Table of contents

Dear Authors and Participants of ICCEA 2019,

On behalf of the conference committees, I am pleased to declare that we had really successful three days of 2019 2nd International Conference on Civil Engineering and Architecture (ICCEA 2019), which was held jointly in Seoul, South Korea during September 21-23, 2019, sponsored by Seoul National University. Again, the conference was of great success, totally beyond my expectation, having a diverse group of expertise and backgrounds. Not to mention that participants are geographically diverse. I was glad to confirm that such diverse expertise and participants were somehow connected, forming a coherent conference environment and creating synergistic learning and sharing.

ICCEA is the premier forum for the presentation of new advances and research results in the fields of theoretical, experimental, and practical civil engineering and architecture. The conference indeed brought together leading researchers, engineers and architects in the domain of interest from around the world.

ICCEA 2019 were composed of 6 oral parallel sessions, 4 keynote speeches delivered respectively by Prof. Ashraf El Damatty, The University of Western Ontario, Canada; Prof. Youngjin Lee, Boston Architectural College & Sasaki Associates, Inc., USA; Prof. T.C. Pong, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong; and Prof. Patrick Safran, Incheon National University, South Korea; and finally, I would like to thank you to all of our conference committees and participants for always being supportive to the conferences and coming to Seoul during your busy schedule. As expected, the conference was proven to be intellectually stimulating to all of us.

Hope all enjoyed the conference, the food, the hospitality, as well as the beautiful and charming environment of Seoul. I look forward to seeing you again in Beijing in Sept. 2020!

Oct. 1, 2019

Dr. Thomas Kang

Professor, Seoul National University, South Korea

Conference Chair, ICCEA 2019

tkanq@snu.ac.kr

List of Conference Chair, Program Chairs and Technical Committees are available in this PDF.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

The purpose of this study is to prepare environmentally friendly and highly sustainable concrete for an ever-increasing demand of concrete in the construction industry. In the study both natural course and fine aggregates were partially replaced by recycled concrete aggregate from construction and demolition wastes. High performance alkali activated concrete was prepared by utilizing pozzolanic industrial wastes as a binder which fully replaced cement powder. High volume of fly ash with 30%, 40% and 50% replacement of slag was used as a main binder. NaOH and Na2Si03 with an alkali modulus of 0.6 were used as an alkali activator solution. The findings of this research revealed that alkali activated recycled aggregate concrete have competitive engineering properties with respect to cement concrete with natural aggregate. The UPV and thermal conductivity test results were found to be 4302 m/s and 1.425 W- m-l-K-1 respectively. The results of this study will pave the way towards the better practice of sustainable concrete construction by replacing the cement and natural aggregate in one concrete mix.

The problem of determining the stress state in a section of bending reinforced concrete beams with an initial and operational cracks has been solved analytically. To this end, a system of two nonlinear algebraic equations has been obtained from the equilibrium conditions of the part of the beam cut along the crack line. From this system, for a beam with an initial crack, the height of the compression zone and the nominal stress at the crack tip are determined, and for an operational crack, the height of the compression zone and the length of the crack are determined. The remaining parameters of the stress state are expressed in terms of these values. There is also determined the value of the external moment above which an increase in the initial length of the crack occurs.

Determining the stress intensity factor (SIF) is based on the assumptions that the longitudinal forces are equal at the crack tip, with and without stress concentration. The size of the stress concentration zone is determined from the condition that the local stress is equal to the nominal stress. On this basis, the formula for determining the SIF is obtained. The paper analyzes the SIF dependence on the crack length and the bending moment.

The method of calculation is valid for beams of arbitrary cross-section, but explicit dependences are given for beams of rectangular cross-section most frequently encountered in production.

The results obtained allow estimating the bearing capacity of beams with a crack, as well as their crack resistance according to the force criterion of fracture mechanics.

Assembled steel structure housing has the advantages of low cost, light weight and flexible space arrangement, which has been largely used in government-subsidized housing in China. Meanwhile with the rising of assembled steel structure housing, precast concrete facade panels have been widely used. In this paper, the research on the seismic performance of assembled steel frame with precast concrete facade panels in China is summarized and discussed, including the influence of precast concrete facade panels, flexible connections and the seismic performance of steel frame influenced by precast concrete facade panels. According to the research status, the mechanical characteristic of the precast concrete facade panels following the deformation of steel frames; the seismic performance influence of the main structure in rare earthquakes because of the flexible connections are analysed. This paper provides a reference for seismic theory establishment of assembled steel structure housing envelope system.

The continuous growth of the population also brings about an increase in traffic that traverse our roads. Due to this increase in the volume of traffic, pavements are subjected to more distress which can lead to its failure. Studies have been performed in order to address these issues on material properties. At present time, waste disposal has been a challenge for various industries. And of the wastes that are abundant in our surroundings, plastic is proving to be a major problem because it poses a major threat to the environment. As a possible solution to the growing problem of the disposal of plastic wastes as well as the constant pursuit to improve the properties of materials, recycling and incorporating plastic to construction materials has been explored in various studies. This study aims to assess the effects of Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) and Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) as an additive to Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) on the stability, flow and bulk specific gravity of the paving mix. A parametric study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of additive concentration (4%, 7% and 10% by weight of asphalt binder), particle size (2.36 mm, 4.57 mm, and 9.5 mm) and mixing temperature (145° C, 160 ° C, and 175 ° C) on the stability, flow and bulk specific gravity of Plastic Waste Bitumen Binder (PWBB). Results show that adding PET and LDPE as additive increases the stability by 36.82%, improves the flow by 22% and it also increases the bulk specific gravity by 2.36% compared to a traditional bituminous mixture.

The term soil reinforcement is conventional since decades ago for the stabilization of soft ground such as of clay and peat. Numerous research has arisen in the utilization of natural fibres as the reinforcement materials. Cost reduction, increment of sustainability awareness and eco-friendly environment are some of the advantages when using natural fibres to stabilize soft ground. A research study was carried out to evaluate the strength of the soft soil when unreinforced and reinforced using natural fibres. The findings on the experimental investigation of the study will be presented in this paper. Crushed coir fibres were used to reinforce an intermediate plasticity soft clay where both materials were collected locally in Brunei Darussalam. The crushed coir fibres were added at 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% to the dry weight of the sample. A series of an unconsolidated undrained Tri-axial test was conducted on the unreinforced and reinforced samples where the behaviour of the samples were observed and compared. The results indicated that inclusion of fibres affects the soil's undrained shear strength. It was observed that increasing the percentage inclusion increases the undrained shear strength of the soil, up to a certain amount. Further increment of fibres, however, does not show further improvement in the undrained shear strength.

Urban ventilation is considered as one parameter, which impacts on building energy consumption and outdoor living condition. This study primarily investigates the effect of street canyon characteristics as well as its orientations on wind pattern and velocity in street canyon via using urban microclimate simulation model, ENVI-met. The wind simulations are performed with four aspect ratios or height-to-width ratio (H/W), three canyon lengths, and four canyon orientations. Calculated wind velocity measured at 1.5 m height of the centre of the street and pedestrian on both sides of the street ranges from 0.2 to 0.97 m/s. N-S and NW-SE canyons, which oriented parallel to the prevailing wind has greater wind velocity than those oriented perpendicular to the wind. The wind velocity is sensitive to aspect ratio and canyon length. The wind velocity in shallow canyon is mostly higher than those in the deep canyon. However, increasing the canyon length considerably improves the low wind speed in the deep canyon up to twice.

The form of rural settlements is not determined by a single factor, but by various factors. With a particular focus on settlement morphology and natural energy, this study introduces thermodynamic architecture theory to discuss the relationship between rural settlement morphology and environmental energy, starting from the analysis of the relationship between rural settlement morphology and building density, building order and settlement boundary dispersion, trying to provide a reference for the updated design of traditional settlements. The first part of this paper explains the research method of settlement form based on thermodynamic architecture theory from the theoretical level trying to construct the analysis framework of settlement form typology based on energy concept. The second part introduces the coupling between thermodynamic energy concept and morphology from the methodological level. The relationship between the three energy correlation factors of intensity, order and dispersion and settlement morphology is studied. In this paper, two settlement cases are quantitatively analysed by simulation and mathematical analysis. In conclusion, it proposes a new perspective for the morphological analysis of rural settlements, which provides a feasible framework for further research on energy utilization and microclimate comfort of settlements. This study also provides a preliminary concept for the integration of the buildings type and thermodynamic study of vernacular architecture in the future.

The most important component in groundwater basin are recharge and discharge area. The direction of recharge component is downward while discharge is upward. To discover local recharge and discharge boundary area of the Jakarta groundwater basin, this experimental research is using many cross sections and some hydraulic parameters of many studies that has been conducted before, then simulated it in finite element program SEEP2D (GMS) and finally validated it with bore log and monitoring wells. Ten cross sections selected from 3 studies based on head contour, stratigraphy and groundwater river interaction to be simulated in finite element method SEEP2D (GMS) then the result is validated. Since the result of the investigation is not finished yet, this paper wants to demonstrate the methodology that being conducted in the research with the horizontal map hypothesis. The map hypothesis is evident compare to the real situation of Jakarta groundwater basin today and it is approved that the method that is being used in this research is eligible and appropriate to find the boundary area of recharge and discharge. In the future this recharge and discharge boundary area horizontal map of Jakarta groundwater basin result will encourage many practical solutions in supporting Jakarta groundwater basin management.

The identification of garbage at several points along the Badung river shows a low level of public awareness of the environment. The origin of the contents of the garbage in the Badung river comes from various human activities such as industry, household and nature. Although there is a trash rack, but it is not optimal in reducing plastic waste carried on the river. There are several reasons that cause people to throw garbage into the river. Among other things, disposing of garbage into the river is considered more practical and freer, the lack of garbage disposal facilities around the river and has become a culture. Therefore, research was conducted on community behaviour in disposing of garbage along the Badung river. The results showed trigger factors variable with a very influential factor, namely the existence of a disease of 79%. And as many as 5% of the people feel that the availability of Temporary Disposal Site facilities has no effect. The waste management system will be managed directly by the Waste Self-Management Group in each village, as an effort to build an integrated system. It also educates the public how to sort, manage and utilize waste. With the proper governance, of course, it can reduce the volume of waste to landfill.

Climate adaptation represents the thermodynamic state of building systems by feedback of form, material and spatial organization. This article proposes a new method to research the climate adaptability of vernacular architecture. Taking Shentan Village settlement as a case study, we search for the architectural prototype from the perspective of thermodynamics by simulations of LADYBUG+HONEYBEE tools, extract the architectural elements related to the specific climate characteristics, and systematically analyse the internal logic of energy flow in vernacular buildings by energy systems language.

This study aims to investigate and compare architectural design including layout planning and stupa design of Thai and Mon Buddhist temples in Sam-Khok district. The data collection is gained from literature reviews, field observation, and interview. It is found that the design of these two temples is slightly transformed from those of the royal temples in terms of the layout axis and size of stupa. The change of the main access from water-based to land-based approach effects the layout of Buddhavas and Sangkhawas zones. These findings can provide an understanding of influential factors on architectural design of Thai and Mon Temples. It is benefiting the cultural tourism development in Sam-Khok district.

Since the 1990s, under the pressure of marketing, the box was set up in the NBA (National Basketball Association) arena in the United States, which made the application of the box in the stadium popular. The study of boxes is of far-reaching significance for stadiums and gymnasiums. It not only improves the current situation of poor operation and low utilization rate of stadiums and gymnasiums, but also responds to the needs of consumers for the commerciality and entertainment of stadiums and gymnasiums.

The support of tourism industry from Thai government leads to the increasing demand and development of accommodation in the less visited cities including Nakhon Si Thammarat, which has been mostly visited in comparison to the other less visited cities since 2017. There is a high demand in small hotel accommodation type in Nakhon Si Thammarat whereas apartment buildings are oversupplied and becoming obsolete. This study aims to propose a step-by-step process for the adaptation of apartments to small hotels in Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand. Research method includes interviews with tourists, small hotel developers, the apartment developer and the expert in the adaptation of buildings to small hotels. The findings show the alignments between data from the interviews and what have been found in the literature that were developed to a proposed step-by-step process on the adaptation of apartments to small hotels. This study provides the adaptation process based on the case of Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand. More cases are required to test the step-by-step process in order to increase the validity and to make further progress. Further study could focus on feasibility analysis and the implementation of the step-by-step process in other cities to find out the similarities and dissimilarities regarding the different contexts of the cases.

Transforming the single-storey large space of traditional sports buildings into vertical extension space of multi-level venues, the multi-level sports complex achieves efficient use of resources by introducing a combination of recreation and social functions. Analyzing the key design points of the cascade-type gymnasium based on relevant criteria and standards of evaluating sports buildings, this paper establishes a multi-layer evaluation system to achieve synergistic energy efficiency design. It also provides a reference for expanding the efficient design of sports complexes.

To carry out the construction project management work effectively, the organization interface management in the workflow is a fundamental challenge.In the ongoing project, multiple project teams need to cooperate multi-party andcomplete project product delivery in different work interfaces. Organizational interface withinworkflow will help system planning and management in the engineering field. In this study, we first propose the evaluation indicators of engineering participants and tie strength between different organizations usingthe design structure matrix (DSM). Then we construct a multi-domain matrix (MDM) based on organization-to-project by correlating multiple participants in the project with the workload completion degree and present a comprehensive strength between the organization and the project to identify the crucial project interface.Finally, we give an engineering case to illustrate the proposed method and discuss its practical value. The proposed methods reinforce several managerial practicesfor the construction organization and project arrangement.

Modular steel structure with a 100% assembly rate, is one of significant methods to realize building industrialization. It has an extensive application prospect due to the short construction cycle and small impact on the surrounding environment.. Based on the characteristics of modular architecture, this paper takes the work of the 2018 Chinese College Students Steel Structure Innovation Competition as an example to discuss the design possibilities of student dormitories. However, due to production mode and transportation conditions, modular building also has some limitations for application. Through research on design, this paper makes the breakthroughs in the design limitations of modular building.

The topic of body is closely related to architecture. Based on the Anthony Vidler's and others' study on the relationship between body and architecture, this paper studies the relationship between body and architecture from a historical perspective, including the concept of body in philosophical context, the projection of body in classical architecture, and the metaphor of body in postmodern architecture. The theory of body has had an important influence on the architectural form at the beginning of the development of architecture, and then expanded the understanding of architecture at different stages. Recently, with the environmental issues and sustainable development getting more and more attention, the relationship between body theory and architecture will also face new development potentials and opportunities. Reconsidering architecture from the perspective of body perception and paying attention to the interaction between psychology and environment is an opportunity for the development of body and architecture, which may lead to theoretical and practical guidance of more contemporary significance.

Lots of industrial architecture heritages which remain the utility and aesthetic values at the present times are preserved in Shanghai which is one of the earliest industrial cities in modern China. Shanghai as the most exoteric and cutting-edge city among other countries around the world, has the distinct regional feature of avant-garde. Based on the methodologies of field investigations and case studies, the utility and aesthetic value of industrial architectural heritages in Shanghai are integrated with avant-garde for the purpose of reshaping their physical and psychic space.

Many studies and planning projects related to Thailand metro system is now highly concentrating on the improvements of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) and the feeder system to ensure smooth transferring for users traveling from their origins to destinations. Leaving off policies related measures, improvements that could immediately focus in order to enhance the smooth transfer services are infrastructure and land-use developments. This study evaluates relationships of accessibility variables, focused on service design and land-usages, and demand of metro ridership. The objective is to improve the understanding of what types of expanding infrastructures or land deployments that could help to support the metro system and encouraging more transit ridership. The existing Bangkok metro stations are the case study area for this research. Gathered data are transport services, roadway infrastructures, and land use. These data are available in the Geographic Information System format and ready to extract as testing variables at each station. Relationship between the number of transit ridership and variables form transport services, network connectivities, and land use are explore based on the correlation analysis. Results from the study found that the number of bus lines, bus stops, and railway stations are associated with the transit ridership, while there is no relationship between ridership demands and ferry services. Further for land-use perspective, the commercial, industrial, and mixed-used area have a significant influence on the ridership demand while there is no signal from the Residential area.

The scouring phenomenon is one of the causes of bridge damage in the world. This scouring phenomenon has various kinds such as local scour and contraction scour. There are various equations for calculating pier scouring, including Colorado State University equations, Frochelin and others. A computer program is needed to facilitate the calculation of pier scouring, HEC-RAS based on Finite Difference Method was chosen to simulate pier scouring problem. Up until now, there has not been any research to quantify the uncertainty of bridge scour HEC RAS based of experiment. The objective of this study to validate the pier scouring calculation by comparing the expected value of pier scouring results of HEC-RAS with an experiment and CSU equation. The HEC-RAS was evaluated using experimental data that had been carried out by Shukri in 2017. Furthermore purpose of this study is determining which the variable that is sensitive to the depth of scouring. The sensitive variables are determined by performing sensitivity analysis of the variables on HEC-RAS using the Pearson correlation coefficient method and regression analysis. Error propagation is done to get the uncertainty value from pier scouring due to the influence of sensitive variables.

The comprehensive performance evaluation for engineering project has received much consideration from academic and corporate over the past decade, developing rapidly and becoming a main area of research for dealing with the complexity of construction management. This paper develops a multistage fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model with systematic and synergy-focused appraisal system from a value chain analysis perspective by using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), to help the industrial practitioners conduct the performance evaluation in a fuzzy environment by handling the vagueness and subjectivity with parameterized linguistic values. The work presented in this paper may help managers and business professionals not only to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of the management but also to distinguish the important criteria for creation in value chain, to remain competitive in the market.

In the recent 30 years, Shanghai experienced fast urbanization which landscape shows various types of conflicts among the modern forms and the traditional forms. The insertion of new typologies in the traditional district introduces new urban characteristics and dynamics, which are not typically associated with the traditionally framed cities. The constructions of substantial industrial and commercial projects have caused the demolition of traditional urban forms. Urban designers aspire to revitalize the traditional neighborhood by combining urban fabrics without destroying the structure of the historic neighborhood. This paper attempts to exam the effectiveness of the urban network, the continuity of public structures and operational interactions between new projects and the local context through the study of a "failed" regeneration project in Shanghai, China. Consequently, this paper raised rules in reconnecting the city fabrics towards differential urbanism.

Gap acceptance plays an important role in intersection design and signal warrant. This study investigates gap acceptance of drivers in Yangon, Myanmar. Three T-intersections were selected for study sites; two intersections in the urban area and the other one in Yangon suburb. As Yangon drivers drove on the right-hand side, the key movements that defined the intersection capacity would include left-turn from the major stream (LT-major), right-turn from the minor stream (RT-minor), and left-turn from the minor stream (LT-minor). Raff's method was applied to determine the gap acceptance for these three conflicting movements. The result showed that the gap acceptance for LT-minor was the longest ranging between 7 to 15 seconds. The shortest gap acceptance belonged to the RT-minor for 4 to 8 seconds. The gap acceptance at urban sites was also shorter than that of suburban in all three movements. The drivers tended to decrease their gap acceptance when the traffic volume increased. However, the relationship between the gap acceptance and traffic flow was not significant.

DKI Jakarta has been the most prospective destination for Indonesian low-income urban migrants to find jobs. The need for affordable housing for low-income people increase along with the rise of low-income urban migrants' number. Providing houses for Indonesian low-income people has become the Indonesian government's concern as the housing providers for many years. There were unmatched between the housing government-supplied and the demands of the low-income people. Low-income people have unique preferences in choosing their residences. Moreover, the previous studies show one's preferences on housing develop over one's lifecycle, namely housing career. The preferences for living space is one of the house attribute importance that considered in choosing a residence. This paper will discuss the low-income people preferences on the living spaces and the changes of these preferences over their lifecycle, especially in their early housing career. The research method used distribution of living space preference changes by selected independent variables and bivariate statistical analysis with Pearson Contingency Coefficient. The study took five of the most populated districts in DKI Jakarta and used snowball sampling on 420 respondents. The paper discussion only focuses on 369 of 420 respondents who have at least 2-residence-career, while the other respondents have never moved out from their first residence. This study found that the majority of respondents consider living space when choosing their residence, and almost half of the preferences change along with the changes in the lifecycle. The results of this study are expected to be a consideration for the Indonesian government in providing affordable housing for Indonesian low-income people.