Table of contents

The development of any contrived device, structure or product is conceivable due to material science; hence, it is thrust area of research. Engineers play a vital role in sustainable development by scheduling and execution that preserve natural resources, cost-effectiveness and support human and natural environment. Materials and Energy segments are continuously demanded by Science and Technology. Necessity of state-of-the-art materials for aerospace, automobile and various industries worldwide made many opportunities. Therefore, novel materials which are environmental friendly, inexpensive and energy efficient should get developed worldwide. Innovations and developments without sustainability have no significance in present eras. Therefore, thought process should be directed towards sustainability.

We are honoured to state that International Conference on Sustainable Innovations in Civil and Mechanical Engineering, ICSICME-2020 will benefit to expand realistic and achievable Innovations in the arena of materials of Civil and Mechanical Engineering which in the long run aimed to bring together scientists, researchers, technologists and industrialists across the world to exchange their views and ideas for better possible scientific collaborations in the domain of interest. This will also help to expand the network and exchange knowledge for future collaborations. The scientific programme of the conference includes keynote speech, plenary and invited talks along with papers in the form of oral and poster presentations. We hope that they would have a very successful conference and vastly benefited by its deliberations.

It gives us immense pleasure to thank the International, National and Technical Advisory committees as well as reviewer for their generous cooperation and advice. We wish to express our sincere thanks for participating in ICSICME-2020 and sharing your valuable ideas in the field. We are grateful to media partners Conal Conference Alerts and EasyChair for wide promotional of ICSICME-2020. We acknowledge the Publisher IOP Publishing Ltd., UK for journal publication support extended to ICSICME-2020. We also express sincere thanks to all sponsors and well-wishers for their valued support and co-operation. Also, we are very much thankful to Ministry of External Affairs, Govt. of India, New Delhi, for granting political clearance to organize conference.

We would also like to acknowledge the dedication of all the teaching, nonteaching staff of SKN Sinhgad College of Engineering, Pandharpur, India. We once again thank everyone for their co-operation, support directly and indirectly in making ICSICME-2020 success.

Thank you.

Dr. Kailash J. Karande

Dr. Sampat G. Deshmukh

Dr. Swanand G. Kulkarni

28^th February, 2020

Pandharpur, India

Editors

International Conference on Sustainable Innovations in Civil and Mechanical Engineering (ICSICME-2020)

Organised by and List of Chief Patrons, Chairperson, Convener, Co-convener, International Advisory Committee, National Advisory Committee, Technical Advisory Committee are available in this pdf.

List of editors are available in this pdf.

List of photographs are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

The mechanical characteristic of cement concrete with incorporation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) has been investigated in this paper. Disparate concrete mixes were prepared incorporating CNT-to-cement weight fractions of 0.075, 0.1, 0.125 wt.% in traditional concrete. The flexural and compressive strength were determined after 7 and 28 days of curing. The results of the experimental work showed the maximum increase in the strength was almost 1.5times than the conventional concrete which is believed to occur due to effective dispersion and nano-scale particle size. This was obtained in mix containing 0.075 wt.% of CNTs, making it the optimum content for improving strength parameters. Moreover, the post cracking strength of concrete after CNTs addition was found to be more than the conventional concrete with the reduction in the abrasion of the concrete.

A CFG Cement, Fly-ash and Gravel piles are one of the most popular approaches in geotechnical engineering for load transfer in soft soil and ground improvement in railway, road embankment, high rise building. Its behaviors are like as semi-rigid types of the pile. The analysis and computation of ultimate axial compression load and lateral load in soft soil experiments were conducted in a laboratory to obtaining the response of a single CFG pile. The experimental model of CFG pile is made up of cement fly ash and gravel cast in situ types ascertained using physical scaling fundamental, based on material size, properties, a grade of Mix and prototype of pile foundation. Moreover, the in-situ bored CFG piles have been cast in 70 mm and 100 mm external diameters for Laboratory tests. Hence the different CFG pile lengths are considered for variable L/D ratios. All the experiments were performed on soft clay under independent axial compression and lateral load test; it is also to investigate the combined effect of axial compression and lateral load. It has been observed that the behavior of CFG piles under independent individual loading is significantly different when compared with combined loading. It also derives the relationship between the ultimate load in axial compression and lateral loading as well as in the combined effect of loading. It observed that the ratio of ultimate lateral load and axial load in individual to combined loading are significantly increasing. However, the CFG pile vertical deflection/Lateral displacement at considering with its safe factor of lateral load/axial compression was increasing effectively. In addition to determining the safe axial load / lateral load that has been considering in the present study may be required for design limiting displacement/deflection failure criteria of the CFG pile effectively under combined load. It is noted that the CFG pile imposition with combined loading can substantially improve the soil properties and can lead to the economy in the design of foundations.

In presented paper through experimental investigation is carried out with fiber laser system so as to evaluate the effects of laser surface hardening process parameters on the microhardness (width and depth) of the laser treated En24 steel using a Taguchi method. The optical microscope and microhardness tester is used to examine the microstructure, microhardness (width and depth) of the laser hardened samples across the heat affected zone. The selected process parameters were laser beam power (210, 225 and 300 W), laser scanning speed (1.0, 5.5 and 10.0 mm/s) and standoff distance (175, 200 and 225 mm) respectively. The laser treated hardened surface layer has a microhardness of 728.1 HV_0.3 and reached a microhardness depth of 2471.44 µm, which is twice as high as untreated samples of En24 steel. From this study, it can be summarized that the microhardness of laser treated samples is maximized by controlling laser beam power, laser scanning speed and standoff distance, which improves the service life of laser-treated En24 steel components. The percentage error within the acceptable range was found to be small and was obtained by comparing the microhardness values obtained from the experimental results and predicted microhardness values obtained by using nonlinear regression equation.

A chain is the most crucial element of sugar industry required for transmitting power and conveying of sugar cane, sugar & bagasse, etc. As these chains operate under various forces, failure of chain assembly is the major problem. The main cause of this failure is ineffective manufacturing processes like cold piercing method. The bearing length of the conveyor link hole is lesser (approx 33% straight and the remaining 67 % taper). The breaking strength is directly proportional to the bearing length of the conveyor chain link hole. Therefore, the bearing length is always desired higher. Only a few studies report in the literature related to the effect of bearing length on braking load. Thus, there is scope for work. This work is focused on hot piercing of the conveyor chain link of bagasse carrier to enhance the breaking load by increasing the bearing length of the pierced hole. It is carried out by varying heating temperature of chain link from 650°c to 850°c with an interval of100°c, by keeping variable clearance between punch and die. The bearing length is measured by using a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM). The comparative analysis is carried out for bearing lengths obtained at the cold condition and three hot conditions at temperatures650°c, 750°c, 850°c, respectively. The higher bearing length required for enhancing the breaking strength of the conveyor chain is predicted as an outcome of the study. This study is useful in Conveyor Manufacturing Industry.

Hard turning for the machining of hardened steels by using super abrasive cutting tool materials is a comparatively newer manufacturing technology. Due to phenomenal advancements in super abrasive tool materials and machine tool technologies, hard turning becoming a potential alternate machining process to the traditional grinding. Hard turning offers many distinguished benefits over grinding process including fewer machining setups, shorter manufacturing time, lower manufacturing cost, achieving grinding comparable product quality. Fewer machining setups bring higher manufacturing flexibility, and lower the investment cost in machine tools in comparison to grinding. It is possible to carryout hard turning without coolant that eliminates the detrimental effect of coolants on the human health and environment. These benefits made hard turning a popular alternative for the automotive and bearing manufacturing industries for machining of cam shafts, gears, crank shafts, bearings, dies and mould. This paper reviews the researches that were performed on hard turning using cutting tool materials; cemented tungsten carbide (WC), poly-crystalline cubic-boron-nitride (PCBN) and ceramics. The research findings related to the effect of cutting parameters, tool geometry and surface coating on the tool life and tool wear phenomena of these hard turning tool materials in the hard turning of major steels used in automotive and bearing manufacturing industries have been discussed.

The hazardous effect of plastic is increasing day by day due to its usage in household and kitchen appliances. The researchers all over the world are looking for alternate material and Sustainable development without appropriate and biodegradable material is not possible. Use of natural resources in various material applications will give support for a rural development as well as it will help ecosystem. The present work provides information about availability of various natural substances which possesses great potential to be used in composite material. The present work also provides information of various techniques useful for manufacturing natural composites

The recent earthquake reconnaissance reports revealed that a large residual displacement had led to the devastation of bridge piers due to serviceability concerns. Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) is the distinctive category of smart materials, which can sustain enormous deformations and reappear to a parent shape after removal of loading or by removal of heat. Replacing the typical steel reinforcement with SMA reinforcement in the potential plastic hinge regions of bridge piers could reduce the residual displacement of a pier. This study is focused on the numerical investigation of circular bridge piers with SMA-based reinforcement in the plastic hinge regions to mitigate the residual displacement. The numerical model of a bridge pier is validated using the experimental results of SMA-reinforced bridge pier. Dynamic time history analyses are performed to compare the performance of SMA-reinforced bridge piers with steel-reinforced bridge piers under the effect of various earthquake ground motions. The results are represented in terms of displacement, base shear, and ductility. Moreover, the influence of several parameters on the performance of bridge piers is investigated, i.e., aspect ratio, axial load ratio, and compositions of SMA. The numerical results have indicated the effectiveness of bridge piers reinforced with SMA by reducing the residual displacement after major earthquake events.

Geopolymer technology is nascent technology in the world of concrete. Indian standard code is not available for geopolymer concrete. However, at the initial stage, mix design of plain geopolymer concrete is done by testing various parameters. Calcium based, sodium based and potassium based solutions are available in the market. Sodium based alkaline solutions are used in the present research. Here, 100% replacement of cement is done with fly ash. Fly ash used is Pozzocrete 63. Geopolymer concrete with addition of crimped steel fibers are used in the research. Molarity is finalized as 13M and ratio of Na2SiO3/NaOH is finalized as 2.Alkaline solution to fly ash ratio is taken in the research. Crimped steel fibers of aspect ratio 70 and 100 are added in geopolymer concrete. Results obtained shows that as aspect ratio of crimped steel fibers increases there is increase in compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength of concrete. It is observed that as the aspect ratio of fibers increased up to some extent, its compressive strength is also increased.

With high strength and stiffness composites are being widely used as structural materials. The properties of composites can further improve by reinforcing with advanced structural components like shape memory alloys (SMA). In the present study nonlinear buckling analysis of laminated composite plate with layer of shape memory alloys are done. Finite element governing equation based higher order shear deformation theory with principle of virtual work is considered. Properties of composite plates are formulated with micro-mechanical approach. A MATLAB program is developed with nine nodes isoperimetric element. Influence of volume fraction of SMA, recovery stress, with and without SMA layer, with temperature on critical buckling load is revealed. Convergence and validation study presented here shows the exactness and efficiency of the model.

A comparison in tribological response characteristics of as-cast Al-SiCp functionally graded composite material (FGM) dry sliding against hardened EN-31 steel under unidirectional and oscillatory sliding modes was investigated for a sliding/oscillating velocity of 0.4m/s slid through 500m utilizing a pin-on-disc configuration. The A356/10 wt.% SiCp FGM was prepared using vertical centrifugal casting technique. The microstructure characterization was done by Leica optical microscope, and the microstructural analysis revealed the presence of different zones due to the radial gradient distribution of SiCp reinforcement. The hardness variation was found to have a good correlation with its microstructural features at different zones of FGM. Wear loss against load curve indicated an increase in trend for both sliding modes, whereas the coefficient of friction versus load plot showed a decreasing trend for both cases under an identical set of operating parameters. Further, oscillatory wear loss of FGM/EN-31 steel tribopair was observed to be higher in comparison with unidirectional sliding mode for the entire load range, (30-150N) investigated. At the same time, the coefficient of friction of tribopair in oscillatory sliding mode was found to lower than the unidirectional mode.

Composite plate found numerous applications in various structures due to its superior properties like high stiffness to weight and strength to weight ratio. Generally, cutouts in these structural elements are unavoidable for many purposes like access to internal parts, ventilation and sometimes to prevent resonance. These geometrical discontinuities in the form of cutouts may be of different shapes and arise nonuniform stress in the plate. Therefore, it becomes necessary to analyse stress concentration factor near cutouts and effect of shape of cutouts on axial deformation and stress distribution for better safety and stability of structure. In the present investigation a Carbon/epoxy composite plate with various shape of cutout subjected to in-plane tensile loading is considered. Finite element based plane stress analysis is used for mathematical modeling. A program for the present analysis is developed in MATLAB. Variation of in-plane displacement and stress concentration factor (SCF) with various shape of cutout is determined. The effect of the geometry of hole on the stress distribution around the hole is also studied. The results of various analyses have been presented with the help of tables, graphs, and nodal plots.

Shape memory alloy (SMA) is a smart material sustain (8∼13%) an enormous amount of strain and having an ability to regain parental shape after the removal of an external load and temperature due to its pseudo-elastic (SE) and shape memory effect (SME) properties. The SE and SME properties, lower modulus of elasticity, and higher elastic straining of SMA compared to conventional steel reinforcement makes it predictable for the design of the reinforced concrete (RC) structure. The present research is focused on the seismic investigation of RC columns reinforced with SMA rebar in the plastic hinge region along with stainless steel (SS) in the remaining portion of the column. A nonlinear static pushover seismic analysis is used for the numerical investigation of SMA-SS RC column. The numerical model is validated having 98% accuracy with existing literature results. The impact of various parameters on SMA-SS RC column is evaluated for SMA in the plastic hinge region. The results reveal that an aspect ratio, the yield strength of reinforcement, the compressive strength of concrete and axial load are significantly affecting the lateral strength and the ductility of the column under seismic loading.

Bridge piers are the most perilous structural elements under the effect of enormous earthquake ground motions. The large residual deformation of a bridge pier turns out into the failure of an entire bridge structure. Thus, in the last decades, numerous novel materials were developed to reduce the residual displacement after the post-earthquake events. Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) is a special class of composite material, which can sustain enormous deformations and reappears to its parent state. The numerical results of SMA-reinforced bridge piers using non-linear finite element tools are compared with the experimental results. Two methods of statistical analysis are adopted for this study: One-Factor-at-a-Time (OFAT) Method, and Full-Factorial Design Method. Three variable material parameters, such as the compressive strength of concrete, the yield strength of steel, and the type of SMA composition are considered. Three levels for each factor are considered. The results of this research are presented in terms of drift values at various performance criteria, i.e., cracking, spalling, yielding, and crushing. Further, the regression analysis is performed to determine the relationship between material properties of SMA-reinforced bridge piers and the drift values at various performance criteria.

Functionally graded material (FGM) is the perfect blend of two (or more) material phases of different materials and functional performance that vary in definite direction within the geometry. It was first introduced by group of scientist in 1984 for shielding and thermal barrier. In the present paper single edge cracked plate under different loadings are used to observe the behavior of FGM plate under different loading conditions by using extended finite element method (XFEM). The basic formulation is carried out in MATLAB environment by XFEM using interaction integral (M-integral) through partition of unity method. In the presentstudy the main focus is to utilize XFEM to find mixed mode stress intensity factor (MMSIF) of edge cracked FGM plate under the action of uniform tensile, shear, combined (tensile and shear) and point load.

Surface roughness and material removal rate (MRR) are important technological parameters which describe quality of machined surfaces and productivity of machining process. Surface roughness and MRR are significantly influenced by many interactive process parameters dynamically but those are difficult to quantify adequately in any machining process. Wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) is one of the advanced machining processes which used thin wire as cutting tool for creating intricate features on machined parts. In WEDM, optimizing surface roughness(Ra) and material removal rate (MRR) combinedly by controlling process variables namely pulse on time, pulse off time, wire feed, voltage gap, etc, is difficult task and much needed area of research. In the present work, investigation is made to study and optimize the surface roughness of H13 steel in WEDM. L16 orthogonal array of Taguchi methodology has been used to conduct the experiments. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) has been applied on experimental data to determine the significance of input parameters on surface roughness and MRR. Mathematical relationships are developed to correlate the machining parameters and output responses: surface roughness and MRR. Contour plots have been drawn to illustrate the combined effects of process parameters on output responses. Multi-objective jaya optimization algorithm (MJOA) applied on developed mathematical equations to predict the multi-responses simultaneously. From the study, it is stated that hybridTaguchi method, RSM and MJOA is useful for studying, modeling and optimizing the multiple responses: surface roughness and MRR, simultaneously in WEDM of H13 steel.

In the present investigation, a new hybrid technique response surface methodology (RSM) based simulated annealing (SA) algorithm approach is proposed to predict surface roughness for stainless steel material in traverse cut cylindrical grinding process. Experiments are designed as per full factorial design, wherein infeed, longitudinal feed and work speed have been considered as the important input parameters. Analysis of variance and graphical main and interaction plots have been plotted for analyzing the experimental data for identifying the relationships between grinding parameters and surface roughness. The variation of the performance parameter (surface roughness) with grinding parameters has been mathematically modeled by RSM. SA algorithm has been employed for solving the obtained mathematical model. Finally, the validation exercise is performed with optimum levels of grinding parameters. The results confirm the efficiency of the approach employed for prediction of surface roughness in this study.

In the present work Extended Finite Element Method (XFEM) is utilized for interaction study of cracked isotropic plate under different loading conditions. XFEM is a powerful tool to handle fracture mechanics problems where, extra enrichment functions for the crack faces and tip are get utilized. In this present work main focus is interaction study of edge cracked isotropic plate with inclusion and void under tensile, shear, combined (tensile and shear) and exponential loading. Here, MATLAB environment is used to evaluate mixed mode stress intensity factor (MMSIF) of edge cracked isotropic plate when interacted with inclusion and void.

Computational analysis for novel cavity-based flameholder designs with different fore-wall and aft-wall inclinations has been presented. The flameholder performance has been evaluated based on the following key parameters: pressure distribution, temperature distribution, recirculation zones and drag force. On comparing the different cavity designs, it has been found that both the fore-wall and aft-wall angles affect the flameholder performance. It was observed that an obtuse fore-wall angle gave favourable results numerically. Further studies can analyze cavities with different obtuse fore-wall ramp angles for optimum flameholder performance.

A parametric model is created in ANSYS workbench, FEA method is used to carry out probabilistic design in ANSYS workbench. Mono leaf spring is considered for analysis purpose and analysis is carried out. Composite material is applied to parametric model. Boundary conditions are applied to mono leaf spring, both ends are fixed and load (force) is applied to mono leaf spring. Meshing is carried out. The geometric parameters (thickness, width, etc.) are used as input parameter and Von-Mises stress considered as output parameter. For any further uncertainty in analysis, parametric co-relation function is used in ANSYS. The relation in geometric parameter and output parameter is achieved by correlation coefficients

Among various numerical method, finite element method (FEM) is extensively used but handling the fracture problem with conventional FEM is time-consuming and costly. So, extended finite element method (XFEM) which is based on partition of unity method and enrichment functions is used to handle material with discontinuities. In the present study, fracture analysis of center cracked layered composite plate under different biaxial loadings (tensile, shear and combined) using XFEM is investigated and mixed mode stress intensity factor (MMSIF) is calculated for different parameters.

Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) rebars are emerging as a potential solution to mitigate the permanent/residual deformation of bridge piers in recent decades. The maximum damage of a bridge pier being concentrated in the plastic hinge region and SMA being the expensive material to be utilized in the large-scale structural elements, the bridge piers are reinforced with SMA in the plastic hinge regions only. The bridge piers are modeled with a non-linear finite element tool. Three variable material parameters are adopted for this study, such as the compressive strength of concrete, the yield strength of steel, and the type of SMA composition. The bridge pier models considering One-Factor-at-a-Time (OFAT) Method, and Full Factorial Design Method in the previous study (Part 1) are considered. In this paper, the results of full factorial design of the previous research are optimized using optimization techniques in order to determine the best suitable combination of these three material properties. The performance of SMA-reinforced bridge piers is evaluated based on the drift values at various performance criteria, i.e., cracking, spalling, yielding, and crushing. The results are presented in terms of the rank-wise significance for each possible combination of the considered material properties of bridge piers.

A modern incipient trend is being witnessed in the construction industry wherein concrete is pumped which flows through a nozzle connected to a robotic arm in successive layers in order to develop structural load bearing members generally referred as "Additive manufacturing of Concrete(AMOC)" or 3D Printing of Concrete (3DPC). Numerous challenges are being faced by the construction industry for implementation of Additive manufacturing of concrete to a large scale due to the scarcity of information available w.r.t this technology. This technology has opened up new opportunities which requires intensive research to be carried out to ensure that concrete gets pumped through the pipe(pumpability), extrudes through the nozzle (extrudability), retains its shape once this concrete is extruded from the nozzle(buildability). In addition to this, concrete has to be strong enough to withstand loads induced by upper layers without any deformations (shape retentivity). If the challenges related to pumpability, extrudability, buildability and shape retentivity can be addressed in a better manner, this technology of 3D concrete printing can be utilized to construct houses/building components at a rapid rate and bring down the overall construction costs exponentially with optimal usage and minimal wastage of resources. This paper addresses the various challenges which are commonly encountered in the Additive manufacturing of Concrete (AMOC) summarizing the potential solutions to it discussing some of the case studies of projects which have used this technology.

As the aging leads to dilapidation of reinforced concrete structures due to formation of cracks through which chlorides and other chemical agents promote corrosion. There is need of repair or maintenance of such existing structures. Therefore, self-healing, a leading-edge method for durability enhancement, has gained a lot of importance. In this paper, the various self-healing techniques for concrete, including intrinsic healing, capsule-based healing, vascular healing and also immobilization along with healing mechanism of some materials are reviewed with their comparisons. Moreover, a comprehensive study is also done on the different tests for assessment of self-healing in concrete at macro-scale, micro-scale and nano-scale to determine and characterize healing product and to evaluate their mechanical properties.

The fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) rebar is utilized as a corrosion resistive reinforcement in the structural elements like a beam, column, and slab. The FRP rebar offers excellent mechanical and durability properties, like high strength to weight ratio, high stiffness, and corrosion resistance to structures. However, a lower ductility subjected to linear-elastic behaviour, and the brittle nature of FRP particularly in the case of column applications is getting attention among researchers. Whereas stainless steel (SS) having adequate ductility, low maintenance, and resistance to corrosion make it an ideal material for reinforcing applications. To improve the performance of FRP-reinforced elements and diminish the brittle behaviour, the present research is focused on the utilization of SS rebar in the plastic hinge region of the column along with FRP rebar in rest portion of a column. This hybrid configuration is adopted here to improve the ductility and corrosion resistance capacity of the RC column. The damage concentration of the hybrid column is analysed under the effect of nonlinear static loads. The parametric analysis is performed over the hybrid column to study the behaviour of different factors under pushover loading. The results indicate that the ductility of the SS-FRP RC column is achieved under seismic loads. The study reveals that axial load, the yield strength of steel and aspect ratio significantly affect the behaviour of the SS-FRP RC column.

In civil and structural engineering, building structures with vigorous stability and strength utilizing economical materials is challenging. Stability of structures during their lifespan is a very demanding endeavor in civil engineering systems. Recent trends are highly focused on high strength materials, strong corrosion-resistance in structural elements, slender structure development, broad span provision, and load reduction. in order to achieve these conditions, composite materials have proved to be a successful aspirant. The fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) possesses novel properties that encourage the researchers to strengthen or restore the structural degradation of the reinforced concrete (RC) columns via confinement. The present study highlighting the different aspects of (FRP) confined (RC) column having different aspect ratios, the axial load, and the high temperature under extensive literature review. The FRP confinement is much more effective in the case of circular columns than sharp-edged rectangular columns. The variation of the cross-sectional aspect ratio (section depth to width ratios) of RC columns plays a vital role in the evaluation of the efficiency of strengthening techniques. In spite of the clear and proven advantages of utilizing FRPs over conventional materials, awareness of the behavior of such composite materials after exposure to high temperature is noticeable and requires more research.

Laminated composite plates are inevitable parts of structure due to its superior properties than that of conventional material. Many times, these structural elements are subjected to the partial loadings during various applications which arises buckling in the elements. This necessitates proper analysis of these types of structural member for better safety and stability. In the present paper buckling analysis of laminated composite stiffened plate under in-plane localized edge loading is presented. Buckling load for various cases of partial edge loading are investigated for different fiber orientations and loading extent. Finite element method-based MATLAB program is developed for the present analysis. Validation study is done, which shows well agreement with the results already published.

Water is one of the most needful resources on Earth. The increasing population, growing urbanization, and enhanced industrialization over the years have led to increased demand for water all over the world, causing a scarcity of resources and thereby made the world dependent on other sources of water than surface water. Among all, a majorly available and reliable source is groundwater. With diminishing groundwater levels, it endures the need for precise groundwater exploration. The groundwater investigation has been a more significant issue during the last few years due to intolerable distraction, depreciating water quality, and emerging pollution threats to potable resources. To overcome limitations of contemporary groundwater exploration methods present study proposes a new technique utilizing the 'Light Interference Technique,' a concept from fundamental Physics. An instrument, NaAvmeter, developed based on Light Interference Technique, was used for groundwater exploration in the current study. A literature survey shows that earth radiations are much dominant over groundwater locations. Empirical investigations were carried out in the Pune city under various site conditions to check the feasibility of application of 'Light Interference Technique' for groundwater exploration in the Deccan trap flood basalt terrain. An attempt is also made in the current study to propose a simplified groundwater exploration method using NaAvmeter; an instrument developed based on the 'Light Interference Technique.'

BCS, type of expansive soil which is responsible for the volumetric changes with the change in the moisture content due to the excessive presence of montmorillonite. The stabilization of soil is the process of enhancing the properties of expensive soil and makes it stable to withstand the load acting on it. The stabilization is done by controlled compaction and addition of different types of stabilizers and admixtures. Hence this stabilization is done by various admixtures like cement, fly ash, bagasse, coir fibre, granite dust, rubber powder, sea shell powder etc. this paper represents the study of rubber powder and sea shell powder as different admixture to refine BCS properties. The unconfined compressive strength of BCS is found by adding sea shell powder and rubber powder as admixture, here this paper presents the results of an attempts that are performed.

The research objective to analysis the urban water system (UWS) includes water treatment and distribution, wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal for Raipur city of Chhattisgarh state in India. The city has a dry tropical climate and a warm summer. Developing city is being under pressure due to rapid population expansion, urbanization and industrialization that causes a considerable change in water resources and their services Using SIMA-PRO LCA technology with ReCiPe and IPCC methods, the environmental impact assessment for the urban water system in Raipur was calculate by conducting a life cycle assessment (LCA). LCA tool focuses on water treatment and supply, wastewater, storm water, energy consumption, emission of pollutants and heavy elements to the water bodies and to sewage sludge and others spatial considerations such as population, economic and social assessment, water quality along with stakeholder engagement. LCA is a useful tool for identifying alternative environmental impact solutions and urban water operation scenarios for future strategic planning. In assessment, we found that water losses in distribution network and electricity consumption in water treatment have highest impact on environment while reducing this two by 15% and 2% then it reduces impact about 16%. We studied the existing conditions and different scenarios in this research to enhance the system's environmental quality and to find solutions to improve sustainability.

Various studies have verified that anaerobic treatment with the recovery of biogas appears to be the most promising technology for the treatment of distillery wastewater. The technologies currently used by distilleries for treatment of wastewater are bio-methanation followed by two-stage biological treatment and disposal in watercourses or for utilization on land for irrigation and composting with or without bio-methanation. These technologies treat the wastewater up to a certain extent. However, there are limitations posed by these technologies for full compliance with prescribed pollution control standards. For the better understand the performance of continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR), anaerobic treatment of distillery effluent having very high chemical oxygen demand (COD) (110000–140000 mg/L) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (55000–65000mg/L) was studied on CSTR. Under various organic loading rates (OLR), optimum conditions for maximum COD removal and biogas generation was found and are observed to be 0.09 kg COD/d to 0.12 kg COD/d OLR hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 14d and volatile fatty acids (VFA) to alkalinity ratio of around 0.2. Maximum COD removal efficiency was found to be around 72%. These performance figures are significant when operating the anaerobic bio digesters for the treatment of distillery effluent. Anaerobic CSTR can effectively be employed for the treatment of distillery effluent, but post-bio-methanation effluent still contains high organic concentration and needs to be treated further to meet the safe and acceptable pollution control limits for disposal into surface water or on land.

Improvement of pool boiling heat transfer is deeply connected to heat enhancement methods for several years. Nevertheless, the developing progress and ideas in this field make it more intensified with the recently applied methods for enhancing the CHF and HTC. This paper gives a critical analysis and thorough investigative study in the literature discussing the passive heat enhancement techniques in the pool boiling heat transfer. Heat improvement consequence within the pool boiling mainly depends on thermo-physical features of material & the working fluid, modification of surface techniques (pin-fins treated, roughness, extended, artificial cavities pattern, micro-channels), thin-film (nano-scale, micro-scale, macro-scale surfaces, and hybrid scale), coating method, working fluid (water or refrigerants) and additives for fluids. The current status of these passive heat enhancement methods for pool boiling heat transfer with various kinds, improvement potentials, future challenges, surface modification techniques, and their potential industrial and technical applications are also examined in this work.

The transportation systems contribute very vital role in growth of country, either it may private, public or own transportation system, and to keep the automobiles or machine in good condition without any interruption consistent corrective or preventive maintenance has to be done, and this maintenance activities should take the least time and cost of maintenance along with good quality, and to achieve this it is preferred to design a good maintenance workstation with a systematic ergonomic consideration which has a great influence on time, service, comfort, quality, productivity. For the design of a maintenance workstation, systematic ergonomic procedures are considered these procedures should concern for good ergonomically design of workstation. In an actual design of workstation ergonomically approach is needed concern of the worker anthropometric data with the various parameter of the workstation like adequate posture, work table or chair height, position of the operating nobs and levers comfortable sufficient working areas that help to reduce MSD (Musculoskeletal disorder) and prevent injuries of worker along with enhancing productivity. The main objective of this paper is to propose a systematic ergonomically designed maintenance workstation. Existing workstation of Maintenance in MSRTC (Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation) Solapur workshop, is not designed with consideration of Ergonomic principle, so the ergonomic analysis has been made for different posture of maintenance activity, and modifications in workstation has been suggested. For analysis CATIA software is used, Manikin (simulated posture of worker) has been developed based on the anthropometric data collected from MSRTC for RULA analysis under quasi-static loading and dynamic loading conditions.

The carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are used as significant reinforcement materials in the advanced composites due to their improved mechanical properties. The carbon nanotubes reinforced nanocomposites have improved mechanical strength, and stiffness properties in addition to their reduced weight. Only a few percentages of CNTs (2–5% by weight) could be added to these nanocomposites as more volume fraction will deteriorate their mechanical properties. A computational approach is used in the present investigation to find the mechanical properties of the hybrid nanocomposite which is modeled by adding nanoclay particles into the conventional CNTs reinforced epoxy system. Using Halpin-Tsai approach (which is based on the micromechanical modeling) the mechanical properties of hybrid nanocomposites are evaluated. The effect of the CNTs and the nanoclay particles on the nonlinear transverse central deflection response of nanocomposite plate under different loading conditions is studied in detail. The simulation results of present investigation have been validated with the data sets of the deflection responses available in the references.

At the age of energy-crisis, enhancement of boiling heat transfer is the most crucial and advanced investigation field. Effects of surface characteristics, specially, surface wettability on pool boiling is yet to understand. Wetting, the ability of solid surface to reduce surface tension of a liquid in contact, can specify by measuring contact angle. Sessile drop method is a very sensitive process to measure contact angle, mainly used for evaluating, comparing and monitoring test surfaces. In this experimentation, a set of copper surfaces are roughened by emery grit size of 600, 1000, 1500 and 2000. Data on surface roughness (generated by AFM and FEG-SEM) and on dynamic contact angle (by macroscopic contact angle (CA) meter) are used to find relation between them. De-ionized water is used as working fluid to protect submerged secondary heater. In this experimentation, it is observed that advancing contact angle grows for surface roughened with higher emery grit-size.

Mineral carbonation is the carbonation of alkaline silicate Ca/Mg minerals, which is replica of the regular weathering processes. Mineral carbonation comprises of the reaction between the minerals and carbon dioxide to form a safe and stable mineral carbonate product. The present investigations deal with the usage of industrial alkaline rich waste (IAW) containing considerable amount of metal oxides as the possible raw material for the carbonation process. The suitability of applying the aqueous scheme of mineral carbonation by using steel slag is studied. The material is economical and is available easily near the large point sources of carbon dioxide emissions, and due to the chemical instability tend to react with carbon dioxide. Various process variables were considered to check the extent of carbonation like the temperature, pressure, liquid to solid ratio, reaction time. Chemical analysis was conducted to check the extent of carbonation. The experiments were carried out in artificial carbonation reactor. The particle size of the samples considered was less than 90 microns and distilled water was used as the medium to carry out carbonation. A maximum of 44% of carbonation was achieved for steel slag at a temperature of 100 ˚C, carbon dioxide pressure of 10 Kg/cm², liquid to solid ratio of 6 and reaction time of 2 hours.

Thin films of Barium Strontium Titanate (BST) have been fabricated using Pulse Laser Deposition (PLD) technique. Two stoichiometries of Ba_xSr_1-xTiO₃ with x=0.5 and x=0.7 are deposited on well cleaned quarts substrates in high vacuum chamber with oxygen pressure of 0.13mbar at 700˚C. XRD pattern shows perovskite structure of the films. Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) is used to determine the element concentration of both the films. Transmittance spectra of UV characterization shows decrement in transparency of the film as Barium (Ba) concentration increase and sharp cut-offs are observed at the band edge. Refractive Index (n), absorption coefficient (α), extinction coefficient (k), optical conductivity (σ) and optical band gap (Eg) are derived from UV-Vis spectroscopy. The calculated parameters for Ba_0.5Sr_0.5TiO₃ and Ba_0.7Sr_0.3TiO₃ are presented in this work. The present work also includes study of BST thin films as gas sensors.

The employing of power electronic devices for converters plays a vital role in the conversion of AC to DC vice versa. Applications of these converters more demand in renewable energy, hybrid vehicles, Drives, HVDC, etc. In renewable energy, especially a solar-based power generation stations require inverter stations. These inverters stations have the multilevel inverters. Multilevel inverters are emerging day by day in the sector of the renewable energy sector. The increasing level of multilevel inverters can be effectively utilized in low and medium voltage applications to get the desired voltage and frequency. But output voltage is not in sinusoidal. However, most of the loads require a pure sinusoidal form of voltage. To get sinusoidal voltage across loads a high switching frequency is required to switch the MOSFETs or IGBTs. Along with a suitable value of LC, filters make the sinusoidal nature of waveform with less total harmonic distortion (THD) levels. To get a sinusoidal wave, a proper theoretical analysis of filters is required. In this paper theoretical analysis has been done for LC filters and checked with simulation results for various loads. The performance of theoretical LC filters values checked using diode clamped multi-level inverters have been examined through MATLAB/SIMULINK by POD PWM by POD PWM.

Nearly 25% of paediatric injuries happen due to fractures of femur bones, either under accidental or inflicted conditions. In the present investigation, static analyses are performed for fractured paediatric femur bones of children joined with bone plates using finite element method (FEM) approach to find stresses and deformations in the bone and plate assembly under axial compressive and torsional loadings. The investigation aims to suggest the suitable biomaterial for fracture fixation bone plates modeled using two recently-developed biomaterials such as titanium and magnesium alloys, after studying the stresses and deformations at the fracture spots of the paediatric femur bones of children aged between 1-3 years. The stress-deformation responses are further analyzed in relation to ages of the children.

Abrasive Water Jet Machining (AWJM) is one of the most advanced machining processes, which has the ability to machine various materials. In this paper, experiment was performed on cutting of epoxy fibre glass by AWJM. Epoxy fibre glass is a composite which consists of fibre glass cloth and epoxy resin as binder, achieved under specific heat and pressure. There are various process parameters such as water pressure, standoff distance, abrasive flow rate, traverse rate, abrasive etc. The water pressure and standoff distance was varied while performing the experiment and rest all parameters were kept constant. From this experiment taper angle was measured and it was observed that taper angle increases as the standoff distance increases, this is because the shape of the jet diverges with larger standoff distance. Minimum taper angle was observed as 0.34° at 32 ksi pressure, having 2 mm standoff distance. It was also observed that width of cut has significant effect on taper angle. From further calculations, the deviation of the cut slot for top width was observed as +1% to 5% and for bottom width it was -1% to 2%.

Plain Masonry similar to unreinforced concrete, is resilient in compression and weak in tension. Masonry gains strength with age similar to concrete. Inspite of these resemblances, there exist numerous differences between masonry and concrete. The major difference is the regular pattern of horizontal joints(known as bed joints) at specific intervals along the height of walls introduce due to the method of construction of masonry. These bed joints make masonry a direction dependent material possessing orthotropic properties, unlike concrete which is usually regarded as isotropic atleast in the elastic range. Mechanical properties such as compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength are a pre-requisite as part of the design of masonry walls. The present study deals with the experimental study to evaluate the mechanical properties of hollow concrete block masonry specimens for varying cement mortar proportions melded with mesh reinforcement at bed joints. Parameters such as compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, failure pattern have been studied and compared for reinforced and unreinforced hollow concrete block prisms. The study showed higher compressive strength and improved elastic modulus for specimens with higher grade of mortar

Since a blast loading or explosion can create nonlinear wave action and impact pressure on a structure, it necessary to construct a structure to resist blast loading as like other loads. In this study the nonlinear behaviour of a blast loading is simulated by calculating the pressure diagram with respect to time under the guidance of IS 4991 – 1968, code for "Criteria for Blast Resistant Design of Structures for Explosions above Ground". The study carried out for different charge weight (100kg TNT, 200kg TNT and 400kg TNT) and standoff distances of 20metre. Nonlinear behaviour of a Blast loading to steel structures with shear plates of thickness 6 mm, 8 mm and 10 mm are modelled in ETABS and the analysis is carried out to obtain base shear, story displacement, story deformation pattern, column forces, etc.

The assessment of climate change can be carried out by analysing rainfall variability, temporal climatic changes, spatial interpolation of climatic factors and climatic risking. The climatic changes have consequences on precipitation pattern changes, temperature variation, and crop growing season alteration, increase of sea ice and grounded ice sheets. This has implications on ecosystem, human health, settlement and agriculture. Some of the repercussions attributed to temperature and precipitation increase is an increase of Cyclonic activities with increase of cyclonic wind speeds, Increase in Extreme Precipitation events like floods and droughts, agricultural yield is projected to decrease and negative impact on subsistence agriculture. The Tropical Cyclones intensifying in eastern Indian Ocean and crossing the coasts of Indian subcontinent year after year is a major cause of concern. The Latent Heat Release (LHR) of cyclones of Bay of Bengal carried out using advanced sensors like SSM/I (Special Sensor Microwave/Imager) on-board DMSP satellites (Defence Meteorological Satellite Program of US) for assessing spatial distribution of precipitation since LHR is responsible for maintenance and intensification of tropical cyclones and LHR can also enable measurement of brightness temperatures of atmospheric/ocean surfaces. The images of the clouds in visible and infrared region provide information about cloud aerial extent, type, and growth/decay. The raining clouds have high visible band reflectance and are tall due to upward motion indicating deep convection. These issues pertaining to climate changes through Remote sensing techniques is discussed in the paper.

High strength steel fiber reinforced concrete which has cube compressive strength greater than 60 N/mm2 was prepared with OPC 53 grade cement confirming IS 269. Sand passing through IS sieve 4.75mm and retaining on IS sieve 150 micron was used in the investigation. Steel fiber with aspect ratio 80 reinforced randomly and at one third position from top of the concrete surface. The percentage of steel fiber varies from 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% by volume of concrete specimen. The percentage of silica fume varies from 5%, 10% and 15% by weight of cement used in concrete. Mechanical properties of concrete such as compressive strength, flexural strength were investigated for both the position of steel fiber in concrete. A multiple regression model was employed to predict the mechanical properties of HSSFRC. The regression analysis was performed based on the relationships between the independent variables and the dependent variables. Scatter plot was used to determine the relationship between predictor and criterion variables. The relationship between dependant and independent variable is explained by the magnitude (or the strength) and the direction of the relationship. The magnitude of relationship was calculated using "CORRELATION" formula, which gives the strength of the relationship. The actual shape of the curve determines the direction of the relationship.

Heat sinks are used for dispensing the heat from a system in many modern microelectronic components. It helps in systematically absorbing the heat from the system and dissipating it to the atmosphere, thereby ensuring system performance, extended life and reliability. The material used for the heat transfer device is one of the utmost significant parameter, which decides the size of the heat transfer device and its heat transfer efficiency. Lower values of density, overall cost, and coefficient of thermal expansion along with higher thermal conductivity, are considered as the essential properties required for any heat sink material. Though, the Copper and Aluminium materials are generally observed to be the best materials for a heat sink applications, some of their alloys are also found to be suitable. The manufacturing difficulty, the higher cost involved, comparatively poor thermo-physical properties and insufficient investigation are some of the factors that have limited the use of advanced composites in heat sink applications. A comparative numerical analysis for different thermal management materials like Copper, Aluminium, Al2O3, AlN, and Si3N4, is presented in this paper. COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS software is used for the present analysis to check the suitability of these materials for construction of heat sink. Moreover, the study of the cost-effectiveness of the material selected is important before the actual application of that material for heat sinks.

Temperature near the heating region changes with the water boiling curve when the heat flux applied. In this study, experiments were carried out by maintaining a cylindrical subcutaneous hypodermic needle as a single active nucleation site. By controlling heat supplied to the site, a single bubble was formed in the saturated water. The boiling phenomenon was recorded. The surfactants used were sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and centrimonium bromide (CTAB). Aqueous binary mixture SDS-CTAB was prepared on a volume percent basis. The effect was measured by studying a single bubble. The vapor bubble resulting from the nucleation site was observed. Bubble parameters, without and with a surfactant, were plotted in two heat fluxes concerning the excess temperature. It is found that, compared with saturated water, the average measurements of bubble detachment diameters and terminal velocities decreased, but the bubble departure frequency increased. On the other side of analysis, with increasing excess needle temperature of site, at 601 kW/m², the detachment diameter decreased, departure frequency increased, rising velocity was increased and at 950 kW/m², the detachment diameter increased, departure frequency increased, rising velocity decreased.

Marble is the most common building material having a huge amount of waste. This waste causes dust pollution also it makes soil infertile etc. Day by day marble waste goes on increasing. Another problem is regarding no availability of natural sand as resources of natural sand exhausting very rapidly also it contains a lot of deleterious materials to overcome this issue we can make partial replacement of cement by waste marble powder and natural sand by artificial sand. The concrete is made with heterogeneous material therefore compressive strength of concrete depends upon various materials with various trials. so the process is simplified in a mathematical technique called the regression method, which gives predicted compressive strength, if we get regression equation, it reduces the trials of concrete mix.