GC-Thermal Conductivity Detector (GC-TCD), and GC-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID). From analysis XRD and XRF, showed successfully impregnated Ni onto natural zeolite. The best catalyst was Ni-0.1M/NZ with specific surface area, pore distribution, and total pore volume was 200.327 m2/g, 2.1884 x 10-1 Å, and 2.192 × 10-1 cm3/g, respectively. The product (bio-gasoline) resulted from catalytic cracking reaction was comparable to standard gasoline which had the same retention time of chromatogram at 3.06 min with 95.14 % area. Byproduct of this reaction were 31.94% hydrogen, 13.31% oxygen, 53.94 % nitrogen, 0.18 % CO gas, 0.24 % methane, and 0.39% CO2 gas.

The purpose of this research is to know the mechanical characteristics of polymeric foam and polyurethane with fiberglass reinforcement. The focus of the observations on the average maximum compressive force, mean maximum stress and elastic modulus where the observed characteristics are obtained from static press test. Furthermore, tensile testing is performed to observe the mechanical characteristic of mean maximum force, mean maximum stress and elastic modulus. The polymer as a matrix is use 157 BQTN-EX with thermoset resin with fiberglass reinforcement. Tensile test specimens were made according to ASTM D638 standard and ASTM 1621-00 standard for static press test. Three variation of composition is A, B and C where fiberglass used 10%, catalyst 5%, resin 55% and polyurethane 30%. The test result showed that the test specimen on composition C value of characteristic compressive force average 22.838 kN, the mean maximum compressive stress average 19.128 MPa and average modulus of elasticity is 161.447 MPa. While on tensile test the variation of material composition with the same fiber was obtained on compositional test specimen C value of the mean gravity characteristics of the average maximum of 1.214 kN, the mean maximum tensile stress is 20.243 MPa and average modulus of elasticity is 803.634 MPa.

The development of teacher competence is to be an important issue in many countries and is to be a focus of study at many universities. Chemistry Education Department of Islamic University of Indonesia have committed to produce graduates as a competent chemistry teacher candidate. One of the course that was held to prepare the competence of teacher candidate was Microteaching. Microteaching course is very important for teacher candidates. This course needs strategy to fulfill the learning achievement. The appropriate strategy to teach Microteaching course is lesson study. This study aims to describe the implementation and the effect of lesson study on Microteaching course. The study used a descriptive approach. Subject were Chemistry Education level three in academic year 2016/2017. Implementation of lesson study consists of 4 stages such as planning, implementation and observation, reflection, and follow-up. The research instruments include performance assessment, student questionnaire, and self-assessment. The research data shows that lesson study gives positive impact on teaching skills. Percentage of students who mastered learning achievement of 97.2%. The average score of performance assessment and student questionnaires were 80.3 and 85.4. Observation during the lecture showed a positive response from the students. The application of lesson study led to significant progress in student teaching skills.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of ferredoxin on sensing properties of chitosan-based acetone sensors. The composites were facilely prepared and their sensing properties toward low concentration of acetone have been investigated at room temperature. The improvement of electrical and physical conditions of the sensors has been successfully carried out by blending ferredoxin into chitosan solution for fabrication of ferredoxin-chitosan based acetone sensors. Electrochemical deposition method has been chosen to fabricate the sensors. The ratio of ferredoxin to chitosan was varied at 5:95, 10:90, 15:85 and 20:80. The sensors were exposed to acetone vapour with acetone concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10, 20, 50, and 100 ppm. Among the sensors, 15% ferredoxin-chitosan based acetone sensor exhibited the highest response. The response of the sensor is higher 20% than chitosan-based acetone sensors. The surface roughness of sensor was smoother compared to that of chitosan -based acetone sensors.

Chitosan based milk powder quality degradation sensors have been successfully fabricated by combining electrochemical deposition and photolithography techniques. The aim of this paper is to discuss the potential of chitosan thin film sensors for detecting milk powder quality degradation. The milk powder quality may be decreased upon storage. Milk powder surface composition changes during storage due to increasing in moisture content. Electrical testing of chitosan thin film properties to fresh milk powder and milk powder exposed to air for 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks has been done at room temperature. The results show that the chitosan-based milk powder quality degradation sensors have good performance demonstrated by very good response, stability, recovery, repeatability and selectivity. The simple, easy and inexpensive technique is required to monitor the milk powder quality degradation.

Several species of bacteria can be utilized to degrade the residual insecticides. One of them was chosen from the genus Lactobacillus. The purposes of soils in Merdeka Village, Karo Regency, North Sumatra, Indonesia as well as to investigate bacteria which is capable of surviving in DDT-contaminated soil. Method for the residual analysis of the soil utilizes Quechers tube, and the bacterial propagation were performed in the medium mineral 4 (MM4). Purification to bacterial isolates was carried out in the Plate Count Agar (PCA) medium and subsequently followed by morphological identification. The results of this study show that the soil were contaminated by O'P'-DDT ranging from 2.2 μgKg-1 to 9.0 μgKg-1. Phylogenetic analysis proves that the Lactobacillus sakei Strain PRO7 bacteria was identified. The growth rate of DDT biodegradation by Lactobacillus sakei Strain PRO7 bacteria is noted the highest at 7.89 observation and reaches 95.1% of biodegradation percentage at the 20 ppm DDT concentration.

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that is toxic to the environment. Cadmium in the environment can be derived from natural processes such as weathering of living creatures and plants or animals from mining and industrial waste. To overcome the heavy metal pollution in the environment can be used adsorption method. The adsorbent used in the study is bentonite. The purpose of this study was to determine the absorption efficiency bentonite to the metal cadmium. Bentonite samples from the area of Jambi Province. Bentonite is divided managed bentonite inactive, active bentonite and bentonite are processed in the industry. The parameters studied in this research are a variation of the mass of bentonite, contact time and adsorption capacity. Measurements were made using Spectrometry Atomic Absorption (AAS). The results showed that the activated bentonite not have the absorptive capacity of the metal cadmium that is better than the activated bentonite. Efficiency absorption cadmium metal bentonite with a mass of 0.5 g and a contact time of 120 minutes was 90.5%, while bentoit activated with HCl efesiensinya only 32.70%.

Textile industry effluents containing synthetic dye waste, such as azo dyes, are harmful to health, and thus can present environmental hazard. Biological treatment of textile waste effluents can remove synthetic dyes. Here we present our results of colour removal from an azo dye solution, by mycelia of two Riau, Indonesia Trichoderma biocontrol isolates. Colour removal by Trichoderma asperellum LBKURCC1 was more rapid with higher maximums at pH 6.5, compared to removal at pH 2.5 and 4.5. Colour removal by T. asperellum LBKURCC1 was stable until the end of the experiments (120 hours). As comparison, colour removal by Trichoderma asperelloides LBKURCC2 was higher at the lower pH values, but was unstable after 60 hours, showing difference in dye removal mechanism between the two fungal species. Laccase are enzymes that degrade synthetic dyes, including azo dyes. In this paper, we show that submerged cultures of T. asperellum LBKURCC1 can produce laccase in media solution containing rice husk. LBKURCC1 also produced laccase in solid state fermentation (SSF) systems containing rice straw. Production of laccase can contribute to increased and more stable removal of azo dyes by live submerged T. asperellum LBKURCC1 mycelia, with appropriate supplement addition in waste effluents.

This research aimed to cytotoxic activity assay from n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanolextracts of Ficus aurata (Miq.) Miq.leaves and fruits using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test method. Extraction process was gradually held with eluents n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The strength of the cytotoxic activity is determined by the value of LC50 of each extract tested. The results showed that hexan extract from both leaves and fruits had stronger cytotoxic activity than ethyl acetate and methanol extract, where the hexane extract from the leaf had the strongest cytotoxic activity with an average LC50 of 13.74 μg / mL, followed by hexane extract from fruit with an average LC50 value of 33.10 μg / mL.

Fermented Plant Extract (FPE) from the ngapi nut peel (Pithecellobium jiringa Prain) was produced as organic liquid fertilizer and pesticide to replace consumption of inorganic fertilizers and plant resistance for pests. FPE was fermented from the composition 250 g ngapi nut : 40 mL Effective Microorganism-4 (EM-4) : 40 mL brown sugar 1kg/L : 920 mL distilled water for 15 days, it contained Nitrogen 0.98%, Phosphor 0.05%, Potassium 0.62%, C.org 12.90%, phenolic content 414.1 mg/L and pH 3. The FPE was applied to planted tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill) and showed the best growth and plant resistance for pests. Macronutrient N, P, K, organic carbon in soil that treated and non-treated by FPE after 30 days were analyzed by Kjehdahl, Spectrophotometry and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method. FPE treatment could increase the amount of macronutrient in soil compared to the non-treated soil (control). Similarly, the nutrient (N, P, K) uptake by tomato with FPE treatment was higher than that with non-treated FPE. The nutrient uptake by tomato were nitrogen 2.62%; phosphorus 74.71%; potassium 42.44%; and non-treated with nitrogen 0.60%; phosphorus 27.07%; potassium 11.72%.

Poly ε-caprolactone (PCL) gets a lot of attention, and shows great potential in some applications among synthetic polymers. This is because the thermoplastic polymer posses some desirable features, including good stability, and easy of process. PCL also had some specific properties when it blended with organic or inorganic filler. Bentonite (montmorillonite/clay) has been studied as one of filler material used for improving the genuine properties of polymer. The modifying process of bentonite is an initial stage before mixing with PCL matrix to form a composite, it consist of purification and opening stage of d-spacing layer with surfactant for several size of bentonite (100,120, 150, 200 and 250 mesh). Some characterization have been done to measure how good the filler is. CEC value was obtained at size of 250 mesh of 79.00 meq/100 g. From the results of X-RD (X-Ray Diffraction) analysis shows the increasing bentonite d-pacing layer since before and after the modification process equal to 0,425 nm. FT-IR analysis identify the functional groups contained in bentonite, the Si-O and Al-O vibrations appear on wave numbers 420 cm-1-1200 cm-1. To identify the biomedical properties of PCL, chitosan nanoparticle has been added as filler with bentonite biomedical material applications such as for medical tools. The results of Tensile Test showed that the presence of modified chitosan-bentonite in PCL polymer improve the mechanical properties of the composite, the composition of filler Bentonit-Chitosan 7% is the maximum value of 290 Mpa.

Ricinoleic acid methyl ester has been purified from a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters resulted fron transesterification of castor oil using a 200 mesh mesoporous calcium silicate adsorbent. The purity of ricinoleic acid methyl ester was increased from 48% to 94% conformed by gas chromatography. It is proposed that in adsorption process, a strong interaction between calcium silicate and ricinoleic acid methyl ester occurs through empty d-orbital of Ca-atom of calcium silicate and O-atom of the hydroxyl group of ricinoleic acid methyl ester. The resulting ricinoleic acid methyl ester was confirmed by ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR.

Beside contains chemical elements that can be utilized for fertilizer, boiler ash as one of mill waste from pulp and paper industry also contains transition metals in the form of heavy metal such as Boron (B), Chrome (Cr), Cobalt (Co), Cupprum (Cu) and Cadmium (Cd). These heavy metals may cause some environment issues if use directly as their concentrations is higher than the threshold level. It is become a current and continuous trend in industry to implement green technology in order to reduce the impact of mill waste into environment by reducing, extracting and removal of these heavy metals. A system extraction by using stearyl amine as a collector for heavy metal combined with organic solvent such as ethanol and n-hexane as media was proceeded to reduce some elements from boiler ash. Stearyl amine at 15 g worked more powerful in n-hexane compared to ethanol, that after 4 hours processes the elements were reduced at 40%, 43%, 55%, 67% and 76% for B, Cr, Co, Cu and Cd respectively.

By using a semi-efficient vulcanisation system; the effects of the lauryl alcohol (LA) addition as a new rubber additive on cure characteristics and tensile properties of silica-filled natural rubber (NR) composites were investigated. The NR composite was filled with silica filler with a fixed loading, 30.0 phr. The LA is a fatty alcohol based on palm kernel oil and added into the silica-filled NR composites. The LA loadings were 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 phr. It was found that LA functioned as a co-curing (curative) and internal plasticiser. As a co-curing agent, LA increased the crosslink density and tensile strength up to 3.0 phr of loading. As an internal plasticiser, LA decreased the modulus tensile and increased elongations at break of silica-filled NR composites. The 3.0 phr of LA was the optimum loading.

Synthesis of graphene has been successfully done with the Hummers Method. This study aims to determine the characterization of graphite and graphene and the performance of graphite and graphene used as electrodes in primary cell batteries. The structural analysis on graphite with XRD resulted in the diffraction peak C(002) at 2θ = 26.369° with d-spacing 3.37721Å with the result of graphene synthesis having decreased diffraction peak at 2θ = 23.98° withd-spacing 3,707Å. The performance of graphite and graphene is measured by the results of conductivity test of Graphene, Mn/Graphene and Cu/Graphene with 939 μS cm⁻¹, 551.4 μS cm⁻¹ and 481.1 μScm⁻¹ respectively. This study proves that graphite and graphene are potentially used as electrodes in primary cell batteries.

The aim of this research was to produce a fuel fraction from catalytic hydrocracking process using Calcinated Sarulla Natural Zeolite (SNZ-Cal) as catalyst and Rubber seed oil as a feed. The methods used were the preparation and calcination of Sarulla Natural Zeolite (SNZ-Cal), catalytic hydrocracking using SNZ-Cal at 400 °C, 450°C and 500 °C with a variation of catalyst and rubber seed oil comprising of 1:2, 1:4 and 1:6 respecively. Finally, the liquid product was analyzed with Gas Chromatography. The result of this research shows that the optimum liquid product was treated at 400 °C (1:2), 450 °C (1:6) and 500 °C (1:2) were 18.00%, 64.60% and 80.60% respectively. Moreover, the highest selectivity of bio-gasoline occurred at 400 °C (1:2), 450 °C (1:2) and 500 °C (1:6) which were 78.16%, 76.46% and 82.57% consecutively. In essence, each temperature depicted a different amount of bio-gasoline with the highest result at 500 °C (1:6).

In this journal, we used Finite Element Method (FEM) calculations based on ANSYS software. The software will involves the value of the material properties. Then, will used to simulate the manufacture of horse shoe, when the horse stood silent, for fiberglass reinforced polymer materials and compared with the usual materials for horse shoe, the Mild Carbon Steel (A36) so that will be obtained which is the best between the two materials. In this simulation work, the horse shoe receives a load of 500 kg. From this simulation we will obtain Equivalent Stress, Normal Stress on each axis (X, Y, Z) from the loading direction experienced by horse shoes. Equivalent equivalence values of 0.21509 MPa polymeric foam while Mild Carbon Steel (A36) 0.1034 MPa and normal polymeric foam voltage values for X-axis 0.016426, Y -0.007111 and Z 0.0695, while Normal Stress from Mild Carbon Steel (A36) for X axes 0.02233, Y 0.0204 and Z 0.047. The simulation results provide an understanding of the normal force resistance of polymeric foam materials for Mild Carbon Steel (A36) materials, whereas for polymeric foam materials the equivalent stress is superior to Mild Carbon Steel (A36)

Mangosteen peel extract contains xanthone compound having phenol basic structure. Because xanthone is insoluble in water, therefore mangosteen peel extract encapsulated by polymer substance through encapsulation technology is necessity. Mangosteen peel were powdered to 3 sizes. The nanomangosteen peel ethanol extract was encapsulated in various of concrentration chitosan. The particle size of encapsulated products were determined by particle size analyzer (PSA) and also analyzed of antibacterial activities. The nanomangosteen peel extract showed antibacterial activity stronger impact to 3 tested bacterial: S. aureus, B. cereus, and S. flexinery than 40 mesh and 20 mesh size. Encapsulated of nanomagosteen peel extract with chitosan showed that the particle size of PN, AN, and BN were 308.30, 342.42, and 421.26 nm respectively with polydispersity index (PI) of 0.14, 0.31, and 0.11 respectively, however antimicrobial activities of encapsulated products still have not satisfied yet.

Glucose hydrogenation using water at solvent was happened trough two step. First, water was reduced to hydrogen and a oxygen gases by TiO₂ pillared bentonite. Second, hydrogen that produced was used to reduce glucose into sorbitol. The reaction was prepared in transparency medium for 30 days along under UV from sunlight. The product of reaction was characterized using FTIR and ¹H-NMR spectroscopy.

Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO), have been produce by comunity people in Padang West Sumatra, Indonesia, with diffrent quality and the process. Most of the process using spontaneos fermentation methods with diffrent location of making and environment. We are interested in probiotic research in VCO samples to find good or new Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) as probiotic and antimicrobial to maintain good health. There were 7 VCO sampels have been taken from local market that have been isolated and characterized antimicrobial activity and molecular spesies. The were 11 LAB colonies have been found. The majority of LAB samples were good inhibition zone agains indicator bacterias such as, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. Ampicillin Sodium 100 μg/mL was used as positive control. The results shows the inhibition zone was obtained from sample 1A (12 mm), agains E.coli, sample 6C (13.5 mm) for Bacillus and 3A (15 mm), for S. aureus as at low pH from 3 to 5and high temperature from 60 to 100 degee Celcius. Ssequence analysis of 11 isolates are diversity of Lactobacillus plantarum species with different strains and new diversity of Lactobacillus sakei.

The research on fabrication and characterization of natural rubber composites (SIR 5)/organo-montmorillonite using cetil trimetil ammonium bromide (CTAB) as an organic modifier has been conducted. Natural rubber SIR-5 was masticated at 60 °C by applying the time variations of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 minutes using two-roll mill. SIR-5 which has been masticated for 4 minutes as an optimum time with the smallest moleecular-weight was then grafted by glysidil methacrylate (GMA) in order to obtain natural rubber-grafted-glysidil methacrylate (natural rubber-g-GMA) which was used as a compatibilizer material. A 10 g of montmorillonite was modified by using CTAB with different concentrations of 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, and 0.07 molee and then was added into rubber SIR-5 and natural rubber-g-GMA using internal mixer to obtain the composite. The prepared composite sample was examined using ASTM D-638 in order to perform a low speed tensile test (1 mm/minutes) and a thermal test using thermogravimetri analysis (TGA) operated at 30-80 °C. The surface morphology of composite was analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) operated at 15 kV. The result of optimum elasticity which was achieved by adding montmorillonit produced using CTAB concentration of 0.03 molee was 1.57 MPa and had the value of the elongation at break of 2396%. Thermal degradation analysis using TGA showed that the most decomposed mass was 63.11% at 426 °C. The analysis of the morphology using SEM showed homogenous surface of the composite.

A new hydrogel of crosslinked galactomannan boric has been synthesis from galactomannan Arenga pinnata seed (GAP) with boric acid. Galactomannan was isolated from immature Arenga pinnata seed through centrifugation and extracted using ethanol. Cross-linking GAP with boric acid was conducted in the various ratio of GAP and boric acid of 1:0.05 (CGB 1), 1:0.10 (CGB 2), 1:0.20 (CGB 3), 1:0.30 (CGB 4) and 1:0.40 (CGB 5). The product was determined using spectrophotometer infrared which showed the appearance of stretching vibration of B-O at 800 – 1100 cm⁻¹ and the decreasing absorbance at 3394 – 3417 cm⁻¹ which correspondence to stretching vibration of OH group in the increasing of boric acid used. The image of scanning electron microscopic (SEM) of GIB 4 showed the roughness and bumped of the surface morphology of hydrogel compared to the SEM image of GAP. The thickness of the crosslinked films is in the range of 1.42 – 1.98 mm. The maximum swelling value of the hydrogel in aquadest and buffer phosphate solution was obtained in CGB, and the swelling value in 0.9% sodium chloride solution was increased in the increasing of boric acid while all the hydrogel was dissolved in HCl 0.1 N solution.

Cyanide analysis based on the complexing of CN⁻ with Ni²⁺ ions by UV-Vis spectrophotometry has been performed. This study aims to obtain the maximum wavelength of cyanide-nickel absorption complexes, optimum conditions and UV-Vis spectrophotometric validation. The reaction between the green Ni²⁺ ion and the colorless CN⁻ ion occurs in the solution to form a yellow [Ni(CN)⁴]^2- complex, the maximum absorption is obtained at a wavelength of 308 nm. The optimum condition of [Ni(CN)⁴]^2- complex gave at pH 6 and the concentration of Ni²⁺ solution of 0.001 M at a cyanide concentration of 0.004 M, while the optimum time formed by the complex occurred in 110 minutes and the complex compound was stable for 1390 minutes (± 23 hours 10 minutes). Validation of cyanide analysis method using Ni²⁺ ion gives linear regression equation y = 47,446x - 0,0184 with value R² = 0,9958 at concentration range CN⁻ 0.0003 M to 0.008 M; LOD 0.0006 M; % RSD = 0.97%; And % recovery = 103.8%. Based on the validation results, this method can be used to determine the cyanide content using Ni2+ ions as complexes by UV-Vis spectrophotometry.

Cyclic natural nubber (CNR: Resiprene-35) has been compatibilised with polypropylene in the presence of various contents of oleic acid and benzoyl peroxide in xylene reflux to improve its adhesion as printing binder on the thermoplastic substrate. The dried blends were then compression molded at 175°C for 25 minutes to form specimens according to ASTM D 412. Mechanical testing of the specimens showed optimum tensile strength: 18.13 MPa, elongation: 7.36%, and modulus of elasticity: 246.33 MPa when composition of the blend: polypropylene : CNR : oleic acid : benzoyl peroxide: 80 php : 20 php : 0.05 php : 0.025 php. Analysis of functional group using FTIR spectroscopy of the optimum specimen after exhaustive Sokhlet extraction in n-hexane showed small amount of carbonyl absorption at 1712 cm⁻¹, indicating possible chemical interaction of bound oleic acid with CNR and polypropylene matrices. SEM micrographs of the optimum blend's specimen surface showed better compatibility when compared to that of blend compatibilised without oleic acid and benzoyl peroxide.

This paper is the result of research and development that developed guided discovery based module on colloidal system topic for senior high school. Product developments revered to the 4D model (define, design, develop, and disseminate). Research instruments used were of questionnaires and learning outcomes test. The product was validated by experts and tested to a number of students in one of Senior High School in Padang, Indonesia. Data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively with descriptive technique and the statistical tests were done with the help of the Statistical Package for Social Science 16 Software. The result of validity and practicality analyzed by using kappa Cohen's formula showed that developed module has very high validity category (κ = 0.89), very high category of the practicality on teacher response (κ = 0.87) and high category of the practicality on student response (κ = 0.71). The results of field trials obtained that the students' learning outcomes in experiment class is higher significantly than the control class. The research findings showed that the guided discovery learning based module developed was valid, practical and effective to use in chemistry learning in senior high school.

The aim of this study was to evaluate and characterize various properties of composite board prepared from oil palm tree flour (KK), maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene ( PPd-g-AM), divinyl benzene (DVB) and benzoil peroxide (BPO). The oil palm oil trunk was floured with a size of 80 mesh and dried in an oven so that the water content reaches 2% and then soaked in 3 % sodium hydroxide solution at room temperature for 24 hours. The flour was then filtered, washed repeatedly with water until free of sodium hydroxide . Flour of oil palm l tree flour that had been treated with sodium hydroxide solution was determined lignin levels and extractive substances. Furthermore, the oil palm tree flour was made into a composite board by blending of KK, PPd-g-AM, DVB and BPO in various compositions and casted at 170°C, 10 minutes and 40 bar pressure . The composite boards obtained were stored for 2 weeks and then characterized by physical properties (moisture content, density and thickness development), mechanical properties (MoR and MoE), and morphology. The results shown that the optimum composition of the composite boards was in the KK: PPd-g-AM: DVB: BPO (60: 24: 8: 2%) or KK33

The copper oxide plate has been used as a visible light photovoltaic panel material. In this research, the process of forming copper oxide on the surface of the copper thin plate is examined. The method used is the thermal oxidation of the copper plate with a thickness of 200-250 μm. Surface evaluation and internal morphological studies of the oxide synthesis process are carried out using SEM, XRD and DTA. DTA analysis results provide information that the process of plating copper plate structure occurs at 370.44°C. XRD analysis on thin oxide plate calcined at 380°C for 1 hour, formed 92.6% Cu₂O and 6.4% CuO. Analysis of surface and morphology, the optimum oxide region formed at 25 μm thickness and internal oxygen attack re aches a maximum depth of 129 μm. The size of the copper oxide aggregate is formed in a nano multiscale particle between 300 - 800 nm.

This study was aimed to synthesis starch acetate from breadfruit starch using acetic anhydride by varying the weight of acetic anhydride (10, 15 and 20%) and reaction time (30, 60 and 90 minutes). The swelling power of the starches were determined by gravimetric techniques. Evaluation of the native starch and derivatives was conducted by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR).The swelling power of starch acetate increased along with the length of the testing process. Acetylation of bread fruit starch using acetic anhydride by the addition of 20% acetic anhydride and reaction time 90 min resulted highest degree of substitution of 1.23.