Table of contents

The International Conference on Applied Sciences ICAS2016 took place in Hunedoara, Romania, in the period May 25–27, 2016 at the Engineering Faculty of Hunedoara, with the aims to serve as a platform for exchange of information between various areas of applied sciences, and to promote the communication between the scientists of different nations, countries and continents.

Topics of the conference covers a comprehensive spectrum of issues from:

>Fundamental Sciences: Numerical approximation and analysis, Interdisciplinary applications of mathematics and physics, Modeling and Simulation, and others...

>Materials Science: Metallic Materials, Composite Materials, Metal Alloys, Metallurgy, Heat Transfer, Mechanical Engineering, Mechatronics, Reliability, and others...

>Electrical Engineering: Circuits and Systems, Signal Processing, Computational Methods in Engineering, Software Engineering, Data Bases, and others...

The conference gathered qualified researchers whose expertise can be used to develop new engineering knowledge that has applicability potential in Industry. The number of participants was almost 190 from 6 countries (China, Romania, Germany, Denmark, Italy and Republic of Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina). During the three days of the conference, 3 invited speakers and 81 oral talks were delivered.

Based on the works presented at the conference, 53 selected papers have been included in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. These papers present new researches in the various fields of Materials Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Computers Engineering, and Electrical Engineering. It's our great pleasure to present this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering to the scientific community to promote further researches in these areas. We sincerely hope that the papers published in this volume will contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the respective fields.

Special thanks should be directed to the Organizing Committee for its tremendous efforts in organizing the conference:

President

Serban Viorel-Aurel, Politehnica University of Timisoara

Honorary President

Harau Carmen, Parliament of Romania - Chamber of Deputies

Vice-President

Panoiu Caius, Politehnica University of Timisoara

Coordinator

Lemle Ludovic Dan, Politehnica University of Timisoara

Members

Abrudean Cristian, Politehnica University of Timisoara

Alexa Vasile, Politehnica University of Timisoara

Dinis Corina, Politehnica University of Timisoara

Ratiu Sorin, Politehnica University of Timisoara

Socalici Ana, Politehnica University of Timisoara

Tirian Ovidiu, Politehnica University of Timisoara

Gherman Lucian, Politehnica University of Timisoara

Secretariat

Berdie Adela, Politehnica University of Timisoara

Serban Sorina, Politehnica University of Timisoara

The members of the Scientific Committee who reviewed and selected the papers included in the Proceedings of ICAS2016 are:

Chairmen

Lemle Ludovic Dan, Politehnica University of Timisoara

Jiang Yiwen, Military Economics Academy of Wuhan

Vice-Chairmen

Gherman Laurian, Review of the Air Force Academy

Kiss Imre Acta Technica Corviniensis

Session Chairmen

Fundamental Sciences Session: Pater Lucian Flavius, Politehnica University of Timisoara

Materials Science Session: Bordeasu Ilare, Politehnica University of Timisoara

Electrical Engineering Session: Deaconu Sorin, Politehnica University of Timisoara

Video-conference Session: Muscalagiu Ionel, Politehnica University of Timisoara

Members

Cioaca Catalin, "Henri Coanda" Air Force Academy of Brasov

Constantinescu George, "Henri Coanda" Air Force Academy of Brasov

Fang Zhengqi, Military Economics Academy of Wuhan

Guo Zhonghou, Military Economics Academy of Wuhan

Heput Teodor, Politehnica University of Timisoara

Lesenciuc Adrian, "Henri Coanda" Air Force Academy of Brasov

Li Xuewu, Military Economics Academy of Wuhan

Luculescu Doru, "Henri Coanda" Air Force Academy of Brasov

Miron Liliana Ecaterina, "Henri Coanda" Air Force Academy of Brasov

Osaci Mihaela, Politehnica University of Timisoara

Panoiu Manuela, Politehnica University of Timisoara

Pinca-Bretotean Camelia, Politehnica University of Timisoara

Popa Gabriel Nicolae, Politehnica University of Timisoara

Vilceanu Lucia, Politehnica University of Timisoara

Zhang Lijun, Military Economics Academy of Wuhan

Zhang Tao, Military Economics Academy of Wuhan

We thank the authors for their contributions and we would also like to express our gratitude to everyone who contributed to the success of this conference.

Ludovic Dan Lemle and Yiwen Jiang

Editors of the Proceedings of ICAS2016

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

Artificial compaction is one of the most dangerous forms of degradation of agricultural soil. Recognized as a phenomenon with multiple negative effects in terms of environment and agricultural production, soil compaction is strongly influenced by the size of external load, soil moisture, size and shape of footprint area, soil type and number of passes. Knowledge of soil behavior under compressive loads is important in order to prevent or minimize soil compaction. In this paper were developed, by means of the Finite Element Method, various models of soil behavior during the artificial compaction produced by the wheel of an agricultural trailer. Simulations were performed on two types of soil (cohesive and non-cohesive) with known characteristics. By applying two loads (4.5 kN and 21 kN) in footprints of different sizes, were obtained the models of the distributions of stresses occuring in the two types of soil. Simulation results showed that soil stresses increase with increasing wheel load and vary with soil type.

In present, the ranking of materials as their resistance to cavitation erosion is obtained by using laboratory tests finalized with the characteristic curves mean depth erosion against time MDE(t) and mean depth erosion rate against time MDER(t). In some previous papers, Bordeasu and co-workers give procedures to establish exponential equation representing the curves, with minimum scatter of the experimental obtained results. For a given material, both exponential equations MDE(t) and MDER(t) have the same values for the parameters of scale and for the shape one. For the ranking of materials is sometimes important to establish single figure. Till now in Timisoara Polytechnic University Cavitation Laboratory were used three such numbers: the stable value of the curve MDER(t), the resistance to cavitation erosion (R_cav ≡ 1/MDER_stable) and the normalized cavitation resistance R_ns which is the rate between v_s = MDER_stable for the analyzed material and v_se= MDER_se the mean depth erosion rate for the steel OH12NDL (Rns = vs/vse ). OH12NDL is a material used for manufacturing the blades of numerous Kaplan turbines in Romania for which both cavitation erosion laboratory tests and field measurements of cavitation erosions are available. In the present paper we recommend a new method for ranking the materials upon cavitation erosion resistance. This method uses the scale and shape parameters of the exponential equations which represents the characteristic cavitation erosion curves. Till now the method was applied only for stainless steels. The experimental results show that the scale parameter represents an excellent method for ranking the stainless steels. In the future this kind of ranking will be tested also for other materials especially for bronzes used for manufacturing ship propellers.

For noise rail decrease and observance of the limits in UE rolling stock must be equipped with silent brake blocks of composite material to replace the conventional cast-iron blocks. For testing composite materials test pieces have been produced according to the characteristics of the experimental installation. The paper presents the laboratory experimentation phase on obtaining composite materials for brake blocks and wear behavior of the experimental test pieces.

Electric Arc Furnaces (EAF) is an important and complex aggregate. We present elements of EAF operating efficiency. The reliability of the EAF is mainly determined by electric circuit reliability and especially of the transformator of the furnace. This due to the fact that, in an electric steel plant, the objective "24 tapping/day" involves. Due to the complexity of the process, the EAF operation needs a computer usage and, in his componence, it must have two independent calculation units (UC1) and (UC2). Based on these two input sets (Σi₁) and ((Σi₂), the calculation unit (UC1) builds the general operation procedure based on mathematical methods. For that purpose, there are used the results of the 5 mathematical methods: the mathematical model to write-off the function objective (M.F.O.); the mathematical model of calculating the charge (M.C.C.); the mathematical model of conducting the effective melt (M.C.M.); the mathematical model of reheating the charge (M.R.C.); the mathematical model of blasting the reactive dusts (M.B.R.D.).

Our article presents elements of Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) automation. So, we present and analyze detailed two automation schemes: the scheme of electrical EAF automation system; the scheme of thermic EAF automation system. The application results of these scheme of automation consists in: the sensitive reduction of specific consummation of electrical energy of Electric Arc Furnace, increasing the productivity of Electric Arc Furnace, increase the quality of the developed steel, increasing the durability of the building elements of Electric Arc Furnace.

The actual e - continuously variable transmission (e-CVT) solution for the parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) requires two electric machines, two inverters, and a planetary gear. A distinct electric generator and a propulsion electric motor, both with full power converters, are typical for a series HEV.

In an effort to simplify the planetary-geared e-CVT for the parallel HEV or the series HEV we hereby propose to replace the basically two electric machines and their two power converters by a single, axial-air-gap, electric machine central stator, fed from a single PWM converter with dual frequency voltage output and two independent PM rotors. The proposed topologies, the magneto-motive force analysis and quasi 3D-FEM analysis are the core of the paper.

The complexity of electrical circuits or of equivalent thermal circuits that were considered to be analyzed and solved requires taking into account the method that is used for their solving. Choosing the method of solving determines the amount of calculation necessary for applying one of the methods.

The heating and ventilation systems of electrical machines that have to be modeled result in complex equivalent electrical circuits of large dimensions, which requires the use of the most efficient methods of solving them.

The purpose of the thermal calculation of electrical machines is to establish the heating, the overruns of temperatures or over-temperatures in some parts of the machine compared to the temperature of the ambient, in a given operating mode of the machine.

The paper presents the application of the modified nodal analysis method for the modeling of the thermal circuit of an asynchronous machine.

Currently, the magnetic hyperthermia induced by nanoparticles is of great interest in biomedical applications. In the literature, we can find a lot of models for magnetic hyperthermia, but many of them do not give importance to a significant detail, such as the geometry of nanoparticle positions in the system. Usually, a nanofluid is treated by considering random positions of the nanoparticles, geometry that is actually characteristic to the composite nanoparticles. To assess the error which is frequently made, in this paper we propose a comparative analysis between the specific loss power (SLP) in case of a nanofluid and the SLP in case of a composite with magnetic nanoparticles. We are going to use a superparamagnetic hyperthermia model based on the improved model for calculating the Néel relaxation time in a magnetic field oblique to the nanoparticle magnetic anisotropy axes, and on the improved theoretical model LRT (linear response theory) for SLP. To generate the nanoparticle geometry in the system, we are going to apply a Monte Carlo method to a nanofluid, by minimising the interaction potentials in liquid medium and, for a composite environment, a method for generating random positions of the nanoparticles in a given volume.

The modern, developed society becomes aware of the necessity to conserve and protect the environment, increasing the gained benefits from a rational use of the natural resources. The pollution and the limitation of the fossil fuels, associated with the political situation worldwide that affects direct the energy strategies, have opened opportunities in the area of operation renewable energy sources. The development of the exploitation of renewable energy sources is directly linked to the energy politic, which, in terms of Romania, has the focus to integrate into the European Union energy strategy. The year 2014 brought in Romania many legislative changes to the renewable support scheme, that proves, once again, the legislative unpredictability and limitations introduced by the legislator "during the game" that overthrew all economic profitability calculation of the existent and planned investments in this sector. The actual stage of the wind energy across Europe and the particular situation in Romania are highlighted; also a 2020 forecast for Romania tries to evaluate the perspective for the wind, and general, renewable energy market. The actual Romanian renewable energy support scheme, mainly regulated by "Law 220/2008" ends December 2016. The so-called "ready to build" projects especially wind- or hydropower, can't be finalized until this deadline, being unable to qualify to the existing, mainly to inoperable, support scheme. Another legislation that has to clarify how investments in renewable energy will be supported is still not in place, blocking any project development, implementation and economical benefit of the producer. The paper presents in this respect an updated overview of the Romanian renewable energy sector and its perspective.

Sudden pressure increases in the penstock or spiral case of a hydraulic turbine are the effect of sudden flow variation that occur during transient processes of type opening / closing or load rejection of the hydro unit. The consequence of the pressure rise in the spiral case and penstock is the water hammer phenomenon, whose effects can be devastating in some cases, up to breaking pipes and calamities produced in the area. This paper aims to analyze the method of calculation of the maximum pressure values that might occur in load rejection situations to a hydraulic turbine, in spiral case and in penstock, conditioned by the limiting of the values of the over speed and measures of limiting the increase in pressure in conjunction with limiting the increase in speed in these specific processes. As an example, we studied and analyzed the situation of a hydroelectric power plant equipped with a 7.8 MW Francis turbine without pressure regulator and the inflow surge. The results of analytical calculation overlaid on the experimental measurements performed during the performance tests of the hydro unit lead to the conclusion that the calculation algorithm proposed has been chosen correctly and the 2-stage closing law of the wicket gate promoted in this case is effective in such situations.

Mixed injection of fine–grained iron ore and pulverized coal in the furnace, involves determining the behavior of these materials during pneumatic transport in a dense state through the pipe and setting possibilities for adjusting the flow rate of material transported with the corresponding values of the process. Parameters of the pneumatic transport were determined for the main types of iron ore and chalk used in Arcelor Mittal Galati. Outside the intended purpose of injecting iron ore and flux, it was considered also the experimental check of the possibility for injecting ilmenite in the furnace for crucible protection purpose. The possibility of injecting cinder mill into the furnace was also considered. Injecting cinder could be taken into account for the recycling of ferrous waste in the furnace, also as additive for intensifying the combustion process around the tuyeres.

An Automotive Electronic Control Units (ECU) development project embedded within a car Environment is constantly under attack of a continuous flow of modifications of specifications throughout the life cycle. Root causes for those modifications are for instance simply software or hardware implementation errors or requirement changes to satisfy the forthcoming demands of the market to ensure the later commercial success. It is unavoidable that from the very beginning until the end of the project "requirement changes" will "expose" the agreed objectives defined by contract specifications, which are product features, budget, schedule and quality. The key discussions will focus upon an automotive radio-navigation (infotainment) unit, which challenges aftermarket devises such as smart phones. This competition stresses especially current used automotive development processes, which are fit into a 4 Year car development (introduction) cycle against a one-year update cycle of a smart phone. The research will focus the investigation of possible impacts of changes during all phases of the project: the Concept-Validation, Development and Debugging-Phase. Building a thorough understanding of prospective threats is of paramount importance in order to establish the adequate project management process to handle requirement changes. Personal automotive development experiences and Literature review of change- and configuration management software development methodologies led the authors to new conceptual models, which integrates into the structure of traditional development models used in automotive projects, more concretely of radio-navigation projects.

The development processes used in automotive radio-navigation projects are constantly under adaption pressure. While the software development models are based on automotive production processes, the integration of peripheral components into an automotive system will trigger a high number of requirement modifications. The use of traditional development models in automotive industry will bring team's development capacity to its boundaries. The root cause lays in the inflexibility of actual processes and their adaption limits. This paper addresses a new project management approach for the development of radio-navigation projects. The understanding of weaknesses of current used models helped us in development and integration of agile methodologies in traditional development model structure. In the first part we focus on the change management methods to reduce request for change inflow. Established change management risk analysis processes enables the project management to judge the impact of a requirement change and also gives time to the project to implement some changes. However, in big automotive radio-navigation projects the saved time is not enough to implement the large amount of changes, which are submitted to the project. In the second phase of this paper we focus on increasing team capacity by integrating at critical project phases agile methodologies into the used traditional model. The overall objective of this paper is to prove the need of process adaption in order to solve project team capacity bottlenecks.

In automotive industry, the brake system is influenced by a large number of variables including geometry of components, materials of brakes, components interaction and many operating condition. Organic fiber reinforced metallic friction composites are increasingly being used in automotive brake shoes, disc and pads, linings, blocks, clutch facings, primarily because of awareness of health hazards of asbestos. Current trend in the research field of automotive industry is to utilization of different wastes as a source of raw materials for composite materials. This will provide more economical benefit and also environmental preservation by utilize the waste of natural fibre In this paper it has performed a tribological study to determine the characteristics of the friction product by using coconut natural fibred reinforced in aluminium composite. In this sense, two different laboratory formulation were prepared with 5% and 10% coconut fibre and other constitutes like binder, friction modifiers, abrasive material and solid lubrificant using powder mettallurgy. These dnew materials for brake pads are tested for tribological behaviour in a standard pin on disc tribometer. To know the wear behavior of composite materials will determine the parameters that characterize there tribological properties.

This paper discusses the results of the research on the influence of the vacuuming technological factors on the hydrogen content in the steel produced in an electric furnace type EBT, treated outside the furnice in Ladle-Furnace (LF) and Vacuum Degassing (VD) facilities, and then continuously casted as semi round products designed for pipes manufacturing. Vacumming main parameters were followed such as: the total duration of vacuuming, the duration of advanced vacuuming, the pressure in the vacuum facility, the vacumming temperature drop during the treatment (considered independent parameters) and the amount of hydrogen removed from the metal bath during the vacuuming. The obtained data was processed in the MATLAB calculation program, using three types of equations, the results obtained being presented both in analytical and graphical form. The technological analysis of the correlation equations and the graphical representations allowed to establish the variation limits of the independent parameters in order to advancely reduce the steel hydrogen content.

This paper presents a part of a research on the damaging of fire hose coupling. These are important components of the hydraulic systems used by firefighters to deliver one or more suppression agents into the fire. The operating regime parameters, working environment and general functioning conditions during fire suppression operations may lead to malfunctions and/or damaging of the couplings.

The complexity of projects implementation in Renewable Energy Sources (RES) requires finding collaborative alliances between suppliers and project developers in RES.

Links activities in supply chain in RES, respectively, transportation of heavy components, processing orders to purchase quality raw materials, storage and materials handling, packaging, and other complex activities requiring a logistics system collaboratively to be permanently dimensioned properly selected and monitored. Requirements imposed by stringency of wind power energy projects implementation inevitably involves constraints in infrastructure, implementation and logistics. Thus, following an extensive research in RES project, to eliminate these constraints were identified alternative collaboration to provide feasible solutions on different levels of performance.

The paper presents a critical analysis of different collaboration alternatives in supply chain for RES projects, selecting the ones most suitable for particular situations by using decision-making method Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP).

The role of AHP method was to formulate a decision model by which can be establish the collaboration alternative choice through mathematical calculation to reduce the impact created by constraints encountered.

The solution provided through AHP provides a framework for detecting optimal alternative collaboration between suppliers and project developers in RES and avoids some breaks in the chain by resizing safety buffers for leveling orders in RES projects.

The heat flow plate method is used to determine thermal conductivity of a building material sample made of Rohacell (insulating foam). Experimental technique consists in placing the sample with a reference material on top (polystyrene sample) in a calorimetric chamber and heating from underside. Considering that the heat flux which passes through the two layers is constant and knowing thermal conductivity of the reference material, the sample thermal conductivity is determined. The temperature difference between the two opposite sample's sides is recorded only when the steady state is achieved (constant heat flux).

The paper presents issues related to the dynamic simulation of a motor-drive operating mechanism of cross arm type, for the manipulation of road vehicle door windows, using Autodesk Inventor Professional software. The dynamic simulation of the mechanism involves a 3D modelling, kinematic coupling, drive motion parameters and external loads, as well as the graphically view of the kinematic and kinetostatic results for the various elements and kinematic couplings of the mechanism, under real operating conditions. Also, based on the results, the analysis of the mechanism components has been carried out using the finite element method.

The paper presents the critical technology for obtaining of the lamellar graphite grey cast iron castings (Supporting roll type). Are presented the stages of achievement of the mould and the elaboration technology of the liquid alloy. A view to improving the qualitative characteristics of the castings and reducing the defects due to achievement of moulds it is necessary to use the antiadherence paints for moulds and cores. From the point of view of the cost the antiadherence paints belong to the expensive material category. But these expenses are done with their acquisition are amortized into account of improving the commercial aspect of the castings and shortening of the cleaning-finishing operations. Due to increase the resistance of the moulds and cores which they apply it is possible to decrease the machining allowance.

In this paper presents an experimental kinetics study by measuring accelerations using a bi-axial accelerometer constructed in the basis of a miniature integrated circuit, included in the class of micro-electrical and mechanical systems - MMA6261Q on the experimental installation reduced to the 1:5 dividing rule by comparison with the shear existent in exploitation, conceived and projected at the Faculty of Engineering in Hunedoara.

The assessment of small hydropower potential for rivers is essential for the Renewable Energy Sources Directive implementation, in order to identify and analyze opportunities for new small hydropower developments. As the Water Framework Directive requirement is the non-deterioration of the status of the river water bodies, the aspects regarding the consistency of a flow regime downstream hydropower plant and the environmental objectives are important. The paper presents a case study, the Olanesti River (Romania), using software techniques dedicated to the assessment of small hydropower potential. The hydropower potential of the river was assessed considering the heads based on the Digital Terrain Model and the mean flow. In addition, the environmental flow was considered for the installed capacity assessment, in order to cope with the Water Framework Directive requirements. The harnessed hydropower potential, the optimal distance between the water intake and power plant location, their optimum positions along the river sector, installed capacity and electricity production, calculated at an average lifetime, are the outcomes of the software. The applicability of the tool might be extended on a regional scale in order to support the decision making authorities, taking into account the increasing demand for energy as well as the environmental issues.

This paper aims to determine the luminous flux of several types of power sources used for the artificial lighting inside. The luminous flux was determined using a photometer integrator (lumenmeter Ulbricht) and a luxmeter from the laboratory of Electrical and Lighting University "Eftimie Murgu" Resita. Based on a reference source, the constant of the integrator photometer k was determined. The paper presents the measuring results of the luminous flux on several lighting sources: with incandescent, fluorescent, and LED. It has been found that the amount of luminous flux in the nominal data written in the box of lighting sources, does not correspond to the actual measured value. Using the photometric sphere, the actual light output from various sources were it is not known, can be determined.

Global demand for silver remains steadily to about 1,000 million ounces (28349500 kg), of which around 600 million ounces (17009700 kg) are used in industrial applications. Extraction of silver from the ore is expensive and harmful to the environment and low efficiency. X-ray films represent an important worldwide consumer as research on recovery of silver from exposed radiographic films must be oriented to achieve a maximum recovery and a high purity silver, with methods through the by-products will be less polluting for the environment. The paper presents some laboratory tests referring to the recovery of silver from radiographic films by leaching with sodium hydroxide. Two series of experiments were performed with different amounts of used X-ray film.

The oxygen is an element which has adversely affect to the steel quality because it causes embrittlement at high temperature, evidenced by the increased susceptibility on overheating and the appearance of cracks during deformation plastic, respectively by determining the appearance of the gas holes during castings solidification of products. As a result from a technological point of view, in industrial practice shall be adopted a series of measures that are intended to ensure a low oxygen content (recommended below 40ppm). The paper presents a few practical data taken from the industry in relation to the manner in which it is influenced the content of oxygen according with the vacuum parameters and the steel temperature. The resulting correlations, presented in both form graphical and analytical, are a real benefit to the industry, so can be determined a parameter depending on the other two.

This paper presents an analysis regarding the modeling of the behavior for a three-phase electric arc furnace installation. Therefore, a block diagram is implemented in Simulink that represents the modeling of the entire electric arc furnace installation. This block diagram contains also the modeling of the electric arc which is the element that makes the electric arc furnace behaving as a nonlinear load. The values for the model parameters of the electric arc furnace installation are like the ones from the real installation taken into consideration. Other model parameters are the electric arc model ones. In order to study the influence of the parameters of the electric arc models, it is developed a Matlab program that contains the graphical user interfaces. These interfaces make connection with the models of the electric arc implemented in Simulink. The interfaces allow the user to modify parameters for each of the electric arc model. Current and voltage of the electric arc are the variables taken into account to study the influence of the parameters on the electric arc models. Waveforms for voltage and current of the electric arc are illustrated when a parameter of the model is modified in order to analyze the importance of this parameter on the electric arc model. Also, for each of the models is presented the voltage-current characteristic of the electric arc because this characteristic gives information about the behavior of the electric arc furnace installation.

In this paper is presented a mathematical model of the electric arc for an alternative current welding machine of low power. The electric arc model is based on dividing the voltage-current characteristic of the electric arc in many functioning zones. For the model of the entire welding machine are used real parameters as the ones of the proper welding machine. The voltage and current harmonics spectrum that is obtained during the welding process is presented. Also, the waveforms for the current and voltage of the electric arc plotted against time and the voltage-current characteristic of the electric arc are illustrated. The electric arc is considered as being supplied by alternative voltage from the electrical power network using a single phase transformer which has the output voltage of 80 volts. The model of the welding machine is developed in Simulink and the variations of some parameters of the electric arc are obtained by modifying of them in a Matlab function. Also, in this paper is presented the total harmonic distortion for the voltage and current of the electric arc obtained during simulation of the welding machine.

Many providers for small hydropower plants equipment have tried to standardize the components and even the entire equipment. So called "compact turbines" were launched on the market, ensuring the pre-designed solution of the modular components, but usually with lower efficiency then turbines specially designed for a certain site. For civil works it is possible to standardize some components, such as the powerhouse, the surge tank or the headrace, but not the intake and the weir.

Part of the hydropower plants can be standardized, but not the entire project, because there are a lot of variables that influence the design. Among these, the dimension, materials and design of the canal and the penstock are given by the hydrology, topography and the geology of the project's area.

This paper presents an attempt at standardization by using different heads and different installed flows. The case study is made on the Lukosi River from Tanzania, because there is a good hydrological database on power and energy calculation. For the powerhouse, pressure tower and intake dimensioning, the assumptions and materials considered cover all challenges that could appear in the geological and topographical structure of the project's area (worst case, most expensive). The study has highlighted African climatologic and hydrological conditions and the adapting of current technology to these conditions.

Approximately 70% of the total population of Oradea benefits from centralized heating, about 55,000 apartments and 159,000 inhabitants are connected.

The heating system of Oradea consists of: sources of thermal energy production (Combined heat and power (CHP) I Oradea and geothermal water heating plants); a transport network of heat; heat distribution network for heating and domestic hot water; substations, most of them equipped with worn and obsolete equipment. Recently, only a few heat exchangers were rehabilitated and electric valves were installed to control the water flow.

After heat extraction, geothermal chilled waters from the Oradea area are: discharged into the sewer system of the city, paying a fee to the local water company which manages the city's sewers; discharged into the small river Peta; or re-injected into the reservoir. In order to ensure environmental protection and a sustainable energy development in Oradea, renewable sources of energy have been promoted in recent years. In this respect, the creation of a new well for geothermal water re-injection into the reservoir limits any accidental thermal pollution of the environment, while ensuring the conservation properties of the aquifer by recharging with geothermal chilled water.

The paper presents the achievements of such a project whose aim is to replace thermal energy obtained from coal with geothermal heating. The novelty consists in the fact that within the substation we will replace old heat exchangers, circulation pumps and valves with fully automated substations operating in parallel on both a geothermal system and on a primary heating system of a thermal plant.

Based on experimental measurements, this paper presents the vibration analysis of a hydro generator that equips a Kaplan hydraulic turbine of a Hydropower plant in Romania. This analysis means vibrations measurement to different operating regimes of the hydro generator respectively before installing it and into operation, namely putting off load mode (unexcited and excited) respectively putting on load mode. By comparing, through the experimental results obtained before and after the operation of hydro aggregates are observed vibrations improvements.

This paper presents the results obtained by experimental measurements regarding the determining of the operating performance of a Hydro generator, through electrical measurements before the refurbishment of hydro aggregates. Experimental measurements were taken to determine the characteristic by putting off load and also by putting on load regimes for power between 1 and 5 MW of hydro generator. These electrical measurements are to establish appropriate measures in terms of constructive and functional in order to bring the nominal parameters of that hydro aggregate.

In this paper a method with which a set of characteristic functions are associated to a LDPC code is shown and also functions that represent the evolution density of messages that go along the edges of a Tanner graph. Graphic representations of the density evolution are shown respectively the study and simulation of likelihood threshold that render asymptotic boundaries between which there are decodable codes were made using MathCad V14 software.

In this paper is presented an analysis of the operating electric generators (synchronous and induction) within a small capacity hydroelectric power plant. Such is treated the problem of monitoring and control hydropower plant using SCADA systems. Have been carried an experimental measurements in small hydropower plant for different levels of water in the lake and various settings of the operating parameters.

PLCs are used increasingly more often in industrial applications and beyond. PLCs from different companies involved different programming languages. Some of the PLCs can be programmed in all languages, while others do not. For three types of PLCs was made an application for a traffic light with priority. PLCs usually have a general and a special set of instructions that only some of these are found from a PLC to another. Programs were made with specific instruction set of respectively PLC. The programs were carried out in three languages. For a case study, it makes a comparative analysis between three programming languages.

This paper presents the experimental analysis of current-voltage characteristic of DC corona discharge. In experiments were used an electrostatic discharge system, consists of an active brass electrode, and a passive copper electrode (plane). A high-voltage source has been used to produce the positive or negative DC discharge. To analyse the influence of active electrode surface were used a conical and a spherical electrode, with small radius of curvature. The gap between the electrodes was varied by moving the passive electrode. Current-voltage characteristics of DC corona discharge were obtained at a constant distance between the discharge electrodes, by changing the amplitude of supply voltage. Corona current and voltage were acquired using a digital oscilloscope. Experiments allowed the study of the effects due to the active electrode and the air gap between the electrodes, on the onset voltage and the current of corona discharge.

The paper presents a continuous voltage inverter - AC (12V / 230V) made with IGBT and two-stage voltage transformer. The sequence control transistors is achieved using a ring counter whose clock signal is obtained with a monostable circuit LM 555. The frequency of the clock signal can be adjustment with a potentiometer that modifies the charging current of the capacitor which causes constant monostable circuit time. Command sequence consists of 8 intervals of which 6 are assigned to command four transistors and two for the period break at the beginning and end of the sequence control. To obtain an alternation consisting of two different voltage level, two transistors will be comanded, connected to different windings of the transformer and the one connected to the winding providing lower voltage must be comanded twice. The output of the numerator goes through an inverter type MOS and a current amplifier with bipolar transistor.To achieve galvanic separation, an optocoupler will be used for each IGBT transistor, while protection is achieved with resistance and diode circuit. At the end there is connected an LC filter for smoothing voltage variations.

Analytical modeling of the flow of manufacturing process of the cement is difficult because of their complexity and has not resulted in sufficiently precise mathematical models. In this paper, based on a statistical model of the process and using the knowledge of human experts, was designed a fuzzy system for automatic control of clinkering process.

This study aims at determining, by experiment, the filling coefficient of a spark-ignition, normal aspirated engine, with carburettor. For this purpose, a pilot plant was designed for measuring the pressure at various points on the route, simulating a stationary air flow regime by means of a vacuum pump. Measurements were made for various lifting heights of the intake valve and various opening positions of the throttle body, thus highlighting how their influence on the pressure loss and on the filling coefficient.

This paper presents three methods for reduce thermal losses in the intake system with improvement of airflow and thermal protection. In the experiment are involved two patented devices conceived by the author and one PhD theme device: 1- Dynamic device for air transfer, 2-Integrated thermal deflector, and, 3-Advanced thermal protection. The tests were carried on different vehicle running in real traffic and in the Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, within the specialization "Road vehicle" belonging to the Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara, component of Politehnica University of Timişoara. The results have been processed and compared whit the ones obtained without these devices.

Thermal barrier coatings (TBC) are advanced materials typically applied to metal surfaces subjected to extreme temperatures to protect them and increase their lifetime. Ceria stabilized zirconia ceramic layer (CSZ) is increasingly used as an alternative improved as replace for classical TBC system - yttria stabilized zirconia - thanks to superior properties, including mechanical and high resistance to thermal corrosion. The paper describes the thermal shock testing of two types of thermal barrier coatings used to protect a nickel super alloy. For the experimental procedure, it was used plate samples from nickel super alloy with a bond coat and a ceramic top coat. The top coat was different: on some samples, it was used YSZ and on others CSZ. Ni based super alloys have good corrosion resistance in reducing environments action, but poor in oxidizing conditions. Extreme environments can lead to loss of material by oxidation / corrosion, along with decreased mechanical properties of the substrate due to damaging elements which diffuses into the substrate at high temperatures. Using laboratory equipment, the TBC systems were exposed repeatedly to extreme high temperatures for a short time and then cooled. After the thermal shock tests, the samples were morph-structured characterized using electronic microscopy to analyze the changes. The experimental results were compared to rank the TBC systems in order of performance.

In this paper a study regarding the influence of the ribs shape on the dynamic behavior of butterfly valves, in terms of natural frequency variation, is presented. This behavior is important because the valve disk vibrates due to fluid flow when it is fully or partially open. If the disk is "locked in", which means that frequency of oscillation is equal to the frequency of vortex shedding, the negative effect of resonance occurs, and harming of the structure is expected. The phenomenon is undesired and can be avoided by designing the disk in order to have the natural frequencies higher as the shedding frequencies. The study is performed via the finite element method (FEM) and first concerns in finding the proper disk thickness for the valve's geometrical input parameters by static analysis. Afterward, modal analysis on disks with stiffness ribs of various shapes and positions is made. As a result, guidelines for designing the disk's stiffening elements are provided.

The permanent magnet (PM) synchronous motors have a major advantage compared to the asynchronous motors, namely that there are no losses in the rotor. As regarding the single-phase motors must be considered the possibility to obtain the starting torque. A simple and inexpensive constructive solution is the motor with tapered air-gap, which can develop a starting torque (although specific starting torque is small) in a well-defined direction, simply by powering the stator winding from the network of industrial frequency. Starting torque occurs due to the fact that the axis of the rotor field created by PM in the rest position differs from the axis of the stator because of the tapered air gap. Therefore this motor is more often used in low power household appliances. The development and the implementation in Matlab / Simulink of the motor model will be presented in this paper. The model is based on a mathematical model with lumped parameters, parameters that are determined through calculations and finite elements analysis. The motor behavior will be studied, both in stationary and dynamic operation. The accuracy of the model is verified by comparing simulation results with results obtained by measurements.

The piston is one of the most important components of the internal combustion engine. Piston fail mainly due to mechanical stresses and thermal stresses. In this paper is determined by using the finite element method, stress and displacement distribution due the flue gas pressure and temperature, separately and combined. The FEA is performed by CAD and CAE software. The results are compared with those obtained by the analytical method and conclusions have been drawn.

In this article we will present a transdisciplinary approach to carbon sequestration in agricultural soils. The software provides a method proposed to measure the amount of carbon that can be captured from different soil types and different crop. The application has integrated an intuitive interface, is portable and calculate the number of green certificates as a reward for farmers financial support for environmental protection. We plan to initiate a scientific approach to environmental protection through financial incentives for agriculture fits in EU rules by taxing big polluters and rewarding those who maintain a suitable environment for the development of ecological and competitive agriculture.

One of the options aimed at preventing climatic changes is the capture and storage of carbon dioxide, a method with a great potential for reducing greenhouse gases. Capturing and storing carbon dioxide in the soil involves new benefits for the communities in the respective areas. Those benefits also follow from the fact that the organic compound has an essential factor in the soil, determining its properties.

The paper presents several results concerning the determination of the quantity of carbon dioxide in different types of soil and it is intended to be the beginning of the process of data collection and the analysis of the reserves and the flow of carbon.

Present paper describes the functionality of a temperature controlling system using PIC 18F45K22 microcontroller. The ambient temperature is acquired with LM35 analogue sensor. The microcontroller program is realized with MikroC compiler and it is able to control the speed of a cooling fan with dc motor. The speed can be increased in functioning with the increasing of the ambient temperature.

Research distribution the rolling moments symmetrical and asymmetrical report presents great importance both in theory and to introduce clarifications to the calculation of rolling resistance line assemblies. Clarifying individuals of metallic material deformation between the rolls single cylinder diameters act of any difference of work and analysis of advance and delay phenomena. Torque drive value for each of the rolling cylinders was done by reducing the thickness of the laminate samples, an experimental facility located in the laboratory of plastic deformation of the Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara. The analysis of research results show that in terms of power consumption for deformation and safety equipment in operation is rational for mills which require such a difference between the work rolls to execute about one cylinder operated.

Various strategies for achieving a functional poly(lactic acid) (PLA) have been developed such as ring-opening copolymerization with a functional monomer, the use of functional initiator and various post polymerization modifications. It is possible to obtain the star shaped polymer using natural oil with at least three OH groups as an initiator. It was estimated that despite of low-molecular mass of star-shaped PLA, the hydrophobic castor oil central core influenced the slow degradation rate in the case of injectable biomedical application. The star-shaped polymers with low-molecular-mass have a lower melt viscosity correlated with linear counterparts. In soft tissue reparation the polymer viscosity increases with fluid body contact and the solid implant can be formed. To ensure liquid state at injection temperature the low molar mass polymer is favorable. There is a particular size for each macromolecular chains at which chain entanglement occurs. In this work the influence of the l-lactide (LA) and the castor oil (CO) contents on the size of biodegradable branched polyester polyols was studied. The average molecular masses of synthesized polymers were estimated by GPC procedure. In sample formulations the [LA]/[CO] ratios were from to 113 to 533. Mn values for obtained polymers were from 5000 to 20000 Da. The molecular mass distribution for the resulting polymers was between 1.09 and 1.37.

The development of ever smaller components in manufacturing processes require handling, assembling and testing of miniature similar components. The human eye meets its optical limits with ongoing miniaturization of parts, due to the fact that it is not able to detect particles with a size smaller than 0.11 mm or register distances below 0.07 mm - like separating gaps. After several hours of labour, workers cannot accurately differentiate colour nuances as well as constant quality of work cannot be guaranteed. Assembly is usually done with tools, such as microscopes, magnifiers or digital measuring devices. Due to the enormous mental concentration, quickly a fatigue process sets in. This requires breaks or change of task and reduces productivity. Dealing with handling devices such as grippers, guide units and actuators for component assembling, requires a time consuming training process. Often productivity increase is first achieved after years of daily training. Miniaturizations are ubiquitously needed, for instance in the surgery. Very small add-on instruments must be provided. In measurement, e.g. it is a technological must and a competitive advantage, to determine required data with a small-as-possible, highest-possible-resolution sensor. Solution: The realization of a flexible universal workstation, using standard robotic systems and image processing devices in cooperation with humans, where workers are largely freed up from highly strenuous physical and fine motoric work, so that they can do productive work monitoring and adjusting the machine assisted production process.

A pendulum impact tester is a technical device which is used to perform plasticity characterizations of metallic materials. Results are calculated based on fracture behavior under pendulum impact loadings according to DIN 50115, DIN 51222/EN 10045. The material is held at the two ends and gets struck in the middle. A mechanical Problem occurs when testing materials with a very high impact toughness. These specimen often do not break when hit by the pendulum. To return the pendulum to its initial position, the operator presses a service button. After a delay of approximately 2 seconds a clutch is activated which connects the arm of the pendulum with an electric motor to return it back upright in start position. At the moment of clutch activation, the pendulum can still swing or bounce with any speed in any direction at any different position. Due to the lack of synchronization between pendulum speed and constant engine speed, the clutch suffers heavy wear of friction. This disadvantage results in considerable service and repair costs for the customer. As a solution to this problem this article presents a customized technical device to significantly increase the lifetime of the clutch. It was accomplished by a precisely controlled activation of the clutch at a point of time when pendulum and motor are at synchronized speed and direction using incremental encoders.

Study bunk storage systems for motor vehicles developed much lately due to high demand for parking in congested city centers. In this paper we propose to study mechanism drive bunk platforms for dynamic request. This paper aims to improve the response mechanism on a platform behavior self during operation of the system and identify hot spots. In this paper we propose to analyze the deformations of the superposed platform in the points of application of the exterior forces produced by the weight of the vehicle in a dynamic way. This paper aims to automate the necessary computation for the analysis of the deformations of the superposed platform using Netlogo language.

The paper presents the use of a Moeller PLC in the automation of an artesian fountains from Baia Mare. The application is developed in Ladder Diagram and contains two modes of operation. The first mode is the Automatic Mode in which are defines certain operating times of the artesian fountains pumps. These set times make recurrence of the operation. The second mode is the Manual Mode in which each pump is operated independently. Manual mode is only active for service personal, according to the user accounts and authorization rights of its. All orders are made with a touch screen Weintek in menus that are created for application. Using the Service Menu can visualize defects occurred during the regime of operation, which is recorded.

This paper presents an experimental investigation into the operating characteristic of residual current devices when in presence of a residual current at a frequency of 60Hz. In order to protect persons and equipment effectively the residual current devices are made to be very sensitive to the ground fault current or the touch current. Because of their high sensitivity the residual current circuit breakers are prone to tripping under no-fault conditions.