Table of contents

The Sixth Scientific Conference "Renewable Energy and its Applications"

21-22 February 2018, Karbala, Iraq

The sixth conference entitle: "Renewable Energy and its applications" had been held in the main building of College of Science, 56001 Karbala, IRAQ. The aim of it is to investigate the main challenges of current energy resources in the world, to identify the new energy resources and how to reduce the energy consumption by using the renewable and green technology concept, to create the scientific platform for renewable energy researcher and prepare the suitable environment to apply, discuss and share their knowledge for more enhancements in this field and activate the role of University to develop the society and the country.

All papers published in this volume of Journal of Physics: Conference Series have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

Copper-zinc ferrite (CuFe₂O₄) films have been deposited successfully by spray pyrolysis technique. Ferrite films deposited of thickness (450 ± 15nm) at temperature (400 ± 10 °C) and annealing (600 °C) for range of (4h). The compound was doping with zinc at rates (x = 0,0.2,0.4). The crystalline structure of the prepared films was determined Tetragonal a spin Ferrite in peak (211), and when it was doping with zinc, it turned into cubic in peaks (311). The particle size was found to decrease by increasing the concentration of (Zn). The optical properties have been identified of films wavelengths of (300-900) nm, The results showed that the transmittance for all thin films increases as the wavelength increases then saturates at higher wavelengths.

We have studied in this work the effect of deposition time on the absorption spectra and the optical energy gap of CdS thin film. That prepared by chemical bath deposition method (CBD) on glass substrate at temperature of (80 ± 5)°C. The structural features were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) is wurtzite structure for all samples. Transmittance spectra have been recorded in order to determine absorbance, reflectivity, absorption coefficient and the optical constants such as refractive index, extinction coefficient, real and imaginary part of dielectric constant. It was seen that all the parameters under investigation affected by deposition time (1,2 3, and 4) hours.

This work presents improvement of gas sensing capability by introducing CNTs in conductive polymer namely "MEH-PPV". Firstly, the organic conjugated polymer poly ( 2-methoxy-5- ( 2'-ethythexyloxy) - 1,4 -phenlenevinylene) was dissolved in chloroform solvent and multi wall carbon nanotube (MWCNTs) were softened in DMF solvent. The two solutions "MEH - PPV" and MWCNTs were mixed in a volume ratio of 0.95:0.05, respectively and spin-coated on Si substrate for realizing facile and low-cost sensors. FTIR results indicated that "MEH-PPV" is contacted to the surface of carbon nanotube by an ester bond. All films were examined by Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) which revealed the average roughness increment from 0.168 to 0.336 nm with increase the concentration of MWCNT. The "MEH-PPV:MWCNTs" based sensors also shown noticeable responses when the sensors exposure to H₂S gas at the concentration of 25ppm. The sensitivity enhanced by adding MWCNT to MEH-PPV was recorded to be 104.45% at 100°C where as the response and recovery time was ∼ 42.9 s and ∼36.8 s, respectively. Finally, results of "MEH-PPV:MW CNTs" nanocomposite thin films as active organic layer for H₂S gas sensors were measured.

A system of water electrolysis have been designed and fabricated locally by using simple home materials. Many types of water solutions and the effect of its concentrations on the electrical current have been studied. The effect of voltage and power on the quantity of gas production and the analysis quickness have been studied also. It is noticed that the current will increases as concentration increase. In addition, the productive gas quantity is increases as the voltage increases. The productive gas can be used in a welding processes, or as a hydrogen fuel for of electricity generators and cars engines.

Experimental study had been accomplished to evaluate the performance of flat plate collector according to Iraq climate to find the practical benefit and to transform the idea into reality and to apply it for domestically and commercial field. The study had been achieved for a typical flat plate collector. The dimensions of the flat plate collector, solar intensity, ambient temperature and angles relating to this study have been practically applied and all of these information mentioned in this study. This study approved the feasibility of using the hot water as heating purposes for domestic and commercial applications instead of using the electricity for heating the water. This method will reduce the consumption of the electric power obtained from the national network. The reduction of consumption for the national network electric power is approved by comparing three models of houses that is using the electric power for heating water with the same houses models which are using a flat plate collector for heating purposes.

Two solar dish concentrators (SDC) with diameter of (2 m) have been designed for water heating purpose. This study applied on solar steam water heater (SSWH). Both of the dishes coated with thick layer of steel (galvanized), while its interior surface covered with a reflector layer. The first dish interior surface covered with a layer of reflectivity up to 80%, whereas the second one covered by a pieces of mirrors with a reflectivity of 95%. The receivers have been fixed in the focal position of both dishes. The measurement of temperature and solar power for both types have been documented and recorded. The optical energy for the 1st dish is 1909 W, the final energy is 1551 W, and the efficiency is 61 %, while the optical energy for the 2nd dish is 1607.68 W, the final energy is 1853 W, and the efficiency is 73 %. The obtained results affirmed that the materials used in this research are economic, with high quality to obtain solar concentrator, but the dish which is covered with pieces of mirrors is better, and it can be used for water heating.

This paper presents the comparison of global solar radiation data and PV potential measured at different sites in Iraq obtained from web (PV GIS data) by selecting seven locations which cover north middle and south of Iraq as follow (37°N - 43°E), (33°N - 44°E), (34°N - 43°E), (29°N - 46°17'E), (33°N – 40° E), (32°N – 44°.3'E) and (33°4'N – 45°.3'E) respectively with the software program used empirical equation by visual basic net language to give a good agreement for assessment PV potential maps in Iraq using Arc GIS program version 9.3.

The degradation of eosin yellow dye using ZnO as a photo catalysts in a slurry reactor exposed to solar light was studied by this paper . The optimum values of different parameters versus catalyst concentration, catalyst type and initial concentration of the substrate affecting the degradation rate of eosin yellow dye were obtained by varying catalyst concentration (255–1255 ppm), and initial dye concentration (25–100 ppm). Color disappearance as well as substrates with the depletion of total organic carbon content was monitored.

In this work, nanoparticles copper oxide were prepared by using an atmospheric-pressure plasma jet in NaCl–NaOH–NaNO3 electrolytic system. Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Jet was employed as the electrode (Cathode) while the anode was made of the copper strip. The formation and structure of the samples have been characterized via Fourier-transformation infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) and optical microscope. From the outcomes, the morphology was showed copper oxide nanocrystals by this technique is rely on the media of electrolytic and preparation time. It was cleared from (XRD), the addition of CuCl₂ with the compositions was led to increase appearance of copper oxide. The uniformity of copper oxide nanoparticles with the average grain size about 70,104 nm. These results encourage preparing these nanostructures for using in industrial applications.

In this study, a chemical method was used to synthesise ZnS quantum dots (QDs) with low cost and simple process. A fixed molar ratio 1:1 of zinc chloride and sodium sulfide has been used for preparing two samples A and B. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses prove the cubic phase of ZnS with an average particles size of (3-29) nm According to UV-Vis. spectra analyses, a large blue shift over 32 and 48 nm was observed, while the band gaps energy (Eg) were 3.55 and 3.8 eV for A and B samples respectively. The emission spectrum of quantum dots carries more evidence on the presence of shallow at 373 and 367 nm originated from the interstitial Zn and traps at 428 and 439 nm, whose origin ascribed to defects zinc vacancy (VZn), while 541 nm was due to sulfide vacancy (VS). QDs-LED hybrid devices were fabricated using ITO/PEDOT: PSS/Poly-TPD/ZnS-QDs/layers with two types of cathode materials LiF and Al. Using LiF as cathode in addition to the Al gives good enhancement to light generation in compares with that of Al cathode only. The spectra 350-700 nm appeared a wide emission band according to the EL measurement.

Two different sets of data used to achieve this work were measured by fast- and slow-response devices, which located on the roof of building followed to College of Science, Mustansiriyah university. Wind speed data classified to calculate their frequencies and wind and wind rose. Wind direction prevailing is northeast and most frequencies are at less than 3 m/s. To improve these speeds, the internal boundary layer (IBL) height establishing over urban Baghdad city was estimated to satisfy the airflow characteristics before entering the city. The values of IBL height were calculated according to air stability classifications: unstable, neutral and stable. These values are lower at stable, graduate increase at neutral, and extreme increase at unstable conditions. However, the better performance of wind turbine operation over the surface of Baghdad city is suggested to be at the low level of 78 m.

Natural radioactivity U-235, Th-232, and K-40 of eight samples of water and sediments from Al-Husseiniya River have been investigated by using gamma spectrometer with High-Purity Germanium HPGe detector. Radon concentrations have been measured for these samples by using CR-39 detector. The average activity concentrations were 15.8±2.421 for U-238, 11.2±2.385 for Th-232, and 311±21.826 Bq/kg for K-40 in sediment samples; and 1.9±0.557 for U-238, 1.23±0.396 for Th-232, and 10.1±1.437Bq/L for K-40 in water samples respectively. These activities are compared with the worldwide limit. The average radium equivalent activity Ra_eq was 55.959±8.559Bq/kg in sediment. The average value of hazard index H was 0.344 in sediment samples. The average absorbed dose rate D_out was 27.511±4.095nGy/h and D_in was 51.997±7.639 nGy/h in sediment samples respectively. The average of total annual effective dose equivalent AEDE for sediment was 288.815 μSυ/y. While the total of ELCR was 1.011 × 10⁻³. They are less than worldwide limits. Radon concentrations have been measured for the same samples. CR-39 detector was used for radon measurements. The average value in sediment was 6.00±0.759 Bq/kg, and 2.40±0.270 Bq/L in water samples. While the radium concentrations in sediment was 0.247±0.031Bq/kg. Both are less than the worldwide limit. The average value of E_A and C_d in water was found to be 1.783±0.202mBq/m².h and 46.890±255.245Bq/L respectively. While the surface and mass exhalation rates of sediment sample was 35.283±4.458mBq/m².h and 7.091±0.896mBq/kg.h. The total annual effective dose AED in water samples was 14.762 μSυ/y which are less than the worldwide value 1mSv/y. Therefore, water of Al-Husseiniya River is safe with regards to the concentration of radon and natural radioactivity.

This work presents the fabrication of bismuth oxide/Silicon Heterojunction for Photodetector applications. Bismuth oxide nanoparticles investigation by simple chemical Tanique. The Bi₂O₃ thin film was deposited onto n-type Silicon and glass substrate by drop casting technique. The structural and optical properties of Bi₂O₃ thin film were studied; also, XRD show that the thin film is polycrystalline. The optical properties showed the having direct optical band gap of 2.5 eV, Dark and illuminated I-V, C-V, spectral responsivity and quantum efficiency of Bi₂O₃/n-Si photodetector ware investigated and discussed.

This paper reviews an analytical study of the hybrid power generation system in the al Najaf city at Iraq Country. The design and analysis of optimum choice to supply specific load (Renewable Energy center) building in the al Najaf city. The steps of this project consist of the measuring and collection of the basic meteorological data of solar radiation for al Najaf city, renewable energy software HOMER used for developing off-grid and on-grid system optimization simulation models. The simulation model has been used to find out the best result optimization based on energy efficient system for the specific load and taking into account costs and environmental emissions. Two reference models used to compare the costs and environmental impact. The optimization results indicate that the appropriate system for al Najaf Renewable energy center is consists of (81 kW PV, 58 kW Converter and 108 kW Grid) which have good components with the city requirements, this system would be cause reduction in CO₂ by (174.38%) percentage.

In this article, an analytical solution procedure is described for solving one dimensional second order hyperbolic telegraph equation using a reliable semi-analytic method so called the local fractional variational iteration method (LFVIM) subject to the appropriate initial conditions. Various illustrate examples are carried out to check the accuracy, efficiency, and convergence of the described method.

Water battery cell is a green energy, and it is a new innovation in the field of renewable green energy as well as that input is zero energy. It produces electricity without generating any negative carbon effects on the environment. Furthermore, it is a costless innovation, and the principle of work is based on using the tap water as a fuel source for the battery. That is mean, the battery doesn't need power charging process (zero input), and it depends on the electrochemical analysis of water into positive and negative ions. The water battery cell (WBC) consists of 8 cells connected in series to produce a suitable voltage value. Each cell is based on Zn and Cu metal electrodes with carbon- PMMA layer sandwiched between them. The (WBC) was tested in different medias such as normal and hot waterbetween 25°C to 60°C temperature water to ensure the strength of the innovation. The (WBC)hastested by recording the current, voltage and power values in each water solution media with load and without load (LED lamp). The maximum electrical power record of the battery is65 mWwhen using tap water without load and 10 mW with load at 25°C, then 43 mW when using hot tap water with load at 60°C. The load represents 4 red LED lampsof 10 mA and 1.6 V each, 4 yellow LEDlamps of 10 mA and 1.8 V each, 4 green LED lamps of 10 mA and 1.8 V each were used as a load separately.

Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) method has been used to synthesis nanocoatings thin films of Alumina, Titania, and Alumina/Titania multilayer on stainless steel AISI 316L at 250 °C deposition temperatures for the medical applications. SEM and EDX have been used to characterize the morphology of the films and the element analysis of the alloys and the thin films respectively. Open circuit potential, potentiostatic polarization (Tafel extrapolation) and cyclic polarization methods have been used to study the corrosion resistance of the films in Simulation Body Fluid (SBF) at 37 ± 1 °C. Immersion test in SBF for 2weeks at 37± 1 °C has been used to determine the biocompatibility of the films. Numbers of colonies and diffusion zone methods have been used after cultured non-pathogeni E-coli bacteria to demonstrate the bioactivity (toxicity effects) of the thin films. The SEM morphology observations show different particles shape and size of the Alumina (nanotubes shape around 10-20 nm in size) and Titania films (cauliflower particles shape around 20-50nm in size). The results also show that the corrosion resistance can be effectively enhanced by thin films, multilayer proved to be more corrosion protection than single layers, and Alumina has better corrosion resistance than Titania.

In this present work sol–gel technique with spin coating method is used to deposit Titanium dioxide thin films on glass substrates as anti-reflection coating (ARC) films. Nano crystalline TiO₂ (anatase phase) is obtained after heating at 550°C for 2 h. The optical properties of TiO₂ films were studied by UV-Vis absorption/reflection spectroscopy, the average transmittance of monolayer coated on glass substrates was greater than 95% in the wavelength range of 300–1000 nm.

A copper indium0.5gallium0.5selenide2 thin films (CIGS) were deposited at room temperature on glass substrate by thermal evaporation technique. The deposited film were annealed at different annealing temperature (293, 100, 200 and 300)°C. The effect of annealing temperature on structural, optical and electrical properties CIGS films were studied by XRD, UV-Visible absorbance and Hall effect measurements. It is found that the crystallinety enhanced, optical energy gap increases and electrical conductivity decrease with increasing annealing temperature. Three design of solar cells, based on CIGS, were examined to reach the suitable solar cell with higher efficiency.

In this work, the role of substrate temperature in the range (293-423)K on the structure and microstructure of CuInSTe thin films was investigated. The results showed that the structure was amorphous for films prepared at ambient temperature Ts=293Kwhile it was polycrystalline for films prepared at high temperature. The grain size and roughness increased with increasing substrate temperature. The frequency and temperature dependencies upon AC conductivity were investigated in the frequency range 100Hz-10MHz and temperature of heat treatment in the range of 303-453K. The AC activation energy was found to increase from 0.1132 to 0.1258 eV with increasing substrate temperature from 293 to 423K and decrease to 0.0962 eV with increasing frequency from 100 to 107 Hz. The exponents show a nonsystematic sequence with the increment of substrate temperature. The obtained results gave indication that there is a relation between the structure and preparation temperature as well as heat treatment. According to the current-voltage characteristic, the CuInSTe/CdS heterojunction prepared at substrate temperature of 423K showed the best electrical characteristics under illumination conditions.

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) was prepared using hydrothermal method. The crystallite structure was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), which showed the TiO₂ have two phases anatase and rutile. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) used to investigate the morphology of TiO₂, such the images showed that the product have nanorods hexagonal, nanobelts, and nanowires. The different shapes of nanotitanum dioxide on Photocatalyst were studied on degradation of methylene blue dye under UV irradiation, optimum degradation revealed with nanowires shape compare with nanobelts and nanorod shapes.

Thin films of CdS, CIGS and CdTe were prepared on the glass substrate by vacuum thermal evaporation technique in the thickness 200,500,500 respectively at room temperature. From the study Structural properties of the thin films by the X - ray diffraction, we found polycrystalline nature for all thin films with a preferred orientation along [111] cubic for CdS and [211], [112] hexagonal for CIGS and [111], [202], [311] cubic for CdTe. The Transmittance spectrum was recorded as a function of wavelength range (500-1100) nm. The energy gap measurements record 2.35,1.75.1.5eV respectively. we have found one activation energy for CIGS and two for both of CdS and CdTe that with explored from measure electrical conductivity with temperature. The Hall Effect measurements show that CIGS and CdTe were p-tyes carrier concentration and CdS thin films were n-type carrier. the current -voltage test in dark and light condition show all types of thin films have photoconductivity properties.

In this paper a novel technique proposed and implemented practically for photovoltaic cell efficiency enhancements. It is known that Iraq is one of the hottest countries in the world. It has a solar insolation average and energy higher than that of most of other countries. Solar photovoltaic cell has a limited efficiency boundary, which is affected by the amount of absorbed solar heat (energy). It is found that; when the solar array temperature excess 70 C⁰, the photovoltaic solar cell efficiency will be decreased remarkably. This novel technique which include painting the solar cell surface with chlorophyll only one time and painting it's surface with chlorophyll and polymer mixture another time gives a perfect solution to get a wide band of solar temperature array with a remarkable efficiency enhancement. The experimental results show that coating solar cell surface with chlorophyll only increases its efficiency by 5.5 % which is the maximum increase, while coating solar cell surface with chlorophyll and polymer mixture increases its efficiency by 3.1 % only.which is less than increase in the first case but more than that of solar cell without coating. All cells tested at constant solar irradiation (I=1000 W/m^2), and variation of temperature in range (30 °C to 80 °C).

This paper presents an attempt to generate the electricity by recovering the waste heat of an electrical oven. An experimental work has been done to investigate the electricity production by using a thermoelectric generator (TEG). The performance characterization of TEG was experimentally investigated in an open circuit mode by connecting the multimeter directly to the TEG and in a closed circuit mode by connecting different load to the TEG. The key results showed that it is possible to generate up to 1 V and 30mW in the open circuit condition, while the TEG could generate a 0.5 V and 25 mW in the closed circuit conditions when the maximum temperature differences across the TEG is about 20 °C. The power output could be increased by using more than one TEG module. This power could be used for charging a cell phone or light emitting diodes LEDs during cooking.

Windows are major part of construction design providing light, air and visibility and protect it from dust, it's also provide comfortable environment for occupants. The good design for window according to the heat losses is effect on the energy performance for constructions. Houses losses 15% and gain 50% from the heat through windows. In nowadays design of windows is very important to conserve the energy and to reduce CO2 emission. In this paper we calculate heat loss by using Guarded Hot Box (GHB) for different types of windows. Thermal transmittance has been measured by finding thermal resistance according to the ASTM recommendations by using Guarded Hot Box (GHB). The results of heat loss which have been obtained by using guarded Hot Box (GHB) with different windows were close to the manufacturing results and references.

Measurement of urinary excretion is most commonly used as a method of assessing internal contamination due to insoluble nuclides. The pulsed-laser Kinetic Phosphorimetry Analyzer (KPA-11 with analysis range 0.01μg/L up to 50mg/L for Uranium) has been used to determine the Uranium concentration (Uc) in urine samples of three groups of persons; Bladder cancer patients, Healthy and Infants (with age less than two month) and their mothers. The range of Uc excreted in all subjects have been found to be 0.735–3.876μgl^-1 with an overall average of 2.00038 μgl^-1, 0.856–1.042μgl^-1 with an overall average of 0.9464 μgl^-1 and 0.505–0.979μgl^-1 with an overall average of 0.7742 μgl^-1, respectively. The obtained results illustrated that there is statistically significant correlation between Uc and residential area. The obtained Mean values of Uc of the different groups were found to be approximately proportional to age up to 50 years. A noticeable drop is observed for subjects greater than 50 years old. A synthetic urine analysis was chosen in this study to proclaim any concern over biohazards, such as acidity of urine, increasing Amorphous urate, Uric acid, and decreasing Mucous.

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In this study have been synthesis nano oxide composites (Y₂O₃/Fe₂O₃) are prepared chemically and affected by Laser Neodymium –YAG ablation by energy (200 mJ), and number of pulses (200 pulses) at two different temperatures (4°C and 65°C) in distilled water. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of synthesized oxides were studied, (XRD) pattern showed that the oxides were highly crystallized in both hot and cold cases with variations in intensity values as they increased in the cold state than in the hot with additional peaks of intermediate compounds [Y(OH)₃; PLA], monoclinic and cubic and the two phases (ε-Fe₂O₃; β-Fe₂O₃).The (AFM) test indicate the roughness values that increased in the cold state than in the hot state. The results of the (SEM) showed a close approximation in the hot & cold cases in cubic forms, conical sticks (like nanorods, whiskers) as a result of recrystallization. noting that the value of absorbance increased in the cold than in the case of hot. The sample was manufactured in a solar cell, by obtaining a I-V curve under the dark and its illumination. The results showed a significant change in the performance of the solar cell at the values of (Im=42 mA; Vm=0.21 V), when the Iron oxide overlaps with the yttrium oxide with the best conversion efficiency of 7%.

Reduced quadrupole transition rates B(E2;${0}_{1}^{+}$ → 2⁺) the effective charges are calculated for even-even oxygen isotopes(A=16,18,20,22 )based on p shell and sd shell model spaces. NushellX@ code are using for calculate one body transition matrix (OBTM) for these isotopes. Our calculations theoretical for reduced quadrupole transition rates B(E2) are using the two types of effective interactions to obtain the best interaction compared with the experimental data were adopted at same time different the effective charges

Solar energy is one of the most significant renewable energy sources, in both its applications thermal and photovoltaic, world needs. Iraq is one of the countries with the abundance of this type of energy, where annual solar activity reaches about 2000kWh/m²/year on the horizontal surface. In the present work a solar collectors with V-trough concentrator system were designed and fabricated with geometric concentration ratios two suns to get an extra electric output power. The experiment was carried out in Al-Zwraa Company in Baghdad. The main results indicated that the solar concentrator system caused to increase the short circuit current due to increase the amount of incident solar radiation on the solar modules, and thus increase in output power. As a comparison with reference module, the gain in output power, at solar noon, exceeded 48%. It can be concluded that the use of V-Trough concentrator system coupled with solar module systems can result in a favourable cost-benefit ratio.

In this research, Cold Plasma, which is non-thermal, is used as a weak gas and ionized, away from equilibrium; thermally and dynamically. The needle plasma, a discharge in the non-thermal atmosphere is performed by different low-ionizing gases such as argon. The important properties of this plasma are that it works at approximately room temperature. Decontamination of surfaces contaminated and water Of bacteria (Salmonella typhoid, pseudomonas aeruginosa) have been investigated in discharge of atmospheric pressure. The generator cold plasma as non equilibrium. Water treated through the needle pole has led to the removal of biological contamination. The experiments provided to separate different plasma factors, oxidation stress measurements in cell membranes, and induced chemical changes in treated water to better understand plasma factors responsible for disabling microbes. Roots and reactive oxygen species appear to be biologically dominant agents.

Hydrophobic coating were fabricated using electrospinning technique on different substrates (glass, ceramic and metal), polymer solutions of (Si) were used in different range of composition for each solutions, also nano Al₂O₃ and nano TiO₂ were used to fabricate nanocomposites. Contact angle, surface tension, viscosity, X-ray diffraction and FTIR were calculated for all specimens. (20%Si) owned a larger contact angle about (110.173°) for metal substrate and show a hydrophobicity for ceramic and glass substrate after coating with (20%Si). SEM showed the morphology of the surfaces and show that specimens has good surface morphology after coating with (20%Si/Al₂O₃) and (20%Si/TiO₂). All results were discussed.

The conversion reactions to produce biofuel include many possible paths and routes leads to chemical changes due to each bath. For example, biofuel produced from solid wastes mainly consists of methane gas (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), in addition to traces of chemicals as impurities.To determine the optimum reactants quantities, and to help engineers in designing the pyrolysis plants we made this research. In this research we will suggest the mechanisms of the internal (sub) reactions that occurs during the conversion of sewage sludge to biofuel via pyrolysis operation according to the results of the analysis of samples taken from different stages of the pyrolysis depending on the products of the research of (Pyrolysis of Sewage Sludge), and its analysis before and after the reaction.

We used and will use many techniques as shown below:

1- Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis in order to know the chromophores to the reactants and products.

2- X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis for the reactant to determine the metals in the sludge.

3- Carbon-Hydrogen-Nitrogen analysis (C.H.N.) for the samples before and after and within the pyrolysis.

4- Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis to determine the stages of pyrolysis operation and the rate determining step (slow step) that affect the velocity of the reaction.

Solar eruption events investigated for the period from 2000 to 2014. These events associated with solar energetic particles (SEPs) that composed of halo-type coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and accompanying with intense flares. The incline of the time intensity profile are computing by analysing the eastern and western events through the CMEs source regions. This study shows that the incline angle for west events is smaller than Eastern Events. The western events are seem to be sharper in the acceleration phase than the eastern event. Considerate these phenomena is important to relate the space weather environment near Earth and other destinations in the solar system.

Calcium oxide nanoparticles and nanorods were prepared by using chemical method at two Molarities. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images suggested the formation of nanoparticles (50-60) nm and nanorods with diameter about 500 nm and length 3μm. The average surface roughness of CaO thin film was imaged by carried out atomic force microscope (AFM) and roughness found to be between (3.52-5.46) nm. XRD patterns show that the CaO was cubic crystalline nature and average grain size was found to be 70 nm. The direct optical band energy gap of all conditions to be ranged between (3.5-3.7) eV and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) was studied. Photoluminescence (PL) properties were investigated and founding two emission bands.

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) thin film prepared in a simple chemical method, on an optically flat a glass substrate. The effect of the annealing temperature on a structural and the optical properties of TiO₂ films is studied systematically by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), UV–VIS spectroscopy . The XRD patterns show that the deposited films and the annealed films are polycrystalline and the average grain size of the crystallite grains ranges from 41 to 50 nm in films. AFM images reveal a regular grain distribution of grains in films and the grains in the nanoscale dimension. The UV–Vis rays results show that increase in transmittance with increase the annealing temperature, also, the energy gap decreases from 3.6 to 2.6 volts, due to the effect of quantum volume.

A simple wet chemical method was used to synthesise TiO₂ nanorods using Titanium isopropoxide (TTIP) as a precursor material. The chemical transformation of TTIP by ethylene glycol (EG) was demonstrated as a strategy for regulating and controlling the shape of formation TiO₂ nanorods. The structure of the sample was studied by X-ray diffraction and it revealed that the prepared TiO₂ exhibit a pure anatase phase. While the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was showing the vibration patterns in the spectrum of the sample. The morphology of sample was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and it showed that the synthesised TiO₂ made of nanorods with length about (698 nm) and a diameter (220 nm).

Zinc oxide (ZnO) was synthesized by laser ablation in liquid. The preparation steps included immersing ZnO bulk pellet in ethanol and then ablating by Nd-Yag laser. The used laser has a wavelength ranging from 1064 nm to 532 nm with 140 mJ pulse intensity. Structural, morphological and optical properties of the prepared material were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and UV-Vis spectroscopy, respectively. The XRD results revealed the formation of hexagonal ZnO structure with (101) as dominant peak. The SEM studies demonstrated the formation of spherical ZnO nanoparticles which agglomerated to form nanocluster. Typical exciton absorption was observed at 376 nm in the absorption spectrum of UV-Vis spectroscopy at room temperature and the energy gap was equal to (3.48 eV).

Electrical A.C conductivity Epoxy/polyurethane EP/PU blends with different blend ratio were synthesized and characterized. A.C conductivity measurements of EP/PU blends were studied in the frequency and temperature ranges (4x10⁴Hz) and (293-373K) respectively. Effect of PU loading levels and temperature on dielectric properties was investigated. The EP/PU blends were diagnosed using FTIR. The results showed that AC conductivity σA.C to be proportionate to ωs. The behavior of the exponent s explained in terms of the correlated barrier hopping and small polaron models. The value of dielectric constant 29723 and dielectric loss 705 of neat epoxy were exhibit to decrease with frequency and increase with temperature. The dependence of activation energy and conduction behavior on the blend ratio also studied. The results showed that the estimated activation energy varied with PU content. The polarizability (α) decreases with increase of PU content and temperature which refer to weaken the intermolecular forces. The addition of PU to EP was responsible about the increase of charge carriers.

Sustainable development is the projected demand of all nations at present. Only 20 percent of world's primary energy requirement is met by renewable sources like solar and wind energy, hydropower, biomass, municipal and agri-wastes. Biomass, can be utilized to produce biogas due to its high biodegradability, calorific value and nutritive value to microbes, which will reduce our dependency on fossil fuels so that These organic wastes require being managed in a sustainable way to avoid depletion of natural resources, minimize risk to human health, reduce environmental burdens and maintain an overall balance in the ecosystem. The annal of the National Office of Statistics (NOS) indicated that municipal solid waste overtook more and more million tons in 2016, almost 3.5 times the 1992 rates. About 40–70% of civilian solid waste CSW is composed of civilian biomass waste (CBW), such as kitchen waste (KW), fruit/vegetable remains (FVR) and waste water sewage sludge (WWSS). There was a need to find several ways to deal with such wastes. One of these methods is the anaerobic digestion process, as a waste management system, has risen due to it has the usefulness of lowering volume and getting back energy. Several physical and chemical factors influence the creation of methane, and inhibition of bio-methane efficiency by certain materials (salts, oils, ammonia and toxic substrates ) may take place when inhibitors levels appear in high concentrations. In addition, high salt in the organic substrates can inhibit the activity of fermentation microbes by impacting the osmotic pressure of the cell wall of bacteria in the anaerobic system. The purpose of this study was to discuss the effect the types of substrates and salt content on biogas generation in anaerobic digestion.

Start your abstract here The novel of this paper is, using gradient refractive index and spherical surfaces to design a bifocal polyurethane lens with single power instead of the previous designs, which consist of two lens with different powers to correct the vision of near and medium distances at the same time. Presbyopia occurs naturally as eyes age and the structure of the lens responsible for focusing images changes. Presbyopia treatments include corrective lenses like eyeglasses known as progressive lenses. The aims of this work were to evaluate the performance of the human eye after the treatment by using different gradient refractive glass materials. Zemax was used to design an optical system for human eye based on Liu & Brennan model. Two types of optical materials, namely, borosilicate and polyurethane, were selected to design a multifocal lens. The effects of these materials on the performance of the human eye were compared to select the best material. Three different criteria were used; minimum root mean square error, the modulation transfer function and the diffraction image analysis. Modulation transfer function and root mean square Results show that the polyurethane lens is more suitable than the borosilicate lens for correcting presbyopia. Polyurethane material lens gave a better eye performance in three distances, namely, farther, intermediate, and near than the borosilicate lens. Polyurethane lens could be used as trifocal while borosilicate work only as Bifocal lens. The Results suggested that by using only one polyurethane lens power with gradient refractive index and a variable conic for lens curvature in Zemax corrected the vision of distance, near and medium distances at one time.

The paper is intended for studying the Influence of heat and mass transfer on inclined magnetohydrodynamics peristaltic of pseudoplastic nanofluid through the porous medium with couple stress in an inclined tapered asymmetric channel.The governing equations of two-dimensional are the motion and energy equations are resolved and simplified under acting the low "Reynolds number" long wavelength by using perturbation technique series solutions.And have been obtained the effects of different parameters which are "Hartmann number", "Darcy number", "Brinkman number", "Reynolds number", "Froude number", "Prandle number" and "Eckert number" and as well the "couple stress", inclination of magnetic field, mean flow rate and incline angle of the channel on the "pressure gradient", velocity, "pressure rise", "Nusselt number", "temperature", "heat transfer coefficient" and survey the "trapping" phenomena inspection" through different graphs. And in order to illustrate the validity of the theoretical study, numerical results have been computed by using MATHEMATICA software.

The objective of this present work is determining some heavy elements concentrations like (Cd, Co, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, Ni, Pb & Zn) in thermal electric power stations in the middle and south of Iraq. 18 Fly Ash samples were collected from thermal electric power stations in the middle and south of Iraq, the concentration values of (Cd, Zn, and Fe, Mg, Cu) in some samples were over the international limits in the Fly Ash samples. In general the increasing of the heavy metals in some fly ash samples due to the releasing of these metals is the combustion of the fuel and fuel type which provides thermal electric power station different from units to other, and geology of the region collected samples from it and the geochemical characteristics of the crude oil.

We explore the possibility of formation of two different Al_n and P_n atoms (n=1-6) are substitute doped of ZnO nanosheet has been investigated based on ab initio density functional theory. We study the effect of Al and P doping on the structural and electronic properties of a ZnO nanosheet. This study explains the effect of several doping on structural and electronic properties. The results indicate that Al and p substituted on the O site. The binding energy of doped system is negative, implying a stable integration of Al and P. We also found that the least energy gap lies in the Al at two atoms either in P at three atoms. These findings demonstrate that ZnO nanosheet doped of Al and P likely to be applied for various applications such as photocatalytic reactions, optoelectronic, solar cells, etc.

The interacting boson model has been applied to calculate the low-lying bands in Se and Kr nuclei with neutron number (N=44) and proton numbers Z=34 and 36. Reasonable agreement with available energies and B(E2) transition rates. The potential energy surfaces (PESs) to the IBM Hamiltonian have been obtained using the intrinsic coherent state.

In this research, land cover changes between 2000 to 2017 were studied in Karbala city (Iraq) using geographic information system techniques and remote sensing data. Satellite imagery data -Landsat7 (2000) and Landsat 8 (2017) - were processed using the supervised maximum likelihood algorithm, and the post-classification comparison method in QGIS 2.14. Four land cover categories, namely, built-up, vegetation, water, and soil have been specified to produce land cover maps for each acquisition date. The overall accuracies were 99.99% (2000), and 99.98% (2017) with Kappa statistics of 0.99, and 0.99. The evaluation of land cover changes shows that built-up, vegetation and soil have been increased by 1.9% (93.5 km2), 0.4% (20.8 km2) and 4.4% (221.3 km2) while water land has a shrink by 6.7% (335.6 km2) respectively. These changes conclude a serious threat to water land which it effects on population growth, human activities and agricultural activities in the study area.

Grid Computing and Cloud Computing are two different technologies that have emerged to validate the long-held dream of computing as utilities which led to an important revolution in IT industry. These technologies came with several challenges in terms of middleware, programming model, resources management and business models. These challenges are seriously considered by Distributed System research. Resources allocation is a key challenge in both technologies as it causes the possible resource wastage and service degradation. This paper is addressing a comprehensive study of the resources allocation processes in both technologies. It provides the researchers with an in-depth understanding of all resources allocation related aspects and associative challenges, including: load balancing, performance, energy consumption, scheduling algorithms, resources consolidation and migration. The comparison also contributes an informal definition of the Cloud resource allocation process. Resources in the Cloud are being shared by all users in a time and space sharing manner, in contrast to dedicated resources that governed by a queuing system in Grid resource management. Cloud Resource allocation suffers from extra challenges abbreviated by achieving good load balancing and making right consolidation decision.

During recent years, information security plays major roles with the wide use and development in communications networks. Stronger encryption and decryption represent the important demand in most applications. This strength can be achieved by data encryption and decryption algorithms which are very hard to crack and accomplish. The CIA security aims are Confidentiality, Integrity and Authenticity. In this paper, a novel cryptographic system was proposed based on principles of Unicode and crossover; This new combination add high level of security to proposed system. The English plaintext was converted to symbols in Unicode, key generated based on Arabic alphabet(also converted to Unicode), while the encryption and decryption method implemented depend on crossover principle by encryption and decryption keys K1,K2. Two parents (English plaintext, and encryption key) selected for mating using Average Crossover method (AC) which product one child only (Encrypted text) and vice versa in decryption method using decryption key. The security was achieved by confusion and diffusion concepts; variations and randomness in the encrypted text make the features of the original language are unclear; so the prediction of the plain text is difficult.

This paper seeks to present a usability evaluation of the two websites (www.bmw.co.uk, www.ford.co.uk ) by performing three tasks related with ability to access, navigate, and find the information to complete the tasks without using the search engines with answering some paper-pencil questions after each task. A sample of 16 users is used to collect the actual data. There are three types of questions have been asked including open ended, closed-ended and partially closed items. While the user is doing the task, many factors have been measured to determine which website is more usable than other. Designing the empirical experiment is to identify the major strengths and weaknesses of the site and to incorporate the results and user feedback.

In spite of education institutes subject their staff and students to a compulsory health safety course; however, many events have proven that college students do not follow the correct health safety instructions in case of emergencies. In this paper, an on-line exam of health safety was designed and implemented. PhP programming language was used to design the web pages of the exam while the data base was manipulated by MySQL language. The exam consists of about 20 specialized questions for each of all College of Science departments. The user should be able to access the exam through the website of the University or the College. Also, the user should register by entering his name, email, and password. After the exam practicing, the user will be notified about his score and if he/she put the correct or wrong answer for every question individually. The user can retry the exam again until he has got the full mark, which is the only mark that allows the examinee to pass the exam and then will be authorized to access the college laboratories and other workplaces. The student can know his mark through his email directly. The admin will also know all the examined students and their marks. Consequently, the college departments could be provided with a list of practiced students. The aim of this research focuses on increasing the education level of the health safety of the students and staff inside the laboratories of universities. So it ensures the entire workers at our laboratories will be conscious in case of any emergencies. Empirical results have been received by subjecting about 20 students in the college of science by measuring four knowledge parameters. Results have discussed the difference between the conventional manner of learning the health safety course through a brochure only and the proposed manner which is based on e-learning and on-line practicing.

Text classification (TC) is an essential field in both text mining (TM) and natural language processing (NLP). Humans have a tendency to organize and categorize everything as they want to make things easier to understand. Therefore, text classification is an important step to achieve this goal. Arabic text classification (ATC) is a difficult process because the Arabic language has complications and limitations resulting from the nature of its morphology. In this paper, a proposed approach called the Master-Slaves technique (MST) was used to improve Arabic text classification. It consists of two main phases: in the first phase, a new Arabic corpus of 16757 text files was collected. These text files were classified into five categories manually. In the second phase, four different classifiers were implemented on the collected corpus. These classifiers are Naïve Bayes (NB), K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN), Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR) and Maximum Weight (MW). Naïve Bayes classifier was implemented as Master and the others as Slaves. The results of these slave classifiers were used to change the probability of the Naïve Bayes classifier (Master). The four classifiers used were implemented individually and the simple voting technique was implemented among them too on the collected corpus to check the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed technique. All the tests were applied after the pre-processing of Arabic text documents (tokenization, stemming, and stop-word removal) and each document was represented as vector of weights. For the reliability of the results, 10-fold cross-validation was used in this paper. The results showed that the Master-slaves technique gives a good improvement in accuracy of text document classification with accepted algorithm complexity compared to other techniques.

In the last years, Iraq has witnessed challenges in security have led to rice crime's rates. So there is need to map crimes concentrations in place and time from trusted sources and provide crime incidence reports for crime reduction efforts in the field of law enforcement. This study concerned with designing and implementing a web-based GIS system for crime mapping and decision support in Iraq. This system is being developed in Kerbala University with sample databases.The proposed system provides the general public with information of recent crime activity near to their places within a radius of any location (such as place of residence, school, or business). Display the distance from any crime to any address of interest. Filter by crime type as well as date recorded in order to focus on specific patterns. Plot only occurrences for the agency you need to view. Plot all crime incidents as heat map for a specified date.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a large number of small sensor devices that can connect each other wirelessly. WSNs applications are rapidly growing in last decades, furthermore, in WSN research, energy is one of the important issues that must consider when designing a new protocol. Due to the fact, almost all of nodes' energy deplete in the communication part, and the data fusing directly impact the performance of routing protocol. This paper studies the impact of data fusing for chain based routing protocols. In this study, ns-3 simulator used to evaluate Chain-Cluster Mixed (CCM) and Two Stage Chain Protocol (TSCP) routing protocols with deterministic nodes deployment. The experiments show that TSCP overcomes CCM in network lifetime when data fusing applied while CCM overcomes TSCP in the same metric with non-fusing of data for First Node Die (FND), 10%, 25%, 50% and Last node (LND). Furthermore, CCM is still playing a good behavior in delay for both approaches. The main conclusion for this paper is non-fusing of data must be applied when design new routing protocol to study all the packets traffic behaviors in the path from source to destination.

In the last decades, solar energy gained the most demand as it represents a green and sustainable source of energy. One of the most important obstacles for solar energy production in Iraq is the dirtiness of the panel surface as it causes a shadow that reduces its performance. From other hand, Iraq location has a large frequency of sand dust storms. This research proposed a method to eliminate the impact of dust and dirtiness on the performance of the solar panel in power production. The proposed method monitors the power generation and cleans the photovoltaic surface when required. Arduino Uno microcontroller was used to control the washing task with windscreen wiper tool which energized when the output power dropped to 50% from its rate value. In addition, the proposed method presented a comparison on the solar panel performance with and without the proposed method. The results show the ability of the washing mechanism in maintaining the solar panel performance efficiently after the exposure to dust accumulation.

Sonochemical/hydration–dehydration techniques were used to synthesize binary composites CNT/TiO₂ consisting single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) with TiO₂. Different percentages of CNT/TiO₂ were prepared (0.25, 0.5, and 1%). The morphological and physiochemical properties were investigated by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. It was found the TiO₂ nanoparticles were more homogenized with SWNTs compared with MWNTs. 7.5% methanol solution was used as a sacrificial agent to produce hydrogen gas with 65 mg of synthesized binary composites at light intensity 40 mW cm⁻². The results show that SWNTs increased the activity of TiO₂ more than for MWNTs. The hydrogen production shows higher activity for TiO₂ with lower ratio of SWNTs, while the activity was raised for TiO₂ with increasing ratio of MWNTs.

New transition metal complexes of (E)-1-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4-(hydroxy(2-hydroxyphenyl)methylene)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-one was prepared and their structures and formulas were confirmed by elemental analyses, EIMS, FT-IR and NMR spectra. The ligand (LH) was prepared through the ring closure of 2-hydrazino benzothiazole and 3-acetyl- 4-hydroxy cumarine in dry methanol. The complexes of nickel(II), palladium (II), platinum(IV), cadmium(II), rhodium(III) and zirconium(IV) were isolated in solid state up on the direct reaction of their hydrated chlorides or nickel(II) nitrate with the free ligand solution. The solid structures of metal complexes were supported on the basis of elemental analyses, IR, UV-Visible spectra, as well as the molar conductivity and magnetic susceptibility.The thermal analyses of TG-DSC were done for the LH ligand and their rhodium(III) and palladium(II) complexes in argon atmosphere in order to conclude their structures and thermal stability and the thermo grams observed for the studied compounds have revealed the proposed structures. The data found from preliminary studies revealed that the nickel(II), palladium(II) and platinum(II) were square planner geometry in [MLCl(H₂O)] formual, M= Ni, Pd, Pt(II), whereas the rhodium(III), zinc(II) and cadmium(II) were octahedral and tetrahedral geometry respectively in the formulas, [RhL₂(H₂O)₂]Cl and [MLCl(H₂O)], M=Zn and Cd(II) ions. However the zirconium(IV) complex was square pyramid with five-coordination number,[ZrOL₂]. The H NMR spectra of the cadmium(II) and platinum(II) complexes exhibited remarkable changes in the peaks of -NH- pyrazolinone ring and much less shifts in the other functional groups of phenolic and aromatic moiety indicating that the the active sites of coordination with the metal ions are the nitrogen atom of benzothiazole ring and the hydroxyl group linked at C3 at C3 of pyrazole ring. The biological activity of the solutions of the prepared compounds in DMSO as control was estimated against some positive and negative gram bacteria and the inhibition zone measured by diffusion method showed that the metal complexes have greater activity in their spectrum of antibiotics in compared with the employed standard drug in 20 ppm concentarations.

Diazotization of 2-aminobenzothiazole 1 through using sulfuric acid and sodium nitrite resulted in the formation of diazonium salt which reacted with alkaline solution of salicylaldehyde to produce azo-aldehyde derivative of benzothiazole 2. The resulting aldehyde 2 was condensed with the primary aromatic amines involving (4-nitroaniline, 3-nitroaniline, 4-hydroxyaniline, 4-methoxyaniline, 2-methoxyaniline, 4-bromoaniline, 4-chloroaniline and 2,4- dichloroaniline) using microwave irradiation method in absolute ethanol to produce eight imines of benzothiazole 3a-h, respectively. The imine compounds 3a-h have been treated with L-alanine using microwave irradiation in tetrahydrofuran afforded eight new imidazolidines 4a-h containing benzothiazole moiety, respectively. Preliminary antibacterial activity of the target compounds was investigated in vitro using two kinds of bacteria, Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aurous (Gram-positive). The results showed that the newly prepared imidazolidines (compounds 4c, 4d, 4f, 4g, and 4h) exhibited greater activities than gentamycin against Gram-positive bacteria. On the other hand, compounds 4c and 4f were also showed better activities against Gram-negative bacteria when compared with that of the control drug.

This work includes syntheses of new heterocyclic compounds of folic acid, The p-hydroxy benzaldehyde reaction with (pentanol, hexanol and heptanol) to produce (4-pentloxy, 4-hexaloxy and 4-hepteloxy) benzaldehyde, and compounds (p-hydroxy,p-chloro,p-nitro, 4-N,N-dimethyl) benzaldehyde and Vanillin reaction of folic acid with to produce Schiff bases. The Schiff base of benzaldehyde and Folic acid reaction with (4-pentloxy, 4- hexaloxy and4- hepteloxy) to produce Ester. The compounds have been identified using (FT-IR and ¹H NMR). The misomorphic phases were identified by polarized light microscope (POM) and measured transition temperatures for compound by differrntion scanning calorimeter (DSC) then study of liquid crystal where it was found that compounds of (1-8) gave liquid crystalline properties, where the compounds (1,2,3,5,6,7and8) gave the nematic phase, but the compound (4) gave the smectic phase in addition to the nematic phase, while compounds (9,10and11) where oily compounds and showed not liquid crystalline properties.

The influence of low temperature liquid nitriding as a surface heat treatment analogy with laser peening treatment at the various of throbs on pitting corrosion of the "AISI 316L Austenitic stainless steel" is investigated in this paper. According to typical ASTM (G71-31) a number of corrosion examination samples are equipped with the measurements of (15 * 15 * 3) mm which distributed into the many groups. Three sets were exposed to liquid nit riding process at temperatures of (500, 400, 300) C^o for one hour. The specimens (without coating) were exposed to a number of the throbs (1,2,3) by laser peening. Microstructure variations, compression residual stress, hardness, were inspected in this work. The corrosion and its variables (potential cell, current density) were also evaluated using the potential stat examination and applying the Tafel method using saltwater solution (3.5% NaCl). Tafle equation was used to compute the corrosion degree. The results revealed that the liquid nitriding participated to raise the corrosion rate at (500) C^o, compared to the original metal because of chromium nitride and also leaser peening participated to the increase in the corrosion rate due to plastic deformation which led to the heterogeneity in the microstructure but liquid nitriding at temperature (400) °C gave the best result where it was closer to the parent metal's, also laser peening at one throb showed the lower corrosion rate.

There are enormous methods to treat petroleum refinery wastewaters (PRW) that contain water-soluble hydrocarbons which cannot be separated by physical methods. Using microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a new PRW treatment method. Using potassium permanganate as cathodic electron acceptors in the cathode apartment of MFC with cheap proton exchange membrane instead of expensive Nafion was used in this work to treat PRW from Al Dura refinery. Potassium permanganate was used as cathodic electron acceptor to enhance MFC power production. So the effects of potassium permanganate amount on the MFC performance and PRW treatment results were investigated. Maximum power production at the room temperature of 1.0032 W/m2 using 0.125 g/L of permanganate concentration, the maximum COD removal efficiency was 71.24 % during 48 hours.

The aim of this study is to highlight hydrogen energy as an alternative energy for fossil fuel regarding its producing possibility from cheap, easy and available sources. Since hydrogen gas molecules are smaller than all other gases, they can be leakage through many materials despite considerations taken, which is so dangerous. Therefore, looking for hydrogen-carrier chemicals such as oils, ammonia, and other materials have been attracting the attention of the scientist around the world. Here we review a study about hydrogen energy and ammonia as a source and storage media, focusing on the evolution of hydrogen to be used into advanced power generation device and vehicles applications.

Thin films of Poly 4-bromoaniline organic Semiconductor polymer were prepared using electro deposition technique through oxidation polymerization by adding (2ml) HCl concentrated and (50) ml of Ammonium per sulfate concentrated (0.05M) to (50)ml of 4- bromoaniline (0.04M) at room temperature, The polymer was deposited on Silicon n-type substrate, Structural and optical properties of The thin films were characterized by technique: X-ray diffraction (XRD), (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscopy, uv-visb spectroscopy and sensing of thin film to H2 gas.

We developed colorimetric method to determine Mebeverine hydrochloride. Briefly, the principle of our method is the formation of ion associated complex between the drug and phenol red indicator. The spectrum of the complex was measured with maximum absorption at 396 nm – Beers law is followed over the range over 2 – 25 ug/ml with molar absorptivity of (7.57×10⁴L/Mol. Cm), a sandal sensitivity of (0.00615 μg. Cm ^-2), and the relative standard deviation RSD % (3.3974%), mean recovery was found to be in the range (96-99 %), and correlation coefficient of (R²=0.9941). However, the method accurately and successfully was performed to determine Mebeverine hydrochloride in bulk and pharmaceutical preparations.

A new metal-polymer catalyst in a stable colloidal system, were prepared. Iron-paraffin catalysts, nano sized particles, with different polymers have been matrixes were used to examine the effects of polystyrene and their derivatives on chemical/structural properties through Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) and the yield as well. Nano size iron-containing particles distributed are suspended in the hydrocarbon medium of the slurry-reactor were found to have great impact and high percent conversion of CO to more than 70%. Polystyrene derivatives found to interact with Fe species by the formation of Fe₃O₄ oxide and amorphous hydrolyzed δ-FeOOH which were formed at the given conditions. All catalysts with a polymer found to have a bimodal distribution particle. In structural aspects, polystyrene derivatives increases the dispersion of Fe species and inhibits the coagulation of active iron particles, and on other hand, the chemical and structural effects would cause the increase of the FTS efficiency towered the selectivity of heavy hydrocarbons and olefins during the FTS. The state of iron and polymer-paraffin matrix were examined utilizing XRD and AFM techniques which showed the forms of ground state of iron as Fe₃O₄ oxide and amorphous hydrolyzed δ-FeOOH were exists. When the polystyrene derivatives are introduced, the proportion of amorphous paraffin found to be less than that in a crystalline state. The maximum conversion of CO (71%) and the yield of liquid hydrocarbons (63g.m^-3) based on a cross-link polymer such as a polystyrene divinylbenzene (PS-DVB) used. A very interesting fact that the risen temperature found to have a small decrease in selectivity and an increase in conversion efficiency, this was observed in all reactions.

A mixed-ligand metal complexes with divalent ion Co, Ni and Cu containing 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane(3-APTES) as a primary ligand and 2,2-bipyridine as a secondary ligand were prepared. The new complexes were characterized by, Molar conductance measurement, magnetic susceptibility, Uv-visible spectra (Uv-Vis), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Nuclear magnetic resonance(¹H-NMR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA-DTA) and atomic absorption spectroscopy(ASS). FT-IR and ¹H-NMR spectra indicate that both ligands 3-APTES and 2,2-bipyridine are coordinated to the metal ions via nitrogen amino group in 3-APTES and nitrogen atoms for bpy. Molar conductance value for the complexes indicate that the complex are non-electrolyte. The TGA-DTA analysis shows that the degradation of complexes occurs between 200-593 °C. The complexes assume octahedral geometry in which the Co(II),Ni(II),Cu(II) have two molecules of 3-APTES and one molecule from 2,2-bipyridine in the coordination sphere.

In recent years elemental analysis of human biological samples has become more advanced in terms of human health. This study has investigated the chemical analysis of Iraqi human hair samples in relation to differing forms of smoking (active and non-smokers) collected from Karbala, Iraq. Hair samples were obtained from 236 individuals (32 females, 204 males) aged between 3 to 70 years. Methods were developed and validated for the analysis of minor elements (namely Na, Ca, Mg and Fe) in human scalp hair samples. Different washing procedures and digestion methods were studied. The effect of gender and smoking habit on elemental levels was examined and the results compared with published values in the literature. Significant correlations were found between the gender and the levels of these elements in scalp hair samples at a probability level P of 0.05. In addition, significant differences were found between the Ca levels in smokers and non smokers at P of 0.05.

The bonding in the hydride triruthenium carbonyl cluster [Ru₃ (μ-H)(μ₃-κ²-Haminox-N,N)(CO)₉ is investigated by using the Quantum Theory of Atoms-in-Molecules (QTAIM). Calculated metal–metal and metal–ligand bond critical points (bcp) properties, electron density ρ(b), Laplacian ∇²ρ(b), local energy density H(b), local kinetic (Lagrangian) energy density G(b), local potential energy density V(b) ellipticity ε(b), and bond delocalization indices δ(A, B) are consistent with the relevant transition metal clusters in the literature. The topological data recognizes bond paths (bp) and bond critical points for metal-metal interactions in the core of the hydride triruthenium cluster [Ru(1)-Ru(3) and Ru(2)-Ru(3)]. However, no direct bond path is found for the interaction between the hydride bridged Ru atoms, while a non-negligible delocalization index δ(Ru(1)...Ru(2)) is obtained for this non-bonding interaction. An interaction of 5-center 6-electron type is proposed for the core. The topological parameters of Ru-N oxazoline ring bond suggest a pure σ-bond.

This study was conducted to demonstrate the effect of plant extracts from the Nerium oleander L. plant and ultrasound waves of different frequencies (10-50) (20-45) (50-60) (30-65) KHz on the barnacle larvae cyprid of barnacle Balanus amphitrite amphitrite obtained from Nasiriya Thermal Power Station inlet water. Samples were collected bimonthly three replicates. The results of the Oleandrin 1 and 2.5 mg/500 ml showed a an effect of losing the larvae cyprid, 2.5 mg showed an increasing effect on the seventh day. A maximum losing of larvae cyprid was attained when using ultrasonic with conjunction of 2.5 mg Oleandrin extract reached 100% on the tenth day

In this study antimicrobial and antioxidant effect of methanolic and aqueous extracts of Salvia przewalskii seed oil were tested against four strain of bacteria (Streptococcus bovis, Proteus mirabillis, Enterococcus gallinarum, Escherichia coli) and two strain of fungi (Rhizopus oryzae and Rhizopus stolonifer). Aqueous and methanolic extracts of Salvia przewalskii seed oil were prepared by solvent extraction, the results showed the hydro distillation of seed parts of S. przewalskii in vitro yellow oils in dry weight ( 0.3% and 0.5 % (v/w; ml 50 g) products, antibacterial data showed higher ability towards E.coli (26.67±0.89) compared with standard streptomycin (22.78±0.49) and highest inhibition zone measured 25 mm . as well as methanol extract at (200mg/ml) recorded highest antioxidant ability (86.87±0.76) and DPPH scavenging activity at 20 μl/ml (89.56±0.47).

The antibacterial activity of Pomegranate molasses against Serratia marcescens bacteria was determined. The correlation between molasses and antibiotics were evaluated by using fractional inhibitory concentration.

The study included examination of 134 stool samples from several reigns in Basra province includes AL-Hyania reign and some Health Centers in Basra province from February to June 2015 for detection of Cryptosporidium spp oocysts. Each sample was concentrated with sedimentation method and stained with a modified Zheil - Nielsento detect of Cryptosporidium Oocytes. The study revealed 23.8% were positive with highest infection rate in young children between days - 1> year and 5 - >15 which reached 28% and 25% respectively.

This application studied some biochemical and technological techniques to identify, isolate and purified some of biological molecules from fruits of Plum tree . The study involved drying the sample with freeze dryer for 24 hrs . Then samples were performed with Soxhlet apparatus by protic solvent (PSI), aprotic solvent (ASI), and aprotic –protic solvent interaction( PASI) were used to extracted the molecules . Then recovered the excess solvent vy evaporation and condensation. The sample directly transformed to the flash column chromatography technique (FCC)and monitored by Thin layer chromatography (TLC) to isolate m-methoy-p-hydroxy benzoic acid (vanillic acid) or (VA) and m-methoxy-p-hydroxy ethyl Benzoate (Ethyl Vanillate) or EV in about 95% pure state. These molecules AV and EV elucidated by spectroscopic tools (UV-Vis, ATR-IR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, and Mass spectrometry).

Improvement of energy absorber in automotive and aircraft industry is a demanding requirement. Crashworthiness parameters designed to special interesting and could ensure the passengers safety and reduce fuel costs. Thin shells are the main structures of energy absorbing in transportation applications for collisions; it is very important to check their energy absorption and performance. In the present paper, composite materials of glass and epoxy conical shell structures of slipping solid steel cone are studied experimentally. The effect of crush rate and crushing behaviour on failure modes and energy absorption are investigated in details. The specific and volumetric energy absorption capabilities are studied and failure modes for quasi-static analyses were investigated. One type of semi-vertex angle (P) of conical tubes was 10 degrees with stacking sequence of 90/45/-45/90. The composite material specimens were loaded and compressed at various crush speed rates of 5, 10, 15 and 20 mm/min. The results of composite structures are demonstrated and showed that the conical shapes with speed rate of 5 mm/min absorbed high specific energy and displayed more stability in load-stroke curve.