Table of contents

The International Conference 2021 (INAFOR 2021 Stream 2) was held on 7-8 September 2021 in a virtual format via zoom meetings due to the COVID-19 pandemic situation. It was conducted virtually to align with the biannual agenda of The 6th International Conference of Indonesia Forestry and Environment Researchers (INAFOR), which previously was carried out by The Agency for Standardization of Environment and Forestry Instruments, Ministry of Environment of Forestry, Indonesia. This is the first international conference hosted by The Center for Standardization of Sustainable Forest Management Instruments, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. This conference was an important medium for sharing information and experiences and encouraging collaboration in sustainable forest management.

The theme "Managing Forest and Natural Resources, Meeting Sustainable and Friendly Use", strategically supports Indonesia's commitment to Net Sink Forestry and Land Use (FoLU) 2030. The INAFOR 2021 Stream 2 was attended by approximately 750 participants, invitees, keynote speakers, scientists, and academicians from Indonesia, South Korea, the Netherland and Australia. The conference took place with a plenary session featuring six Keynote Speakers that presented exciting and practical information relevant to the theme. Also, a parallel session was divided into 12 separate zoom spaces according to the topics and number of participants. The presenters had ten minutes to present their papers and followed by interactive and engaging discussion.

This proceeding presents 78 papers of research results on various topics, including biodiversity conservation, livelihoods, climate resilience, timber, and non-timber forest products. Those valuable pieces of information and recommendations can be modalities and references for the preparation and development of standards for sustainable forest management instruments and the development of science, technology, and innovation.

Thank you.

Dr. Wening Sri Wulandari

Acting Director of Center for Standardization of Sustainable Forest Management

Instruments

Scientific Committee

Prof. (Ris.) Dr. Sri Suharti; Prof. (Ris.) Dr. Pratiwi; Prof. (Ris.) Dr. Hendra Gunawan; Prof. (Ris.) Dr. Maman Turjaman; Prof. (Ris.) Dr. Haruni Krisnawati; Prof. (Ris). Dr. R. Garsetiasih; Prof. (Ris). Dr. Murniati; Prof. (Ris). Dr. Nina Mindawati; Prof. (Ris). Chairil Anwar Siregar; Prof. (Ris). Dr. Gustan Pari; Prof. (Ris). Dr. AYPBC Widyatmoko; Prof. (Ris). Dr. Liliana Baskorowati ; Asep Hidayat, Ph.D.; Henti Hendalastuti Rachmat, Ph.D.; Krisdianto, Ph.D.; Jamaludin Malik, Ph.D.; Dr. Neo Endra Lelana; Dr. Rozza Tri Kwatrina; Dr. Budi Hadi Narendra; Dr. Wa Ode Muliastuty Arsyad; Dr. Rizki Maharani; Dr. Arif Nirsatmanto; Dr. Dede Sudrajat; Denny, S. Hut., M.P.; Rinaldi Imanuddin, S.Hut., M.Si.; Irma Yeni, S.P., M.Sc.; Drs. Bugi Sumirat, M.Phil.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

• Type of peer review: Double-blind review process

• Conference submission management system: Submission through conference website for abstract and secretariat official email for full paper, conference.p3hh@gmail.com PIC: Aryani iopproceeding.p3h@gmail.com PIC: Fathimah Handayani

• Number of submissions received: 89

• Number of submissions sent for review: 88

• Number of submissions accepted: 78

• Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100): 87.6%

• Average number of reviews per paper: 3

• Total number of reviewers involved: 35

• Any additional info on review process:

• Contact person for queries:

Name : Aryani/Fathimah Handayani

Affiliation : Center for Standardization of Sustainable Forest Management Instruments, Bogor, Indonesia

Email : arianie34@gmail.com/fathimahhandayani@yahoo.co.id

The lowland forest area of Section I Way Kanan, Way Kambas National Park, possesses abundant medicinal tree species. This study aims to identify the medicinal tree species and their potential uses. Data collection was carried out by an inventory of all tree species by the belt transect method on a 100 m x 10 m. All plants were sampled for the herbarium, recorded, identified, and then analyzed for their usefulness. Data analysis was carried out to obtain the accuracy of scientific names, using the comparative identification approach, comparing herbarium samples from the field with herbarium specimens from Heyne's collection at the Forest Botanical Herbarium, Forest Research and Development Center, Bogor. The identification results using herbarium specimens recorded 24 medicinal tree species of the 20 genera and 20 families. Based on Heyne's Herbarium collection, 13 tree species of the 11 genera and 11 families possess the potential for medicinal and food. Among these species, the community still uses medicinal trees, such as Artocarpus elasticus, Baccaurea bracteata, Bouea oppositifolia and Cinnamomum iners. In general, people use medicinal plants when a family member is sick or used as tonics and supplements to maintain endurance.

Ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri) is one of Indonesia's most economically valuable timber tree species and was listed as Vulnerable in 1998 by the IUCN. To support conservation activities and establish E. zwageri's plantation, good quality planting stocks should be collected from specific seed sources. Currently, there is only one ironwood seed source in Sumatra that has been registered. This study aimed to assess the potential for an ironwood stand on the KPPN Bulian of the District VIII of PT. Wirakarya Sakti is to be proposed as a seed source. The assessment was conducted on July 2020 by a 100% inventory of ironwood trees in the area of 43 ha. Every individual tree and copy of ironwood was measured for its stem diameter and tree height and observed for its health, flowers, fruits, and seedlings in the ground. In total, 1,029 individual trees, copies and seedlings were recorded. Among them, 116 trees were found to have young fruits and seedlings emergence in the forest floor. Generally, the ironwood stand is sound and meets the criteria to be registered as an identified seed stand of ironwood.

Biodiverse countries such as Indonesia provide the exotic Asiatic Softshell Turtle (Amyda cartilaginea Boddaert 1770) for the wildlife trade. Deciding which trade model is detrimental to species survival in the wild can be a major challenge for Management Authorities (MA) in implementing CITES. The consequences for conservation, long-term use, and livelihoods are uncertain. The study used the CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) trade database. The collection of raw data is based on trade reports for the species of freshwater turtles (testudinidae) for the period 2011 to 2021, export countries from Indonesia, export destinations for all countries and sources of harvested turtles from the wild. This research aims to study the freshwater turtle trading trends over the decade, compare total quotas to actual harvest, and recognize how the precautionary principle is applied in harvesting A. cartilaginea. Harvesting and trading are following the quota regulated under the Indonesian government. However, conservation efforts were less emphasized, so it is feared that there will be a population decline and even extinction in the future, while the population in the wild cannot be ascertained. The larger the harvest quota set and the shorter the harvest period, the larger the natural population that must be available.

Melaleuca cajuputi breeding in Indonesia is entering the advanced generation cycle and improvements have been achieved for oil concentration and 1.8 cineole-content. In commercial plantations, the total oil yield is an important factor to ensure the sustainability and continuity of oil production. This variable is calculated based on oil concentration, survival rate, and leaf biomass. However, to date, biomass productivity is maintained through silviculture practices rather than genetics. Therefore, genetic improvement for other traits related to leaf biomass is necessary. This study aimed to optimize the breeding strategy of M. cajuputi for a multiple-trait selection using the economic weight of traits related to oil yield. The economic weight was derived by combining selection results in the past generation breeding population and the assessment in genetic gain trials. The study revealed that leaf biomass should be prioritized as selection criteria for oil concentration in the advanced generation breeding based on the current baseline of the achieved gain. The implication of the economic weight to further generation breeding selection for improving oil yield productivity is that the major traits affecting the oil yield should be incorporated simultaneously for selection in the breeding strategy of M. cajuputi. The leaves biomass could be more weighted than other traits in constructing the index for the multiple-trait selection considering the correlation among the three traits observed.

Pterocarpus indicus or angsana is one of the tropical tree species that produce redwood. It has been listed as an endangered species by IUCN since 2018, as its natural population number has declined and possibly extinct in some countries. Therefore, conservation efforts to protect this species must be carried out based on the appropriate conservation strategy. This study aimed to assess molecular characters of Pterocarpus species in Purwodadi Botanical Garden using rDNA ITS (internal transcribed spacer) and its association with morphological characters. Information on genetic and morphological characters will precisely identify this species so that conservation strategy can be appropriately planned. Leaf samples of eighteen P. indicus trees were collected from Purwodadi Botanical Garden (PBG) and used in this study. Twelve specimens that provide clear DNA sequence were genetically assessed. The results showed that P. echinatus exhibited rDNA ITS character similar to that P. indicus, while P. indicus specimens from Morotai were very different from other P. indicus specimens. Morotai specimens showed 89% similarity to several Pterocarpus species, including P. acapulcensis, P. rohrii and P. indicus. The morphological characters were assessed along with molecular characters. The impacts of conservation strategies are discussed in this paper.

Several control methods have been developed to control the disease caused by Uromycladium falcatariae. However, it is still used a single approach that may not receive satisfactory results. This study applied integrated disease management that consisted of physical, chemical, and biological approaches to reduce gall rust disease incidence. In the nursery, the control methods used were selecting nursery location, applying the biological agent Trichoderma sp, and regular spraying with fungicides. Meanwhile, after planting, the control methods used were regularly spraying with fungicides, pruning the infected tissues, and fertilizer application. Three active ingredients were used for fungicide application: tebuconazole, a mixture of azoxystrobin and difenoconazole, and tribasic copper sulfate. The result showed no gall rust disease incidence in the seedling until it was ready for planting (4 months old). In addition, the application also gave positive results on seedling growth performance compared to the control. After planting, the incidence of gall rust disease can be reduced between 16.5-32.5% when the saplings were three months old and 14.3-26.3% when the saplings were ten months old. Fungicide with the active ingredient, a mixture of azoxystrobin and difenoconazole, showed more effective protection against gall rust disease infection compared to other active ingredients.

The local community has managed peatlands for a long time with various commodities and levels of management. The success of farming in peatland requires the seriousness of farmers and proper land management to produce peatland's high productivity and sustainability, including farmer's competence. The research aims to analyze farmers' competence in peatland farming and identify factors that influence farmers' competence in peatland management. The research was conducted from August to October 2017 in Rasau Jaya Dua Village, Kubu Raya District, West Kalimantan. The selection of 48 respondents was made by a simple random sampling method. Primary data, including characteristics of respondents and farmer's competence in peatland management, were collected through interviews using questionnaires and field observations. Data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using the correlation test of Rank Spearman. The results showed that the farmers' competence level in peatland farming in Rasau Jaya Dua Village was moderate. Factors that must be considered to develop the farming competence in peatland are age, motivation, and interaction with extension workers. Increasing the farming competence of farmers in peatland management can be achieved through improving the interaction between farmers and extension workers.

Acacia hybrid is an interspecific hybrid resulting from crossing between Acacia mangium and A. auriculiformis either naturally or artificially. This study aimed to determine the morphological variation of artificial Acacia hybrid, obtained by full-diallel control crossing. Observed sample trees were clones at the clonal test, established in 2011 in Wonogiri, Central Java. Tree samples were taken by selecting clones categorized into the superior, intermediate, and inferior clones based on their growth at one year of age, with three different clones in each category. Parameters to be observed were morphological characters including quantitative (tree height, diameter breast height, bole length, phyllode length and phyllode width) and qualitative (stem form, stem straightness, bark type, bark color, phyllode shape, phyllode apex shape, conspicuousness of the main vein, and petiole color). The data quantitative and qualitative were then scored and analyzed using NCSS series 12 software for cluster analysis. The results showed that morphological characters of Acacia hybrid clones varied across the tree categories. Furthermore, the dendrogram showed that the characters of Acacia hybrid grouped into two clusters: Cluster A dominated by superior and most intermediate clones, and Cluster B dominated by inferior clones. The study result implies the use of morphological characters of Acacia hybrid to select the hybrid vigor in a breeding program.

To achieve its national goals in climate and landscape resilience, including bioenergy production, the Government of Indonesia has launched an initiative to restore 14 million hectares of degraded land, including 2 million hectares of peatlands, by 2030. Here we present early findings on tamanu adaptability and tree growth (height, diameter and branches) on two types of degraded peatlands in Central Kalimantan. The paper reports peatland type and tamanu tree growth and adaptability in a 3-ha plantation trial plot over three years and a 2-ha plot over two years in Kalampangan and Buntoi villages. Results show survival rates of 82% in the plot on ombrogenous peat in Kalampangan and 81% on topogenous peat in Buntoi. Furthermore, the growth performance of 2-year-old tamanu trees on topogenous peat in Buntoi with an average height of 1.74 m and diameter of 3.97 cm at 5 cm above ground level and 15 branches was better than on ombrogenous peat in Kalampangan with an average height of 0.68 m and diameter of 1.43 cm at 5cm above ground level and five branches. While initial survival and tree growth results are promising, further monitoring of flowering and fruiting is necessary to determine tamanu's viability for biodiesel production on degraded peatlands.

The management of Paru Village Forest in Sijunjung Regency, West Sumatera, has not been optimal, resulting in the low economic value of the farm products and relatively weak bargaining position of the farmers. Asian Forest Cooperation Organization (AFoCO), in collaboration with Forest Research and Development Center, facilitated training through technology transfer to increase farmer's capacity in forest management; post-harvest product processing; and alternative livelihood development in Paru Village Forest located in Sijunjung Protected Forest Management Unit since 2016 until 2020 to overcome the situation. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of facilitation on increasing the community's capacity in forest management, post-harvest product processing, and alternative livelihood development. Data collection was carried out by interviewing 34 respondents, selected purposively using semi-structured questionnaires. Collected data and information were analyzed descriptively by comparing before and after situations. The results showed that after AFoCO facilitation, the community's interaction with the forest has increased by 26.47%. The total number of farmers farming in the forest increased by 16.14%. The study also revealed that AFoCO facilitation had created new alternative sources of income having forward and backward linkage, as well as access to network marketing, thereby increasing the product selling price and marketing reach.

Pollen is an essential source of proteins and vitamins for the bee diet. In addition, the diversity of pollen found in honey provides information about plant species that illustrate the bees foraging activity. This study aims to identify pollen in kelulut (Heterotrigona itama) beehives and identify its botanical origins. This study was conducted in two bee farming locations which are Layuh Village, Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency, and Gambah Luar Village, Hulu Sungai Selatan Regency, South Kalimantan Province. Pollen was collected from the beehives and stored in an airtight container. Collected pollen was identified using the acetolysis method. According to this study, there were 14 pollen types found, where only 9 of them can be identified. In the first locations (Layuh Village), most pollen came from Asteraceae (38.8%) and Arecaceae (31.2%) families. While at the Gambah Luar village, pollen was dominated by those who originated from the Rubiaceae family (31.2%). This result also revealed that Heterotrogona itama is a multi-floral bee and has various diets consisting of fruit, ornamental, and herbaceous plants. The information generated from this study can be used as plant enrichment recommendations in the honey bee farming areas.

Biodiversity and climate change are interrelated, so a coordinated approach is needed to cover it by focusing on how landscapes provide many benefits. The Mbeliling landscape, Flores is the smallest management unit in an ecological perspective, essential for the conservation and preservation of biodiversity, especially for the endemic birds of Flores. Efforts to preserve biodiversity are also expected to contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation. The study aims to produce data and information on biodiversity and potential carbon stocks at the land cover of the Mbeliling landscape. Desk study and field survey were used to answer research questions. The Mbeliling landscape has eight types of tree vegetation land cover that can serve as carbon sinks and the habitat for four species of Flores endemic birds. Approximately 139 species of vegetation with the total carbon stocks could potentially absorb the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of ± 103.63 Mt CO₂-e. The type of land cover significantly influences carbon stocks. The land cover with forest category in the Mbeliling landscape has the most extensive carbon stock among other land cover types. This result can be used as a reference in managing the Mbeliling landscape in integrating efforts to conserve biodiversity and mitigate climate change through the REDD+ scheme.

Wildlife trade is one of the main constraints in biodiversity conservation. International wildlife trade is regulated by The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Approximately 34,000 plants and animals are grouped into three Appendices related to the degree of threats posed due to international trade. Annually, CITES provides global trends in wildlife trade through its official website. However, there are some limitations demonstrated by the CITES database, which may indicate unsustainable trade. Using the CITES trade database, we offer an overview of the international trade of crab-eating Macaca (Macaca fascicularis) from Indonesia. Results show that Indonesia had recorded 440 transactions of M. fascicularis in both live animals and non-live forms for 30 years (1990-2019). A total of 117,193 live M. fascicularis had been traded, with the United States being the primary importer. There were challenges in using the CITES trade database in analyzing M. fascicularis trade, including a mismatch between trade volume reported by the exporters and importers, undefined trade purposes, and unitless reports. We hope that our findings can help the community understand international M. fascicularis trade and guide future conservation efforts and policy changes.

White teak (Gmelina arborea Roxb) is an introduced species of the verbenaceae. This study observed genetic variation of G. arborea in Trenggalek, East Java. Incomplete Block Design was used for this trial comprising four replications, five populations, 50 families, and three tree plots with planting space of 3 x 2 m. Significant differences between seed origins for height and survival rate were exhibited in this study; however, no significant differences between populations for diameter traits at 1^st year old. Meanwhile, significant differences between populations for height, diameter, and survival rate existed at second years old. The mean survival rate at first and second years old were 98, 44% and 95, 95%, height were 1.23 m and 2.86 m, and stem diameter was 2.18 cm and 3.66 cm. Moderate heritability's showed for height and diameter were (h²_i = 0.29; h²_f = 0.30), (h²_i = 0.24; h²_f = 0, 38) and (h²_i = 0.19; h²_f = 0.30), (h²_i = 0.18; h²_f = 0.28). Genetic correlation for height and diameter were r_g = 0.75, and r_g = 0.89. Genetic variation growth of G. arborea progeny test can be used as basic information of the plus trees selection with good performance. Therefore, the open pollination between remaining plus tress will produce a good quality of seed, which will increase the volume of timber harvested.

Alstonia angustiloba is a local tree species that have potential for community forest plantation; therefore, it is important to provide improved seeds. This study aimed to determine the diversity of growth, estimate the value of heritability, and the genetic correlation of the 4-years-old A. angustiloba progeny test. Randomized Completely Block Design with two factors (population and family) were used in this study. In this study, families are nested in the population. The population factors consisted of 4 levels, and family factors consisted of 43 families. The analysis of variance showed that height and stem diameter growth were significantly different between populations and families at four years old. The best height and stem diameter growth at the population level was obtained from the Pendopo population, 4.45 m and 7.71 cm, respectively. At the family level, the best height growth was obtained from 9 families (4.46-5.06 m), and the best stem diameter growth was obtained from 11 families (7.48-8.72 cm). The estimated individual heritability value for height was 0.41, and stem diameter was 0.23. Estimated family heritability values were 0.66 for height and 0.50 for stem diameter. The genetic correlation between height and stem diameter was 0.97.

The high valuable endemic commodities in Papua, Masoyi's (Cryptocarya massoy) population facing great threat due to unsustainable harvest system. Generative propagation faces significant challenges due to seed characteristics and habitat conditions. Controlled conditions and the role of hormones have an important effect on generative growth. This study aimed to determine the influence of axenic culture with sterilization treatments Isothiazolone Biocide (IB) and 1-Naphtaleaneacetic Acid (NAA) in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium on seed regeneration and to observe the development of seedlings at the acclimatization stage. The tissue culture method was used. The highest percentage of axenic cultures (57%) was obtained with 5% of BI. The germination rate of masoyi seeds was achieved by 100%. Furthermore, it showed varied responses depending upon concentrations of NAA, the addition of 1 ml l⁻¹ NAA in MS medium is recommended. Acclimatization has been successfully carried out in the greenhouse (67% survival rate) and excellent seedlings growth at nursery (52.35 + 0.6 cm in height after one year transferred). The impact of the controlled conditions and the addition of NAA to axenic cultures in vitro increased the germination of masoyi seeds. Axenic culture and hormones were also important requirements for mass propagation of masoyi by tissue culture.

Hybrid silkworm varieties, mulberry species, environmental factors, and rearing factors are essential for the cocoons' quality. The species of silkworm feeding is a key factor in the sericulture industry, so the suitability of mulberry species for each silkworm hybrid species needs to be known. This study aimed to determine the effect of mulberry species on silkworm growth and quality of cocoons BS 09. The research method used was a randomized block design with four species of mulberry: Morus bombycis var Lembang, M. cathayana, M. multicaulis, and M. alba var Kanva 2 and one control species (mixed mulberry species). The research was carried out at Dramaga Research Forest, Bogor Regency. The determined parameters were the percentage of rearing, larva weight, cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight, and percentage of cocoon shell. The experiment results showed that the percentage of rearing was 97.5%-100% for all species of mulberry. The best result of the cocoon weight was feed treatment of M. multicaulis (1.89 g), but it was not significant with feed treatment of M. bombycis var Lembang or M. cathayana or M. alba var Kanva 2. M. cathayana feed treatments give the best results for the cocoon shell weight (0.44 gram) and percentage of cocoon shell (22.82%).

Shorea leprosula Miq. is one of Indonesia's native red meranti species with a higher growth increment than other meranti species. Gunung Dahu Research Forest is a rehabilitated hilly landscape planted with various species of Dipterocarpaceae. This study aims to analyze the growth performance of 24 years old of S. leprosula stands in various slope classes of line planting technique at Gunung Dahu Research Forest. Growth analysis of S. leprosula was carried out by measuring the stem diameter, total tree height, basal area, diameter increment, height increment, and Leaf Area Index (LAI). Slopes were divided into three classes: mild/gentle (15-25%), steep (>25-45%) and very steep (>45%). The results showed that slope class significantly affected height growth and the canopy cover of S. leprosula, but it did not affect the diameter growth. A very steep slope provided the best growth to diameter (average diameter 30.07 cm; MAI 1.25 cm/year) and height (average height 23.7 m; MAI 0.99 m year⁻¹). Furthermore, a linear relationship was formed between the crown cover and slope class in which denser crowns were established in response to a steeper slope (LAI 3.4). Thus, planting S. leprosula as a rehabilitation effort in steep slope landscape delivers beneficial as they showed better growth performance.

Sonneratia caseolaris is one of the mangrove species that is widespread in Indonesia. It has important ecological functions to protect coastal foreshores. However, the S. caseolaris seedlings are rarely to be planted in mangrove restoration projects. One of the challenges in producing many S. caseolaris seedlings for mangrove restoration projects is pest infestation. However, the information on those pests is still limited. This study aimed to identify S. caseolaris pests that hinder the successfulness of cultivation. The incidence and intensity of pest infestation on S. caseolaris seedlings have also been assessed. This research was carried out in the nursery of the mangrove restoration area of Berbak-Sembilang National Park. The results showed that insect and rodentia were two major groups found infested S. caseolaris seedlings. Three species of insect pests were identified, namely Pteroma plagiophleps, Ooecophylla sp., and Sexava sp. The incidence and severity of P. plagiophleps, Ooecophylla sp., and Sexava sp. infestation were 16.38%; 21.02%; 6.68%; and 30.83%; 42.67%, 25.83%, respectively. For rodentia pest, the Rattus sp. was the only species found to infest the plant, with an incidence of 16.67%. These all pests significantly affect the growth performance of S. caseolaris seedlings.

This study was carried to examine the best provenance of seed source of Manglietia glauca at 4.5 years old. The study was conducted in Candiroto, Temanggung, Central Java. A Randomized Complete Block Design with three provenances consisting of 15 parent trees from Tasikmalaya, ten parent trees from Sumedang, and 75 parent trees from Sukabumi, West Java, were divided into ten replications. Each replication has 100 plots, and each plot consists of four plants with a planting distance is 4 m x 3m. The plant characteristics, including height and stem diameter, were measured at the age of 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 years. Variant analysis and Duncan Multiple Range Test in each measurement stage were performed. The significant differences of plant height among provenances were found from 0.5 to 3.5 years old and were not significantly different afterward. The stem diameter differs significantly among the provenances at 1.5 years old only; afterward, they were not significantly different. The average plant height and stem diameter at 4.5 years old were between 864-917 cm and 12.34-12.48 cm, and they were not significantly different. Therefore, it is possible to choose any seed sources of the three provenances of manglid to be used for plantation.

Mangrove rehabilitation is often challenged by a lack of support from local communities. The success of mangrove rehabilitation can increase the chances of success by increasing the local economy, which will help increase public awareness. This study was conducted in the mangrove forest of Karangsong Village with the aim to identify the potential of mangroves and the characteristics of local communities as capital for the use of environmental services based on mangrove ecotourism. The interview method with semi-structured guidelines was applied to obtain social, economic and public perceptions data. Karangsong mangrove forest is dominated by three species of mangroves, namely Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stylosa and Rhizophora apiculate. It has also become a habitat for various bird species such as javan pond heron, wandering whistling duck, lesser adjutant, imperial pied pigeon, and common sandpiper, which are potential ecotourism objects. The results showed that positive perceptions derived from the economic benefits obtained from mangroves, which have become feedback for mangrove conservation. The role of the driving group is also crucial to maintain the consistency of stakeholders' enthusiasm to conserve mangroves. Sustainable ecotourism development needs to involve local communities in its management.

Kayu ules (Helicteres isora) or screw tree has bioactive compounds benefiting for anti-diabetes, antioxidant and antibacterial. In Indonesia, the fruits have been commercially harnessed for traditional medicine. The benefit of kayu ules has attracted some farmers to evolve this species in their garden, however, the domestication technique has not mastered well yet. Therefore, this study aimed to domesticate kayu ules under a home garden (HG) and analyze the feasibility of cultivating kayu ules through stem cuttings. Kayu ules development underwent two split HG's: tree shade (HG1) and open area (HG2). Other nursery performances at each home garden were made with no shade (N1), with shading net (N2) and a coco-leaf shade (N3). The result showed that within 60 days on HG1, the best survival was on N2 with 76% of survival and declined on N1 at 30%. Conversely, under HG2, N1 gave the best survival compared to N2, 81% and 46% each. Meanwhile, N3 was in between N1 and N2 on HG1 (56%) and HG2 (58%). The shading treatments, which allowed 20 to 40 % sunlight to pass through, effectively increased the survival of stem cuttings. According to an online market platform at the highest price, nursery N1 delivered the highest IRR at 106% and the second was on N3, followed by N2, which were 104% and 85%, respectively.

Studies on bio-ecosystems sustainability and feasibility are urgent because many mangrove ecosystems have been converted into ponds as a source of livelihood. This study aimed to evaluate the sustainability level of the mangrove bio-ecosystem in Dabong Village and formulate the most appropriate strategy in silvofishery development. The method used was a field survey to obtain secondary and primary data. Bio-ecosystem feasibility analysis was carried out descriptively, qualitatively and quantitatively based on data compilation of water quality, soil fertility, macrozoobenthos and mangrove density. SWOT analysis was used in developing the strategies. Based on the study results, the land suitability matrix for silvofishery development in Dabong Village had a very suitable category (69.00%) regarding soil value conditions and water quality. The abundance of macrozoobenthos was 21 individual m^{2 -1} gatropoda, 30 individuals m^{2 -1} bivalves, and eight individuals m^{2 -1} crustaceans. Stand density values of Rhizophora apiculata, Avicennia alba, and Sonneratia alba ranged from 15-25 individuals m^{2 -1}, 18-27 individuals m^{2 -1}, and 14-24 individuals m^{2 -1}, respectively. According to ecosystem characteristics, the strategy for using mangroves in the research site was to increase the bio-ecosystem strength and minimize the damage or degradation risks as a threat to the impact of mangrove ecosystem utilization using the silvofishery model. Its application could be an alternative for sustainable use of the mangrove ecosystem.

Aren is a non-timber forest product in Mount Halimun Salak National Park (MHSNP) that supports conservation and community welfare. This study was conducted to determine the potential economic value of aren for the local community. Sukajaya Village was selected purposively as the center of palm sugar production. The data were collected by vegetation inventory and interviews in Sukajaya Village selected by random sampling. Vegetation measurements were done in the forest areas of Mount Rongocongo, i.e., Cibedug Resort. In the mixed garden of MHSNP forest areas, the aren's density was 237 trees per ha with an Important Value Index (IVI) of 139.59%. Unfortunately, there was no regeneration of aren seedling. Aren tapping is an essential livelihood. Thirty farmers who work as tappers as their main or side jobs earn an average of IDR 654,000 months⁻¹ individual⁻¹. This figure accounts for 64.36% of the total household income of farmers. To eliminate the conflict areas, the local community needs to cultivate aren and fruits from forest areas near their settlement, or boundary land of MHSNP closed to their settlement. Derivation and product variations such as nira processing into powdered palm sugar and processing the sugar palm fruit are also important to increase their economic value. Therefore, the local community around MHSNP needs assistance and institution to develop the utilization of aren plantation.

Remote sensing is widely used to generate land cover maps, but the maps derived from remote sensing often produce accuracy below expectations for map error. Therefore, quantifying map accuracy is essential for reporting the precision of an estimated area. This study describes a simple framework for assessing map accuracy and estimating land cover area uncertainty for a land cover changes map for Kalimantan in 2012-2018. This study compared simple random sampling and stratified random sampling to determine suitable procedures for estimating accuracy and area uncertainty. The validation relies on the visual assessment of high spatial resolution images such as SPOT 6/7 and high-resolution temporal images from Open Foris Collect Earth. Our results showed that the land cover change map assessed using random sampling had an overall accuracy of 74% while using stratified random sampling had an overall accuracy of 75%. Thus, for tropical regions with high cloud cover, we recommend using stratified random sampling. The major source of map error was in differentiating between native forest and plantation areas. Future map improvement requires more accurate differentiation between forest and plantation to better support national forest monitoring systems for sustainable forest management.

White grub causes severe crop failure in some sengon plantation areas. However, study regarding this pest on sengon plantations is still limited. Therefore, a survey to observe cultivation practice by local farmers in controlling white grub has been carried out in the sengon plantation area. An interview regarding the impact of white grub infestation and its traditional control methods was also carried out with the forest farmers group and the management officer of Perum Perhutani, State-Owned Forest Corporation, to observe the farmer's knowledge regarding white grubs and their impact on the plantation. In addition, we also carried out sampling to observe the white grub population. The result showed that the average white grub population in the soil was extremely high. The average population was at 20.9 individuals plot⁻¹ (13.6 larvae m^{2 -1}) and dominated by 6-8 cm in length larvae. Therefore, planting failure is expected due to its attack. The local farmer controls applying marang, a rice bowl made of plastic with a small hole on all sides when planting the tree, and collecting white grub larvae during soil tillage, using light trapping. Application of marang was considered to effectively increase the success in planting activity by about 80-90%.

Rehabilitation aims to improve landscape function while increasing its resilience to climate change. Gunung Dahu research forest is a rehabilitated hilly landscape that is planted with more than 25 dipterocarp species, including an upper hill dipterocarp tree of Shorea platyclados at various site conditions. This study aimed to assess the growth performance of S. platyclados at five sloping levels class of 0-8%, 8-15%, 15-25%, 25-45%, and >45%. Observed growth attributes were stem diameter, total height, basal area, Mean Annual Increment (MAI), and Leaf Area Index (LAI), and diameter. The results showed that sloping levels significantly affect the growth performance of the planted trees. The highest slope level (>45%) supported the highest average stem diameter and tree height (41.48 cm and 20.86 m). The sloping level of >45%, 25-45%, 15-25%, 8-15%, and 0-8% yield different value of average diameter which were 41.48 cm, 35.86 cm, 36.54 cm, 34.61 cm, and 31.23, while the average height were 20, 86m, 19.78 m, 16.72 m, 18.84 m, 18.61 m respectively. Thus, the upper hill dipterocarp of S. platyclados is a prospective native tree species for rehabilitating hilly upland landscapes.

Based on the genetic base and clonality level, sandalwood (Santalum album) formed two types of landraces along with the Gunung Sewu Global Geopark Network in the southern part of Java islands, Indonesia. These two types are represented by Bejiharjo (which has a low genetic base and high clonality) and Bleberan (which has a high genetic base and low clonality) landraces. This study aimed to observe the quality of sandalwood seeds collected from the two landraces to determine the qualified seeds. We collected and tested all produced seeds of fruiting parent trees from August 2019 to March 2020. The physical and physiological quality tests included counting the number of seeds, measuring the seed size, and testing the viability of seeds. The Bleberan landrace produced 9161 seeds with 22.06% of seed viability. Meanwhile, the Bejiharjo produced only 158 seeds, of which all failed to germinate. Lower genetic base and higher clonality increased the inbred progenies, led to inbreeding depression, and decreased seed production and viability. Therefore, the qualified seed from the Bleberan landraces is worth considering to provide future genetic materials.

The genetic diversity and relationship of Pericopsis mooniana collected from Pulau Laut, South Kalimantan, was analyzed using RAPD markers. Currently, the natural distribution of P. mooniana in Pulau Laut no longer exists. Instead, PT Inhutani II, as the concession holder in the area, had collected the remaining P.mooniana and planted it in the seed orchard, arboretum, or around PT Inhutani's mess/office. Forty-two samples from four locations: mess/residential house (3), seed orchard (33), arboretum (3), and PT Inhutani II Unit Stagen (3) were analyzed using seven RAPD primers. Our study showed that the total genetic diversity of all populations was low (He = 0.191 ± 0.013). P. mooniana collected from seed orchards had the highest diversity (He = 0.289 ± 0.021), while the lowest was from mess/residential houses (He = 0.134 ± 0.025). The genetic relationship data indicated the possibility that P. mooniana from mess/residential house, arboretum, and seed orchard may come from the same origin. These results can be used to support the development of ex-situ conservation plots to avoid inbreeding depression. At the same time, the genetic diversity will be helpful in its conservation and further utilization, such as establishing the plantations to reduce the pressure of the species in nature and provide valuable timber production in Indonesia.

A comprehensive Soil and Water Conservation (SWC) plan is needed, supported by information on the condition of the Biophysical Carrying Capacity (BCC) of the watershed so that land rehabilitation activities will be right on target. The research aims to evaluate the BCC to support the SWC planning for the upstream watershed. The research area was in the Naruan Micro Watershed (NMW), the upstream of Keduang Sub Watershed, the Bengawan Solo Watershed. The analysis of the BCC used evaluation criteria based on the Ministry of Forestry Regulation (PerMenhut) No. P.61/Menhut-II/2014 concerning monitoring and evaluation of watershed management. The evaluation showed that the BCC in the research area was in the "Bad" category with a value of 128.0. It means that the watershed needs to be restored, particularly in terms of biophysical features. Several parameters indicated a poor category, i.g. the land aspect such as Percentage of Degraded Land (PDL) and Erosion Index (EI) parameters, while in the water system aspect such as the Flow Regime Coefficient (FRC), Annual Flow Coefficient (AFC), and Sediment Load (SL) parameters. These five parameters must become a concern and an important starting point for land rehabilitation planning in the form of SWC measures.

Indonesia is one of the countries under the threat of a water crisis. A total of 106 districts from 16 provinces, including East Nusa Tenggara, experienced drought and clean water crisis of 1.50 billion m³ year⁻¹. This involves ecological characteristics accumulation of semiarid regions, degradation of forest resources, and increased critical land. Mitigation research on a watershed scale provides an understanding of the strong relationship between land degradation and water crisis. However, specific information on biophysical spring sources in semi-arid ecosystems is still very limited. This study aimed to obtain ecological performance based on rainfall, critical land, and land cover from a community-based water resource management model on the Timor island. This study was conducted through field observations at 63 units of water sources and structured interviews. The results showed that the characteristics vary from rainfall distribution, land cover, critical land, and utilization pressure. Furthermore, water source units have a limited carrying capacity of rainfall, the land conditions are generally critical, including the threat of land fires and community use of springs. Meanwhile, the variations of these characteristics determine the management interventions undertaken by the community. Therefore, through various management models of community-based water sources, local initiatives need to get support to preserve water sources for the people's livelihood.

Over the past decades, a large area of peat swamp forests in Indonesia has been cleared of the original forest cover and developed as agricultural lands. Several important issues are associated with the clearing and drainage of peat forest areas, including loss of biodiversity, increased emission of Green House Gases (GHGs), and smoke/haze pollution. Moreover, the development of large-scale oil palm plantations did not always improve local livelihoods. We describe how the restoration of degraded peat areas through paludiculture and inclusive value chains development could result in sustainable livelihoods and climate-resilient peat areas in Indonesia. We illustrate this by describing business cases of seven valuable native peat swamp forest species which could provide income for local forest communities. An analysis of the sago value chain shows that sago cultivation has a positive contribution in providing economic benefits to all actors, including local farmers, although improvements could be made for better value sharing. Paludiculture has important environmental benefits in comparison to existing drainage-based peat cultivation systems. The combination of environmental and economic benefits is an important incentive to develop the paludiculture system further to improve current peat management systems and assist further peat restoration in Indonesia. The development and implementation of paludiculture systems, particularly species selection, should have more community participation to ensure the sustainable restoration of degraded peat areas.

Indonesia has many types of carbohydrate sources. Tacca (Tacca leontopetaloides) has potential as a source of the functional food industry, especially maltotriose and maltotetraose production. Tacca grows well in an open or a shaded area on sandy soil-mineral, soil pH is slightly alkaline, with very low to low Cation Exchange Capacity. Malapari (Pongamia pinnata) is a biofuel-producing plant with a natural distribution on coastal land. Planting combination between malapari as an energy-producing plant and tacca as a food source has never existed. So, it needs to be incentives in developing agroforestry that can provide intermediate results for farmers. The requirement of good quality tacca seedlings is a crucial factor in supporting food security. This study aimed to determine the effect of the types of tacca seeds used on the initial growth of tacca. The study used a randomized complete block design consisting of 3 (three) treatments: a) large tubers, b) small tubers, and c) the origin of seeds. The results showed that plants from large tubers produced the highest number of shoots, height, and diameter (5.83; 27.77 cm and 0.43 cm). Five years old malapari reaches a diameter of 6.95 cm, a height of 3.89 m, and a crown width of 2.43 m.

Most of the existing peatland area in Indonesia is degraded mainly due to human activities. This, in association with the construction of drainage canals, resulted in a lower water table compared to its natural condition, causing many changes. Although the criteria for damage and recovery have already been articulated into several existing regulations, yet the indicators for recovery have not been widely studied. For effective restoration, managers need to have basic data related to the initial condition of damaged areas or at least have data on areas that are able to recover naturally without human assistance. Random sampling was used to collect field data on vegetation structure and composition, including direct interviews with the resource persons. Observations made in several locations within the Sebangau National Park indicated that some areas are recovering naturally and relatively fast, although some are not. During 2017 forest fires, only 98.03 ha or burned areas were recorded. This can be seen from the species composition and the vegetation structure covering the studied area. Conditions in the field indicate that all peat forests have been fragmented through the existence of canals which are used for various activities.

More than 80 potentially invasive plant species have spread throughout the Cibodas Biosphere Reserve, Indonesia. Recently, research has shown that the surrounding community utilizes more than 50% of these species. Although this utilization provides social and economic benefits, it threatens the Cibodas Biosphere Reserve core zone ecologically. Therefore, this study conducted a risk assessment to determine the invasiveness level of utilized plant species. The evaluation was performed using Hawaii and Pacific Weed Risk Assessment (WRA) scheme. The results show that almost all the potentially invasive plant species are high risk, with scores ranging from 10 to 26, except for Fragaria vesca and Mentha arvensis. The highest WRA score was obtained for Lantana camara and followed by Austroeupatorium inulifolium, Cobaea scandens, Mikania cordata, Sonchus asper, Clidemia hirta, Piper aduncum, Sonchus arvensis, Cestrum aurantiacum, Dracaena fragrans, Passiflora ligularis, Podachaenium eminens, Thunbergia coccinea, and Wedelia trilobata. As most of these species were herbaceous plants obtained from cultivated areas, the risk of invasion into the core zone is low. Based on the findings, the recommended management option to control these species is harvesting, accompanied by containment. Through this method, the community can continue to use the species while controlling the population, thereby limiting their spread.

Tourism development in Indonesia is currently one of the alternatives in the national program as an effort to economic growth. The study's objectives are (1) analyzing the perception and motivation values of the stakeholder community; (2) developing a strategy to optimize the development of sustainable peat ecosystem ecotourism. The research result shows that the polarization of perception and motivation of the community and stakeholders expressed a positive attitude towards the ecotourism development in the values of 6-7. The value shows a positive attitude between the community and stakeholders. The motivational value of both actors illustrates an optimistic attitude in the ecotourism development with a value between 6-7. The results of the matrix calculation of internal and external factors produce X coordinates of 0.50 and Y – 0.50 on the strategy quadrant diagram. The strategy is Weakness-Opportunity which is a strategy that minimizes weaknesses and takes advantage of existing opportunities. Strategic formulation, namely: (1) building and strengthening institutional systems; (2) improving the welfare of the community by opening business opportunities; (3) developing infrastructure and tourism support facilities; and (4) targeting marketing programs. The research benefit is that it can be used as one of the basis in drawing up a plan to optimize the utilization of peat ecosystems sustainably. It also can improve local communities' attitudes of concern, awareness, and welfare.

Conventionally, agriculture in peatland requires soil drainage to enable the crops to grow. This often results in being over-drained and makes it vulnerable to fires. The risk can be contained by applying water management trinity (WMT), which creates canals for water regulation and reservoirs instead of drainage. This study aimed to examine, elaborate, and validate the WMT effect and community involvement in minimizing fire risk in peatland. We collected water table depth every two weeks from 1 April 2017 to 31 December 2020 in a coconut plantation under WMT and employed Focus Groups Discussions (FGD) in five villages in Pulau Burung District, Indragiri Hilir Regency, Riau. The result showed that the existence of WMT for more than three decades has successfully maintained water table depth between 30 and 70 cm that is influenced by seasons. The fire occurrence based on the FGD interview has been validated with hotspot data from NASA's FIRMS. This research also employed SWOT analysis to examine the local fire mitigation strategy. The progress in lowering fire incidents and risk should be intervened with finding long-term solutions to increase farmers' capability on sustainable agriculture. Our finding reveals that the main strength in lowering fire risk is people's awareness in every village on the negative impact of land burning, along with the existence of WMT.

The Lake Toba Catchment Area (LTCA) has degraded due to a lack of implementation of conservation principles. Agroforestry is one of the land-use techniques with a conservation approach. Agroforestry development in LTCA should be supported by stakeholders, especially farmers. Farmers' support will be formed if they have a good perception and interest in developing the agroforestry systems. The study aims to determine farmers' characteristics, perceptions, and interests in agroforestry development in LTCA. The study was conducted from July until August 2019 at Simalungun Regency, North Sumatra Province. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews using a questionnaire with 30 respondents. Measurement of farmers' perception and interest use a Likert scale. The data were then analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the farmers' age is dominated by the productive phase (30-50 years old); they are only completed elementary schools, with average landholding was <0.3 ha, and farming experience >10 years. Farmers' perceptions and interests in agroforestry development in LTCA are in good categories, each with a score of 4.18. These perceptions and interests of farmers are supporting factors that would positively impact the development of sustainable agroforestry in LTCA.

Aquilaria microcarpa is one of the agarwood producers species included in the endangered category based on the IUCN red list. Kalimantan is one of the natural distributions of this species. The high demand for agarwood causes this species to be commonly cultivated in community plantations. This study aimed to assess the genetic diversity of A. microcarpa using the RAPD markers. Forty-four leaf samples of A.microcarpa were collected from the local community in Gumbil (South Kalimantan) and Sanggau (West Kalimantan). The results showed that 9 out of 24 RAPD primers were stable in amplification, and polymorphic totally consisted of 49 polymorphic loci. The values of unbiased expected heterozygosity (uHE) were at a low level; they ranged between 0.152 (Gumbil II) to 0.249 (Gumbil I). The average genetic distance between Gumbil and Sanggau is 0.1733, related to their geographic distance. A private allele was only found at Gumbil at locus G18/540 and Sanggau at locus G18/550, respectively. A great DA value between Gumbil I and II showed that the plantations originated from different seed sources. AMOVA also verified the differences between the two populations. This finding has important implications in managing plantations and seeds transfer.

The sustainability of peat swamp ecosystem management requires conservation efforts to prevent the exploitative and destructive utilization of the ecosystem. The real action efforts of conservation activities are closely related to the support from the surrounding peat forest community. The purpose of the study is to determine the level of community perception of peat ecosystem conservation. The method used is quantitative descriptive, with score intervals using the Likert scale. The study results show that respondents' characteristics indicate that respondents' economic value is in line with the length of stay in Buntoi Village. The value of three indicator community perception is in the high and very high categories. The study results show that the knowledge category of peat ecosystem conservation ranges from 948-1368 (high-very high), the response ranges from 1224-1572 (very high), and community attitude scores from 1260-1584 (very high). Respondents who live > 20 years stated that it is very important to carry out conservation activities. Community perception is agreed and very agree towards conservation efforts in the sustainable use of peat ecosystem. They are ready to participate in all forms of activities, both in private and government programs.

Styrax benzoin is a native tree to Indonesia, particularly in North Sumatra. This plant species produces benzoin resin, which is beneficial for medicinal treatments, hence its commercial value. Endophytic fungi help produce bioactive metabolites and contribute to resin production. However, the diversity of endophytic fungal species from S. benzoin grown in North Sumatra remained largely unexplored. This study aims to determine the distribution and diversity of culturable endophytic fungi from two kemenyan-producing locations in North Sumatra, Simalungun and North Tapanuli, as well as their tree part origin. A total of 7 and 8 endophytic fungal species were obtained from barks, stems, and/or leaves of S. benzoin grown in Simalungun and North Tapanuli, respectively, and identified by internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis. Endophytic fungi from North Tapanuli showed higher diversity, with a Shannon-Wiener index of 2.31 than those from Simalungun (1.95). Morisita-Horn similarity indices for bark-stem, stem-leaf, and bark-leaf were 0.47, 0.08, and 0, respectively, hinting at organ-specificity colonization. This study offers insights into the diversity of endophytic fungi isolated from S. benzoin which may contribute to future improvement of benzoin resin production.

Dipterocarps species is the main species composes Gunung Dahu research forest. Habitat suitability and growth performance of a species are some factors considered in the species selection for forest establishment. The understorey in a forest community serves to protect soil from erosion. This research aimed is to analyze the growth performance of various Dipterocarpaceae species and study understorey diversity in the research area. The measurement was conducted in four species trial plots contain ten Dipterocarps species consist of five individuals per species per plot or 200 individuals in total. The growth performance of Dipterocarp species was analyzed using the current annual increment (CAI) and mean annual increment (MAI) methods. The understorey diversity was analyzed using the Shannon-Wiener Index. The result showed that Shorea johorensis obtained the highest CAI, 0.95 cm year⁻¹, and Shorea platyclados got the highest MAI, 1.78 cm/year. S. platyclados and S. leprosula were projected to reach <40 cm in diameter after they got 25 years. The Gunung Dahu research forest's understorey was classified as moderate (1.68 - 2.33). The dominant understorey species, namely Oldenlandia auricularia, Neprolephis biserrate, Ottochloa nodosa, and Gleichenia linearis. This study concluded that the growth performance of Dipterocarps species in the study area varied, and the understorey condition was classified as moderate, where its diversity has a positive correlation with the crown openness.

Spring is one of the freshwater sources for human life and as a groundwater potential indicator. The springs' quality and the quantity depend on the springshed condition. However, anthropogenic activities such as forest burning, forest encroachment, illegal logging, and land-use change have caused springshed degradation. Therefore, a proper and efficient springshed rehabilitation strategy is urgently needed. This research was carried out during September-December 2020 to formulate Tuk Anjar springshed rehabilitation strategies at Mount Merbabu National Park, Indonesia. The strategies cover methods to delineate the springshed, identify site characteristics and design rehabilitation plots. Springshed delineation was done using spatial analysis. Site characteristics were obtained by field surveys and laboratory analysis through data collection in a 10x10 m sample plot (spring protection) and 20x20 m (springshed protection). The spatial analysis result showed that Tuk Anjar springshed area was 35.06 ha, with zone I: 0.01 ha, zone II: 2.54 ha, and zone III: 32.5 ha. The priority area to rehabilitate is zone II with a low tree density. Tree species selection is based on on-site species matching, optimal rainwater storage, and having fruits as an animal feed source. Species from the genus of Ficus like wilodo, kebeg and beringin should be used since it has great potential in water storage.

Peat swamp forests in Southeast Asia are under heavy pressure. Deforestation, forest degradation, wildfires, and drainage have damaged or destroyed substantial areas of the once extensive peat swamp forest formations. Several efforts are underway to rehabilitate degraded peat forests areas in order to restore some of the valuable ecosystem services these forested areas once provided. However, these efforts often result in (mixed)-plantations that only partly resemble the original peat forests. Information about these peat swamp forests' complex origin and ecology is needed to improve restoration outcomes further. Our paper analyses historical data from coastal peat swamp forests in Sarawak and Brunei and discusses the potential to use this as the reference value for intact peat forests. We describe the observed stand structure and species composition for pristine peat swamp forest, and we analyze the population structure of three dominant peat swamp forest species: Gonystylus bancanus (ramin), Dactylocladus stenostachys (jongkong) and Shorea albida (alan batu). We compare the historical data with data from recently measured, degraded peat swamp forests. We discuss our results in relation to processes of peat dome formation, nutrient availability and hydrology, and give recommendations for peat swamp forest management and restoration.

Changes in the soil carbon (C) stocks of degraded peatlands due to drainage, fire, or conversion of forest cover have not been studied much. This study aims to determine the characteristics of soil C stocks in degraded peatland covers due to logging and fire. The research was carried out on peatlands located in three villages representing peatland cover conditions in the form of primary/pristine peat swamp forest, logged-over forest, and post-fire peatland. Peat samples from each type of peatland cover were analyzed to determine the bulk density (BD) and C concentration. The results showed that peatland on the logged-over forest has the highest BD (0.135 gr cm⁻³) compared to the other sites. Based on the distribution of peat depth, the lowest BD was mainly found at the surface peat layers and increased significantly with the depth of peat. The C concentration with the mean value of 57.6% showed no significant differences among the three locations and at different depths. Soil C stocks in the upper one-meter depth were 621, 779, and 606 Mg ha⁻¹ in the peat swamp forest, logged-over forest, and post-fire peatland, respectively. The total soil C stocks were ultimately determined by the peat thickness in the area.

As peatland ecosystems were formed from layered partially decomposed plant biomass, they were considered more vulnerable to fire, especially during extreme drought season. Woody debris accumulation in the field may increase the risk of peatland fire. In order to minimize the chance of repeated fire, an initial study on woody debris decomposition by employing a consortium of wood-decay microbes (consists of Scedosporium apiospermum, Pycnoporus sp., Pycnoporus sanguineus, and unidentified cellulolytic bacterial isolate) was conducted. Series of experiments of in vitro-, semi-controlled-, and field- conditions were carried out. After 12-weeks of incubation, the in vitro trial showed that all treatments on mineral-soil basal media were colonized by fungal mycelia, including the control. Meanwhile, the treatments on peat soil seem less supportive for fungal growth since only six out of ten treatments have been colonized by fungal mycelia. In semi-controlled conditions, effects of microbial inoculation showed questionable results as the trials were randomly occupied by Schizophylum commune, which was not included in the microbial inoculants. Un-clear effects of the microbial inoculants were also observed on the field trial as no significant difference of dry-weight loss between the inoculated woody logs and the un-inoculated control. Further comprehensive studies to reduce woody debris in peatland areas are required.

Paludiculture is one of the alternative efforts to restore degraded peatland. It involves rewetting, revegetation and revitalization of local livelihood. This research evaluated three paludiculture demonstration plots at Central Kalimantan, one in the shallow peat of Pilang village and two plots in the deep peat of Tumbang Nusa village. The plots were evaluated in terms of the plant's growth, productivity, commodities introduced and environmental monitoring, including water table, soil physical and chemical properties, carbon stocks and CO₂ emission. The results showed that the three plots were categorized as "compromised" paludiculture plots because some of the commodities were not local peatland species. Belangeran (Shorea balangeran) and horticultural plant species such as rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) and pineapple (Ananas comosus) showed good growth performance. Liberica coffee (Coffea liberica) was not suitable for deep peat due to its low survival rate and poor growth. The result also showed that soil peat characteristics of the sites were still in good condition; however, the impact of peatland utilization should have been monitored to support land-use sustainability. Moreover, stingless bee cultivation and vegetables could become potential commodities to be developed in shallow and deep peatland.

Vachellia nilotica (Acacia nilotica), as an invasive alien species (IAS), was introduced to Baluran National Park from the Bogor Botanical Gardens in 1969. The purpose was for firebreak to prevent jumping fires from the savanna to the teak forests plantation. However, unexpectedly V. nilotica growth was uncontrollable and invaded the 6000 ha savanna. The rapid growth of this weed has killed the grass in the savanna leading to a decline in the Banteng population in Baluran National Park from 325 in 1998 to 22 in 2011. Since the 1980s, researche on V. nilotica control has been carried out by various universities and research institutions in Indonesia but has not yet obtained an effective and efficient control method. The study aimed to investigate the efficacy of herbicide with the active ingredient of triclopyr by stump brushing to control V. nilotica. Ten triclopyr herbicide concentrations with a solution of diesel and water were tested. The results showed that 1% triclopyr concentration in diesel oil could control 100% of V. nilotica weeds, while water solutions could only control 50% of V. nilotica weeds.

A screw tree (Helicteres isora L.) is a small/large shrub species that grows and spreads in many Asian countries, including Indonesia (NTT and Maluku). It is a medicinal plant commonly used to treat many diseases, such as bleeding and constipation. This study aimed to determine the effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and planting media on the growth of screw tree seedlings in a nursery. This research was conducted at Bogor Forest Research and Development Center's nursery, Indonesia. This study consisted of two factors: AM fungi with three levels, namely control, Glomus aggregatum and Glomus clarum and growth media with two levels, namely mixed media of soil: rice husk charcoal (2:1) and mixed soil of media: rice husk charcoal: cocopeat (2:1:1). The results showed that treatment of G. aggregatum and soil mixed of media: rice husk charcoal: cocopeat (2:1:1) was significantly different from other treatments except for G. clarum and soil mixture of media: rice husk charcoal: cocopeat (2:1:1) that significantly increased height, diameter and dry weight of seedlings and the values were 97, 56, 126 and 46, 37, 127% compared to the control. Mycorrhizal dependency of screw tree was very high (126 and 127%). Generally, interaction treatment of G. clarum and mixed media of soil: rice husk charcoal: cocopeat (2:1:1) increased the growth of 11-month-old screw tree in the nursery.

This paper explores the role of Bogor Botanic Gardens (BBG) as a form of Nature-Based Solution (NBS) to mitigate Urban Heat Islands (UHI). Time series analysis of LANDSAT 8 OLI thermal band and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was done from 2013 to 2020 using Google Earth Engine. Land Surface Temperature (LST) from Bogor and BBG were calculated, compared, and annual UHI areas were derived. The relationship of LST and NDVI were also explored annually to describe the effect of vegetation towards LST with linear regression. Overall, Bogor experiences a decrease of mean LST from 30.67°C and a maximum of 39.14°C in 2013 to 27.07°C and a maximum of 34.35°C in 2020. However, the inside of BBG is cooler with temperature ranging from 28.41°C and a maximum of 35.62°C in 2013 to 24.25°C and a maximum of 29.41°C in 2020. This is an effect of vegetation inside the BBG that regulate microclimate in its surrounding. It can be seen in the negative correlation between NDVI and LST observed with r² ranging from 0.27 to 0.82. While UHI areas tended to increase from 8220 ha in 2013 to 8926 ha in 2020, BBG consistently acts as an urban cool island in the middle of UHI. Therefore, heat mitigation is proven to be one of the environmental services provided by BBG.

The demand for eucalypts has greatly increased since they are raw materials for timbers, plywoods, pulp and papers, and essential oil production. This study aimed to select the plus trees and determine the sprouting and rooting ability of E. pellita, E. brassiana, and their hybrids in Wanagama. Plus trees selection and girdling were conducted in December 2019. Cuttings were picked from the 3^rd-4^th nodes of sprouting at 8-10 cm in length. A completely randomized design was applied in a factorial experiment with three levels of Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) (100, 1000, and 4000 ppm) and two types of media (media 1: sand, rice husk charcoal and cocopeat (2:2:1), media 2: sand, topsoil and dung-fertilizer (2:2:1)), with ten replications. Results selected a total of 53 plus trees candidates (29 of E. pellita, 12 of E. brassiana, and 12 of hybrid). E. pellita is the best in sprouting ability (100% survival; 41-60 shoot/trees, 127-161cm shoot length, 0.53-0.57cm shoot diameter, and 194-252 leaves/shoot). Cuttings of E. pellita treated with 100 ppm IBA gained the highest survival and leaves production (96%-100%; 14-16 leaves), followed by E. brassiana (52%-66.67%; 7 leaves) and the hybrid (4% to 8.33%; 3-4 leaves). These results may contribute to arranging better strategies for mass production of selected eucalypts.

This study aimed to determine the flowering and fruiting phenology of jackfruit originated from Sumatra landraces planted in ex situ conservation in Yogyakarta within the 2018 and 2019 flowering periods. Flowering ontogeny and phenology were observed following Owens and Pushpakumara methods. Results found five developmental stages of male inflorescences, which last in 64-101 days, ended by the drought and abscissed of the males. Female inflorescences undergo five stages which take 92-160 days in total. Differences in rainfall and the dry season period resulted in different onset and duration of flowering. In 2018, which has more rainfall and a shorter dry season, flowering initiates lately (February-June) with a longer duration (6 months). In 2019, the less rainfall and more extended dry season resulted in early flowering (January-April) with a shorter duration (4 months). The Medan landrace flowered later and longer. Flowering synchrony occurred between sexes within the same tree, but there was asynchronous flowering among individual trees. Water availability is crucial in flowering and fruit production. Flowering stimulation and pollination management may also be conducted to increase flower production, pollinating agents, and fruit production and synchronize the flowering.

Meranti (Shorea spp.) is a commercial timber tree species of Indonesian forest potentially to be developed for Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs). We explored the NTFPs perspective of three Meranti species, Shorea hopeifolia (F.Heim) Symington, Shorea ovalis (Korth.) Blume, and Shorea balangeran Burk, by identifying the content of phytochemical compounds. Data collection methods include: exploration, identification to obtain the accuracy of the species scientific name, and analysis the phytochemical content using Gas Chromatographic Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) pyrolysis. We revealed the bark of the tree species contained phytochemical compounds potential for medicinal ingredients especially for antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anticancer. Since the exploitation of the bark is better than the trees, the potential use of non-timber forest products of the meranti supports the conservation of the species. Further research to unveil other benefits of the meranti species should be conducted.

Rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis Muell Arg.) is classified as a hardwood, yet it is vulnerable to dry-wood termites attack, namely Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light. Hence, a preservative is necessary for prevention. The purpose of this research was to examine the effect of jeringau rhizome extract on dry-wood termites C. cynocephalus attack. The experimental design was a completely randomized factorial design with two factors include 2 levels of solvent (water and ethanol) and 4 levels of extract ratio (1:4, 1:6, 1:8, and 1:10). Parameters observed were actual retention, termites mortality, sample weight loss, and attack degree. Rubberwood was sized in 5 cm x 3 cm x 3 cm. The method used was immersing the samples in a container that contains jeringau rhizome extract in various treatments for 72 hours. The immersed samples were then fed to healthy and active C. cynocephalus for 12 weeks. The results showed that the type of solvents and extract ratio had a significant effect on termites mortality and samples weight loss, while actual retention was influenced by the extract ratio. In conclusion, the most effective formula to prevent dry-wood termites attack was jeringau rhizome extract with a weight ratio of jeringau powder and ethanol 1:6.

The solid waste (dregs seed) of nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) industry from seed pressing processes could be more than 50% of the dry seed weight. Nyamplung oil industry in Bantul (Yogyakarta) has been produced nyamplung oil 4-5 ton/month that produced dregs seed around 50-60%/ton nyamplung dry seeds. The accumulated waste has been piled up and immediately important to utilize it. This study aimed to determine (i) the effect of bioactivators with ameliorant material application and the interactions among treatments on nyamplung dregs compost quality, and (ii) the growth response, seedling quality index and nitrogen uptake on nyamplung seedlings with nyamplung dregs compost application. The study was arranged in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) factorial. Two bioactivators Prouponic Gb#1 and cattle rumen bio starter were used in the study. The bioactivators were combined by ameliorants (no ameliorant, dolomite, and rice husk ash) with 3 replicates for each treatment. Analyses of soil chemical properties were carried out on nyamplung dregs before and after the treatments applied including: pH, DHL, N Total, C/N ratio, P Total, K Total. Those characters were compared to SNI No.19-7030-2004 on compost quality standards. DHL, C/N ratio, the total N, P, and K met the criteria on SNI. Seedling growth characters (height, diameter, number of leaves) and seedling quality index varied between nyamplung dregs compost treatments and control up to 16 weeks observation. Nyamplung dregs compost application showed the highest N uptake on nyamplung seedlings compared to the controls. Nyamplung seedling quality index was highly influenced by the uptake of N nutrients in the shoots and the roots than by height character and diameter.

Orchids are plant species with beauty and medicinal purposes, but, limited exploration has been conducted on potential utilization of Orchidaceae for medicinal purposes. This study aims to describe the local wisdom in utilization of Orchidaceae in traditional medicine and to identify the phyto-chemical content in particular orchid species which utilized for herbal medicine by local communities in the Lake Toba region. The study was conducted through exploration and in-depth interviews with 24 local communities that applied orchids in their traditional medicine in Karo, Simalungun and Toba of North Sumatra during 2020 to 2021. This study also reviewed various phyto-chemical content and safety issues of orchids utilization. The study identified about 23 orchid species from 15 genera as a main therapeutic agent. Various parts or entire plant are various parts of plant including roots, leaves, stems, flowers or entire plant contain phytochemical compounds with anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, antipyretic properties, and applied for various medicinal. Some of well-known orchids are Anoectochilus formosanus and Calanthe triplicata. The entire plants are applied in traditional medicine to smooth the liver, to treat rheumatism, diabetes, bronchitis, wound infection, tonic or detoxification. These activities are due to various bio-active compounds, mainly alkaloids, stilbenoids, dimeric phenanthrenes, flavonoids, triterpenoids, etc. These information have been illustrated the excellent potential of Orchidaceae for novel constituents of therapeutic and herbal medicine.

Paper made from natural fiber of ampel bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) and nano-activated carbon from sawdust had been tested as food packaging and showed its ability to maintain freshness and nutritive value of foodstuffs. However, as a packaging material, natural degradability of this alternative natural-fiber paper is required to be tested. This study aims to determine the effect of nano-activated carbon on paper's biodegradation properties. The results showed that paper treated with nano-activated carbon degraded faster in the soil compared to paper made of bamboo fiber only (control) after 8 weeks of observation. The microorganism population density analysis showed that the paper with nano-activated carbon had a lower microorganism density than the control which accompanied by a decrease in paper weight after 12 weeks of observation. This finding demonstrates the potential utilization of nano-activated carbon as an additive to be inserted into paper to accelerate the biodegradation rate of paper in the soil. The ability of paper to be degraded naturally is very important to support environmental sustainability.

Dragon blood's resin is obtained by extracting the dragon blood's fruit with organic or non-organic solvents. Following extraction, drying process is usually carried out to dry the wet resin. The drying techniques used is assumed to affect not only the drying performance but also the quality of the dragon blood's resin, in particular its active ingredient content (dracorhodin). The purpose of this study was to measure and compare the effect of solar and oven drying on the drying performance and quality of dragon blood's resin. The oven temperature used was 60°C. Both drying techniques were executed until the resin dried which was indicated by color change and its easiness to rupture. The results showed that solar drying of dragon blood required shorter time (210 minutes) with higher drying rate (0.25%/minute) than the oven drying process which need 250 minutes to finish with a drying rate of 0.14%/minute. Except the ash content of solar dried resin, other post-drying quality parameters of dragon blood resin from both drying techniques have met the Indonesia standard for trading purpose (SNI 8663:2018). Further statistical analysis confirmed that the drying techniques applied significantly affected the drying rate and post-drying quality values of dragon blood's resin.

Generally, frankincense resin is used as a raw material of the cosmetic and pharmacy industry and is often used as traditional rituals related to mystical things. However, the information related to the stimulant application on frankincense tapping is lacking even not available yet. This article aims to provide the initial information on frankincense tapping technic using three organic stimulants. The trials were conducted in one of the community forests in Dolog Sanggul, North Sumatera. The trees sampled were 40 with an average diameter of 17.07 cm that adjusted with the variable used. Organic stimulants used in this study were wood vinegar, galangal, and lime. The result showed a) the organic stimulant was potential to be applied in frankincense harvesting based on the productivity of produced resin; b) the application of three organic stimulants in frankincense harvesting affected the resin production compared to the control (without stimulant), and c) the resin yield varied between 0.177-1.051 gr with a harvesting period of one month. As an illustration, the resin yield of one frankincense tree averagely 0.1-0.5 kg per year with a harvesting period of 3-4 months without stimulant. The innovation of frankincense harvesting is necessary to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the stem wounding process and stimulant application.

Timber harvesting in natural production forests in Indonesia is still carried out to his day in the form of a bussines license for the utilization of timber forest products-natural forests (IUPHHK-HA). IUPHHK-HA holders have not fully implemented Reduced Impact Logging (RIL). Forest harvesting activities consisting of felling, skidding, bucking, loading, unloading, and transportation of logs are aimed at without significantly disturbing log production and its environment. The purpose of this review is to provide information on RIL in Indonesia. The collection of data was done by using a desk study. Data on productivity, efficiency, costs, damage to the residual stands, and the impact of RIL on emissions were collected. Several research results showed that: (1) logging productivities generally decreased when compared to Conventional Logging (CL), (2) logging efficiency generally increased when compared to CL, (3) logging costs generally increased in the short term, (4) residual stand damages generally reduced when compared to CL, and (5) RIL has potential to reduce emissions compared to CL. It is necessary to do the following: harvest planning such as mapping and distribution of trees, skid trail alignment, design of landings; harvest preparation such as the opening of skid trails, opening of landing places; harvesting such as determining felling direction, felling, skidding, and closure of harvesting such as closure of skid trails and landings.

Currently, natural forest management companies (concession permit of timber forest products utilization-natural forest/IUPHHK-HA) have implemented Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) technology but timber harvesting is still carried out using the conventional method. Tree length logging is an alternative method of harvesting wood in an effort to reduced waste and increases the efficiency of the utilization of timber forest products and the preservation of natural production forests. The potential for wood harvesting waste is estimated at 2.21 million m³year⁻¹ and has remained left in the cutting compartment for decades. The purpose of this paper is to obtain technical and financial information about forest harvesting on a zero waste basis. Data collection was carried out by experimental methods. Productivity, efficiency, cost, and stand damage data were collected. The results of the research in three IUPHHK-HA in Central Kalimantan show that the zero waste logging method can reduced harvesting waste by 5.1% and increase the efficiency of wood utilization from 87.7-92.8%. Another advantage of the zero waste logging method is that the additional waste from the trunk above the first branch is about 5.8%. The productivity of the conventional method averaged 26.333 m³hour⁻¹ at a cost of IDR 33,941 m⁻³ while the tree length logging method was 27.320 m³hour⁻¹ at a cost of IDR 35,251 m⁻³. It is suggested that the tree length logging method be implemented in natural production forest harvesting.

Forest, as a natural resource, plays an important role for all living organisms which are living inside or outside the forest. Various plant species are found living in the forest, including the Annonaceae family which consists of 109 genera and 2440 species that are also playing an important role in the environment and human life. The purpose of this study was to reveal the importance of the Annonaceae family for the life of human beings and the life of organisms in the forest. Using the exploration method by analyzing exploration data, including secondary data, this study was conducted. The results showed that members of the Annonaceae family are those essentially controlling the balance of forest ecosystems, environment control for organisms, and provide food for creatures in the forest. Others such as ecological, hydrological, and climatological functions are provided by the members. Besides, several members are timber sources for human interest as well as a raw material of traditional medicine, cosmetics, and perfume. Another usage of the members is used in traditional ceremonies. Moreover, Annaceous acetogenin compound found in Annonaceae can be used as an antitumor and also as a pesticide, which will lead to a promise in the future.

Taxus has been recognized to have many medicinal properties. This study aims to determine the total phenolic, antioxidant activity, toxicity effect of taxus leaf herbal tea from two brewing temperatures. Antioxidant test was carried out by IC₅₀-DPPH, total phenolic was carried out by spectrophotometric analysis, and toxicity effect was measured with BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test) method. The taxus leaves were prepared by drying method at 60°C until the water content reached 10% and then ground until they were quite smooth. Brewing was carried out at a temperature of 75°C and 95°C. The results showed that taxus leaves had strong antioxidants with IC₅₀ values reaching 62.5 ppm and total phenols of 15.68% (w/w) and 14.08% (w/w) at each brewing temperature. The LC₅₀ of toxicity effect of taxus leaves at 290.58 ppm and 536.38 ppm. We concluded the taxus leaves was a good natural antioxidant source with phenol content and could be develop to natural drug for anticancer.

Today's stingless bees are in great demand by beekeepers in Lombok. Besides producing honey, it also produces propolis which has more value. Propolis or bee glue is a substance produced by honey bees collected from the top young leaves mixed with the saliva, patch, and hive sterilization. This substance could be used for antibacterial, antivirus, antifungal, and anti-protozoa. In Lombok, apiculture for stingless bees has spread in almost every district. Northern Lombok, West Lombok, and East Lombok were the first three locations that developed stingless bees. This study aimed to identify the species of stingless bees and their propolis productivity and characteristics produced by each species. There were two species of stingless bees cultivated by the people of Lombok, Trigona clypearis and Trigona sapiens. The development of science, genus Trigona changed nomenclature into Tetragonula. The yield of propolis through extraction using water or Aqueous Extraction Propolis (AEP) produced by T. clypearis was 34-55% and T. sapiens was in the range of 3-24%. The flavonoid content equivalent to quercetin in propolis produced by T. sapiens as vary as T. clypearis. The results of this study could be used as a baseline for other propolis extraction activities to produce propolis more marketable.

Organic chemical compounds of Macaranga spp. have been identified and their bioactive potential have been explored, but Macaranga hypoleuca information was limited. M. hypoleuca includes fast growing and pioneer's species in secondary forest successions. Limited utilization of M. hypoleuca make this species classified into less well-known species. Present study was conducted to identify the chemical compounds of M. hypoleuca by using Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (Py-GCMS QP2010). Samples were originated from stem, bark, sap and leaves of M. hypoleuca. This study was able to identify the compounds of dibromo chloropropane, methoxy 2-propenal, ammonium carbamate, levoglucosan, teraxeron, n-tetra terakseron, hydroxy-2-propenal, carbinol and pentanoic acid as the dominant organic compounds in M. hypoleuca. Further research is needed to isolate and biological activity.

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of laminated bamboo and damar (Agathis loranthifolia Salisb.) wood as the core layer of the bamboo-damar hybrid composite beam. Andong bamboo (Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea (Steud.) Widjaja) and mayan bamboo (Gigantochloa robusta Kurz.) were used as the face and back layers of the beam, glued with isocyanate adhesive. Four types of composite beam were produced with various number of laminated bamboo layers. Results showed that the four layers (two layers for each face and back sides) laminated andong bamboo performed superior mechanical properties than others hybrid composite beam, while the four layers (two layers for each face and back sides) laminated mayan bamboo demonstrated the highest compression and bonding strength. The density, MOR, MOE and compression strength of the hybrid composite beam improved 31.3%, 25.95%, 37.81% and 25.12%, respectively, as the outcomes of the incorporation of laminated andong bamboo on the outer layers of the damar board. This paper proves that the number of laminated bamboo layers enhances the properties of the bamboo-damar hybrid composite beam. Furthermore, it shows promising result for complementing furniture and interior design materials as the bamboo-damar hybrid composite beam has remarkable properties.

Merangin is a region in Jambi province, Indonesia, which well-known for its geodiversity. As part of geodiversity, fossil woods play an important role in reconstructing the ancient trees during geological history. Since the study on fossil wood origin Merangin Regency, Jambi, is still limited, this study was conducted to determine fossil wood identity through anatomical features observation and estimate the age of fossil wood samples through geological analysis. The anatomical characteristics were observed using a light microscope to identify the botanical identity of the discovered fossil wood samples. The description of anatomical features refered to the IAWA list of microscopic features for hardwood identification. The result showed that all fossil woods had similarities with the modern wood from the Dipterocarpaceae family, namely Dryobalanoxylon sp. (Kamper), Hopenium sp. (Merawan/Hopea), Shoreoxylon sp. (Meranti), and Cotylelobioxylon sp. (Giam/Resak). These fossil woods were found in different estimated geological age namely Late Permian/Perem age (254-252 million years old), Late Miocene age (7.24-5.33 million years old); Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene age (3.60-2.58 million years old); and Holocene age (11,700 years old - present). Another approach by using Global Mapper 11 resulted that all the fossil woods were estimated grown in Permian age (290 - 250 million years).

In the integrated charcoal technology, the smoke arising from the process is flowed into a pipe which is cooled, so that the smoke turns into a liquid, so it is called liquid smoke. Therefore, the technology to produce liquid smoke is environmentally friendly. The raw material used in the process of making wood vinegar is generally in the form of lignocellulose waste which contains lignin and cellulose such as wood waste, bamboo waste, oil palm shell waste, coconut shell waste and others. With simple technology input, liquid smoke can be produced from this waste, which has many benefits. The method to produce the liquid smoke was through a process of charcoal or pyrolysis which produces three forms of solid products, namely charcoal, products in the form of gases, namely smoke, and products in the form of liquids, so called tar and liquid smoke; and the main component as a characteristic of liquid smoke were acetic acid, phenolic and carbamic acid. Phenol is the compound that plays the most role in liquid smoke, because it is antibacterial and antifungal and inhibits fat oxidation. Therefore, liquid smoke with its various benefits can be a solution for the problems of pets and bacteria in agriculture or environmental pollution.

Wood pellets are renewable fuels from biomass which can be an alternative substitute for petroleum fuels. One of the raw materials for making wood pellets is sawdust from the sawmill industry or other wood craftsmen. Sawdust waste that dumped for a long time will reduce its moisture content (over-dry) and will be difficult to form into pellets. In this paper, we studied the effect of adding liquid solution ie. water, tapioca starch solution, pure molasses solution and dilute molasses solution on over-dry sawdust to the characteristic properties of wood pellet torrefaction. The sawdust material was collected from the wood sawmill in the Bogor District. There were five treatments i.e sawdust (control), sawdust + 10% water, sawdust + 10% tapioca starch solution, sawdust + 10% pure molasses solution, sawdust + 10% diluted molasses solution. The wood pellet torrefaction properties were investigated using a manual hot press at the temperature of 210°C. The results showed that the addition of pure molasses solution produced better pellets than other treatments, with properties i.e water content of 2.65%, the ash content of 1.45%, volatile matter 76.72%, fixed carbon 19.18%, the calorific value of 19.56 MJkg⁻¹, density 0.84 gcm⁻³, and compressive strength 52.22 kgcm⁻².

This research aimed to study about chemical composition and anti-cancer activities of natural agarwood and cultivated agarwood (Gyrinops vertegii [Gilg.] Domke). Agarwood used in the research was of lowest qualities, which comprised agarwood with natural kemedangan type (A), with cultivated kemedangan-I type (B1), and with cultivated kemedangan-II type (B2), all after methanol extraction. Chemical composition was examined using GC-MS instrument, meanwhile tests on lungs associated anticancer activities (A549's cancer cells) were performed using MTT method. Chemical composition in low-quality agarwoods was predominantly sesquiterpene compounds, comprising among others guaiacol, cumene, aromadendrene, aplha-humulene, velleral, etc; and conservely did not contain chromone derivative compounds which are compounds characterizing quality agarwood. Low-quality agarwood extracts afforded efficacious potency as anticancer actions against A549's lungs-attacking cancer cells with IC₅₀ values at 144.92 µgmL⁻¹ (A); IC₅₀ at 206.88 µgmL⁻¹ (B1), and IC₅₀ 187.97 µgmL⁻¹ (B2).

Indonesia is a mega-biodiversity country that grows about 4000 timber producer tree species in tropical rain forest. The comprehensive information of wood properties and quality is important in managing the natural resources sustainably. However, stem in basic properties studies of wood from the natural forest is limited because of some difficulties in harvesting until the transportation process. Hence, study the wood branches becomes a solution, as sometimes wood core samples are not adequate. The question was whether the branch properties could represent the main stem properties? Wood anatomy is an important wood property that can predict the other properties, for instance, the physical and mechanical properties, that determine the effective use of this material. This paper aims to present the comparison of wood anatomical properties of branches and main stem of seven commercial wood species. Quantitative and qualitative anatomical structures were investigated according to the International Association of Wood Anatomist (IAWA) Committee. Result shows that the quantitative wood anatomy of four samples (Mimba, Leda, Jabon, and Bintangur) was statistically different, while only one parameter in Tusam, Mindi, and Khaya was different. Accordingly, it can be concluded that studying the wood properties could be carried out using branch effectively.

Unhealthy lifestyles such as low physical activity, unbalanced nutrition consumption, high workloads, and low emotional management make a person vulnerable to stress. The large-scale lockdowns to reduce COVID-19 transmission also exacerbate the stress level. Regarding organic and complementary therapeutic schemes, both increased relaxation and decreased hypertension are carried out using aromatherapy that involves essential oil formulations. This study aims to identify the characteristics and effects of aromatherapy formulations, including benzoin, nutmeg, and citronella essential oils on relaxation and human blood pressure. The study began by identifying local applications of essential oils through interviews with 20 local people who apply essential oil in their remedies. The method included initial and final measurements of blood pressure in aromatherapy application for three consecutive days. To evaluate aromatherapy profiles, forty respondents were selected purposively and asked about their expression after inhalation. The results showed that application of the aromatherapy formulation reduced systolic pressure by 8.5 mmHg and diastolic pressure by 1.2 mmHg. Most of the respondents considered that the aroma of formulated essential oils has a refreshing and calming effect on their mind. These antidepressant effects are obtained from combination of benzyl cinnamate, geraniol, linalool, myristicin, p-cymene etc in formulated essential oils. This research concluded that inhalation of essential oils formulation provided a relaxing effect and reduced hypertension, significantly.

The global pandemic Covid-19 has become a worldwide challenge. Many continuous efforts have been conducted to prevent and combat the diseases that attack human respiratory system. This situation encourages the exploration of potential herbal remedies involving essential oils from forest to boost human immune system. The objectives of study were to explore the traditional application of forest's essential oils and to identify the phytochemical content of herbal medicines in respiratory and cardiovascular treatments in Northern Sumatra. In-depth interviews were conducted with 27 local people who applied essential oils in their traditional remedies in Karo and Toba, North Sumatra; and Singkil and South Aceh during 2020. The essential oils benefits in Covid-19 treatment were identified by inhaling application to seven positive suspects. The study also reviewed previous findings according the phytochemical content of forest essential oils identified. The study identified twelve forest's essential oils applied in respiratory and cardiovascular treatments, including Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Dryobalanops aromatica, Eucalyptus sp., Litsea cubeba, Melaleuca cajuput, Myristica fragrans, Styrax sumatrana, Syzygium aromaticum, and. Zanthoxylum acanthopodium. The oils were distilled from plant part such as flowers, leaves, fruits, seeds, and barks or extracted from resin. Several phytochemicals with medicinal properties were identified including 1.8-cineole, apinene, camphene, eugenol, limonene, linalool, and p-cymene. In aromatherapeutic practices by both inhalation and massage, the phytochemical content gives relaxing effects and improve the respiratory and cardiovascular system. The results also show that inhaling the essential oils also helps Covid-19 patients relieve their breathing, therefore prospective for respiratory treatment. The high stress conditions faced by patients were also reduced by inhaling aromatherapy. The study re-discovered the essential oils benefits for various conditions such as headaches and hypertension, while having high potential as an expectorant and immune system booster.

Diabetics is known as a dangerous comorbid disease in covid 19 patience. Many herbal medicines are used to prevent diabetes. Recently, the use of herbal medicine increased rapidly. In Indonesia, many indigenous plants have been used as source of raw material of herbal medicine including Cinnamomum parthenoxylon. Previous study reported that in vitro administration of C. parthenoxylon extract could reduce the sugar level and increased the plasma insulin level. Data on phytochemistry and bio-activity of this species are unavailable yet. Therefore, this study examined the phytochemical constituents and antidiabetic activity of their leaves. The leaves of C. pathenoxylon were collected from Bangka Belitung and South Sumatra for phytochemical screening and in vitro study. The phytochemical screening showed that constituents of flavonoids, steroids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins were contained in the water extract of C. pathenoxylon leaves. The study indicated that extract leaves of C. pathenoxylon contains antidiabetic activity. In conclusion, C. pathenoxylon has the potential to be utilized as a source of raw material for diabetes medication. However, further in vivo and human administration studies are essentially required.

To prevent virus spreading, the corpse or the coffin of COVID-19 patients need to be wrapped in plastic. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), a crude oil-based wrapping plastic, is difficult to decompose in nature after use. In this study, biocomposite wrapping film was developed from cassava starch and chitosan, with the addition of sorghum Micro-Fibrillated Cellulose (MFC) by levels of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5%. Cassava starch (raw starch) was modified by acetic anhydride to produce acetylated cassava starch (acetylated starch) which is less hydrophilic thus enhance the compounding ability with LDPE. The sorghum MFC was obtained from sorghum fibers after following processes: soda pulping, bleaching and fibrillation with a super grinder. The addition of 1% sorghum MFC into raw starch-chitosan increased the tensile strength and modulus of elasticity by 33% and 17%, respectively. On the other hand, the addition of 2% sorghum MFC into acetylated starch-chitosan increased the elongation by 38%. Wrapping film needs to have good elongation ability so that it can be stretched during application. Based on elongation characteristic, acetylated cassava starch-chitosan with addition of 2% sorghum MFC can be developed to be a candidate for biocomposite wrapping film to prevent COVID-19 outspread.

Taxus -a taxol-producing medicinal plant that mostly found in highland area- is a species in genus Taxus and family Taxaceae. This study was aimed to determine the genetic diversity within and between population of T. sumatrana in Kerinci Regency, i.e. Mount Kerinci and Mount Tujuh, based on altitude. The genetic diversity was analyzed with RAPD analysis. The altitude was categorized as low (<2000 m asl) and high (>2000 m asl). The cambium extraction was carried out based on CTAB method. DNA amplification was conducted in RAPD method on machine of PCR System 9700 Applied Biosystems. Nine RAPD primers were used in this study. The results revealed that the average of polymorphic locus was 53.89%. Genetic diversity within population was fairly high with value of 0.1799 and Shannon index of 0.2746. Among the four populations, the population of High Tujuh showed the highest level of variability (He=0.2044). The Nei genetic distance between populations was ranging from 0.0567 to 0.1302. The potential of High Tujuh population is still large enough so that it can still be explored for genetic conservation and cultivated as a taxol-producing material which is useful for medicine.

Macrofungi is one of bio-medicinal sources containing various bioactive compounds, such as β-glucans, which are scientifically proven as immunity booster against coronavirus, including Covid-19. Lawu Mountain Forest has been reported as one of the macro fungi-rich ecosystems in Java. Due to its unique geography, each side of the mountain has a different climate with the southern slope is typically more suitable for various species of mushroom to grow. The aims of this study were to assess fungal diversity in the southern slope of Lawu Mountain Forest, and to ascertain their potential uses for medicinal purpose, particularly for boosting immunity against Covid-19. Cruise method was used to identify macroscopic fungi collected along the hiking trail of Lawu Mountain Forest at the elevation ranges of 1800- 3100 m asl. Their morphological characteristics, including color, diameter, veil surface, lamella (ring and pore, type of lamella, and volva), stem shape, length and diameter, were observed. The study found 46 species from 15 families of macrofungi. Seven species potentially containing bioactive compounds as immunomodulator for boosting immunity were Auricularia auricula, Cerrena unicolor, Lentinus edodes, Pleuretus ostreatus, Stereum hirsutum, Schizophyllum commune, Trametes versicolor.

Bioprospecting of anti-SARS-corona virus phytochemical agents is an important issue today as an alternative to chemical drugs whose effectiveness has not been fully successful with no light effect. Quercetin, a component of Toona sinensis young leaves extract, was reported to have anti-viral activity against SARS-corona virus replication in vitro. Currently, the low efficiency of secondary metabolite production is an obstacle. Production of secondary metabolites from callus induction in vitro is considered more efficient and in a short time for commercial applications. The composition of hormones in callus media affects the secondary metabolites formed. The study was conducted to determine the effect of synthetic hormones auxin (BAP) and cytokinin (NAA) on callus percentage, fresh and dry callus cell weight and the average time of callus formation. The call percentage (100%) was obtained in different combinations of BAP and NAA in MS medium. The highest fresh weight of callus (165.50 gL⁻¹) and dry cell weight (28.47 gL⁻¹) were observed in MS medium (1.5 mgL⁻¹ BAP and 1 mgL⁻¹ NAA) within 7 days initial formation time of callus. The results showed that all the indices measured were positively correlated with callus induction in T. sinensis.