Table of contents

Within the framework of the presented material, the results of the conducted III International scientific and practical conference «Actual problems of the energy complex: mining, production, transmission, processing and environmental protection» (APEC 2021).

List of International Program Committee are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science has been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

□ Type of peer review: Double-blind

□ Describe criteria used by Reviewers when accepting/declining papers. Was there the opportunity to resubmit articles after revisions?

All submitted articles underwent double anonymous review. The reviewers were based on the assessment of the topic of the submitted materials, the relevance of the study, the scientific significance and novelty, the quality of the materials, and the originality of the work.

Authors could revise the article and submit it again for review. Reviewers, program committee members and organizing committee members did not enter into discussions with the authors of the articles.

□ Conference submission management system:

1. Sending materials to the organizers of the conference (apec2021@itidms.ru, managed by Gibadullin Arthur);

2. Verification of compliance with the subject of the conference;

3. Checking materials for plagiarism using two systems;

4. Submitting for double blind review;

5. Checking the quality of translation of the article into English;

6. Checking for the correct design of materials;

7. Submission of materials to the Publisher.

□ Number of submissions received: 146

□ Number of submissions sent for review: 137

□ Number of submissions accepted: 69

□ Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100): 47,2%

□ Average number of reviews per paper: 2

□ Total number of reviewers involved: 21

□ Any additional info on review process: To be accepted for publication, the material must have the following requirements: compliance with the conference theme; a high level of originality of the text (at least 80%); positive expertise of reviewers; good level of English and well-formed material.

□ Contact person for queries: Gibadullin Arthur - Candidate of Sciences, State University of Management, Moscow, Russian Federation - Executive Secretary of the Organizing Committee (apec2021@itidms.ru)

New designs of remote transformer current converters (RTCC) have been developed in this article. It is shown that an increase in sensitivity is achieved due to the implementation of the magnetic circuit in the form of a multiturn core with a common measuring winding, and the use of three identical RTCC installed to measure currents of all three phases with connected measuring windings according to open triangle circuit expands the functionality of device due to the simultaneous measurement of currents in three phases and unbalanced currents in a three-phase circuit. Generalized mathematical models of new RCTT have been developed taking into account the influence of magnetic fields of currents of neighboring buses for the most general case of their location in space in relation to the buses of a three-phase line. It is shown that for RTCC type TVM-P, in which the parallel rods are made in the form of a multi-turn core with a corresponding measuring winding, in order to reduce the effect on the readings of the current transducer installed to measure the current in phases A, the number of turns of the measuring winding located at a distance from of buses B and C, the multiturn core of the U-shaped magnetic circuit should be selected large in relation to the measuring winding placed on the multiturn core closest to the buses B and C.

The main purpose of the article is to substantiate the safety of a lead-cooled fast reactor of high power. Thermal power of the reactor is about 5600 MW, electric power is about 2400 MW. The design is similar to the BREST-OD-300 project developed at NIKIET JSC. The safety of a high-power reactor is ensured only with the use of innovative core materials (previously the author proposed to use fuel based on micrograins of UN-PuN mononitride and uranium metal nanopowder, a coolant based on lead of thorium ores, fuel element cladding based on EP823 steel with nanopowder of titanium oxide and yttrium, tungsten-coated cladding are used). Research methods are mathematical modeling of the reactor and reactor emergency modes. The most dangerous emergency modes (ATWS – anticipated transients without scram and their combinations, taking into account the non-simultaneous start) are considered. The studies used the codes developed by the author (Dragon-M, FRISS-2D) and the well-known code for precision neutron-physical calculations (MCU). A safe reactor corresponds to the fulfillment of restrictions for a number of functionals characterizing emergency modes. Studies have shown that when using innovative core materials, any combination of emergency modes does not lead to unacceptable releases of radioactive substances outside the Nuclear Power Plant. The results of the study show the possibility of developing reliable, safe, environmentally acceptable nuclear power based on reactors of this type.

The method of using the start-up reserve steamshops installed at the NPP to improve the safety and economic efficiency of the plant was proposed in the article. Earlier, the author of the article proved on the basis of experimental data from the Balakovo NPP that a low-power steam turbine can provide power supply for the NPP's own needs through the use of the core residual heat release. Such steam turbine can effectively work in conjunction with a start-up reserve steamshops in the normal mode to generate additional electricity to the power system and to provide a reliable reserve for NPP own needs in case of the station blackout. In the article, the characteristics of the known units corresponding to the developed system are presented, and the cooldown process based on the developed method is described.

The article presents an analysis of the quality of voltage at a consumer of electricity in power supply systems with a network solar power plant connected in parallel to the centralized network. The legislative base of the Russian Federation, regulating the construction and operation of grid solar power plants, requirements for the quality of energy in a centralized grid have been studied. The block diagram of the operating experimental solar power plant is presented. On the basis of this station, experimental studies of the influence of the operation of a solar power plant on the quality of energy at the consumer have been carried out. This study was carried out using a Fluke 345 power quality analyzer. The authors analyzed the experimentally obtained data on voltage changes and harmonic distortions at the consumer in two series of experiments (with a solar power plant in operation and with a solar power plant disconnected). On the basis of the analysis, conclusions were drawn about the reduction of peak voltage deviations at the consumer and a decrease in the total harmonic distortion factor when the solar power plant is operating. The relationship between voltage and harmonic distortion is described mathematically. Based on the results of the studies, conclusions were drawn about improving the quality of energy for an agricultural consumer when supplied with electricity from a grid solar power plant in parallel with a centralized grid.

The article provides a method for determining the state of the grounding devices without having to open the vertical and horizontal electrodes thereof. The developed method requires the determination of the average annual significance of indirect factors, essentially influencing the corrosion state of the ground elements, such as ground humidity and the meaning wandering current.

The article examines the indicators of the quality of electric energy and additional power losses due to the asymmetry of the three-phase voltage system in rural distribution electric networks 0.38 kV. Violation the symmetrical mode operation of the electrical network causes a deterioration the power quality and can lead to fire-hazardous situations. The proposed method of using the means of balancing the modes of operation electric networks is considered as a scenario for the introduction of "green" technologies to improve the efficiency of electricity supply in rural areas. The connection of balancing devices (BD) and various types of three-phase symmetric and unbalanced loads, as well as their combinations are considered on the model of the electric network at various points of power consumption. The parameters of the electrical network and BD are modeled and calculated by the computer complex "Asymmetry-2". The programs for the Matlab graphic editor are compiled and diagrams of changes the indicators characterizing the quality and additional losses of electricity from the changing unbalanced load are constructed. A numerical analysis is carried out on the basis of the performed calculation and recommendations are given for determining the most appropriate place for connecting the BD in the electrical network.

The article discusses the main scheme and advantages of an underground tunnel-type pumped storage power plant (PSPP). Unlike traditional layouts of such stations, the upper and lower basins are located underground and formed by a single tunnel. A description of the design of the new station type and a method for calculating its main parameters were proposed. The analysis showed the limitations that must be taken into account when choosing the main hydraulic equipment for the tunnel-type underground PSPP. Based on the calculations, the optimal diameters of the tunnels were analyzed and identified to ensure the minimum construction period.

This article discusses one of the most typical heat-using processes - the drying process. The selection and assessment of drying units is carried out according to various parameters, however, the clearest idea of the suitability of the dryer for drying material with known properties and its energy characteristics is given by the analysis of the dryer operation, based on the heat technology principles of the design of the technological process under which a characteristic set is taken thermal, hydrodynamic, constructive and other conditions for organizing the technological process of drying materials. Comparison of the energy efficiency of a number of dryers, carried out according to the described technique, taking into account the costs of creating and maintaining the required hydrodynamic conditions in the working chamber of the drying apparatus, referred to the unit volume of the chamber, taking into account the separation of the dried material and cleaning the spent heat carrier.

This work is devoted to the formation of a rational energy balance in Russia and its pragmatic management of alternative energy during the climate crisis using information technologies. The aim of the work is to study low-carbon development aimed at reducing the amount of CO₂ emissions into the atmosphere, to stabilize climate change and prevent negative consequences. A comparative analysis of several countries has shown that renewable energy influences both the situation in the global energy market and the environmental situation of the country as a whole. The territorial study of sunshine in Russia has identified the regions where the transition to alternative energy sources for further energy supply is the most effective, and is able to ensure financial sustainability and tariff equalization, as well as an increase in the living standards of the population. Based on the results of the work done, the root causes of the lack of active implementation of renewable energy sources were identified and a profitable direction for the development of an alternative energy system for Russia was formed. The article is supplied with graphic materials and tables, as well as a detailed description of each stage of the study.

The article investigates the possibility of using pulse-width control of parametric models of induction heaters, shows the models of pulse-controlled resistive elements and the results of simulation of their transient modes. A feature of the proposed circuit solutions is the use in macromodels of ideal keys controlled by the mode parameters of the circuit. In the environment of a circuit simulator, virtual PWM models are constructed that are suitable for use, both in the transient and in the steady state. The non-reactive nature of the modules ensures the accuracy and speed of the device in a wide frequency range, while observing the conflict-free behavior of the computing core with a variable iteration step. The modes of the device models are investigated in the time domain, the characteristics of the dynamics of control and controlled parameters are shown. The advantages and disadvantages of PWM control of parametric models are noted.

The topic of aluminum use in the production of air-aluminum batteries, for the future development of solar energy in Greece, is being considered in this work. The article analyses different systems of vehicles in order to propose the use of air-aluminum batteries instead of lithium-ion ones.

The article assesses the application of distributed generation to meet the customer's own needs for electricity and heat. Currently, the electric power industry is faced with many problems of functioning of electric power systems, which have a negative impact on the processes of transmission and distribution of electric energy to end users. These problems lead to decrease in reliability of power supply and economic efficiency of operation of enterprises. In order to solve the problems of increasing the reliability and economic efficiency of electric power systems the introduction of distributed generation is effective. The modes of electric power generation are considered. The paper also analyzes and identifies the features of the application of distributed generation to achieve the required indicators of reliability and economic efficiency of electric power systems.

The article describes the types of photovoltaic systems, options for their installation in agricultural land. The reasons for the slow development of alternative energy in our country today and the main advantages and disadvantages of this type of energy are considered.

The article discusses a fundamentally new technology for increasing the specific generation of electricity based on thermal consumption, and also calculates the effectiveness of the proposed solution. The main distinguishing feature of this solution is a decrease in the temperature of the additional feed water of the boilers of thermal power plants. As a result, a method was developed to increase the specific power generation based on heat consumption by reducing the temperature of the additional feed water of power boilers. The authors have developed a technical solution for the use of gas entering the burners to cool additional feed water through a heat exchanger-cooler; a study of the economic and energy efficiency of the proposed technical solution has been carried out.

The article discusses the possibility of building intelligent (active-adaptive) electrical networks for rural purposes using a SCADA system in automated control systems for energy facilities.

Over the past decades, the range and functionality of power supplies has expanded and changed significantly. This is primarily due to the continuous desire to reduce the weight and size characteristics of the power supply, to increase their efficiency, to use modern economical pulse control methods, integrated microcircuits, etc.

Currently, there are significant emissions of pollutants from electric power facilities in our country. At the TPP, sulfur and nitrogen purification technologies are practically not used, most of the installed ash collectors operate with low efficiency and using outdated technology, and environmental indicators are significantly inferior to foreign analogues. At the same time, there is experience in the development and development on an industrial scale of various methods and tools that provide a significant reduction in emissions of particulate matter, sulfur oxides and nitrogen. The article considers an example of such a technology. For particle cleaning, a ceramic high-temperature filter with a catalytic coating is used to selectively remove nitric oxide when interacting with carbomide. The sulfur is removed by chemical neutralization with a lime sorbent.

The work is devoted to the use of solar energy. The analysis of the problem of choosing solar panels according to their technical characteristics is carried out. It is shown that the key parameters for evaluating the efficiency of solar cells and photovoltaic cells are not so much the efficiency factor, but the fill factor. The article provides a refined formula for calculating the fill factor.

The article provides a theoretical analysis of the possibility of using single-frequency GNSS receivers to determine the slipping of agricultural tractors in order to assess the compliance of the weight characteristics of the tractor with the specific conditions of the work performed and more rational use of its energy potential, as well as reduce the negative impact of the propellers on the soil.

This article discusses the problems that arise with the widespread digital twin technology introduction for complex engineering objects. Based on the nuclear power experience, various classes of problems are considered. They are related to the different information models and data demand structures and for life-cycle at different stages. As part of the industrial technologies transformation during the Fourth Industrial Revolution, information model & digital twin concepts have fundamental importance. Target effects and actual problems of the technology are analyzed. The enlarged stages of the life cycle, such as design, construction, operation, and decommissioning are considered. The focus of the technology analysis is selected large objects of the Rosatom Corporation. Possible trends in the full life cycle digital twins technology are considered development. The problems of preserving large volumes of structured digital data for long periods at many decades are discussed. The problem of changing the competencies of engineering and management personnel in connection with the digital transformation of the economy and industry during the Fourth Industrial Revolution is considered. It is predicted that it is necessary to increase the costs of implementing digital technologies to achieve the target effects of the digital transformation of the industry and economy.

In this paper, the influence of the mass content of deposited cobalt (from 10 to 50 wt.%) in samples of Co/25%ZrO₂·SiO₂ on the main indicators of the synthesis of liquid and solid hydrocarbons from a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen at atmospheric pressure. It is established that all the studied catalysts exhibit high activity in this process. The best performance and selectivity indicators for liquid and solid carbonic hydrogens were obtained in the presence of a catalyst sample containing 40 wt. % of the applied Co. The yield of C₅ + hydrocarbons at 85% of the synthesis gas conversion on it was 160 g/m³, and the selectivity of their formation was 90%.

Existing coal mining technologies are associated with significant pollution of the natural environment, especially atmospheric air. On top of this, in the event of an emergency related to the spontaneous combustion of coal, this negative impact significantly increases. Based on the analysis of statistical data, this work presents a retrospective analysis of the pollutant emission from fires at open-pit coal mines in Eastern Siberia. One such example is the exogenous spontaneous combustion of coal at the Kharanor Open-Pit Coal Mine in 2018. In order to assess the impact of combustion products on the participants in the fire containment, we carried out the calculation of areas exposed to toxic damage by sulfur dioxide. As a result, it was found that an adverse impact on the area of toxic damage caused by the release of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere from the fire at the Kharanor Open-Pit Coal Mine will be observed in case of inversion and isothermy, since these coefficients of the degree of the atmosphere vertical stability contribute to prolonged stagnation on the ground, prevent dispersion in height, and can lead to acute poisoning of the mine personnel.

Compressor station equipment undergoes a sensitive adjustment process before commissioning. One of its most important tasks is balancing the blower rotor, as a result of which the forces acting in the system are balanced. Unbalance is the imbalance of the rotor, leading to the occurrence of forces and moments that cause vibration, both of the rotor itself and of the entire machine as a whole. Currently, there is no absolutely effective method for gas purification, which negatively affects the flow path of the equipment. This is especially true for gas pumping units that compress associated petroleum gas, as well as for GPUs operating in underground gas storage facilities and used in cases where the pressure of the sampled gas is lower than the pressure in the pipeline and must be raised. All this contributes to the emergence of an imbalance in the system. The work mathematically simulates the effect of deposits on the static balance of the rotor of a centrifugal blower.

Tensor network models represent the processes and structure of complex systems, including dangerous technological objects of oil refineries. Complex systems tensor method research based on duality invariance. It is the sum constancy of the metric tensors dual networks whenever there is a change in structure. Dual subspaces closed and unclosed paths are responses to external and internal influences, which do not depend on each other. As an example of a network model is considered the atmospheric column oil-refining plant, which is used to organize the work of training stand. Thermal energy flows are presented in a mesh network, and massive flows of mechanical energy - in a junction network. The amount of mechanical and thermal energy flows allows you to determine the load on the nodes of the unit. The results are applied to predict dangerous situations on refining facilities to assess changes in restructuring processes and the risk of accidents. Calculations, such as heat and mass flow change if you change the control actions, disable installation elements and assess change critical settings.

The article presents the results of the Volga oil shale study in the territory of Tatarstan and the Ulyanovsk region. It is shown that shales are polymineral rocks of complex composition. The main valuable component is organic matter (kerogen), formed from the products of aquabionts fossilization. Ash components are represented by clay minerals, clastic fragments of mineral grains, calcareous fragments of organic residues, and diagenetic pyrite. Organic matter has a complex structure. The predominant fractions are light and medium hydrocarbons boiling out in the temperature range 150-560°C. In smaller amounts, heavy fractions are present, which are released at temperatures of 560-620°C. The heat capacitance of oil shale ranges from 1607 to 9052 J/g. Loss of shale mass can range from 18.0 to 25.0% of the original sample. According to the summary valuable and genetic indicators, the Volga oil shale belongs to the humus-sapropel type; low-calorie in heat of combustion terms; polysulphide in terms of sulfur content; aluminosilicate-carbonate in terms of the prevalence of oxides in ash.

The article presents study results of terrigenous reservoirs of the Vereiskian horizon of Tatarstan. The sandstones and silty sandstones are composed by grains of quartz, feldspars, clay minerals and organic remains cemented with calcite. Rocks were formed under the conditions of marine paleobasin coastal part with normal salinity. The migrated aggressive solutions partially leached out the carbonate cement from sediment, realizing the reservoir-filtration potential inherent in rocks. The oil fluids that filled the pore space practically did not interact in any way with the mineral skeleton of terrigenous reservoirs at the chemical level. Thus, the influence of the rocks mineral component on the properties of oils is completely excluded. In oil-saturated reservoirs, from which good oil inflows are obtained, light fractions of hydrocarbons prevail, boiling away at temperatures of 200-320°C. In the reservoir rocks, from where the watered oils are obtained, there are medium and heavy fractions of hydrocarbons, boiling at temperatures of 320-450°C. In unproductive sandy reservoirs with immobile viscous oil, only heavy fractions of hydrocarbons, which boiling at temperatures above 450°C, prevail. Thus, the oil recovery of terrigenous reservoirs is determined not by the composition of host rocks, but by the degree of oils oxidation contained in them.

As part of the presented work, analysis of the conditions for the transition of the fuel and energy complex to digital and innovative technologies. The work evaluates the energy complex taking into account modern changes and the transition of enterprises to new technologies. At the end of the study, measures are proposed for an effective transition to new technologies.

In this work the method of the synthesis of C-substituted benzotriazoles is reported. Several target compounds were synthesized from unsubstituted benzotriazole by the diazotation reaction. Quantum-chemical calculations of basic electronic properties of the studied molecules were performed. It was shown, that introducing of halogen atom or thiocyano-group decreases the energies of frontier orbitals.

Volga oil shale in the Middle Volga region is a promising energy raw material for regional factories. Their heat of combustion varies from 1.6 to 9.0 MJ/kg, averaging 4.2-4.5 MJ/kg. The low calorific value of the fuel can be compensated by the proximity of the consumption sources and the cheapness of supplies. Oil shale is a high-ash energy feedstock with high sulfur content. The share of the organic component (kerogen) is 15-25%. During the combustion of oil shale, kerogen undergoes a multistage transformation due to the reactions of organic molecules hydrogenization. Experimental modeling has shown that the heat of combustion of the Volga oil shale is determined not only by their composition, but also by the organization of the combustion process. When burning lump shale, the heat release from rocks is 15-20% less than similar fuel in the form of fine dust. When using the technology of coal-water combustion (in the form of suspensions), the heat release of rocks is reduced in comparison with the combustion of dry finely dispersed oil shale by 10%. Although it remains higher, compared to the heat release during combustion of lump oil shale using boiling bed technology.

This work describes the synthesis of novel derivatives of 1,2,4-triazole containing a hindered phenol fragment. Influence of the obtained compounds on the thermal-oxidative stability of the sealing liquid AG-4I was investigated. Triazolothiazoles with long alkyl substituents were found to exhibit better antioxidant properties compared to Agidol-1.

The article is devoted to the problem of studying the electrical properties of a flame in a fire. The article discusses a method for measuring the active electrical resistance of a diffusion flame when burning liquid combustible substances. The dependence of the electrical resistance of the flame torch on the geometric dimensions of the combustion zone and on the average volumetric temperature of the flame torch in the mode of the laminar flow of the combustible mixture has been established. An empirical dependence has been obtained, which makes it possible to calculate the value of the electrical resistance of the flame.

The article discusses the issue of developing an optimal investment plan aimed at implementing large-scale projects for the production of natural gas in Western Arctic shelf areas. It presents the results of evaluating the economic efficiency of project implementation for two possible taxation scenarios: the one based on the current tax system and the one based on a production sharing agreement (PSA). The results obtained indicate that in implementing gas projects, it is advisable to use a step-by-step multivariate system for evaluating their commercial and fiscal efficiency taking into account the planned technical and organizational measures.

In this paper a mathematical regression model was constructed based on statistical data on natural gas consumption in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). Two factors that can influence gas consumption were studied: the country's population and the average annual temperature. On the basis of the calculations, the importance of these indicators for gas consumption is shown, with the conclusion that the climatic factor is normally distributed. The reliability of the model is high (99.98%).

To minimize risks according to the current state of reservoir pressure while planning well intervention operations, authors propose the multi-tank material balance method to determine the dynamics of reservoir pressure in the well drainage area. The method is based on using well test results and information on historical production and injection rates. The method is applicable under conditions where number and frequency of well tests are limited.

Clarification of liquids and preparation of industrial water plays an important role in various industries, in particular, in the development of oil fields, in the fuel oil industry. In this article, the filtration of a fine suspension of non-Newtonian behavior in a batch alluvial filter is considered. The power-law fluid model is used to describe the rheological state of the medium. A mathematical model is constructed for a filter element of the tubular type. To calculate the thickness of the formed sediment layer, differential equations are constructed. The results of numerical calculations are presented. The influence of the degree of nonlinearity of the medium on the duration of the filter cycle is shown.

The influence of heavy metal salts (mercury and cadmium chlorides, copper sulfate) on the dynamics of electricity generation by activated sludge of treatment facilities in biofuel cells (BFC) has been studied. It was shown that the compounds under study reduced the electrogenic activity of the sludge when the content in the waste water was from 0.05 g / l. At the indicated concentrations, they significantly reduced the dehydrogenase activity of sludge microorganisms and their total microbial number. With a sequential increase in the concentration of toxicants in wastewater, a sequential decrease in the electrical parameters of the studied BFCs was noted, i.e. the concentration dependence of the studied parameters was observed. This allows us to propose a biofuel cell based on activated sludge as a tool for the primary non-specific assessment of wastewater pollution with heavy metal salts. In addition, on the basis of the obtained ranges of concentrations of metals capable of reducing electrogenesis in BFC, recommendations can be formulated for the parameters of the effluents entering the treatment.

The influence of the flotation reagent – potassium butyl xanthate and oil on the aquatic plant duckweed (Lemna minor) was studied. Determined the isolated effect of these compounds in the concentration range of 10.0 – 1000.0 mg / l on the increase in the number of duckweed fronds. Concentrations causing inhibition of test functions by 25%, 50% and 75% relative to control were calculated. A complete two-factor experiment was carried out with the combined action of potassium butyl xanthate and oil. Based on the results of the experiment, a regression equation is presented. The action of the studied compounds is interdependent; the contribution to toxicity under the combined action of potassium butyl xanthate is much higher than that of oil. The nature of the combined toxic effect of these compounds is less than additive.

A facultative anaerobic strain was isolated and studied from the activated sludge of the treatment facilities of a petrochemical enterprise. Its morphological and cultural, physiological and biochemical, tinctorial, molecular genetic characteristics have been investigated. Based on the data obtained, strain 1-I was assigned to the species Micrococcus luteus. The electrogenic activity of this bacterium in BFC was shown using dicarboxylic amino acids - glutamic and aspartic. The open-circuit voltage indices in the BFC with M. luteus 1-I increased in 6 days to 511.5 mV with the addition of aspartic acid, and 419 ± 38.5 mV with the addition of glutamic acid. In this case, the short-circuit current increased to 3.17 ± 0.12 and 1.6 ± 0.14 mA, respectively. The specific power of BFCs based on M. luteus 1-I was the highest with the addition of aspartic acid (40-50 mW / m² at a current density of 0.15 to 0.4 A / m²). The indicated indicator in a similar BFC with glutamic acid was 26-32 mW / m² (at a current density of 0.08 to 0.28 A / m²). The oxidation of these compounds by the studied bacterial strain was also confirmed by the methods of cyclic voltammetry.

The article reviews the issues dedicated to improving of energy and environmental indicators of automotive machinery by means of two-phase mixture formation in diesel engine. With this method, the 1st phase of mixture formation proceeds at intake stroke by the supply of the certain dose of fuel activator (gasoline, alcohol, biodiesel, etc.) into engine intake manifold, where a mixture of air and activator is formed. The 2nd phase proceeds at compression stroke by the supply of the major dose of diesel oil with the standard fuel supply system into combustion chamber. For the practical implementation of the described method, the diesel engine needs to be equipped with an automatic system for fumigation of air charge. The system contains electronic control unit (ECU), electromagnetic injectors, electric pump and sensors of engine speed and load mode. An algorithm of ECU operation for program control of injectors, supplying activator at the intake stroke, was developed. The sequence of actuation of injectors, coincident with the engine firing order, was substantiated. A formula for calculation of the duration of control pulse supplied to the injectors was derived. The proposed automatic system performs the activator injection, corresponding to the engine firing order, and the exact activator dosage, depending on engine speed and load mode, at the 1st phase of two-phase mixture formation.

The article considers an option for solving environmental problems associated with high-temperature waste from enterprises of the fuel and energy complex and the metallurgical industry. A technology is proposed for obtaining material from the ash of a thermal power plant, slag waste from metallurgy and a binder from liquid glass by sintering in a microwave field.. Differences in the phase composition, external characteristics and properties of materials obtained by traditional convective firing and sintering in a microwave field are noted. The phase compositions of the fired materials are determined, and the effect of the amount of the amorphous phase on the final properties of the material is noted. The article shows the structures of fractures of materials, shows the difference in the fineness of the structure of the sample based on ash, obtained by convective firing and sintering in the microwave field. Shown amorphous phase between crystalline formations in the structure of the material, marked by X-ray phase analysis. The prospect of microwave sintering of refractory multicomponent compositions in the microwave field to obtain materials is shown.

Three stages of extraction of the contents of the porous space of cobalt catalysts, continuously operating for different periods of time (Time on stream (TOS) is from 40 to 800 h) in a Fischer-Tropsch fixed bed reactor, were performed to identify carbon-containing compounds using chromatographic analysis. At each stage of extraction, the surface of the samples under study was investigated by SEM and BET methods. It was determined that during operation, as a result of accumulation of linear alkanes in the pores of the catalyst with an average number of carbon atoms from 20 to 25 and a decrease in the specific surface area, the reaction rate reduces by 25-30 %. With the help of oxidative treatment, it was found that elemental carbon is contained in the porous space of the spent catalysts.

Improving the efficiency of operation of trunk pipelines. However, to assess the activities carried out, accurate and reliable information about the amount of the pumped and stored product is required. Existing methods for measuring the amount of liquid and methods of using capacity measures lead to large errors in calculations. Measurement and tampering with the turnover reporting process depends on the "human factor" and the prerequisites for introducing measurement and tampering into the turnover reporting process. In operation, an automatic system for measuring pressure and temperature by product layers based on the hydrostatic principle of operation, which allows calculating the gross mass of oil. Also, the paper analyzes methods for increasing the accuracy of calibration tables obtained in the process of tank calibration. The proposed system improves the measurement accuracy, productivity and operational efficiency of tank farms.

The paper investigates the physical and chemical properties of the carbon-containing material of the secondary raw material for the production of acetylene and its effect on the radiation resistance of rubber products and cable rubbers. It was found that the carbon-containing material is modified carbon, the surface of which is microencapsulated with oligomeric oxygen-containing compounds, its thickness, calculated from the value of the specific geometric surface, amounted to 50-60Å. The effect of carbon-containing material on the relaxation coefficient and compressive stress is shown, and radiation resistance by the relative elongation of rubbers in an ionizing radiation environment 60Co. At the same time, it was found that, due to the finished oligomer on the surface of particles of carbon-containing material, threshold dose of radiation of rubbers based on styrene butadiene rubber according to the relaxation index, compressive stress and the coefficient of radiation resistance in terms of relative elongation increases three times compared to carbon blacks P803. Similarly, dependencies were obtained in rubbers based on other types of rubbers, including nitrile butadiene rubbers, possessing low radiation resistance due to the increased tendency to structuring. The findings indicate that the carbon-containing material is an effective filler for increasing the radiation resistance of industrial rubber goods and cables, operated in the environment of ionizing radiation.

The paper considers high-temperature tribological tests of carbon-containing materials during friction in a pair with steel 40X13 in the temperature range from +20 to +800 °C in atmospheric conditions. The research results showed that modification of the friction surface of the "Hardcarb-T" material in selenium and polytetrafluoroethylene vapors during friction against steel 40X13 improves the antifriction properties of the friction surface. The spread of values of the coefficient of friction of the material "Hardcarb-T", treated in vapors of selenium and polytetrafluoroethylene, at a load of 0.5 MPa and a temperature of +500 °C in the speed range 0.05-0.25 m / s is 0.25 ... 0.30 thirty. The coefficient of friction of the modified surface at a sliding speed of 0.05 m / s is 21% less than that of the untreated one.

The article is devoted to the problems of the Earth's climate change as an object of environmental protection and an object of international cooperation. In the implementation of environmental and legal support for climate preservation by the countries of the European Union and the Russian Federation, characteristic features are manifested, which are due to the similarity of specific tasks. The aim of the study is to analyze the prospects for the development of the institute of environmental monitoring associated with the dynamic implementation of the latest information and communication methods and systems in the implementation of mechanisms that prevent and stabilize changes in the Earth's climate. The article analyzes the main program and legal documents of Denmark, Germany, France and Russia, their variability in determining special approaches to the study of climate change. Attempts to create an adequate system of convergence of national and international legal regulation in order to determine modern legal approaches to the problems of global warming have been studied and discussed in detail. Each of the represented countries has a national strategy for achieving carbon neutrality in the context of creating a circulating model of the modern economy. It is noted that for most of the topical issues, these strategies have common approaches: scientifically based methods of environmental monitoring, the introduction of innovative digital technologies and science-intensive information and communication methods and systems.

The article deals with the characteristic feature of the dynamics of self-restoration of vegetation cover on the dumps of the Chadan coal mine of the Republic of Tyva. The initial zonal vegetation is dry-steppe. Currently, there is a high proportion of weed species in the herbage, the presence of trees, willows and a solid carpet of lower plants (green moss), which is not typical for dry steppes. Even after 40 years of restoration of vegetation on coal dumps, the species composition, dominant structure, and ecological groups of plants have not yet been formed. In general, the long-term dynamics of self-restoration of vegetation cover in the area of the coal mine is characterized by some xerophytization of vegetation.

Article present digital transformation results of geo-information support for large gas projects in Arctic within Industry 4.0 era under climate change and COVID-19. In study, there are used Foresight technologies, theory of decision making under uncertainties, risk management approach, methods of databases constructing in case of digital risk management platforms. Currently, the ways of geo-information support for large arctic gas projects have distinct features of digitalization with new concepts in data obtaining and presenting. In paper, preference is given to the use of digital risk management platforms, which integrate heterogeneous hardware and software resources with the use of web-technologies in distributed networks and wide application of cloud services. There is considered examples of different digital natural risk management platforms for large arctic gas projects. The presented research results have significant scientific noveltyδ can be used in training and educational purposes and can be useful for private investors, public environmental organizations of the civil sector and state environmental control bodies.

The article deals with the current activity of the fuel and energy complex in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District. The most important strategic projects that are planned for implementation in the near future are described. The author identifies certain risks that can affect the effective operation of enterprises, but thanks to the organization of work on the basis of successful cooperation, which is carried out in the region, it is possible to achieve stable economic growth in the coming years.

The paper proposes an algorithm for determining the flow rate of an oil producing well based on dynamometer data. The dynamogram is presented as a two-dimensional image processed using a convolutional neural network that solves the problem of nonlinear regression between the dynamogram image and the flow rate value. The structure of the dynamometer data collection and processing system is presented, the main steps of the data analysis algorithm are described. The resulting model makes it possible to estimate the production rate with an error in the range of 15-20%.

Paper describes digitalization development results of icebreaker support for fuel-energy resources transportation via Arctic and Subarctic within Industry 4.0 era under climate change and COVID-19. In study, there are used theory of decision making under uncertainties, risk management approach, Foresight technologies, methods of databases constructing in case of digital risk management platforms. In research, preference is given to the use of geo-information digital online platforms, which integrate heterogeneous hardware and software resources with the use of web-technologies in distributed networks and wide application of cloud services. There is considered examples of chosen platforms using for icebreaker support of fuel-energy resources transportation via Arctic and Subarctic within Industry 4.0 era under climate change and COVID-19. The presented research results have significant scientific novelty and can be useful for state environmental control bodies, commercial organizations and private investors.

Given the rapid development of scientific and technological progress, mankind faced a difficult task - the protection of the most important components of the environment (earth, water, air), subject to severe pollution by man-made waste and emissions, which leads to soil and water oxidation, destruction of the ozone layer of the earth and climatic changes ... The industrial policy of the whole world has led to such irreversible and significant changes in the environment that this issue (environmental protection at the enterprise) has become, a global problem of the modern world, is important and urgent. The fuel and energy complex is of great regional importance, it creates the preconditions for the development of fuel-intensive industries and serves as the basis for the formation of industrial complexes, including electric power, petrochemical, coal chemical, and gas industry.

The study showed that an active and continuous fight against harmful effects on the environment caused by the operation of the fuel and energy complex facilities is carried out at various levels, including technological solutions, policy formation in the industry in question, as well as protection mechanisms for specific natural objects. An analysis of the methods available in science to minimize such consequences has shown that only an integrated approach to the situation will make it possible to achieve positive results. In this connection, the purpose of the study is to identify the factors that determine the social danger of acts in the field of the functioning of the objects of the fuel and energy complex, as the basis of preventive mechanisms in the field of environmental protection. The advantage of the presented approach consists in legal counteraction based on a combination of social factors, including an assessment of the potential danger emanating from the objects under consideration. The study of these factors is carried out, to a greater extent, in the context of criminal-legal prevention of reckless acts in the field of environmental safety, which determines its practical and theoretical significance.

Practice shows that in the conditions of gold mining enterprises in Yakutia, the MTBF of double-acting pumps is relatively small and can be no more than 100 motor hours. Emergency downtime caused by the repair of pumping equipment is highly undesirable, since they negatively affect the safety of mining operations, as well as the technical and economic performance of the gold mining enterprise. The purpose of this research work is to establish the reasons for the low operational reliability of double-acting pumps during open development of gold-bearing deposits in Yakutia, as well as to establish the most optimal technical solution to improve the efficiency of pumping equipment under specified operating conditions.

The article deals with the problem of inappropriate use of agricultural land and the determination of the amount of damage. The purpose of the study is to improve the methodology for calculating the amount of damage from improper use of agricultural land. Objectives: - to determine the amount of misuse of land in 2015-2019 in the conditions of the Samara region; - to analyze the dependence of the amount of damage on the territorial location; - to formulate the features of the methodology for calculating losses at the levels of "enterprise" and "municipal district-region". As a result of the study, it was revealed that the size of the non-target occupation is constantly increasing. The objects location on the region territory does not depend on the agricultural land profitability, since agricultural production is less competitive in comparison with the extractive industries. When determining the losses size, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of their formation in time, which directly depends on the type of damage sources. The damage amount was constantly growing, which is associated with the expansion of the mining enterprises activities. If in 2015 - 50 wells for various purposes were built, then in 2019 - 236.

The territory of the Sergachsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod region is located in the north of the forest-steppe zone, at the northern extremity of the Privolzhskaya Upland. Due to favorable agroclimatic conditions, the researched territory is characterized by a high degree of anthropogenic transformation of landscapes, mainly involved in agriculture. Areas of broad-leaved forests have been preserved mainly in places, that are inconvenient for plowing – on the steep slopes of river valleys and in ravines. Flat watersheds and sloping slopes have been plowing for several centuries. Thus, the landscape features of the territory traditionally determined the type of economic activity and its territorial boundaries, but often land use planning was carried out on an intuitive level, based on the experience of life in the landscape, but not on a systematic account of the specifics of its components. The long-standing and intensive economic pressure has led to a reduction in forest cover, a decrease in biodiversity, the development of erosion processes, and the degradation of soil cover. Further development of the economy in the researched area requires the adoption of well-thought-out decisions, based on the results of geosystem analysis. During solving problems of territorial planning, nature management, implementation of environmental protection measures, the most effective is the use of a landscape approach. However, until the present, the scheme of landscape differentiation of the territory of the Sergachsky district at the hierarchical level of landscapes has not been developed. The article presents the results of landscape zoning of the territory of the Sergachsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod region, performed on the basis of field research, analysis of maps, literature sources and remote sensing data processed using GIS. The presented results are the basis for making management decisions in the researched area.

The article considers the results of the radiological monitoring of the land plot of the territory allocated for the construction of the tailings storage facility. In particular, the dose rate of gamma radiation and the flux density of ²²²Rn were determined. The average dose rate of gamma radiation was 0.11±0.02 mSv/h. The average value of the flow density of ²²²Rn, in turn, is 43.7±13.1 MBq/m²*s. According to the results of the radiological monitoring, it was found that the values of the studied indicators do not exceed the maximum permissible level – 80 MBq/m²*s and meets the requirements of SanRiN 2.6.1.2523-09 "Radiation safety standards".

The article describes the role and significance of digitalization in the modern world. The author claims that the transition to digital subsurface use will open up new opportunities for the regional development of the fuel and energy complex, will avoid some existing environmental problems and bring the region's economy to a more favorable level.

The socio-political aspect of considering the environmental problems of the operation of oil refineries is associated with solving environmental problems on a scale of all mankind in the presence of various social systems. Oil refining processes pose a danger to the habitat of the living world, as the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere are polluted. To prevent and reduce the environmental load on the environment, it is necessary to introduce environmental management methods in oil refining, to conduct economic activities within the capacity of ecosystems on the basis of the massive introduction of energy and resource-saving technologies.

This article assesses the oil and gas sector in Russia in terms of environmental aspects. This industry has an important meaning for national economy and is one of the most nature-exploiting and "ecologically polluting" industries. Based on the analysis of domestic and foreign scientific works in the field of environmental protection, the lack of a unified approach to solving problems related to the formation and development of new directions in the policy on environmental conservation in terms of the economic component was revealed. The paper shows the peculiarities of application and impact of economic levers in ensuring environmental security in this industry in order to make sound management decisions.

The existing global dependence on oil and gas raw materials gives rise to the constant development of new and improvement of existing technologies for the extraction and development of oil and gas fields. The extracted hydrocarbon raw materials are used to meet the needs of industrial production as well as domestic needs, still continuing to negatively affect the environment, forcing to modernize the methods of protection against anthropogenic impact. Today, the extraction of energy resources, especially oil and gas, is the source of about 90% of all types of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere. Due to the low utilization rate of the extracted raw materials, a significant part of them is irretrievably lost and enters the environment as pollutants. According to rough estimates, about 70% of all pollutants are in the atmosphere, with the main sources of air pollution located in the northern hemisphere. The aim of this work is to assess the environmental risk of oil and gas production. It is considered using the example of atmospheric pollution from enterprises in the Lena-Tunguska oil and gas province. We have established that the preparation of facilities at the Yarakta field causes a record damage to the air. The total economic damage to the atmospheric surface layer during construction work on the territories of the surveyed companies amounts to 33.1 thousand rubles.

In this study, the authors substantiate the need for introducing environmentally sustainable management (as a measure of sustainable development) into the public administration system of a separate state using the example of Russia. For this, the authors analyzed the primary sources that establish the legal framework for sustainable development and sustainable management. The indicators of environmental pollution in dynamics were also studied, the results obtained were critically assessed from the standpoint of determining the causes of the ecological state. Identified internal threats to the formation of environmental sustainability, which generally hinder the achievement of the planned goals of sustainable development. In conclusion, measures are proposed to introduce environmental friendliness into the structure of public administration.

The article discusses the issues of ecology of enterprises of the fuel and energy complex of Yakutia (FEC). The research was carried out on the basis of the study of the stock materials of the Research Institute of Applied Ecology of the North of the NEFU, literature sources and a detailed analysis of departmental materials of the profile ministries of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The data on emissions into the atmosphere and discharges into watercourses carried out by the enterprises of the fuel and energy complex are presented. The development of mineral deposits in Yakutia is carried out mainly by the open method with the massive use of drilling and blasting operations, as a result of which dust and gas emissions into the atmosphere and the removal of finely dispersed clay material into water bodies occur. A serious source of emission of pollutants into the atmosphere among energy enterprises is housing and communal services, the emission from which comes practically without purification. The analysis of the materials made it possible to establish that the activities of enterprises in the fuel and energy complex as a whole comply with the requirements of the environmental legislation of the Russian Federation, and the impact of enterprises on the ecological state of the atmosphere of the republic is of a local nature. The quality of the environment in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is assessed as satisfactory.

Most of the well known problems of landslide study are revised and summarized. Various schemes of the basic signs for the landslide classifications (natural, auxiliary and regional) are illustrated and mentioned. Theoretical problems of the landslide terminology, taxonomy and nomenclature, including their mechanisms, process and structural parts, as well as a general scientific definition of the landslide concepts, are discussed. The report reflects the authors view on the object and subject of landslide study.

This article presents the factors influencing the formation and viability of woody vegetation in the forests of Penza region, located at the border of broad-leaved forests zone (north-eastern part) and forest-steppe (west-ern half and south-eastern part). According to the results of the National Ecological Rating of Regions, Penza region ranked 28th out of 85 Russian regions where environmental pollution is monitored. The total land area of forests is 999.3 thousand hectares, or 23.0% of the total land area of Penza region. Operational forests occupy 413.1 thousand hectares or 45.1% of the total area of land area of forest fund. Protective forests occupy 502,100 ha or 54,9% of total area of lands of forest reserve. Coniferous (pine, spruce), soft-leaved (birch, aspen, linden, alder, willow, poplar) and hardleaved (oak, ash, maple, elm) forest plantations grow on the territory of Penza region. The predominant and main tree species are Pínus sylvestris, Quercus robur, Betula pendula, Populus tremula, Tília cordata and Fraxinus excelsior. Every year, the region's forests are affected by abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic factors. As a result of these processes there is a weakening of trees and their increased retreat in the plantation. Among the range of negative impacts on the condition of the region forests the first place is occu-pied by forest diseases (68,9% of the total area of all the negative factors), the second place - by weather condi-tions and soil and climatic factors (22,2%), the third - by forest fires (7,7%). In general, the condition of forests in Penza region is satisfactory. The most important task of forestry is to increase the productivity and quality of forests.

The issues of ensuring sustainable development of the fuel and energy complex are a major task, including within the framework of international cooperation. One of the main problems that must be solved is environmental problems, environmental protection, and protection of natural biodiversity from the functioning of the fuel and energy complex. The solution to these problems is possible through the creation of international scientific and technical cooperation between states. The work analyzed a unified scientific, technical and innovation policy and monitoring its implementation, as well as proposed mechanisms to improve the effectiveness of this policy.

Currently, the issues of environmental protection and conservation are becoming very acute. The development strategy of the world community is determined by the UN Sustainable Development Goals. According to this document, one of the priorities is to eliminate the harmful effects of carbon fuel emissions. In the world, about 80% of the energy produced is produced by burning carbon, which leads to the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Annual CO₂ emissions reach 33.1 billion tons, causing irreparable damage to the environment. Our nature will continue to develop and evolve under these conditions, but the drastic climate change, global warming, and the mutation of flora and fauna are tasks that require immediate solutions. As a solution to these problems, we can offer the use of alternative energy sources. They represent promising ways to obtain, transfer and use energy from renewable sources, reducing the risk of harm to the environment. Also, to reduce harmful CO₂ emissions into the atmosphere, methods for reducing greenhouse gas emissions are proposed, including carbon dioxide sequestration technologies, which are implemented in the form of CC (U) S (carbon capture, utilization and storage) projects. Another solution to the tasks set can be the creation of carbon landfills and farms that will allow us to develop technologies for monitoring carbon emissions and runoff.

The article deals with the problem of ecological safety and ecological diagnostics of soils in the gas station zone located in the center of the city of Irkutsk. The factors of disruption of natural properties when polluted with oil products have been investigated. The physicochemical parameters of soils, integral indicators of the state have been analyzed, the violation of their natural properties has been revealed, the composition of the surface runoff from the object has been studied. Technogenic halos of oil products spreading outside the source of supply on the basis of GIS were obtained, the accumulation of oil products in the soil up to a distance of 250 m from the filling station was revealed. The results of the dynamic behavior of petroleum products, the methods of ecodiagnostics used can be the basis for determining the direction of the soil distribution of pollutants outside the hazardous facility. The sampling system around fuel stations will make it possible to build GIS maps of technogenic oil pollution fields and develop preventive environmental protection measures. The results obtained are of practical importance for the environmental management of the city, for the cadastral valuation of land, for adjusting the placement of transport routes and the network of gas stations.

The paper considers local climate dynamics described by factual observations of local daily temperature and involves both bifurcation analysis and control theory to estimate evolutionary changes. Thus, latent regularities of the local climate changes become visual and it becomes possible to query whether it is possible to restore the balance of Nature and production. The research follows the hypothesis, where the local climate dynamics is associated with the dynamics of the solar energy converter under the astronomically forced competition between hysteresis restrictions and double synchronization (the so-called HDS-control).

The study of the methodological basis of environmental management made it possible to identify and identify shortcomings in the current audit system, in terms of the necessary and sufficient number of environmental controllers. It was also not clear how to plan the qualifications of such workers with the same high precision as the number. As a result, after analyzing the various developments of scientists in the field of environmental management, the practical foundations for such planning were identified, namely, the production plan, a breakdown by divisions, taking into account their specific activities (production) and percentages for control by type of work, taking into account the qualification coefficients of labor complexity. Based on the research carried out, a program was developed that allows predicting the number of controllers necessary and sufficient to create an environmental management system and continuous audit. In principle, from the conclusions of the authors, this system can be applied at other enterprises to predict the number of any category and profession of auxiliary workers.