Table of contents

The Rusnanotech 2010 International Forum on Nanotechnology was held from November 1–3, 2010, in Moscow, Russia. It was the third forum organized by RUSNANO (Russian Corporation of Nanotechnologies) since 2008. In March 2011 RUSNANO was established as an open joint-stock company through the reorganization of the state corporation Russian Corporation of Nanotechnologies. RUSNANO's mission is to develop the Russian nanotechnology industry through co-investment in nanotechnology projects with substantial economic potential or social benefit. Within the framework of the Forum Science and Technology Program, presentations on key trends of nanotechnology development were given by foreign and Russian scientists, R&D officers of leading international companies, universities and scientific centers.

The science and technology program of the Forum was divided into eight sections as follows (by following hyperlinks you may find each section's program including videos of all oral presentations):

• Catalysis and Chemical Industry

• Nanobiotechnology

• Nanodiagnostics

• Nanoelectronics

• Nanomaterials

• Nanophotonics

• Nanotechnolgy In The Energy Industry

• Nanotechnology in Medicine

The scientific program of the forum included 115 oral presentations by leading scientists from 15 countries. Among them in the "Nanomaterials" section was the lecture by Dr Konstantin Novoselov, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics 2010. The poster session consisted of over 500 presentations, 300 of which were presented in the framework of the young scientists' nanotechnology papers competition. This volume of the Journal of Physics: Conference Series includes a selection of 57 submissions.

The scientific program committee:

Prof Zhores Alferov, Academician Vice-president of Russian Academy of Sciences, Nobel Prize winner, Russia, Chairman of the Program CommitteeProf Sergey Deev, Corresponding Member of Russian Academy of Sciences Head of the Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, M M Shemyakin and Yu A Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia, Deputy Chairman of the Program CommitteeProf Alexander Aseev, Academician Vice-president of Russian Academy of Sciences Director, A V Rzhanov-Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia Prof Sergey Bagaev, Academician Director, Institute of Laser Physics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia Prof Alexander Gintsburg, Ademician, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Director Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Russia Prof Anatoly Grigoryev, Academician, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Vice-president, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Russia Prof Michael Kovalchuk, RAS Corresponding Member Director, Kurchatov Institute Russian Scientific Center, Russia Prof Valery Lunin, Academician Dean, Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia Prof Valentin Parmon, Academician, Director Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia Prof Rem Petrov, Academician Advisor, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia Prof Konstantin Skryabin, Academician Director, Bioinzheneriya Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia Prof Vsevolod Tkachuk, Academician, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Dean, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia Prof Vladimir Fortov, Academician Director, Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia Prof Alexey Khokhlov, Academician Vice Principal, Head of Innovation, Information and International Scientific Affairs Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia Prof Valery Bukhtiyarov, RAS Corresponding Member Director, Physicochemical Research Methods Dept., Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia Prof Anatoly Dvurechensky, RAS Corresponding Member Deputy Director, Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia Prof Vladimir Kvardakov, Corresponding Member of Russian Academy of Sciences Executive Director, Kurchatov Center of Synchrotron Radiation and Nanotechnology, Russia Prof Edward Son, Corresponding member of Russian Academy of Sciences Scientific Deputy Director, Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia Prof Andrey Gudkov Senior Vice President, Basic Science Chairman, Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, USA Prof Robert Nemanich Chair, Department of Physics, Arizona State University, USA Prof Kandlikar Satish Professor, Rochester Institute of Technology, USA Prof Xiang Zhang UC Berkeley, Director of NSF Nano-scale Science and Engineering Center (NSEC), USA Prof Andrei Zvyagin Professor, Macquarie University, Australia Prof Sergey Kalyuzhny Director of the Scientific and Technological Expertise Department, RUSNANO, Russia Konstantin Kazaryan, PhD Expert of the Scientific and Technological Expertise Department, RUSNANO, Russia, Program Committee SecretarySimeon Zhavoronkov Head of Nanotechnology Programs Development Office, Rusnanotech Forum Fund for the Nanotechnology Development, Russia

Editors of the proceedings:

Section "Nanoelectronics" – Corresponding Member of Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor Anatoly Dvurechenskii (Institute of Semiconductor Physics, RAS). Section "Nanophotonics" – Professor Vasily Klimov (Institute of Physics, RAS). Section "Nanodiagnostics" – Professor P Kashkarov (Russian Scientific Center, Kurchatov Institute). Section "Nanotechnology for power engineering" – Corresponding Member of Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor Eduard Son (Joint Institute for High Temperatures, RAS). Section "Catalysis and chemical industry" – Member of Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor Valentin Parmon (Institute of Catalysis SB RAS). Section "Nanomaterials" – E Obraztsova, PhD (Institute of Physics, RAS), Marat Gallamov PhD (Moscow State University). Section "Nanotechnology in medicine" – Denis Logunov, PhD (Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, RAMS). Section "Nanobiotechnology" – Member of Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor Konstantin Skryabin (Bioengineering Center, RAS), Member of Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor Rem Petrov (RAS), Corresponding Member of Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor Sergey Deev (Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry).

All papers published in this volume of Journal of Physics: Conference Series have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

The large-scale industrial sources of conventional natural gas are limited and can be exhausted in the nearest future. But there are still a significant number of low deposit, remote, low-pressure fields, and abundant resources of unconventional gas including coal-bed methane, shale gas, gas hydrates. However, usually these sources are less intensive, short living and spread through a large area. So gas industry very likely will have to develop new low-scale technologies to explore and process such resources into more valuable and easily transportable liquid products to satisfy consumers in any point of the world as we do it now with oil and petrochemicals.

Introduction of the modern technological procedures operating the catalytic systems with different nanosized characteristics is the only way to fabricate components of commercial oils that meet the current requirements. Specifications to the individual catalysts, which form a catalytic system, differ both in nanostructural features of the support porosity and in distribution of nanosized active site. These specifications are related to the purpose of the process and the role of the catalyst in the process.

Research of catalytic compositions based on noble metal black received by magnetron deposition of metal in vacuum thickness-control disclosed. Such blacks have unique bush-like structure formed by thin filaments of platinum with diameter near 10 nm and 200-300 nm long. This structure compared with structure of platinized platinum received by electrochemical deposition from solution. On basis of electrochemical research disclosed that vacuum platinum blacks (VPB) based on titan nickel and carbon provide high activity in anode hydrogen oxidation reaction and cathode hydrogen restoration in low temperature electrochemical devices.

The decontamination of the solutions from micropatogens and drug delivery are the important problems of modern life. It was shown that carbon nanotubes, polyaniline and their composites can interact with antibiotics-polypeptides and some viruses (pandemic strain of influenza viruses A(H1N1)v circulated in Russia in 2009–2010. During a short time drug and viruses can be absorbed by polyaniline and removed from aqueous solutions at the normal conditions. Polyaniline composites can be useful for the preparation of drug delivery and virus control filters and also in biotechnology for the improvement the methods of antibiotics purification.

The problem of the search of biostructures capable to self-organization is quite urgent considering the prospects of application of nanostructured biomaterials as components of composite materials in transplantology and optics as well as "scaffolds" for the synthesis of nanostructured materials based on inorganic particles. The given study focuses on modeling of the growth of structures using the cellular automata with a set of states of the two values (0 and 1), with the value corresponding to the state is determined by the contribution of "the closest neighbor" (by the probability of induction of the state of the nextgeneration in the direction of the interaction) and the geometry of the field isdetermined by the vector of the direction of the particle and the direction of the interaction.

Microarray technology is one of the most challenging methods of influenza A virus subtyping, which is based on the antigenic properties of viral surface glycoproteins – hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. On the example of biochip for detection of influenza A/H5N1 virus we showed the possibility of using multisegment RTPCR method for amplification of fluorescently labeled cDNA of all possible influenza A virus subtypes with a single pair of primers in influenza diagnostic microarrays.

In the present work we obtained a hydrolysates of food proteins by enzyme hydrolysis, researched the comparative structural and the molecular – mass characteristics of proteins, and compared of hydrolysates particles structural characteristics on nanoscale with their biological properties.

Molecular-beam epitaxy growth of 5 um emitting strain-compensated quantum semiconductor laser (QCL) is reported. The QCL structure is characterized by complementary techniques: high-resolution X-ray diffraction and dynamical secondary-ion mass-spectrometry, that reveal the high quality of QCL structure and in-depth distribution of chemical composition, respectively.

The experiments on influence of the iron oxide cluster size on the specific magnetic moment are performed. Both free and covered clusters are investigated. The experiments are interpreted on the base of core-shell model by analogy to Weizsäcker formula in the nuclear physics. Metrological parameters for the cluster size investigation are obtained.

The problem of doping impurity intrusion into nanoparticles is analyzed. Thermodynamical model of the effect is developed, taking into account specific properties of nanoparticles: quantum confinement of elementary excitations and the impact of nanoparticle surface states compared with bulk ones. We obtained the size dependence of impact equilibrium solubility in nanoparticles. Magnetometric experiments, carried out on nanoparticle ensemble of iron oxide doped with gadolinium and other impurities, show lack of contradictions and good qualitative accordance between the model and the experiment.

In the study of surface phenomena of the main and only instrumentally-defined parameters are surface tension and wetting angle, including in the field of nanotechnology. These indicators were introduced more than 200 years ago, and any new inventions in this field was no more. The university developed a new method and device for determining the surface activity. The basis of the method and device is the use of video cameras to record the droplet size and changes on the surface of the liquid layer of known thickness from the impact of drops of surfactant (surfactant). Committed changes are then processed using computer software and calculated parameters, which can be characterized by a surfactant and surface properties, which is fluid and very liquid. Determine the surface tension or contact angle is not necessary. Measures of surface activity using the method and device are:

1. The amount of fluid that can move one kilogram of surfactant. The value of this index varies from tens of nanometers to hundreds of thousands of units. The indicator can be converted to energy units, joules.

2. The amount of fluid confined by a surface per unit time is calculated based on the first indicator, complements the characterization of surfactant and may be an indicator of surface characteristics and fluid.

3. Propagation speed of the capillary and microwaves. This indicator complements the first two.

A new large-scale research center for nano diagnostics and neutron and X-Ray studies of nanomaterials is briefly described. This center at the Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences (INR RAS) is based on three specially designed spallation neutron sources driven by primary proton beams. Similar research centers on the basis of the high flux spallation neutron sources are created in the USA, Japan, Great Britain, Switzerland and will be build in China and the EU (Sweden). We discuss neutron and X-Ray instrumentation at the INR RAS and the corresponding domains of research of various materials including nano-systems.

Main features of the modernized small-angle neutron scattering spectrometer (YuMO) at IBR-2M pulsed reactor are described. New installations for sample environment of the spectrometer are highlighted. The modernized SANS instrument (YuMO) is equipped with a new type of position sensitive detector as well as two detector system which provide a unique dynamic range (Q_max/Q_min ratio is about 90). Sample environment is extended with a magnetic system (magnetic field about 2.5 Tesla), automated high pressure setup which allows simultaneous SANS and volumetric high pressure studies and light illumination system. In particular, these developments led to considerable improvements of resolution of the instrument (about 1%) and opened the possibility to study anisotropic materials and perform efficient high pressure studies.

It is suggested possible approaches to the comprehensive solution of the problem of structural-morphological control in mass production of nanoparticles only by the use of advanced methods of scanning electron microscopy.

It is offered the method of measurement and design of the experimental setup, allowing to control the flow of particles from the surface of organic films during annealing by pulsed laser radiation. The method is based on the TOF(Time Of Flight) principle of detecting particles, desorbed from the surface by laser pulses, used for annealing. The principle of registration and the structure (block- scheme) of the experimental setup and its constituent parts are detailed in the work The setup consists of the analytical part, the system of laser irradiation and computer measurement system. The basis of the analytical part of the installation is a TOF(Time Of Flight) mass spectrometer of original construction.

We are concerned with the problem of charge transport in a 2D silicon MOSFET transistor occupying a domain Ω with a silicon oxide nanochannel occupying a domain Ω_G. After proposing an additional boundary condition for the electric potential on the common boundary of the domains Ω and Ω_G we design two numerical algorithms for funding approximate solutions of this problem. The first algorithm is a new one and uses interpolation polynomials of spline-collocation and the sweep method. The second algorithm is based on the well-known longitudinal-transverse sweep (l.t.s.) method. By using these algorithms we obtain graphs of stationary solutions of our problem. We also compare the workability and efficiency of the proposed algorithms for various values of parameters.

Silicon dioxide-based fractal aggregates as an example of self-assembly in sol-gel processes were prepared. Main evolution stages of tin dioxide-silicon dioxide fractal systems were demonstrated by atomic force microscopy (AFM): diffusion-limited aggregation, cluster-cluster aggregation, formation of percolation net and 3D-net nanostructures. The formation possibilities of porous nanomaterials based on different metal oxides, including those based on tin dioxide, iron oxide and zinc oxide, were shown. New chemical etching method to obtain microreactors was developed. Specific surface area of nanostructures was investigated by thermal desorption of nitrogen and gas sensitive properties of tin dioxide nanocomposites were also studied.

We study the radiative heat transfer and the van der Waals friction between graphene and an amorphous SiO₂ substrate. We study the surface phonon-polaritons contribution to the low-field mobility as a function of temperature and of carrier density. We find that the electric current saturate at a high electric field, in agreement with experiment. The saturation current depends weakly on the temperature, which we attribute to the "quantum" friction between the graphene carriers and the substrate optical phonons. We calculate the frictional drag between two graphene sheets caused by van der Waals friction, and find that this drag can induce a high enough voltage which can be easily measured experimentally. We find that for nonsuspended graphene the near-field radiative heat transfer, and the heat transfer due to direct phononic coupling, are of the same order of magnitude at low electric field. The phononic contribution to the heat transfer dominates at high field. For large separation between graphene and the substrate the heat transfer is dominated by the near-field radiative heat transfer.

Phenomenological model of an abnormal thermal field electron emission from the 2D nanoheterostructures of a kind: a conductor – a thin dielectric film, is offered and developed.

The cycle of activities of the creation of principally new generation of reed switches with nanostructured contact surfaces was implemented. Experimental justification of the opportunity of reed switches creation with modified contact surface was given (instead of precious metals-based galvanic coating). Principally new technological process of modification of magnetically operated contacts contacting surfaces was developed, based on the usage of the ion-plasma methods of nanolayers and nanostructures forming having specified contact features.

Results of hard magnetic Fe-Ni-Al alloys after various thermal processing local structure researches by method of EXAFS-spectroscopy with use of synchrotron radiation at temperature 77 K are presented. It is established, that during cooling a firm solution with critical speed reorganization of a local environment of nickel relative to quickly tempered sample owing to stratification of a firm solution is observed. The subsequent aging at 780°C practically restores local structure, characteristic for quickly tempered sample, keeping thus rather high coercitive force.

Nano-dispersions of perfluorocarbon (PFC) or PFC emulsions are substitutes of erythrocytes. They perform the function of the gas transport on condition when the particle structure will be preserved. The invariable values of the size and surface properties of the spherical PFC particles characterize the stability of their structure. The stable nano-dispersion on base PFC and phospholipids (PL) as the basis of the oxygen carrier preparation have been prepared. This PFC/PL nano-dispersion conformed to the essential requirements: the heat sterilization of the final product and the structure preservation of particles: size (∼100 nm) and surface properties, during one year of storage in the unfrozen state. The obtained PFC/PL nano-dispersion conformed to medicine-biology employment.

Porous structures of lead chalcogenides with porosities of 20-68% and pore dimensions as small as 7-20 nm were fabricated using an anodic electrochemical etching technique applied to epitaxial PbTe and PbSe films on Si. Anodized lead selenide demonstrated two basic types of porous morphology: quasiporous noncontinuous layers and hierarchical porous layers. Lead telluride had a more typical mesoporous morphology, with pores propagating at an angle of 35° to surface, which corresponds to the <100< directions in the epitaxial films and is promising for the fabrication of photonic crystals with Yablonovite-like structure. The sizes of PbTe nanocrystallites in porous layers with high porosity were calculated to be 26 nm, which indicates that quantum confinement conditions are realized in this material. Such low-dimensional morphology of porous lead telluride is prospective for the fabrication of microscale thermoelectric devices with high ZT.

The paper dwells upon the investigation of carbon nanomaterials synthesized by an electric arc-method from methane-air mixture under atmospheric pressure in presence of Ni catalyst. These materials may be used for the electrochemical storage of energy. According to the data of transmission electron microscopy the carbon nanomaterials are generally represented by carbon nanotubes with the diameter of 20-80 nm. The pulse-reverse treatment of carbon nanomaterials in concentrated sulphuric electrolytes with addition of fluoride and lithium ions is carried out to increase their discharge capacity in 1 M H₂SO₄ and 1 M KOH. The properties of carbon nanomaterials are studied using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method, chemical energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, potentiostatic charge method of electrochemical saturation of hydrogen and potentiodynamic discharge method. The maximum discharge capacity of 940 C g⁻¹ in 1 M H₂SO₄ is revealed for CNMs subjected to pulse-reverse treatment in concentrated sulphuric electrolyte containing fluoride and lithium ions.

The extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) was applied to investigate the local structure peculiarities of TiNi-based shape memory alloys Ti₅₀Ni₂₅Cu₂₅ and Ti_39.2Ni_24.8Cu₂₅Hf₁₁. The phase composition of ternary alloy was examined with the additional X-ray diffraction. Our experimental results demonstrate that the most significant changes in local crystalline structure under martensitic transformation arise in the Ni-Cu sublattice. The static disordering of the Ti coordination shell is more significant for Ni than for Cu environment. Such a conclusion is consistent with the refined values of atomic ν-shifts from the planar center of symmetry in (010) layers which are greater for Ni atoms than for Cu.

This paper contains an overview of our results on platinum group metals disperse particles synthesis in water solutions in hydrothermal conditions. Metal phases (metal sols, powders and coatings) are formed in halogen and halogenammin complexes solutions in autoclave conditions at 110–230°C. The received materials are promising for the practical applications (catalysts, sensor controls, fuel elements, photonics and etc.).

Silver nanoparticles in AOT reverse micelles were obtained by means of the biochemical synthesis. Synthesis of nanoparticles was carried out with variation of the three parameters of reverse-micellar systems: concentration of silver ions, concentration of the stabilizer (AOT) and hydration extent w = [H₂O]/[AOT]. The combinations of varied parameters have been found, allowing to prepare micellar solutions of spherical silver nanoparticles with average sizes 4.6 and 9.5 nm and narrow size distribution. From micellar solution the nanoparticles were transferred into the water phase; water solutions of the nanoparticles were used for testing their biological activity. Our assay is based on negative chemotaxis, a motile reaction of cells to an unfavorable chemical environment. Plasmodium of the slime mold Physarum polycephalum used as an object is a multinuclear amoeboid cell with unlimited growth and the auto-oscillatory mode of locomotion. In researches of chemotaxis on plasmodium it is learned that silver nanoparticles of smaller size exhibit a higher biological activity (behave as stronger repellent) and this correlates with the literary data obtained in studies of silver nanoparticles interaction with other biological objects.

Originally an idea of diamonds production by hydrodynamical cavitation was presented by academician E M Galimov. He supposed the possibility of nature diamonds formation at fast magma flowing in kimberlitic pipes during bubbles collapse. This hypothesis assumes a number of processes, which were not under consideration until now. It concerns cavitation under high pressure, growth and stability of the gas- and vapors bubbles, their evolution, and corresponding physical- and chemical processes inside. Experimental setup to reproduce the high pressure and temperature reaction centers by means of the cavitation following the above idea was created. A few crystalline nanocarbon forms were successfully recovered after treatment of benzene (C₆H₆).

The metals and alloys subjected to severe plastic deformation (SPD) can possess not only ultrafine-grained structure but also specific nanostructural features, such as non-equilibrium grain boundaries, nanotwins, grain boundary segregations and nano particles. The present work considers the role some of these features in exhibition of high strength of nanostructured metals and alloys. In particular, it is demonstrated that the presence of grain boundary segregations and non-equilibrium boundaries can result in yield stress values that considerably exceed those predicted from the Hall-Petch relation for the given materials.

The in vitro experiment, involving 1164 strains of the tuberculosis mycobacteria, exhibited a potentiating effect of silver nanoparticles on known antituberculous preparations in respect of overcoming drug-resistance of the causative agent. The in vitro experiment, based on the model of resistant tuberculosis, was performed on 65 white mice. An evident antituberculous effect of the nanocomposite on the basis of silver nanoparticles and isoniazid was proved. Toxicological assessment of the of nanopreparations was carried out. The performed research scientifically establishes efficacy and safety of the nanocomposite application in combination therapy of patients suffering from drug-resistant tuberculosis.

The common multiscale evolution approach to structural modelling of the damage accumulation and fracture processes of submicrocrystalline materials is considered. The method of scanning probe microscopy has been applied to describe the damage evolution on nanoscale. The small-sized plane deformation specimens have been loaded in the tensile device integrated in the scanning probe microscope. The multifractal analysis has been used for the quantitative characterization of in situ deformation of the surface by means of scaling properties. To reveal the mechanism of low-temperature fracture the atomic-force microscopy has been applied to characterize the surface morphology of the stretching deformations of samples fractured at different temperatures.

The formation of structure and IR spectra of the (SiO₂)_n (n = 1–4) and (TiO₂)_n (n = 1–3) clusters with the increasing of their size n are simulated using the B3LYP/6-31G* method of density functional theory. It is shown that the structural fragments of the low-lying isomers of even small (SiO₂)_n and (TiO₂)_n clusters are exhibited in IR spectra of the SiO₂ and TiO₂ films. The IR absorption bands calculated by us for structures of the (SiO₂)_n and (TiO₂)_n clusters are in good agreement with the bands observed in IR spectra of the SiO₂ and TiO₂ films.

A study of structure formation in Ti-Nb-Zr shape memory alloys was carried out by means of transmission electron microscopy. After 450 °C annealing of cold-worked specimens a very high dislocation density (10¹¹ cm⁻²) remained; after 600 °C annealing a mixed structure consisting of submicron sized grains and subgrains formed. Therefore, a nanosubgrained structure is expected to form after 500 – 550 °C annealing.

The phenomenon of self-oscillations of the magnetic material atomic structure, occurring at intervals of about 30 days having duration of about 150 days, was observed at the first time. The oscillations are initiated by single field pulse with duration of 1 μs. The essence of the fluctuations was found due to the redistribution of the iron atoms over the six crystallographic non-equivalent positions. To assess the role of vacancies and boron atoms in the oscillations the vibration spectrum of substance has been calculated.

Carbon nano-processing as one of the most promising methods for creation of nanostructures and various types of electronic and optical systems is analyzed. A new method of electro-induced scanning probe lithography (SPL) based on the formation of ordered carbon nanostructures by combining electrical and mechanical actions on the original material in a scanning probe microscope (SPM) is proposed and tested.

CHA powder was consolidated without noticeable changing of its carbonate content using low-melting Na-Ca phosphate glass with the composition referred to 54% Na₄CaP₆O₁₈ and 46% Na₂CaP₂O₇ as a binder. A temperature window suitable for obtaining the composite was assessed as 450 – 475°C. The composites obtained at 450°C and 400 MPa for 1 hr demonstrate compressive strength up to 25 MPa.

Ion exchange of LaCl₃ and ZrOCl₂ aqueous solutions with anion-exchanger AV-17-8 was used to synthesize finely dispersed hydrosol of amorphous lanthanum zirconate La₂Zr₂O₇. Heat treatment of dried La₂Zr₂O₇ hydrosols at 700°C and 1100°C resulted in the formation of powders with fluorite and pyrochlore type structures, respectively. Epitaxial La₂Zr₂O₇ films were obtained on SrTiO₃ (001) single crystals. The substrate has an influence on the lanthanum zirconate crystal orientation, as well as strong inhibitory effect on sintering processes.

Silica nanoparticles with visible (Tb and Ru doped), near IR (Yb doped) and dual visible-near IR luminescence (Ru-Yb doped) were obtained by reverse w/o microemulsion procedure. Plenty of luminescent complexes (from 4900 to 10000) encapsulated into each nanoparticle ensures the intensive luminescence of nanoparticles and their applicability as biomarkers. The silica surface decoration by definite anchor groups is the required step for the gaining to these nanoparticles marking and sensing functions. Thus covalent and non-covalent surface modification of these nanoparticles was developed to provide the binding with biotargets and sensing of anions. The dicationic surfactant coating of negatively charged Tb(III)-TCAS doped silica nanoparticles was chosen as the basis for the anion responsible system. The reversible insertion of the quenching anions (namely phenol red) into the surfactant based layer at the surface of luminescent nanoparticles switches off the Tb-centered luminescence. In turn the reversible reestablishment of the luminescence results from the competitive insertion of the non-quenching anions into the surfactant layer at the silica/water interface. The hydrophobic anions exemplified by dodecylsulfates versus hydrophilic ones (hydrophosphates) are preferable in the competition with phenol red anions.

The investigations of formation mechanisms of ZnO nanoparticles, ZnO ceramic materials sintering and synthesis of ZnO thin films in zinc vapor-containing atmosphere shown that increase in "zinc/oxygen" relation (P_Zn/P_O2 ratio) leads to a significant change in the structure and formation mechanisms of ZnO ultrafine particles, thin films and bulk materials. We observed that ZnO whiskers growth occurs in the direction of the optimal ratio of partial pressures of Zn and O₂. Growth of ZnO tetrapods during the ejection of Zn vapor in an oxygen atmosphere occurs in two stages: the formation of the ZnO_1−x seed and subsequent growth of ZnO whiskers from it. It was also shown that the synthesis of ZnO films by magnetron sputtering in the Zn vapor excess environment can occur by the "vapor-liquid-solid" (VLS) mechanism. Also sintering of Ga-doped ZnO ceramic targets in the atmosphere containing desired pressure of Zn vapor leads to increase in target density and oxygen deficiency. These targets were used for deposit transparent conductive oxide (TCO) thin films onto glass substrate by direct current (dc) magnetron sputtering. The relationship between the structural perfection and electrical characteristics of Ga doped ZnO (GZO) films as a function of synthesis temperature and Ga content (3–6 at.%) were investigated.

Luminescence of gold nanoparticles photodeposited on titan dioxide mesoporous films has been studied using multiphoton microscopy. Luminescence was registered under the two-photon excitation by femtosecond pulses of Ti:sapphire laser. It was observed that Au/ TiO₂ mesoporous films have high concentration of bright luminescence spots ("hot spots") which reveal stability to degradation under long illumination. The most intense "hot spots" have luminescence enhancement of order of 10⁵ therefore Au/TiO₂ nanocomposites can be useful for single molecule spectroscopy and biological objects visualization. Application of Au/TiO₂ mesoporous films for Raman scattering spectroscopy is demonstrated for the case of Rhodamine B. Au/TiO₂ geometry analysed with FDTD to find probable "hot spot" configurations.

Fiber-optic chemical sensor for butylamine was realized. The sensor includes a thin layer nanostructure on the end of optical fiber with a diameter of 600 μm. It consists of luminescent silica nanoparticles modified with pyrylocyanine dye, silver nanoparticles and photonic-crystal film. The sensitivity of the sensor is increased tenfold due to an additional covering of the film with photonic crystal as a porous mirror and the injection of silver nanoparticles with a diameter of 5–7 nm.

Feature of heterojunction light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is that their internal quantum efficiency decreases with the growth of temperature and current density, which leads to additional positive electrothermal feedback. For an estimation of these effects nonlinear electrothermal model of power LED with dependences internal quantum efficiency from temperature and current density and dependence of factor of heat conductivity of a substrate on temperature is offered. It is shown, that action of these electrothermal feedback mechanisms leads to increase in heterogeneity of distribution of temperature and current in structures of LED in comparison with linear model and to nonlinear increase in thermal resistance of LEDs with current growth. Results of measurement of the thermal impedance of serial power LEDs is well described by the offered model.

In the following paper results of AFC (amplitude-frequency characteristics) and PFC (phase-frequency characteristics) and temperature drift studies as well as of time delay of CW and impulse signals in QW InGaAs lasers with CW output power more than 1W at direct modulation are given. It is demonstrated, that power QW lasers can potentially surpass their low-power analogues and DH lasers on one of the major parameters – product of the maximum modulating frequency (bandwidth) and output modulated RF power.The developed analytical mechanism considers QW power lasers' working features in a static and dynamic mode and enables us to calculate AFC, PFC, their temperature drift and delay of modulating signals with a sufficient for engineering calculations accuracy.

In the present work we formulate a model of infiltration nonwetting liquid into the nanoporous medium. This model takes into account the correlation effects in a disordered medium and is based on analytic methods of percolation theory. The infiltration of porous medium is treated as a process of filling pores in an infinite cluster of pores connected with each other. In the framework of the developed model we describe thermal effects that accompany the accumulation of energy by system characterized by different porosity.

Single and cyclic voltammetry is used to study the electrode processes that occur during electrochemical synthesis of hard-alloy compositions based on tungsten carbide and an iron triad metal in tungstate and tungstate-carbonate Na₂WO₄–Li₂WO₄–Li₂CO₃ (5.0–22.0 wt %) melts. The conditions of bringing the electroprecipitation potentials of tungsten, carbon, and an iron triad metal into coincidence are determined.

The layered nanostructures ferromagnet/superconductor (F/S) due to combination of incompatible in homogeneous materials properties are the most perspective materials for use in the new field of electronics – a superconducting spintronics. A new type of logical devices based on the layered F/S nanostructures and combining the advantages of the superconducting and magnetic recording channels in one sample is offered. Each channel can be separately controlled by weak magnetic field or current pulse and the switching time is of order of 10⁻¹⁰ – 10⁻¹¹ s. The implementation of such devices on base of high-temperature superconductors will allow using nitrogen instead of expensive helium for cooling.

It is well known that the Hall probe magnetic imaging represents a powerful technique for the investigation of the magnetic field distribution in nanostructured superconducting materials of many different types and geometries. We present a new method of the evaluation of current distributions in thin nanostructured superconducting tapes and films from the data of two-dimensional magnetic field profiles measured over the sample surface. We have analyzed the different conditions of magnetic flux trap of external magnetic field and the magnetic field distribution of a superconductor at the flow of transport current. Based on the standard algorithm was developed original method of non-contact investigation of local transport properties of modern nanostructured superconducting materials.

We present the results of study of magnetization and critical current of coated conductors with magnetic and nonmagnetic substrates. The measurements of magnetization curves were done in a wide temperature range from 4,2 to 100 K and magnetic field up to 14 T. To determine the dependence of transport critical current on the magnetic field we measured a set of current-voltage characteristics in the range of magnetic field from 0 to 8 T at T = 77 K with perpendicular to the tape field orientation. It was obtained that the substrates magnetism dramatically changes the form of magnetization curves but not influence the value of critical current. Comparison of field dependence of critical current, obtained by contact and contactless method at T = 77 K shows that for both samples is observed coincidence of the curves at low fields and a strong divergence at H> 1 Tesla.

We are publishing recent results in chalcogenide photoelectric convertors fabrication, which are efforts of many scientific teams from Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan. Competitively high efficiency of photoelectric convertors (11.4% for CdTe and 11% for CIGS) was achieved in the process of our work. Furthermore, luminescent filters for improvement of spectral response of such chalcogenide solar cells in a short wavelengths region were also developed and investigated here.

This paper presents several examples of the biological effects of small-sized silver nanoparticles (10.5±3.5nm) observed in experiments on bacteria, slim mold, unicellular alga and plant seeds. The nanoparticles were prepared by the biochemical synthesis, based on the reduction of metal ions in reverse vicelles by biological reductants - natural plant pigments (flavonoids). It is found that, except for the plant seeds, silver nanoparticles (SNP) act as a strong toxic agent, both in water solution and as part of liquid-phase material. It is shown also that the biological action of silver nanoparticles can not be reduced to the toxic action of silver ions in equivalent concentrations or to that of the surfactant (the SNP stabilizer) present in the SNP water solution. Possible SNP applications are suggested.

Novel epitaxial growth regimes have been identified to grow thick layers of pure GaAs (up to 250 mcm) of large area in a single growth experiments by gas phase epitaxy. Characteristics of semiconductor epitaxial p-i-n structures based on GaAs have been studied. The obtained layers of i-GaAs have residual impurity concentration < 10¹² cm⁻³. Pilot samples of x-ray radiation detector have been fabricated and energy resolution of the devices was about 600 eV at the absorbed photons energy of 60 keV and 200 eV at 5.9 keV, respectively.

Low-modulus titanium β-alloy Ti-26Nb-7Mo-12Zr for medical application, composed of nontoxic elements V and Al was considered. The influence of deformation in combination with heat treatment on the structure and properties of β-alloys such as elastic modulus, yield strength and tensile strength, ductility was investigated.

Applications of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in medical field imply the use of drug-coupled carbon nanotubes as well as carbon nanotubes functionalized with different chemical groups that change nanotube surface properties and interactions between nanotubes and cells. Covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to carboxylated single-walled carbon nanotubes (c-SWNT) is known to prevent the nanotubes from interaction with macrophages. Here we characterized nanotube's ability to stimulate coagulation processes in platelet-poor plasma (PPP), and evaluated the effect of SWNTs on platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Our study showed that PEG-SWNT did not affect the rate of clotting in PPP, while c-SWNT shortened the clot formation time five times compared to the control PPP. Since c-SWNT failed to accelerate coagulation in plasma lacking coagulation factor XI, it may be suggested that c-SWNT affects the contact activation pathway. In PRP, platelets responded to both SWNT types with irreversible aggregation, as evidenced by changes in the aggregate mean radius. However, the rate of aggregation induced by c-SWNT was two times higher than it was with PEG-SWNT. Cytological analysis also showed that c-SWNT was two times more efficient when compared to PEG-SWNT in aggregating platelets in PRP. Taken together, our results show that functionalization of nanoparticles can diminish their negative influence on blood cells. As seen from our data, modification of c-SWNT with PEG, when only a one percent of carbon atoms is bound to polymer (70 wt %), decreased the nanotube-induced coagulation in PRP and repelled the accelerating effect on the coagulation in PPP. Thus, when functionalized SWNTs are used for administration into bloodstream of laboratory animals, their possible pro-coagulant and pro-aggregating properties must be taken into account.

Promising direction of surgery related to the treatment of acute purulent wounds with chronic component could be utilization of aqueous dispersions of nanostructures (ADN) produced by pulsed electric discharge in water. The investigation is addressed to finding out the opportunity of usage of an ADN for treatment of purulent wounds with a chronic component and comparison of its efficiency with the widespread antiseptics. For realization of investigation was used ADN, which has maximal share of "small" nanostructures (<100 nm) with the greatest surface electric charge. High activity of reparative processes is established at use of ADN and subsequent moderate changes of the further healing. The attributes of cellular atypia and preternatural representations about inflammatory reactions are not revealed at local use of ADN.

Due to their extraordinary properties, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have a tremendous potential for medical applications such as clinical diagnostics, targeted drug (or gene) delivery and cancer therapy. Hence, effects of SWNTs on living systems as well as mechanisms for biodegradation of SWTNs are of great importance and must be studied before starting to explore SWNTs for medical use. This study was undertaken to compare the potential of different peroxidases in degrading carboxylated SWNT (c-SWNT) and to elucidate the role of peroxidase-generated reactive products in this process. A detailed study showed that neither reactive intermediate products nor free radicals generated via peroxidase cycle can considerably oxidize c-SWNT. Biodegradation of c-SWNT in model system can be induced by free radicals generated as a result of heme degradation. The latter explains why hemoglobin, which is a pseudo-peroxidase possessing low peroxidase activity, is able to oxidize carbon nanotubes with a higher efficiency than horseradish peroxidase. However, c-SWNT in the presence of blood plasma (15 vol %) demonstrated no degradation even at high concentrations of hemoglobin and H₂O₂. The comparison of the ability of various peroxidases to degrade SWNTs in vitro revealed that MPO, due to its ability to produce hypochlorite, and lactoperoxidase, due to its ability to produce hypobromite, are extremely efficient in degrading carbon nanotubes. Since neutrophils are a main source of human MPO, we tested the effect of SWNTs on these cells. SWNTs were unable to stimulate neutrophils. On the other hand, they dose-dependently enhanced opsonized zymosan-induced cell stimulation as detected by measuring the amount of hypochlorite produced. This finding may be relevant to the in vivo situation, for example, at inflammatory sites. In order to imitate conditions characteristic of phagosomes and inflammatory sites, we titrated the suspension of c-SWNT in the presence of diluted blood plasma at pH 5.8 with high concentrations of (MPO + H₂O₂) or hypochlorite and found significant degradation of nanotubes. Collectively, our results indicate that hypochlorite is a main candidate for oxidative degradation of carbon nanotubes in vivo.