Table of contents

It was a great honor to welcome all of you at the 10^th International Conference on Environmental Science and Engineering (ICESE 2020), held from the 18^th till 21^st of May 2020 in Vienna, Austria. ICESE 2020 not only covered environmental topics, but also dealt with topics of e.g. renewable energy, city and civil engineering, architectural engineering, and human and natural ecology.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the conference committee decided to hold the conference as online meeting to ensure the participant's personal safety.

ICESE 2020 gladly welcomed Prof. Wilhelm Höflinger (Vienna University of Technology, Austria) as chairman of the event. Five keynote speakers set the targets for the main topics to be dealt with. Prof. Franz Winter (Vienna University of Technology, Austria) and Prof. Daniel Gauthier (CNRS PROMES, France) specifically discussed renewable energy sources and the needs of thermal energy storage. Prof. Jan Baeyens (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, China) dealt with the new developments in the pyrolysis of biomass. Prof. Raf Dewil (KU Leuven, Belgium) highligted new processinbg techniques for pharmaceutical polluants in wastewater. Prof. Ignacio Javier Acosta García (University of Seville, Spain) illustrated how a sound architectural engineering affects the working environment.

Six parallel sessions thereafter dealt with six different topics: Architectural Environment and Energy Application Engineering, Environmental Pollution and Control, Environmental Policy and Management, Sustainable and Renewable Energy Technology, City and Civil Engineering, and Biodiversity.

The event was an impressive experience for students, researchers and engineers by interacting on-line with the experts and specialists on scientific and practical issues, with special focus on technical matters, results' dissemination and marketing strategies.

The present volume of Proceedings presents a selection of papers submitted to and presented at the conference. The papers are gathered in 4 chapters according to the major topics dealt with. The chapters include Tunnel Engineering, Clean Energy Technology, Environmental Policy and Development, Environmental Pollution and Detection. All these papers were subjected to peer-review by the conference committee members and international reviewers. The papers were selected based on their high scientific or practical quality and their relevance to the conference themes.

We express our sincere appreciation to the organizing committee and the volunteers who dedicated their time, effort and assistance in planning, promoting, and organizing the conference.

Prof. Dr. Ir. Jan Baeyens, co-chairman of ICESE2020

Beijing University of Chemical Technology, China

June 6^rh, 2020

List of Conference Chairs, Program Chairs, Guest Editors, Technical Committees are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

To find out the distribution of dust and harmful gases and check the effect of ventilation and dust prevention after blasting in tunnel construction with the drilling and blasting method, the wind velocity, dust concentration and the concentration of harmful gas in You-zhu-shan tunnel of Gui-Guang high-speed railway were studied by CFD simulation and field test. The ventilation scheme optimization was carried out and the optimum scheme of main tunnel as air intake while parallel heading as air outlet is put forward. The results showed that the concentration of CO in the tunnel working area is reduced to 24ppm after ventilation 24minutes. Dust concentration maximum lies in the working tunneling side which involves no direct air flow from air duct. And it will be reduced by the continuous dust discharging, trapping and settling along the tunnel due to turbulent diffusion and entrainment of jets. The dust concentration is of a large variation range between trolley and the tunnel portal. It is in high number in tunnel face due to the influence of trolley through the accumulation of the dust around, which will result in a poor working environment.

With the development of shield tunneling in urban metro shield technology is applied more and more in complex layer. Taking the construction of Shenzhen Metro Line 5 as an example, in this paper the formation mechanism and distribution law of isolated boulder is deep analyzed, the difficult and risk of shield tunneling in the boulder existing mix ground is discussed, and the main methods and measures for the breaking of the boulder during construction is introduced. Through comparing of eight treatment method for boulder, the advantage and disadvantage of various processing methods is proposed, therefore it could apply to different project.

Urban rail transit improves the urban spatial structure, solves the problem of urban traffic congestion, so its safety problem can not be ignored. Fire is one of the major factors threatening the safety of urban rail transit. Taking the tunnel between wengjiao road and Maqing road of Xiamen Rail Transit Line 2 as an example, the paper uses FDS software to simulate the mechanical smoke exhaust of the shaft under different wind speed conditions of the main tunnel, and deeply analyzes the smoke and temperature distribution under the fire conditions of the tunnel with the shaft. The results show that when the longitudinal wind speed v=1.7m/s and the shaft uses mechanical exhaust, there is no smoke upstream of the fire source, all the smoke is discharged through the shaft, and the height of the flue gas layer is significantly smaller than the thickness of the flue gas layer without longitudinal ventilation. The combination of longitudinal wind and mechanical smoke exhaust is more conducive to the safe evacuation of people.

In recent years the development of the field of underground transportation is entering a new era. At the same time the loss caused by the tunnel fire is also incalculable. In the case of fire, its complex interior, less entrances and exits, and long evacuation routes bring great difficulties to the evacuation of people, often causing significant casualties and property losses. In this paper, FDS will be used to study the smoke spreading law of the tunnel with train blockage in terms of no mechanical ventilation and different ventilation speeds in different fire source locations. The results show that the critical wind speed of the tunnel with train blockage is lower than that of the tunnel without train blockage.

In this work, an integrated system of biogas tri-reforming and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) for power generation was studied by using Aspen Plus simulation. Biogas obtained from a sugar industry with 75%CH4 and 25%CO2 was used as feedstock. However, biogas-feed SOFC power generation system released carbon dioxide (CO2) which was the main cause of global warming. Therefore, solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) was considered for CO2 reduction called reversible solid oxide fuel cell (RSOFC). The RSOFC system included four units; tri-reforming, SOFC, SOEC and methanation. This research aimed to optimize operating conditions of the RSOFC system for generating maximum electricity and reducing CO2. The results of biogas tri-reforming with SOFC system showed that the electrical power production was 6233 W/m² and CO2 emission was 1603 kg/hr. The results of RSOFC system indicated that CO2 emission was reduced by 24.7%.

Presently, hydrogen is for ∼50% produced by steam reforming of natural gas – a process leading to significant emissions of greenhouse gas (GHG). About 30% is produced from oil/naphtha reforming and from refinery/chemical industry off-gases. The remaining capacity is covered for 18% from coal gasification, 3.9% from water electrolysis and 0.1% from other sources. In the foreseen future hydrogen economy, green hydrogen production methods will need to supply hydrogen to be used directly as fuel or to generate synthetic fuels, to produce ammonia and other fertilizers (viz. urea), to upgrade heavy oils (like oil sands), and to produce other chemicals. There are several ways to produce H2, each with limitations and potential, such as steam reforming, electrolysis, thermal and thermo-chemical water splitting, dark and photonic fermentation; gasification, and catalytic decomposition of methanol. The paper reviews the fundamentals and potential of these alternative process routes. Both thermo-chemical water splitting and fermentation are marked as having a long term but high "green" potential.

Electricity from concentrated solar power (CSP) plants, gains an increasing interest and importance. To fully match the supply-demand principle, CSP processes include a thermal energy storage and back-up fuel supply. Novel CSP concepts are needed with specific targets of increased efficiency and reliability, and of reduced CAPEX and OPEX. The use of particle suspensions offers significant advantages since applicable in all sub-sections of the complete CSP as heat carrier from the receiver, to the heat storage, and ultimately to the power block. The use of particles in the steam generation (power block) is a common fluidized bed boiler technology. This paper will present the entire particle-based concept, while also discussing the potential to use biomass-based energy carriers as back-up heat supply. Process data and expected effects on the process economy of the system will be discussed.

Reviewing the development of China's environmental policy is of great significance to China's policy formulation and environmental protection in other developing countries and regions. This research took the environmental policy texts 70 years ago, i.e. from the founding of New China as the research object, and used NVivo 11.0 software to analyze the text encoding. It sorted out and summarized the development process of China's environmental policy: initial stage (1975-1991), difficult stage (1992-2002), exploration stage (2003-2012), and development stage (2013-2018). It shows evolution logic behind value rationality of China's environmental policies, increasing policy suitability, and continuous optimization of policies.

Very few industrial processes only produce the target product, but other materials not desired by the manufacturer are also obtained. These unwanted products constitute the residues of the processes and their discharge contributes to the overall environmental impact. The concept of preventing pollution is gaining increased importance, and certain industries that are particularly similar in nature, could benefit from PPP (Pollution Prevention Program) cross-fertilization. Implementing PPP sets important targets and benefits. A number of codes of good practice lead to PPP, both from a management and technical viewpoints. The fast development of technology and pollution standards implies important challenges for environmental engineers, environmental research and development. Although there is no general route to success, there are however a number of pollution prevention and waste reduction schemes that apply. These alternatives and procedures are illustrated in the paper. It is clear that environment-caring companies will be more readily accepted by their human environment. It is also evident that the engineer of the 21st century faces new and complex environmental challenges. Research remains the backbone of successful development.

This article explores the potentiality of agro-industrial by-products for the reincorporation into new industrial cycles from a circular economy perspective. Focusing on the chemical characterization of the pineapple by-product coming from the Mexican food industry, the methodology for the evaluation of the most proper and sustainable application of this material into the Mexican social system is shown. The application of pineapple by-product for the production of new low-impact insulation material is proposed to solve a social problem affecting the country: the wide diffusion of self-built houses and their poor habitability features, like a proper thermal comfort. The environmental impacts coming from the production of the insulation material have also been evaluated according to the guidelines given by the International EPD system in order to guarantee the reliability of the methodology and the possible future comparison with other insulation materials.

In the experiment, RAD7 multi-functional electronic radon meter was used to measure the radon (²²²Rn) concentration at key points in the production process of three typical coal-fired power plants in Hunan, Hubei and Jiangxi provinces along the Yangtze river in China. The results show that after the combustion of raw coal, the radon was released, which caused radon concentration after the boiler's gas system to be significantly higher than the air intake. Combined with the measurement and survey data, two different estimation methods of radon emission were established. First, based on radon concentration measured on site and the air volume at each inlet and outlet, the normalized radon emission of three coal fired power plants are calculated to be 10² GBq/GWa order of magnitude. The second one is using activity concentration of ²²⁶Ra in combination with actual coal use to calculate the emission, in this way, that typical value of normalize radon emission 151.3 GBq/GWa is obtained. This study provides data support for the construction of nuclear power plants in inland China.

Pesticide is widely used in modern agriculture for increasing crop production. However, pesticides can contaminate the environment, including water, soil, and food, and cause damage to ecosystems and organism health. Analysis of pesticide residues in soil, water, and food samples aims at detecting presence of pesticides in these environmental samples and providing knowledge for further research and decision making. Common methods used in such analysis serve varying ends. Sample preparation methods like solid phase extraction and microextraction cleans the sample and enriches the analytes of interest. Chromatography, including gas chromatography and liquid chromatography, separates the analytes based on their chemical nature. Detectors like ultraviolet-visible spectra detectors and mass spectrometers analyze the compounds separated by chromatographs. They provide critical information on the analytes and allow for both identification and quantification of the pesticide residues in the sample. The article aims at providing a brief overview of the aforesaid methods in context of pesticide residue analysis. Their basic principles are demonstrated, and their strengths and weaknesses are briefly discussed. Applications of the methods are also presented through a number of published researches using such methods in pesticide analysis.

Non-point source (NPS) pollution is the main factor cause of various water quality problems across river basins in Turkey. The determination of critical source areas (CSAs) is necessary to control non-point source (NPS) pollution at a basin scale, especially when there are limited resources in the areas. The aim of this study is to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of NPS pollution loads in the Gördes dam basin, Turkey. CSAs were identified based on the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Fact and Fully Calibration Tool (FACT) were used to calibrate the model. The distribution of total nitrogen and phosphorus load in the basin was determined based on the subbasins level. The results based on the calibrated model showed that the sub-basins heavily and seriously polluted by agricultural and forest areas. Higher TN and TP loads occurred mainly in the downstream areas of the Gördes dam basin. Furthermore, the central zone of the Gördes dam basin was identified as the major source of TN and TP loads owing to the flow direction.

It analyses the impact of global climate change on electricity demand and its respective economic cost in buildings covering an area of 1 km by 1 km in the city of Madrid. In order to know the energy demand, meteorological information has been produced with a spatial resolution of 50 meters, taking into account the three-dimensional structure of the buildings and the land use properties around the buildings. Climate variables are dynamically downscaled from 1° to 50 m using a nesting approach. Energy simulations of buildings are implemented with the EnergyPlus model. To determine the cost of impacts, the future distribution of energy sources in the two climate scenarios analysed and the corresponding 2012 prices of the Spanish Energy Commission are taken into account. Impacts on the area's energy demand are calculated for 2030, 2050 and 2100 versus 2011 under two IPCC global climate projections: RCP 4.5 (emission stabilization scenario) and RCP 8.5 (little effort to reduce emissions). The expected changes in electricity consumption in the year 2100 are very important. RCP 8.5 shows a strong increase in electricity demand for cooling buildings. In RCP 4.5 decreases in electricity consumption are observed (-14.37%) due to very important decreases in temperature. On average, the global climate for the year 2100 will have an impact on a typical building block in Madrid of 117918 euros per year according to scenario RCP 8.5 while in scenario RCP 4.5 110537 euros per year would be saved.

Building clusters are settlements that are gradually formed by people living in cold regions after long-term resistance to the cold climate. For those facing extreme living environments, building clusters can effectively produce a cluster effect to generate a more comfortable outdoor microclimate for humans. In this paper, building clusters are summarized into 4 types, and a comparative study on the outdoor microclimates of the different types of building clusters is provided. In the study, the microclimate-based equivalent temperature (MBET) is used as the main parameter, and the micro-climate simulation software ENVI-met is used as a simulation tool. The results validate the important role of the building cluster type in producing the microclimate and provide a new basis for the type selection and design of building clusters in cold regions.