Table of contents

The 2^nd International Conference on Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture in the Tropic (IC-FSSAT 2019) was held in Makassar, Indonesia on September 2 2019. As in previous conference, IC-FSSAT 2019 is dedicated to address issues related to food security and sustainable agriculture in the Tropics. This event was hosted by Faculty of Agriculture and Publication Management Centre (PMC), Universitas Hasanuddin.

The major goal and feature of the conference was to promote knowledge, science, and technology as well as to address issues in food security and sustainable agriculture in the tropics, by bringing together researchers, scientists, practitioners and scholars in the respected fields. While food security and sustainable agriculture issues had been discussed broadly in several conferences, our conference emphasizes on the tropical agriculture. A total of 7 Keynote/Invited Speakers from Australia, Germany, Taiwan, Czechoslovakia, Japan and Indonesia delivered an insight into the state of art of the challenges in food security and sustainable agriculture in the tropics and any possibilities that could arise in developing integrated problem solving and collaboration to create better world.

This proceedings present selected papers submitted to the conference by academics and researches from universities and research institutes. All papers were subjected to rigorous peer-reviews by conference committee members and international reviewers to ensure their compliance to meet the required standard for qualified scientific publication. This volume presents recent researches in the field of Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture in the Tropic covering various related areas of Crop Production and Environment, Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Biodiversity and Climate Change, Integrated Pest and Disease Management, Genetically Modified Foods, Food Safety, and Product Development, Geospatial Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development.

List of Advisory Committee, Conference Chair, Program Chair, Technical Committee, Conference Committee are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

This research was conducted in North Luwu Regency to analyze the sustainability of cocoa plantation smallholders based on an assessment of the index and the sustainability status using the Rap-Cocoa technique with the Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) method. The data used are primary and secondary. The primary data were obtained from direct interviews with farmers and some cocoa experts. The secondary data were obtained from the Statistics Indonesia, ministry of agriculture Republic of Indonesia, and literature that supported this research. The results of the Rap-Cocoa ordination technique with the MDS method indicated that the sustainability index value of cocoa plantation smallholders in the North Luwu Regency ranges from 38.81-57.32. The four regions on North Luwu Regency respectively are Masamba, Sabbang, Babeunta, and Mappedeceng subdistricts are on sustainable category status and for two regions are Malangke Barat and Sukamaju subdistricts are less sustainable. The index value and sustainability status of cocoa plantation smallholders in North Luwu Regency on each dimension indicated that the three dimensions (economic, social and environment) specify Baebunta subdistrict as a relatively large index value in two dimensions compared to the other five subdistricts, respectively social (47.87) and environment (63.27).

Swisscontact as a partner of local cocoa farmers in West Sulawesi plays an important role in improving the sustainability of cocoa farming, not only in the economy but also in the environment and social dimension. In addition, cocoa as a product has a strategic role in high impact for the regional and national economyof Indonesia. This research focused on measuring the satisfaction level of local farmers from the economic, environmental and social dimensions to extent the success of the program implemented both by Swisscontact as an International NGOs from Swiss and local cocoa farmers. This research was conducted in West Sulawesi, one of the largest cocoa producers nationally. The data were collected through interview to the 269 local cocoa farmers in Polewali, Mandar as one of the Swisscontact Partner by the Sustainable Cocoa Production Program (SSCP). The results showed that the economic dimension had a good performance as well as the environmental dimension. Meanwhile, social dimension showed a bad performance. Three of the dimensions are important for the local farmers to support in improving their income and also in producing high-quality cocoa product which is environmental and social friendly.

Cayenne pepper as an agricultural commodity has distinctive characteristics that are not available every time are difficult to store for a long time and prices tend to fluctuate. The implication is that chilies require a treatment such as supply chain management well and post-harvest treatment such as dried or mixed material for processing industries. This study aims to describe the pattern of product flow in the cayenne supply chain in Gorontalo. The study used the survey method and sampling using a purposive sampling technique to farmers and traders. Data analysis used descriptive analysis and Hayami added-value analysis. The results of the research show that the product flow pattern in the cayenne supply chain is a product distribution in the form of fresh cayenne pepper and dried cayenne pepper. Farmers sell fresh cayenne through collector traders, wholesalers, market traders and directly to retailers. While processing and distributing dried cayenne by retailers. The added value created by every kg of fresh cayenne pepper is Rp 1,126,688 or 90.27% of the production value. Hayami's additional analysis shows that the added value in every one kg of dried chili is Rp. 7,400 or 59.20% of the value of the product. The rate of profit is 58.1% of the value of production, meaning that every 100 kg of production value will be obtained as much as 58.1 kg of profit.

This study aims to provide a description on the development of coconut plantation in Cilongok Village. Brown sugar is an important and main source of income for the people of Cilongok Village, especially at Cilongok Sub-district. However, the recent development of the village as a district has an impact on coconut farming and the brown sugar home industry. The objectives of this is study are (1) to describe the recent development of coconut plantations and brown sugar production in Cilongok and (2) to provide a review of the development of Cilongok Village as a Sub-district Capital City towards the employment shifts of the agricultural workforce (penderes; in Cilongok Indonesia) in services, timber industry, and trade. The results show that the village of Cilongok as the capital city has an influence on the existence of coconut farming in the village. This condition affects social and economic conditions and developments. One of them is the social integration affected by money as a medium of exchange. The development of the service and building sector has an influence on the agricultural sector workforce. Initially, every household has a minimum of 2 penderes (the head of family and boys), but recently the number is decreasing, even none. Parents do not encourage their children to obtain a family economic source as a danger due to the risk and income considerations. Most generations of penderes choose to work as shop employees, wood industry and service workers.

Terebralia palustris is a snail that lives in the mangrove ecosystem. This snail is found around the mangrove roots. Snail fecundity is also influenced by several factors. This study aims to determine the association of fecundity with morphometrics and environmental factors. sampling is done randomly. The research station is 2. Each station has one plot measuring 10 m x 10 m and in it, there is a small plot measuring 0.5 m x 0.5 m in 4 pieces. Data were analyzed by regression using SPSS version 21 software. The average fecundity of snails in September was 85887.64 granules, October was 45962.67 granules, and November was 35668.62 granules. The average temperature of seawater is 35.20 ± 0.16 ˚C, the average salinity of seawater is 32.27 ± 0.63 ‰, and the average pH of seawater is 6.39 ± 0.09. The results of the regression analysis showed signs that the snail morphometry of T. palustris did not affect snail fecundity because the significance value was far above 0.05. The results of the regression analysis showed that acidity factors significantly affected fecundity with a significance value of 0.047 and the other factors is not affect.

Goat is one of the livestock commodities which significantly contributes to the increase in community income. In addition to the economic benefits obtained, goat farming also has its own advantages. Raising goats does not require a large capital. In fact, it only needs a fairly simple maintenance system and goat livestock resistant to disease compared to other livestock commodities such as cattle and broiler farming. This becomes the reason behind many people in Jeneponto Regency are motivated to carry out goat raising efforts to increase the income of their families. This study aims to determine the motivation of farmers raising goats. The sampling was carried out by a simple random sampling technique of 60 farmers in Tamalatea District. Data collection was done through interviews and FGD using the Likert scale on each measured variable; 1 = disagree, 2 = doubt, 3 = agree. It was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results showed that the motivation of farmers raising goats consisted of: (1) economic value; (2) request; and (3) the role of the government is in the agreed category.

This research aims to determine and described internal and external factors, which become the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of rice farming in the coastal area of Maros Regency. A sampling of the study area was carried out by the census method by taking the entire population into a sample of 23 farmers who were members of the Pajalayya Baru Farmer Group and key informants as many as two people consisting of village officials and extension workers. The result of this research identifies that there were four aspects of internal and external factors that influenced the development of rice farming in Kurri Caddi, which were strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The strengths consist of the available workers, cultivation land, farming experiences, farmer's productivity. The weaknesses consist of the lack of skills of the farmer, uncertified seed, unbalanced fertilizer use, bad-timing tillage, and farmers are reluctant to use new farming innovation. The opportunities consist of the emergence of new forms of employment, a group of farmers that provide the distribution of farming supports and facilities and strong community self-help. Threats consist of problems of road transportation facilities, attack of pests and diseases, Abrasion and erratic weather.

Edible bird nest is a nest made from saliva of swiftlet (Aerodramus fuciphagus). In term of food safety, nitrite is one of chemical hazards that should be checked in edible bird nest (EBN) which can affect human health. Occurance of nitrite in edible bird nest is determined from its level in uncleaned EBN and cleaning process. This preliminary study was aimed to check level of nitrite in edible bird nest taken from swiftlet houses in South Sulawesi. The nitrite analysis using spectrophotometer showed that nitrite content is varied among swiftlet houses ranged from 4.7 µg/g to 164.4 µg/g. This result showed that most EBN sample in uncleaned South Sulawesi edible bird nest is below the limit of nitrite content regulated by Indonesian government which is 125 µg/g. This finding also indicates that good farming practice should be introduced into swiftlet farmers.

Punaga Village is a coastal area that has great potential for proper management. The society is very pluralistic and multicultural. This study aims to determine the utilization of capital livelihood owned or easily accessed in meeting needs. Capital livelihoods are generally used by the community in socializing, networking, finding work and building trust among the community. The analysis method used in this study is a descriptive analysis. The limitation of this study is that most populous coastal communities in the village work as farmers. The results of this study indicate that socioeconomic conditions are very influential in the utilization of capital livelihood that is run by the community. Utilization of capital livelihood in socializing activities or building harmonious relationships is expected to build a sustainable economic system.

The trunk formation in sago palm is the most important growth stage as a sign from the start of starch storage activities on the trunk. Generally, sago palm forms trunk at 4-5 years after transplanting. This study aims to characterize and to determine the growth character of sago palm that has a direct influence on the character of the sago trunk diameter in a 3-years after transplanting. The characters observed were trunk diameter, petiole length, rachis length, leaf length, tree height, number of suckers, number of leaves, length of leaflets, the width of leaflets, number of right leaflet and number of the left leaflet. The results showed that there were three characters of sago palm growth which were significantly positive in the formation of trunk diameters i.e. the number of leaves, rachis length, and tree height with the total effect values in cross prints respectively 0.746 **, 0.465 * and 0.676 *.

Bungo fish (Glossogobius sp) is one of the freshwater aquatic fish that is in great demand by the community and is endemic in Lake Tempe and is in the Wallacea region. The purpose of this study was to determine the histopathological study of the kidneys and meat in bungos exposed to heavy lead metals (Pb). The samples used were nine bungo fish with nine kidney and nine meat samples each. Measurement of heavy metal content was carried out with Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry and obtained the lowest metal concentration of 6.52 ppm, moderate 42.02 and the highest 435.30 ppm in the kidney and in meat, the lowest 0.07 ppm, medium 1.56 ppm, and the highest 4.73 ppm. Organ preparations were analyzed using histotechnique methods and they were analized with descriptive qualitative. Based on observations obtained by damage or histopathology that occurs in the kidneys which shows inflammation of the glomerulus, hemorrhage, formation of connective tissue, vacuoles, necrosis, changes in the number of melanomacrophages and also damage to the tubules, whereas damage to the meat does not occur. The level of damage to the tissue depends on the concentration of the metal contaminated in the fish's organs. Damages that occur are thought to be caused by exposure to heavy metals dissolved in the waters of the fish ecosystem, which have passed the threshold.

This study aims to formularize the strategy of developing rice farming in Maros Regency. A sampling of the study area used the census method by taking the entire population into a sample of 23 farmers who were members of the Pajalayya Baru Farmer Group and key informants as many as two people consisting of village officials and extension workers. The results showed that the rice farming development strategy that could be applied in Kuri Caddi Hamlet, Maros Regency, namely utilizing labor to cultivate land given to farmers, proposed agricultural technology such as tractors, threshing machines, seeds, fertilizers with the support of farmer groups, improving the quality of human resources with become an active member of the Farmers Group, conducting comparative studies in areas with more advanced agriculture, carrying out mitigation actions such as maintaining the stability of the coastline, maintaining the balance of nature, not destroying coral reefs on the coast, making new innovations to develop farming, and cooperating with farmer shops to procurement of agricultural inputs.

This study aims to map the livelihood strategies carried out by coastal communities based on two livelihood bases; the agricultural sector and the marine sector. The livelihood strategy, which is a combination of capital and human resources, was influenced by the popular community social system. This research also aimed to analyze social systems that affect coastal communities in combining their capital and human resources. The research area was determined purposively, namely in the Punaga Village, Mangarabombang District, Takalar Regency. Determining the location of this study was based on the consideration that Punaga Village has potential resources that enable the community to have two or more jobs in fulfilling household needs. The livelihood strategy that has been applied so far can be divided into economic strategies and social strategies. Economic strategies include the agricultural sector and the marine sector. In the agricultural sector, coastal communities tried to increase the amount of paddy field production even though the land area was > 0.5 acres. Meanwhile, the marine sector used the potential of seaweed so that it becomes a production center. The social strategy was used to owe, save, and get a job in helping to meet household needs.

Red-knobbed Hornbill (Rhyticeros cassidix) is a Sulawesi endemic hornbill. This bird is a species of bird that was used as a mascot by Lore Lindu National Park. Red-knobbed Hornbill population is spread in almost the entire Lore Lindu National Park area, especially around Lake Lindu. Lake Lindu is a lake located in the Enclave Lindu region, located in the utilization zone and the rehabilitation zone of the Lindu Resort, Lore Lindu National Park. The conditions around the lake are highland rainforest and settlement. Red-knobbed hornbills are generally easy to find in forest areas around lakes or settlements. Red-knobbed Hornbill has the potential as an object of natural tourist attraction, especially for special ecotourism or birdwatching, therefore it is necessary to know locations that have a high frequency of attendance. The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of Red-knobbed Hornbills around Lake Lindu. Retrieval of data using the point count method combined in a transect line that is placed scattered around Lake Lindu. Data collection includes the number of Red-knobbed Hornbill individuals, habitat, time of attendance, and access from the settlement. Determination of birdwatching locations based on the results of scoring the number of individuals, habitats, and access from settlements. The results showed that there were eight Red-knobbed Hornbill monitoring locations around Lake Lindu. Red-knobbed Hornbill is active from 6:00 to 10:00 and 14:00 to 18:00. The presence of feed trees (Ficus sp.) Affects the level of the presence of Red-knobbed Hornbill. The research is expected to be used as input for management of birdwatching tours around Lake Lindu.

The uncertainty of economic conditions which limited the employment opportunities has caused stability in family income. This condition has encouraged many coastal communities to diversify their work to increase income. Job diversification can provide a substantial contribution to meet household needs during the dry season. This study aims to determine the contribution of income made by coastal communities to support their household needs. This research was conducted in Punaga Village, Mangarabombang District, Takalar Regency. The results of this study indicated that the type of work carried out by coastal communities is rice cultivation and seaweed, which have so far significantly contributed to household life although the harvest is obtained in the rainy season and seaweed is harvested every 45 days after planting. Other sectors such as non-rice and non-agriculture contributed significantly to increase household income such as raising livestock, civil servants, employees, and others. Expenditures are mostly spent on farming costs and daily expenses such as consumption. The coastal community has 100% implemented a dual livelihood pattern to meet their needs, which contributes significantly to meet their needs and to build a more decent life.

Traditional healing practice is a common practice among indigenous peoples in Indonesia and strongly influenced by their indigenous health system. They have traditional knowledge about diseases, traditional medicines that they employ in daily life as well as traditional practices concerning maternal and childcare. With a qualitative approach, this study aimed to explore traditional medicine applied among mothers in Kaluppini indigenous people. This study found that Kaluppini people applied traditional medicine to cure their sick children. Mothers give Pembollo', kinds of traditional medicines, like first aid. Kunyi' (Curcuma longa), daun paria (Momordica charantia), ca'ku (Kaempferia galanga), kaju canning (Cinnamomum verum), kariango (Acorus calamus Linn.) and panini (Zingiber Purpereum Roxb) are commonly used as pembollo'. They mixed them with wai (water) or wai nyio (coconut water) or cani' (honey). Mothers will employ Ma'pasibali, a concept of combining traditional and modern medicines if the children are still sick. The findings indicate that Kaluppini people have a high belief in traditional medicines to cure their children and it is very important to conserve the biological diversity in their indigenous area.

All actions taken by farmers are not simply focused on benefits that can be obtained today. They also think about sustainability and the ability to make profits in the future. This study aims to discover the sustainability of the results of land conversion that has been carried out by the farmers in Tadokkong Village, Pinrang Regency. This research was conducted in Tadokkong Village, Lembang District, Pinrang Regency, South Sulawesi. Data collection was gathered through interviews and questionnaires obtained from the farmers. Analysis of the data used in this study was descriptive qualitative. Data were processed using a Likert scale. The results of this research indicated the sustainability of land conversion derived from three dimensions. First, the economic aspect to see the benefits derived from land conversion. Second is the ecological dimension to see the impact on the environment and the last is the social dimension to know the relationship cooperation between the farmers.

The emperor fishes (Lethrinidae) are a family of tropical reef fishes that comprise an important component of commercial in water of Wallacea. This study was conducted to provide an update on the species of Lethrinus fish in Wallacea waters and describe the emperor fishes of the lethrinid subfamily Lethrininae from the Wallacea and the result will be used as basis for further study especially on biodiversity monitoring for the area. Specimens were collected in South Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia at August 2018 to July 2019. Results showed that there were sixteen species representing 29 species which are widely distributed in Indo-Pasific areas all over the world inhabiting the area were examined and identified: L. amboinensis, L. atkinsoni, L. conchyliatus, L. erythracanthus, L. erythropterus, L. genivittatus, L. harak L. lentjan, L. microdon, L. nebulosus, L. obsoletus, L. olivaceus, L. ornatus, L. rubrioperculatus, L. semicintus, and L. xanthocyllus.

Coral reefs in Kapoposang Islands have been degraded for years due to environmental pressures and human activities. After designated as marine protected area (MPA), coral reefs conditions (e.g. living coral coverage - both hard and soft corals) were monitored regularly since 2015 by several agencies. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of MPA management in Kapoposang by analyzing changes of coral reef coverage in its two core zones. The survey was conducted in July 2019 using Line Intercept Transect (LIT), video transect, and satellite imagery analysis, then compared to data from the previous assessment. Results of recent survey, i.e.: living coral reefs coverage ranged from 46.73% - 73.08%; 21 genera found with 10 dominant genera, which Porites sp., is a resistant coral genus and the most dominant genus in Kapoposang MPA; the highest coral recruitment was found in Suranti island at a depth of 10 meters, while the lowest is in Papandangan island; several genera in the form of recruitment (e.g. Acropora sp., Goniopora sp., Fungia sp., Favona sp., and Porites sp.); percentage of macroalgae is 2.95% of total coral reef substrate cover; the most densely macroalgae coverage is found in Suranti, while the lowest is in Kapoposang island.

Mangrove association mollusks was one of the indicator to describe the status of mangrove ecosystem's health. This research aimed to analyze the condition of mangrove rehabilitation based on the composition of association mollusks compared with non-rehabilitation area which resulted from a natural succession. It held on July 2019 at mangrove conservation area Bagek Kembar, West Lombok. Data collection method used stratified random sampling by placed some plots sized 1x1 m randomly in a larger plot (10x10 m) which have been determine randomly before. The result showed that there are 24 species of association mollusks which belong to 11 families found in these area. The abundance of mollusks in natural and rehabilitation mangrove was different which is in a row 50.2647 ind/m² and 88.4 ind/m². Cerithidea cingulata has the highest abundance among the other species with the number of abundance 48.8 ind/m² in non-rehabilitation ecosystem and reach 29.17 ind/m² in rehabilitation area. Based on this research, the condition of mangrove conservation Bagek Kembar still categorized as non-stable condition for supporting the survival of mangroves associated mollusks.

Matano Ricefish (Oryzias matanensis Aurich, 1935) is an endemic freshwater fish with economic value. This study aims at determining the sex ratio and first maturity size of Matano ricefish. The study was conducted from November 2017 to October 2018 in Lake Towuti, South Sulawesi. Sample was held analysis the Fisheries Biology Laboratory, Department of Fisheries, Hasanuddin University. Total number of fish obtained during the study was 880 individu, consist of 410 male fish and 470 female fish. Sex ratio was analyzed with the chi-square test, while the average size at first gonad maturity was estimated using the Spearman-Karber method. The results showed that the sex ratio of male and female medaka ricefish was 1.00: 1.15, while size at first maturity of male gonad was 36.46 mm, and the female was 34.37 mm.

Farmers are rational creatures who always consider the advantages and disadvantages of all actions taken, in this case including the land conversion by farmers. This research focused on farmers who have converted land particularly the change of garden land into paddy fields, conducted by farmers in Tadokkong Village, PInrang Regency. The main reason underlying farmers to convert land in addition to achieving economic benefits was that the plantation land to be converted is idle land. It needs action to increase the usability of the farmland. This research was conducted in Tadokkong Village, Lembang District, Pinrang Regency, South Sulawesi. Analysis data in this study used descriptive qualitative which collecting information through interviews and questionnaires obtained from farmers. The data was processed using a Likert scale. The results of this study indicated the rationality of farmers in doing land conversion was based on effective rational actions and reasonable actions was based on values (value rational action).

This study aims to determine the condition of coffee agribusiness in the Benteng Alla Utara Village, Baroko District, Enrekang Regency. The research locations were done intentionally or purposive sampling with the consideration that Benteng Alla Utara Village is the center of coffee development in Enrekang Regency. The number of samples taken was 24 farmers and four informants. Analysis of the data used is descriptive analysis and income analysis. The results showed the average income of coffee farmers amounting to IDR 32,027,644, the acceptance of coffee farming in Benteng Alla Utara Village within one year divided by the total cost of producing R / C Ratio of 15.12.

The bird species diversity is an indicator of the ecosystem stability. The high diversity index of birds is an indicator of healthy and stable ecosystem condition so that it can become a supporter of birdlife. The study aimed to determine the level of bird diversity on a small island in Maluku, namely the Saparua Island Protected Forest. The study was conducted in June - July 2019 using the Line Transect method on 100 m transect with 100 m transect distance, and 50 m band transect width left and right transect on a plot area of 50,000 m² (5 ha). Observations were carried out in the morning at 07.30 - 10.00 Eastern Indonesian Time and afternoon at 16.00 - 18.30 Eastern Indonesian Time. The parameters used are the species distribution, species diversity, species abundance, and bird species evenness. The results found that the number of bird encounters in 5 transects varied. There were 16 species in transect one, 12 bird species in transect two, 9 bird species in transect three, 7 bird species in transect four and 12 bird species in transect five. The ten bird species that have conserved value and protected value were found. There were also three endemic species - each endemic was Ambon Bueno Ceram namely Myzomela seram, and the other two species are Maluku Endemic species, namely Sikatan Kelabu and Cabai Kelabu. The three types were species of birds with very limited distribution, while seven other species were animals that were protected by the state. Richness index of bird species ranges from low - medium, which was classified as medium category, transects 1, 2 and 5, with a value of the Richness Index in the range of 2.697707 - 3.413397 (2.5 <R1> 4), while transects 3 and 4, low categories of 1.820478 - 1.987404 (R1 <2.5). The diversity index of bird species was classified as medium at 1.556579 - 2.155639 (1 <H '> 3) which shows that transects 4 and 4 are in a low category and transects 1, 2 and 5 are in the high category. The abundance class of birds with conserved value and protected value were divided into three kinds. The four types were classified as rare abundance class, namely Elang bondol, Nuri bayan, Nuri pipi-merah dan Raja-udang suci. Then, the three types were classified as uncommon abundance class, namely Pergam mata-putih, Sikatan kelabu dan Myzomela seram. Furthermore, the three types were included in the frequent abundance class, namely Cabai kelabu, madu hitam dan madu sriganti.

This study aims to determine the coffee agribusiness development strategy in Benteng Alla Utara Village, Baroko District, Enrekang Regency. The number of sample farmers taken was 24 coffee farmers by simple random sampling. The data obtained were analyzed using SWOT (Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities, Threats) by looking for internal and external factors in the coffee agribusiness system in Benteng Alla Utara Village, then designing an appropriate strategy for coffee agribusiness development. The results showed that there were 4 strategies in developing coffee agribusiness in this region, namely by taking advantage of market opportunities, increasing the promotion of coffee products typical of the Benteng Alla Utara, Proposing the help of coffee processing equipment and machines by utilizing existing farmer groups and undertaking rejuvenation and maintenance activities of coffee plants by intensive.

Soybean self-sufficiency has been the main target of the government since 2015 along with two other food commodities, namely rice, and corn. The UPSUS Program (Special Effort) is an effort to support soy self-sufficiency. Special Efforts (UPSUS) is the Ministry of Agriculture's leading program to improve the welfare of farmers. With the UPSUS, it is expected that soybean production will increase. This study aims to determine the response of soybean farmers to the implementation of the Pajale Special Efforts (UPSUS) program. The population of the study was 150 farmers involved in the UPSUS Pajale Program taken by purposive sampling method. Analysis of the data used to determine farmers' responses to the Pajale Special Efforts (UPSUS) program was measured using a Likert scale and descriptive statistical analysis. The Likert scale used consists of the categories of very satisfied (5), satisfied (4), moderate (3), dissatisfied (2), very dissatisfied (1). The results of the study concluded that the response of farmers to the implementation of the Pajale Special Efforts Program (UPSUS) was included in the satisfied category (43%).

The Potency of Hasanuddin University Educational Forest (HU-Edufor) needs to be managed well as a research and education site, so that the forest concerned can contribute in supporting forest development in a broad sense. Forest Honey is one of mentioned potency that has an important role in the economic development strategy of rural communities and the sustainable agriculture sector. This research aims to study the potential of honey bee products and formulate a honey bee management model in the HU- Edufor. The research method used is the Field Survey and data analysis uses a qualitative analysis approach. The research results obtained about the potential yield of honey bee products in 3 (three) villages, namely Rompegading, Limampoccoe and Labuaja villages around the HU- Edufor based on the total amount of honey production per month as much as 584 liters / month and annual production of 4.742 liters / year, while based on the total the number of bee colonies harvested monthly is 351 colonies / month and annually is 1.910 colonies / year. The model of developing honey bees in the HU-Edufor is carried out through community empowerment activities together with the management of the HU-Edufor, village and district governments, related agencies, and banks as capital owners, in terms of cultivation, harvesting and post-harvest, until in processing and product marketing, so that honey and beekeeping business can provide optimal results.

The UPSUS program (Special Efforts) is one of the efforts to support soybean self-sufficiency. Special Efforts (UPSUS) are the main program of the Ministry of Agriculture to improve the welfare of farmers. Through a special effort program (UPSUS), Pajale is expected to be able to be a learning material for farmers in increasing their farming production and productivity to increase the income and welfare of the farmer's family. This study aims to analyze the income of soybean farmers who are not involved and who are involved in the Special Efforts (UPSUS) Pajale program. The population of the study was 150 farmers who were involved in the UPSUS Pajale Program using the purposive sampling method. The analysis used in this study was income analysis by calculating the income, costs, and receipt of soybean farmers involved and not involved in the Special Efforts (UPSUS) Pajale program. The results of the study concluded that farmers who participated in Pajale's Special Efforts Program (UPSUS) had higher incomes than those who did not participate in the Pajale Special Efforts Program (UPSUS) in the three research sites.

One of the main causes of biodiversity loss apart from habitat destruction is wildlife trade and when those causes combined, the impacts are detrimental to the survival of the species. Among all of wildlife traded, wild-sourced reptiles are found to be the highest traded during 2000s particularly for reptile skins where 24% were exported from Indonesia with 50% were known to be originated from pythons. This was included reticulated python (Python reticulatus) where many have been hunted for its meat, skin, fat and other parts not only for livelihood needs but also for traditional medicines and recently used for fashion materials which has significantly increased its trade. South Sulawesi Province has been known to become one of the sources in python's skin trade. This study aims to 1) identify potential areas to catch reticulated python; 2) examine the profiles of hunters/collectors of python's skins; 3) identify distribution channel of the skin trade within the region; and 4) determine sustainability of the python skin trading in South Sulawesi Province. A comprehensive survey targeting on hunters/collectors was carried in the three regencies (Bone, Wajo, Luwu) known to be potential areas of catching pythons in the region. To provide information on hunter's/collector's profiles, python's population conditions, catching period and techniques used, structured interviews towards identified hunters/collectors were conducted. It was found that for the three regencies, there were total four hunters/collectors for reticulated python's skins which marketed the skins directly to 1-2 companies in Makassar. The catching areas were known to be 42 spots widely distributed across the three regencies with the highest found to be in Wajo Regency (17 spots). Most of the pythons were caught live with standard length of 2.5 m. Number of pythons per month was ranged from 20-200 individuals with sold prices ranged from USD 3-5 per individuals. The collectors sold the pythons only in skin form with the prices around USD 4-6 per meter. In South Sulawesi, the hunters/collectors sold directly to distributor companies without any middle men. Based on the previous quota and the results of findings in the field, the hunting of python skins is still below the allowable quota and did not exceeded the population in the wild. Therefore, the harvest of the species through hunting can be considered sustainable.

Social forestry is one of the Ministry of Forestry policies in alleviating poverty and creating employment for people in and around forests, and forests sustainability. Social forestry governance is one of the important things in evaluating the performance of social forestry policy implementation. This study aims to analyze 5 key elements of social forestry governance, referring to Cadman T. (2011), that is interest representation, accountability and transparency, decision-making, and implementation. The study was conducted in the KPH Jenneberang I area, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi Province. Two groups of social forestry scheme permit holders were selected purposively as research locations. Primary and secondary data were obtained through field observations, in-depth interviews, Focus Group Discussions (FGD), and documentation studies. The study found that the implementation of social forestry policy with the target area as the main indicator of performance achievements has implications for the suboptimal quality of social forestry governance. Conflicts between the community and the government and between the community and the community are the effects of current governance. Changing the target area of social forestry licenses to target the number of social forestry business groups operating as key indicators of performance achievements, becoming one of the solutions to optimize the quality of social forestry governance.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the outpouring of labor (human, animal and machine) used at each stage of rice farming in irrigated rice fields in Mulyasri Village, Tomoni District, East Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi. The sample of respondents in this study was 32 irrigated rice farmers. Data collection method used in this study was interviews and questionnaires. The data analysis method used in this research was a quantitative descriptive method. This research was conducted from October 2018 to November 2018. The results of this research indicated that the use of human labor (men) amounted to 82.94 HOK/Ha (58.78%) HOK/Ha, the use of female labor was 5.08 HOK/Ha (3.60 %) HOK/Ha and it is less than the use of human labor (men) and also machine labor amounted 53.08 HOK/Ha (37.62%) HOK/Ha.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the wage system and labor costs (human, animal, and machine) used at each stage of rice farming in irrigated rice fields in Mulyasri Village, Tomoni District, East Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi. The sample of respondents in this study was 32 irrigated rice farmers. Data collection method used in this study was by conducting interviews and questionnaires. The data analysis method used in this research was a quantitative descriptive method. This research was conducted from October 2018 to November 2018. The results of the study used was the wage system in the village of Mulyasri namely wholesale and daily labor costs IDR 64,105,-/HOK (land processing), IDR 62,000,-/HOK (seeding), IDR107,327,-/HOK (planting), IDR 62,000,-/HOK (fertilizing), IDR 45,000,-/HOK (pest control), IDR 28,000/sack (harvest), and IDR419,749,-/HOK (post-harvest).

The purpose of this study was to look at differences in labor use in <1 ha land area and > 1 ha land area in rice farming in irrigated rice fields in Mulyasri Village, Tomoni District, East Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi. The sample of respondents in this study was 32 irrigated rice farmers. Data collection methods used in this study were interviews and questionnaires. The analytical method used in this study was the Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) method. This research was conducted from October 2018 to November 2018. The results of the study showed that there were differences in the use of labor. The use of HOK on land area < 1 ha is more than the use of HOK on land area > 1.

The status of a Special Allotment Forest Area (KHDTK) was obtained by the Forestry Education and Training Center of the Makassar Environmental and Forestry Education and Training Center in accordance with the Decree of the Minister of Forestry No. 041/Kpts/DJ/I/1980 on February 28, 1980 and the zoning by the Minister of Forestry No. SK.13 / Menhut-II / 2010 on January 14, 2010. The main function is to support the educational activities. Several forms of activities and utilization have been carried out in this area, including Research and Development, Nature Tourism, Environmental Services and non-timber forest products (NTFPs). Related to its main function as a means of supporting education, all the training activities, especially aspects of skills, are directed at KHDTK.Since established, KHDTK has numerous conflicts with the community. However, all existing conflicts have been acted on and a number of solutions have been made to resolve the existing problems. Regional stakeholders have managed the risks with a variety of activities, such as community empowerment, fostering the farmer groups, provision of assistance and facilitation as well as pre-emptive, preventive and repressive activities that are carried out routinely in the hope of aware the people, so that the KHDTK will receive recognition from the surrounding community.

The purpose of this study was to determine the leadership style of the head of the rice farmers group in Tugondeng Village, Herlang District, Bulukumba Regency. The sample of respondents in this study was 45 people. Data collection methods in this study were observations, interviews, and questionnaires. Data analysis methods used in this study were qualitative and quantitative methods. This research was conducted in January 2019 located in Tugondeng Village. The leadership style in Tugondeng Village is 920 (35.0%). This situation shows that the leadership style of the head of the farmer group in Tugondeng Village, Herlang District, Bulukumba Regency applies a democratic leadership style.

Coastal area is a gateway for various human development activities. In other words, the coastal region is the first time and received the most pressure compared to other regions. The aim of this study is to identify mangrove damage and its causes to formulate collaborative management that is more directed towards sustainable management while taking into aspects of the function and role of mangroves as a tool for natural coastal protection and security. The research conducted from April to November 2019 in the coastal area of Marusu, Maros Regency, South Sulawesi Province. Data collection is done through map analysis, survey and in-depth interviews. Mangrove ecosystem analysis, satellite imagery data and SWOT analysis are used to achieve the research objectives. The area of mangrove forests in 2009, 2014, 2016 and 2019 was 105.85 Ha, 101.07 Ha, 92.06 Ha and 100.06 Ha, respectively. Changes in land cover since 2009 towards the end of 2014, the conversion of mangrove forests into ponds and dry land agriculture from 2009 to 2014 covered 5.83 (5.51%) and 6.82 Ha (6.64%). Damage to mangrove forests contributes to abrasion, intrusion of sea water, and loss of habitat for animals such as birds, mammals, reptiles, insects, and various marine biota. SWOT analysis a sustainable management strategy in the form of SO. Zoning of mangrove ecosystems, into the core zone and cultivation zone. ST, Policies and regulations that are appropriate and binding. WO, Knowledge upgrading regarding the benefits of the existence of mangrove forests. WT, management of mangrove forests based on pentahelix partnerships.

The purpose of this research is to know the dynamics of rice farming groups in Tugondeng Village, Herlang Sub-District, Bulukumba District. The sample respondents in this study were adjusted to be 45 people. The method used in this study is by conducting observations, interviews and assisted by filling out questionnaires. The method used in this study is qualitative and quantitative methods. This research was conducted in January 2019 in Tugondeng Village. The dynamic level is at a score of 37.9-45 (dynamic), which is 27 respondents (56.2%) with an average score of 5. This situation shows that the level of dynamism of farmer groups in Tugondeng Village is in a dynamic classification, meaning farmer groups in the village Tugondeng succeeded in carrying out its function as a farmer group.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between the leadership of the head of the rice farmers' group and the dynamics of the group in Tugondeng Village, Herlang District, Bulukumba Regency. The sample of respondents in this study was adjusted to 45 people. Data collection methods in this study are by conducting observations, interviews and assisted by filling out questionnaires. The data analysis method used in this study is a quantitative method using Rank Spearman analysis. This research was conducted in January 2019 in Tugondeng Village. In the results with the Rank Spearman analysis method obtained figures below 0.05, then HO is rejected or there is a significant relationship between leadership style with group dynamics.

Pulu-Mandoti rice is a local rice variety that has high economic value. This rice is phenomenal because it can only grow in two villages, one of which is Salukanan Village, Enrekang Regency. The distinctive aroma, texture, and taste make the demand for rice increased in the market even to foreign countries. It has an impact on the price of the Pulu-Mandoti and affects the farmer's revenue. Value chains can help find out the extent of the role of each actor especially farmers who are directly related to the benefits received. This study aims to analyze the value chain of Pulu-Mandoti rice commodities. This research was conducted in Salukanan Village, Baraka Sub-district, Enrekang District, South Sulawesi by using quantitative descriptive research methods. Sampling was done by simple random sampling with a total sample of 39 respondent farmers. The results showed that the Pulu-Mandoti farmer's margin was 47.83%, while retailers obtained the highest margin at 52.17%, this was due to retailers having strength in marketing as well as extensive information about market conditions and prices

Pulu Mandoti rice is a local rice variety that has high economic value. This rice is phenomenal because it can only grow in two villages, one of which is Salukanan Village, Enrekang Regency. Having a distinctive aroma, texture, and taste makes the demand for rice even higher in the market also to foreign countries. The high demand for pulu mandoti has an impact on the selling price of these commodities to affect the income and profits of farmers. This research aims to analyze the added value of pulu mandoti to farmers who cultivate them. This research was conducted in Salukanan Village, Baraka Subdistrict, Enrekang Regency, South Sulawesi Province, by using value-added calculations using the Hayami Method. Sampling was done by simple random sampling, with a total sample of 39 respondent farmers. The results showed that the added value of IDR 2,851,414, with a profit rate of 90.27%.

Dryland is one of the resources that have great potential for agricultural development, especially fields that produce rice to meet people's food needs. Paddy fields consist of several varieties, one of which is brown rice. The research was conducted in Paminggalang Village, Sendana Subdistrict, West Sulawesi, Indonesia by considering that the farmers are utilizing dry land as farmland for paddy fields. Information collected is in the form of internal factors consisting of the position of resources and farm performance. In addition, external factors include the social environment, economic environment, ecological environment, technological environment, and government policy. Some possible development strategies for brown rice farming. They are input supply strategies, cultivation strategies, harvest strategies, and marketing strategies.

One of the efforts made by the government in meeting the community's food needs is through the use of dry land as an agricultural area. Dryland is one of the resources that have great potential for agricultural development, especially fields that produce rice. This research was conducted in Paminggalang Village, Sendana Subdistrict, with the consideration of this area utilizing dry land as farmland for paddy fields. Information collected is in the form of internal factors consisting of the position of resources and farm performance. Then external factors include the social environment, economic environment, ecological environment, technological environment, and government policy. The analysis was carried out using the SWOT approach, which uses IFE calculations, EFE, IE matrix, SPACE matrix, and SWOT matrix. There are nine attributes of strength, five attributes of weakness, five attributes of opportunity, and three attributes of threat. IFE and EFE calculations showed that internal factors are the most dominant factor, with the strongest factor being the most dominant compared to weakness. The position of Oryza nivara paddy farming in Paminggalang Village in the IE matrix and the SPACE matrix are respectively in a place to guard and maintain and support aggressive strategies. The results showed that there are three strategies to capture available opportunities (S-O) that need to be maximized. Such as developing brown rice field rice products by optimizing available resources, maximizing the use of the land area as well as the number of inputs available to obtain good quality brown rice with higher selling prices and developing markets and market share.

Farmers who adopt an innovation will collaborate with other parties through the innovation information network relationship and farmers who have a wider network will easily obtain information about the innovation. Thus, they have high social capital and an opportunity to adopt innovations. This study aims to analyze the relationship between farmers' social capital and the innovative behavior of highland farmers in Bantaeng Regency. The samples were chosen by simple random technique. The data analysis used correlation analysis of the Chi-square Test. The data were measured by a Likert Scale with the scoring of 1 and 2. The scales were constructed based on the questions of each independent variable previously determined. The results showed that there was a relationship between the elements of social capital (social networks, mutual trust, and reciprocity) with the elements of the innovative behavior of farmers (creativity and risk-taking) at various levels of significance. The social capital elements of social networks tend to show a real relationship with creativity and risk-taking (elements of innovative behavior). Farmers' social networks in economic activities, social, and high environmental activities tend to be related to the level of creativity and level of risk-taking of farmers. Mutual trust and reciprocity social capital elements show the relationship with the element of risk-taking.

Household food security and local institution still become an issue in a rural area. These research aims are: (1) describing a strengthening model that been done by Women Farmers Group (KWT) member, (2) analyzing the household food security level of KWT, and (3) developing the institutional strengthening model based on KWT potency. KWT Mekarsari is a unit of the case, involved 30 households. Qualitative data were collected by observation and in-depth interviews, while quantitative data was collected by the survey method. It was found that the institutional strengthening model that been applied by KWT Mekarsari was a supporting model. The implementation of this model had given a great contribution to increased vegetable consumption. Moreover, the average of food diversification scores obtained household classified as "mildly food insecure" (mean score 4). Actually, there were two kind of approach that can be applied for institutional strengthening based on it potency likes: (1) Capacity development model of KWT members and (2) supporting model (Facilitating) on "building productive enterprises based on local food" with some alternative activities such as business of cassava chips, chicken or duck meatball, and salted egg. These supporting ideas were integrated with training for increasing its business capacity.

Agriculture is one of the people's livelihoods in Baebunta Sub-District. High activity rainfall in Luwu area could cause soil degradation and decrease nutrient in the soil. Soil type gives us information about morphological, physical and chemical characteristic and mineral content. As a medium for growing plants, the soil becomes one of the important factors in assessing the sustainability of agriculture. This study aims to classify and provide management recommendations of soil from Baebunta Sub-District in North Luwu District, South Sulawesi for sustainable agriculture. The sampling method uses catena transect, and soil analysis for physical and chemical properties, and soil minerals, as the parameter in classifying soil types from the Order to the Family Category using the USDA Soil Taxonomy system. The land uses dominant was a paddy field. The results showed that soil formed are Biotite-Quartz-Sandy Typic Endoaquepts, Orthoclase-Quartz-Loamy Skeletal Lithic Dystrudepts, Biotite-Quartz-Fine-Silt Typic Endoaquepts, Coarse-Silt Lithic Typic Endoaquepts. The soil family categories have nutrient-carrying minerals like biotite but the dominance of quartz mineral showed the need for improving management like adding the organic material for stabilizing the soil aggregates, reduce toxic mineral and nutrient leaching so that the soil can be sustainable for agriculture.

Soybean self-sufficiency has become the government's primary target since 2015 along with two other food commodities, namely rice, and corn. The UPSUS program (Special Efforts) is one of the efforts to support soybean self-sufficiency. Special Efforts (UPSUS) are the main program of the Ministry of Agriculture to improve the welfare of farmers. With the UPSUS, it is expected that soybean production will increase. This study aims to determine the relationship between soybean farmers' responses to farm income. The population of the study was farmers who were involved in the UPSUS Pajale Program as many as 150 people using the purposive sampling method. The data analysis used in this study is Chi-Square analysis. Chi-Square is a statistical test that is used to test hypotheses if the population consists of two or more classes where the data is categorical. The results of the study concluded that there was no relationship between the response to the Pajale Special Effort Program (UPSUS) and the income obtained by farmers.

The character of farmers has an important role in running a beef cattle business with a teseng system carried out between farmers and capital owners who provide cattle for and are cultivated. This study aims to determine differences in the characteristics of farmers who do with those who do not do the teseng in Patimpeng District, Bone Regency. This research was conducted with a sample of 50 people beef cattle farmers. A simple random sampling technique was done through interviews and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results showed that the characteristics of farmers who did the teseng aged from 39 to 47 years, all were male, the most recent education was high school/equivalent, the majority of family members numbered 4 to 6 people, most had cattle 4 to 6 tails, and have been raising for 10 to 15 years.The characteristics of farmers who do not do the teseng aged 48 to 56 years old, all are male, the most recent education is high school/equivalent, the number of family members is mostly 1 to 3 people, most have cattle from 4 to 6 tails and have been raising for 10 to 15 years.

Farming group is an idea that is based on efforts to maintain farming, so they can compete in the industrial era. The goal is to fulfil three main requirements in the business world, namely to meet the quality, quantity and continuity requirements in running the business. Corporate farming is the activity of merging farming land to be managed jointly by farmers and integrated into one management. This system can be used as a solution to overcome various problems faced by farmers nowadays. The Seppae farmer group was the only intermediate farmer group in Bialo Village, Gantarang District, Bulukumba Regency. This farmer group was used as the main approach in agricultural extension activities. The group approach was seen as efficient and can be a medium for the process of learning and interacting from farmers so that it was expected that changes in farmer's behaviour towards better and quality. However, the farmer group was only a place for members to get government assistance distributed by the group leader. Farming activities currently carried out by the Seppae farmer group would be more efficient if managed collectively by implementing a corporate farming system. The purpose of this study was to determine the readiness of members of farmer groups to become members of collective farming groups in implementing a corporate farming system based on the farmer group readiness approach. The research method used was an exploratory study with a descriptive qualitative method by looking at the prospects of a group approach. The results showed that Seppae farmer groups was not ready to conduct collective farming groups, farm collectivity performance was still carried out individually and the requirements for forming corporate farming had not been met based on a group approach caused by farmers did not understand the corporate farming system.

Sustainable agriculture becomes crucial issue in economic development and cocoa production is one of the important pillars. The research deals with determinants of cocoa production using Path Analysis. The results show that, first, the larger cultivated land area with farm equipment, the much higher increase in cocoa productions of smallholders will be. Therefore, we may argue that the variable Cultivated Land Area with Farm Equipment (X₂₂) is the most important variable to be considered in increasing production. Second, the more difficult access to public health center is, the less cocoa production of smallholders will gain. This implies that providing public health center closer to the smallholder residence could be considered to encourage cocoa production as a smallholders income source.

Red rice is generally consumed without the polishing process, but only milled into brown rice. The results of rice milling are only wasted and used as animal feed, even though there are many nutrients inside that exceed the rice itself. With grain germination technology, it is expected that the nutrients in the husk can be absorbed into the red rice and improving its quality. This research was conducted to determine the effect of temperature and humidity on the immersion and germination of red rice grain and the best treatment to produce germinated red rice. The method of this research was carried out by soaking the grain in the water and then proceed with germination with varied temperature and humidity. The duration of grain soaking was 48 hours then incubated in a gunny sack with 20 °C, 30 °C, and uncontrolled temperature and humidity of 70%, 80%, 90%, and uncontrolled humidity until the grain germinates along 1 cm sprout. The research observed the effect of temperature and humidity on the length of germination. In addition, differences in the quality of rice produced were also observed by comparing the results and the quality standard requirements of rice produced. The results show that, as temperature and humidity increased, the germination time will be shorter. The fastest germination was resulted from a temperature treatment of 30 °C with 90% humidity and the control or without temperature and humidity treatment. Germination with 30°C temperature and 90% humidity, is the best treatment.

Green banana cake is a traditional cake from South Sulawesi, Indonesia. This cake is made from "Raja" banana wrapped in a mixture of wheat flour, rice flour, coconut milk, sugar, and food coloring. Weighing the raw material in making the dough of green banana cake takes approximately 30-45 minutes, therefore we need a green banana dough cake premix flour that is ready for use. The purpose of this study was to analyze the physical properties and proximate of green banana cake premix flour, premix dough and exported dough. The method used is to analyze the physical and proximate properties of green banana cake premix flour (40% wheat flour: 30% rice flour: 20% coconut milk: 10% sugar and pandanus leaves powder 0.1%), dough green banana cake premix flour after cooked at 100°C and dough green banana cake which has been exported abroad as a comparison. This study used a complete randomized design method with two replications. The results showed a physical analysis of the elasticity and hardness of the dough green banana cake premix flour and the exported dough was 193.7%; 362.8% and 2.71 N/mm²; 1.65 N/mm², respectively. The proximate content of green banana cake premix flour, premix dough and exported dough as in order were water content (6.75%; 9.39%; 7.84%), ash content (0.95%; 0.51%; 0.24%), protein content (8.74%; 4.67%; 2.11%), fat content (8.17%; 3.07%; 0.92%), and carbohydrates (56.64%; 25.02%; 39.34%).

The aim of this study was to determine the shelf life of Bolu Cukke in glazed paper packaging using the Accelerated Shelf Life Testing (ASLT) Method. Determination of shelf life using the ASLT method by knowing the critical moisture content and equilibrium content in Bolu Cukke. The results of critical moisture content and equilibrium content of Bolu Cukke indicate a number 2 indicating that it is at a critical point, shelf life is 6 days, with critical water content as much as 23.49% while the results using a 7-day labuza calculation showed no significant difference by storing it using critical water content. The results of the equilibrium value of 24.606% by producing a slope b value of 0.307 using the Henderson isothermic absorption curve with an MRD value of 3.1915. Estimation of shelf life of Bolu Cukke products using the labuza equation shows that the shelf life for Bolu Cukke products is 7 using glasin paper packaging which to protect the product from sunlight, air, and contamination of microorganisms. The change affected physically, chemically and microbiologically, which makes bolu cukke can no longer be consumed.

Indicator label were made by immobilizing indicator solution on Whatman paper with treatments A1: Methyl Red/MR (pH 4.40), A2: Methyl Red/MR (pH 2.20), A3: Bromothymol Blue/BTB (pH 5.80), A4 : Bromothymol Blue/BTB (pH 2.90), A5 : Methyl Red + Bromothymol Blue / MR+BTB (1:1) (pH5.10), A6 : Methyl Red + Bromothymol Blue / MR+BTB (1:1) (pH 2.55). Whatman papers were immersed in the indicator solutions for 24 hours, dried then glued on the plastic cover of tuna fillet packaging. The color of each paper was observed every day. The effectiveness of the label indicator was evaluated by observing the color change of the indicator label of tuna fillet packaging. Edible coatings were made from sago starch with the addition of 0%, 0.5%, and 1% lemongrass oil. Tuna fillet was immersed in the coating solution for one minute then dried. The edible coating was analyzed every 3 days for 18 days using biological analysis (TPC), physical analysis (color, weight, and organoleptic) and chemical analysis (the value of TVBN, pH, and TBA) to assess the effectiveness of edible coating on maintaining tuna fish fillet quality. The results indicate that the best indicator solution for indicator label was a solution of Methyl Red + Bromothymol Blue (1:1) (pH 2.55). This indicator solution was the most sensible solution in showing the color change as the result of the tuna fillet quality degradation. The best edible coating treatment, when applied on fillet tuna, was edible coating treatment with the addition of 0.5% lemongrass oil.

The condition where refugees cannot fulfilling their food needs increases the need for emergency food production which is ready to consume. Emergency food can be design as a snack bar that can be produced using blended flour of banana, mung beans, and mung bean sprouts. The purposes of this study were to determine the best formulation of the snack bar and to determine the adequacy of snack bar nutrition content with nutritional adequacy rates per day. This study consists of two stages, first, the determination of the three best formulations from five formulations that have been made through organoleptic testing. The second stage was to determine the nutritional profile from the results of the first phase of research with observational parameters. Based on the organoleptic test results, and make the nutritional profile test results from 3 treatments were respectively water content (5.1%, 5.26%, 5.07%), ash content (2.53%, 2.59%, 2.69%), protein content (9.49%, 9.14%, 8.99%), fat content (19.56%, 19.38%, 19.34%) carbohydrate levels (63.33%, 63.62%, 63.92%), fiber content (1.35%, 1.44%, 1.48%), while for consecutive calorie calculation results (707.99 Cal, 708.59 Cal and 710.6 Cal).The conclusion is Snack bar can fulfill nutritional adequacy rates per day.

The development of the food processing industry and the limited amount and quality of natural dyes cause an increase in the use of synthetic dyes. Since the discovery of synthetic dyes, the use of pigments as dyes has decreased. Therefore the use of natural dyes needs to be raised again. Purple corn (Zea Mays L) has the potential as a natural food coloring due to its high anthocyanin content. Anthocyanins can act as natural dyes, antioxidants, antimutagenic, and anti-carcinogens. This study aimed to determine the solvent and extraction duration of purple corn dye on yield and anthocyanin levels. The study was conducted by the maceration extraction method (in which simple filtering was done by soaking purple corn in ethanol 96% and water at room temperature and protected from sunlight) using maceration time (5 hours, 10 hours, 15 hours, 20 hours). The extraction results are then filtered and then analyzed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. From this study, it was found that there was an effect of the type of solvent and the length of time of extraction on the yield and levels of anthocyanin obtained. it shows that the best treatment in extracting anthocyanin of a Purple Corn is to use ethanol solution and 20 hours of maceration time, which produces 577.78 mg/l of anthocyanin.

Dispersion of snakehead fish (Channa striata) is one of the development products from the supplement of snakehead fish. It is made for people who cannot consume supplements in pill form. The dispersion of snakehead fish that have been made before having a large particle size so that it was unstable. This research aimed to study the effect of ultrasonication temperature on snakehead fish dispersion. The making of snakehead fish dispersion was carried out with the ultrasonication method by Powersonic 405 frequency 40kHz for 60 minutes with temperature treatment of 30°C, 45°C, and 60°C respectively. The result shows that the temperature of ultrasonication has the effect of the ratio of phase separation and an increase in total dissolved solids.

Rice is the nutritious staple food which important for human daily consumption. The nutrients content in rice can be lost or reduced during the grain process. A method that can be implemented to prevent or reduced the risk of loss of nutrients content in rice is by germinating the grains. The germination of the grains will increase the nutrient content of rice and grain itself. The purpose of this research was to analyze the effect of water temperature and humidity on the quality of rice produced and to determine the best temperature and humidity treatment for the production of quality rice. The grain was soaked in water for 48 hours then germinated with variations in temperature and humidity until the grain germinates along 1 cm sprout. Duration of germination and the quality of rice produced were observed and compared to the yields, quality requirements, and the level of consumer acceptance of rice produced. The results show that germination time will fasten with increasing temperature and humidity. The best treatment during the process of the germinating grain towards the quality of rice was incubation under room temperature and humidity conditions.

Secondary metabolites play a major role as quality factors in horticultural products by significantly contributing to plant health, optical attributes, sensory attributes and health beneficial effects for the consumer. Dihydrochalcones, a rare class of secondary metabolites, which is, however present in particularly high amounts in apple (Malus × domestica. In apple, phloridzin (phloretin 2'-O-glucoside) is prevalent representing more than 90% of the soluble phenolic compounds, but small amounts of 3-hydroxyphloretin and 3-hydroxyphloridzin are also constitutively present. For the systematic investigation, sufficiently comprehensive knowledge of the underlying pathway is yet lacking. Two types of enzymes could catalyze the reaction, polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) and/or cytochrome P450 dependent monooxygenases. To test a possible involvement of the F3'H of apple in the formation of constitutive 3-hydroxydihydrochalcones, cDNA clones of the two types of F3'Hs present in the apple was isolated and heterologously expressed in yeast. Despite showing high F3'H enzyme activity with various flavonoid substrates, hydroxylation of dihydrochalcones was not observed at standard conditions, indicating that F3'H is not part of the dihydrochalcone pathway.

Emergency food is a processed food product specifically designed for consumption in post-natural disaster conditions. The food can be provided for 15 days until having adequate assistance. Emergency food products must meet the daily energy requirements of individuals, around 2100 kcal per day. One of the emergency food products is cookies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional compound, hardness, and organoleptic properties of emergency food in the form of cookies, prepared from Saba banana flour, soy flour, and Moringa flour. The treatment in this research using a single factor, namely different composition of the flour with three variables and three replications. The three variables were F1 (banana flour 25%, soy flour 10%, and Moringa flour 10%), F2 (banana flour 15%, soy flour 15%, and Moringa flour 15%), and F3 (banana flour 20%, soy flour 20%, and Moringa flour 5%). The parameters were macro nutritional components, such as protein (Kjedhal extraction), fat content (Soxhlet method), and carbohydrate (difference method). It was also evaluated water content (wet basis by drying oven), ash content (furnace), fiber content, hardness (Texture analyzer), calorie (by calculation), and hedonic sensory test in terms of color, taste, aroma, and texture. The results showed that all treatments fulfill the calorie requirement of emergency food. In terms of hardness, F2 resulted in the hardest texture of cookies but still eatable. Organoleptic test results showed that cookies with the use of 20% banana flour, 20% soybean flour, and 5% moringa flour favored by the panelists.

Cassava is a food that contains fat, protein, and minerals so that it can be processed by fermentation. The purpose of this study was to find out how to increase the content of honey against the growth of lactic acid bacteria associated with the probiotic tapai based cassava functional drinks stored in frozen storage conditions. Functional drinks based on cassava with additional honey 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% which will then be analyzed by the total lactic acid bacteria. The results obtained indicate that the total lactic acid (LAB) bakery in cassava-based functional drinks (Manihot esculenta) in freezing temperature storage decreased in the treatment of honey additions of 2% and 4% but increased in the treatment of adding honey 6% and 8% despite the increase and decrease in total bacteria the results are not significantly different.

This study aims to predict the impact of land-use change in Ussu sub-catchment area during the last ten years on the rate of soil erosion and sedimentation yield in the Malili River. The USLE method was used to predict soil erosion rates in 2009 and 2015 using DEM data, Landsat 8 Image, station rainfall data, and land use. Sediment yield was determined using flow rates calculated using the spline cubic interpolation method, the SDR of the water sample was verified by the equations developed by SCS, Vanoni, Boyce and Auswald based on the suitability of the measured surrounding sub-watershed. The results show that soil erosion rates have increased in the period of 6 years. The erosion rate increased from 58,693 tons in 2009 to 155,136 tons in 2015. SDR value was obtained at 0.1894, so the potential sedimentation in the Malili River was predicted to a maximum of 1.57 cm in 2009 and 4.15 cm in 2015. Contributions of soil erosion on sedimentation have occurred as the impact of the increased deforested land around 654.8 ha.

Land degradation, which is caused by erosion, is one of the causes of the decline in the quality of cocoa plants. Vegetative soil conservation technology is one of the solutions to soil conservation on land that already has plants. The obstacle to conservation plant cultivation is its existence under the stand of plants so that solar radiation is limited for photosynthesis. This study aims to determine the level of canopy cover that can pass solar radiation for photosynthesis in conservation plants under the stand of cocoa plants. Retrieval of canopy cover data obtained through direct measurement using photo images and processed using MATLAB Image Processing Toolbox with closure approach. Solar radiation measured using the NHGH09BU Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR) sensor. The sensor is connected to the Arduino UNO microcontroller module. The results showed that the smaller the canopy cover, the duration of radiation that can support photosynthesis is longer. Likewise, the total active radiation for photosynthesis is inversely proportional to the percentage of canopy closure, which is the effect of the duration of active radiation. Radiation above 300 Watt/m2 occurs between 10.30 AM - 01.00 PM with the highest value 483 Watt/m2 which occurs at 11.00 AM. Total solar energy is inversely proportional to the percentage of canopy closure and is a linear relationship with R2> 0.9.

Post-harvest handling of rice is a very strategic effort to support increase in rice production. The main problem of the farmers in handling the harvest and post-harvest rice is high yield loss and bad quality grain and rice produced. Combine rice harvester is a rice harvester that can cut the stems of plants, shed and clean grain while walking in the field. The purpose of this study was to determine the work capacity and efficiency of a combined rice harvester in rice fields in Takalar regency. The results of the research are the use of rice harvesting machines in the rice field can accelerate the process of rice harvesting. The work capacity of the combine rice capacity is 5 hectares per day with 70 Horse Power.

The auger-type metering device for variable rate fertilizer applicator (VRFA) was designed and considered to have a better performance compared to other types of metering device. Static performance testing has been done with very good performance results. The system can follow each dose instruction given both step response and stair-step response testing. The objectives of this study were to do dynamic performance tests and analysis of the auger-type metering device which was controlled using a proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller. In this test, the variable rate fertilizer was mounted to a transplanter machine. A DC motor rotated the auger, and the motor speed was controlled using a PID controller. The step response test was conducted to get a dynamic calibration equation by measuring the fertilizer discharge at a particular set-point of DC motor speed. The results obtained showed that fertilizer discharge has a linear relationship with the motor speed (R2 = 0.984). Fertilizer distribution testing was conducted using a stair-step response. These test results showed that the fertilizer was uniformly distributed to the track. Similarly, the increase in the DC motor speed is correlated with the amount of fertilizer was distributed to the track.

Sprinkler irrigation is an irrigation application technology, which has high efficiency in the use of water; it is very appropriate to be applied in a relatively dry area. In its application, the high effectiveness of sprinkler irrigation systems can only be achieved if properly designed irrigation system and is operated properly. This research was conducted by designing irrigation networks. The irrigation application uses a butterfly sprinkler with a nozzle diameter size of 2 mm and 4 mm and pressure treatment to get the effectiveness of the irrigation system performance. Butterfly sprinkler with a nozzle diameter of 2 mm, effectively used at a pressure of 10-20 Psi, with a spray radius of 3.90 - 5.70 meters, watering discharge 6.49 - 8.10 liters/minute and water uniformity distribution 88.3 - 90.8 %. As for the 4 mm nozzle diameter, it is effective used at a pressure of 15-30 Psi, with a spray radius of 4.90 - 6.00 meters, a watering discharge of 9.98 - 14.83 liters/minute and a water uniformity distribution of 90.4 – 91.7 %.

This study aims to develop a bed dryer prototype with optimum use of energy sources (solar and Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) hybrid). The material used in this study was fresh cocoa beans (Sulawesi 2 clones) purchased directly from Pattalassang Village, Tompobulu Subdistrict, Bantaeng Regency. The energy sources used were solar energy panels combined with an LPG burner. The tests conducted consisted of: a) control system test, b) drying test, and c) energy consumption test. In the drying test, the setting point was 60°C and two methods of energy supply were (1) Solar and LPG hybrid energy, (2) LPG energy only. The test results show that the control system works well, and the flame of the burner can be set automatically at low, medium, and high along with the temperature in the drying chamber and the collector. The temperature of the dryer was very stable, and no overshoot, The settling time is quite short, which is only 5 minutes. Hybrid furnace operation was more efficient (gas usage was about 64.8% compared to non-hybrid). Hybrid furnace operation consumed only 0.116 kg/hour of gas while non-hybrid operation consumed LPG of about 0.179 kg/hour.

Clove is a superior crop and the main source of income for farmers in South Halmahera, especially in Bacan island. There is an increase in the clove planting area since 2013. However, clove productivity in 2017 decreased by 32% from 2013 to 2017. The factors that influence clove production are the environment and the soil condition. Clove plants to be able to grow and produce require specific growing environmental requirements. Environmental factors that influence clove plants include climate, height and type of soil. This study aims to analyze the suitability of land for clove plants on Bacan Island. Methods for collecting land resource data include primary data surveys and secondary data collection. The land suitability evaluation was carried out according to the limiting approach. The results of land suitability analysis at the subclass level in several districts in the Bacan Island for clove plants showed that the suitability of land suitability varied (S1, S2, S3, and N) between districts with limiting factors are erosion hazard and the effective depth roots.

Enrekang is one of the districts in South Sulawesi, which including prone areas to landslides disaster in Indonesia. Landslide events are strongly influenced by trigger factors, namely; climate, earthquakes and human activities in utilising land, while geological factors, soil factors, hydrogeological factors, land use factors and geomorphological factors (slopes and landforms) are the controlling factors for the occurrence of landslides. This study aims to link the controlling factors and triggering factors to delineate the level of landslide vulnerability in Enrekang Districts to become more detailed. The method used is the scoring with Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The parameters were; slope, geology (lithology and structure), land cover, landform, population map, rainfall, texture of soil and earthquake event. This parameter will be evaluated by several experts through a questionnaire. The expert assessment results will be analysed further with expert choice software to get the weight values of each parameter. The weight obtained will be used to assess the vulnerability of landslides by using Argis 10.3 software by overlaying each parameter. The vulnerability of Enrekang districts is divided into five, namely very low vulnerability (1%), low (5%), moderate (21%), high (51%), and very high (22%). The Areas with a very high level of vulnerability can be found in the northern part of Maiwa Sub-District, most Enrekang Sub-Districts, the northern part of Buntu Batu Sub-District, the west to the north of Alla subdistrict, and the northern and eastern parts of Curio sub-district, and the southern part of Baraka Sub-District. Most of Enrekang Districts has a high vulnerability of landslide, so the application of vegetative and mechanical soil conservation techniques is needed in utilising land in sloping areas to prevent landslides.

Ecological perspective is important in agriculture, because sustainable agriculture is based on cultivation practices that do not deviate from natural systems. In an ecological perspective, agriculture is based on differences in climate, soil properties, soil morphology that requires different management and processing of agriculture between regions. Research was conducted in Enrekang district with reference to 18 Land systems. This study aimed to assess the land suitability for coffee plants based on geographic information systems using a fuzzy logic approach. Primary data as evaluation criteria were divided into three main components; for potential land erosion, potential flooding and soil profile. Land cover was considered as well. In fuzzy analysis, the value of land attributes was converted to sustainable values (ranging from 0 to 1.0) according the class limits determined based on experience and standard conventional. There was distribution of land suitability for coffee plants in Enrekang district. 65% of the area had the potential to develop coffee plants. The main limiting factor in the development of coffee plants in the study area was the erosion potential, especially the slope.

The difference in the soil-forming factors can affect the nature of the soil formed. The method was used in this research is quantitative descriptive based on primary and secondary data. The field survey was conducted using the random stratified method at 15 soil profile divided into four north-south transects. The determination of soil characteristics value were adjusted by the Soil Survey Laboratory Manual method, while the determination of dominant soil minerals used the Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR). Determination of soil type used the soil taxonomy system, which refers to the 12th edition of the soil taxonomy key book. The results of the study showed that there are two soil orders in the Baraka district, Enrekang Regency that is Alfisols and Inceptisols. Alfisols was found in the six soil profile that classified as Typic Paleustalfs (subgroup) mixed family of Isohypethemic Typic Paleustalfs, Kaolinitic with Isohypethemic Typic Paleustalfs, while Inceptisol was found in the nine soil profile that classified as Lithic Haplustepts, Dystic Haplustepts, Typic Dystrudepts and on the family category that is clay mixture Isohypethemic Typic Dystrustepts, clay mixture Isohypethemic Dystric Haplustepts, clay mixture Isohypethemic Lithic Haplustepts, Carbonatic compound Isohypethemic Dystric Haplustepts. The results of this research also indicate that the dominant soil-forming factors in the Baraka District, Enrekang Regency are the parent material, vegetation, and slopes.

This study aims to estimate the potential of land in Tompobulu district, Bantaeng Regency for the development of Arabica coffee plantation based on the land suitability index. The criteria of land suitability based on Sys et al. (1993), the land suitability index (LSI) calculated by using the parametric methods with the Khiddir equation. The correlation analysis between LSI and coffee yield by using Pearson correlation analysis. The results show that the climate suitability index in the study areas was around 48 (marginally suitable) with a limiting factor is rainfall of 3,337 mm/year. The result of the study shows that the LSI values ranged from 15.2 to 37.5 and was classified marginally suitable (S3) and currently not suitable (N1). Class S3 covered the area of around 3,926.92 ha or 62.42% while class N1 around 2,364.67 ha or 37,8%. The limiting factors are climate, salinity, CaCO₃, coarse fragments, soil depth and texture in single or in combinations. The correlation between the LSI and Arabica coffee yields is relatively strong with a correlation coefficient higher than 0.9 (r> 0.9).

It requires spatial planning is suitable for the direction of land use. This study aimed to evaluate the suitability of existing land use with regional spatial planning, and determine the course of spatial use control. The research using a comparative quantitative method and for making land units using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Land units were produced from overlapping between the administration map, land use map (existing), and map of spatial plans. Three categories were made consists of suitable, unsuitable, and not implemented yet. The results of the research showed that existing land use in Sidenreng Rappang regency consists of nine types, namely paddy fields, plantations, settlements, swamps, shrubs, moor, forests, lake, and mixed gardens. Analysis of land use suitable with the regional spatial planning covers 123,882 ha (63.57%), 66,033 ha (33.88%) unsuitable, and 4,952 ha (2.54%) has not been implemented yet. The direction for controlling the use of the land is applying four control instruments, both those that have been implemented and those that have not been achieved so far, namely licensing, zoning regulations, granting incentives and disincentives, and imposing sanctions. Land use directives in Sidenreng Rappang Regency are well implemented (66.11 %) but require instructions that have not been achieved with a spatial regulation (33.88%).

Pulu mandoti is the local glutinous rice from Enrekang Regency with the advantage of distinctive odor and taste, which is not possessed by similar rice. The research aimed to of knowing the character of the local glutinous rice producing area of Enrekang (pulu mandoti). The research was conducted using a structured survey method. Data collection was conducted by observation in the field, analysis in the laboratory, documentation, and interviews of farmers. Soil sampling were conducted by purposive sampling where the determination of the wetland planted with glutinous rice can be determined through the making of a transect lines using a topographic map. The results showed that the best producers of pulu mandoti were in the Piawan Village, Kendenan Subdistrict with an average temperature of 21-25ºC, an average rainfall of ± 1,083 mm/yr, the elevation of 800masl and the slope of 10%. The texture of silt loam, silt clay loam, clay loam and sandy loam. Soil depth >98cm with pH of 5.5 - 6.4, CEC 16-25 cmol/kg, C-organic >2%, low salinity <0.25 dS/m and base saturation >35%. This research has a low of N- total content >0.2%, high of P-available 17 ppm, low of K₂O <0.3 cmol/kg with average yield 440 kg/ha.

In the past decade, various environmental problems have emerged related to land resources. The facts show that the rate of degradation of land resources and the decline in environmental quality in Indonesia have recently increased and have not shown signs of decline. The degradation of land resources and environmental quality need to be taken seriously so that increasingly serious environmental problems can be avoided. The purpose of this study is to determine the temporal dynamics of watershed land cover in Sinjai Regency and analysed the effect of land cover changing on the in protection function index of the Sinjai watershed in the year 2013 to 2018. Research was using quantitative research. This research is closely related to the enumerative induction process (induction based on calculations). The main causes of landslides in Sinjai Regency consist of rainfall, slope, and land cover. Part of the level of potential landslides based on rainfall is divided into low classes with a range of 2000-2500 mm rainfall, areas scattered in Sinjai Bulupoddo Regency, North Sinjai, parts of North Central Sinjai Regency and Northeast Sinjai District. While the area is located in the class of landslide potential, namely in the range of rainfall 2500 mm - 3000 mm, the potential for the spread of northern Sinjai, West Sinjai, Central Sinjai Regency, Sinjai District, East, and South Sinjai.

This study aimed to plan the agricultural landscapes in the upstream area of the Jeneberang watershed using a bioregion approach. This research was conducted in the upstream area of the Jeneberang watershed precisely in the Pattapang Village, Tinggimoncong District, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi from May to July 2017. The research was conducted using a field survey method and literature study, which included five stages, namely the preparation, inventory, analysis, synthesis and planning stages. The criteria for the classification of the bioregions were prepared based on the characterization of the biophysical and socio-cultural aspects of the Pattapang community based on the inventory, analysis and synthesis of the data obtained. At the planning stage, the conceptualization for landscape conservation is carried out, then the development of planning concepts and the end result is a sustainable agricultural landscape plan that can still meet economic needs. Based on the results of the bioregion analysis, the study area is included in the bioregion units of the Jeneberang watershed, namely the Jeneberang watershed upstream area, consisting of 70 sub-watershed units divided into 121 landscape units based on three biophysical characters (sub-watersheds, soil types and slopes) and 156 units a place based on the socio-cultural intrinsic value of land cover. The landscape plan for sustainable agriculture consists of 61.7 ha of residential space, agricultural area (35.4 ha of rice fields, 384.3 ha of monoculture fields and 780.94 ha of polyculture fields) and forests (89.6 ha of protected forests and 520.2 ha of production forest).

This research was conducted at Pohuwato District in Randangan Sub District. The aims of this study are to assess the physical characteristic of ecological, land cover, land use, and land capacity to support the maize cultivation; to analyze the land capability, land sustainability, and the carrying capacity of land to support the system of maize cultivation; lastly is to spatial analyzes the ecology for maize land use optimization. The method for land evaluation was analyzed based on a land unit basis. Samples for the study site stratified with random sampling that determined by considering the land units (slope, landform, and land use). The samples of respondents was carried out for economics and social data that performed by the accidental method. The data of optimization land use was obtained from the map of RBI, map of administration, the map of land unit, and product LCLP analysis. The land carrying capacity and the land population pressure data was carried out based on the map of RBI, the map of administration, and the secondary data. The soil sampling was conducted at 3 locations. Land cover, land capability, land sustainability, land carrying capacity, and production was analyzed by using spatial analysis through GIS. Descriptive analysis was done for the social economic and stakeholder population data. The results show that the existing land (OPT) in the one Randangan Sub District of Pohuwato is classified as low category optimization (L). Where the OPT (L) = f (KL(III, IV) + KS (S3,N1) + DDL (L) + P (L) + TP (L). A strategy that can be done to optimize this low classified region are by converting some land of plant oil palm plantations that have categorizing in a high (H) and medium (M) class land capability for maize.

The increasingly growing and detailed spatial data onto land resources required a precise method for the data management can be more effective. Generally, spatial data onto land resources is categorized by sharp boundary and role of every land attribute to the land suitability is equated. On the other hand, the reality of land attribute in the field varied greatly and did not have sharp boundaries also the role of each attribute towards land suitability was varying. It caused the detailed data could not be presented properly so it did not reflect the actual condition at the field. The continued approach from fuzzy set in GIS is a method that can handle such problems. This study examined land characteristics in Pangkep District using a continuous fuzzy set approach from GIS raster. The research was conducted by using exploratory method (field survey and laboratory analysis) for the review scale. The results were then analyzed using the Semantic Import Model (SIM) fuzzy set method of GIS raster. The considered value of the attribute was converted into a general membership value (0 to 1.0), according to class limits that were determined by the Agricultural Research and Development Agency criteria (2011) adapted from the FAO criteria (1976) for planned land use. The results of land characteristic analysis by continuous fuzzy set approach were divided into three groups i.e. 1) climate characteristics: rainfall, temperature, and dry month, 2) physical characteristics of soil: slope, texture, surface rock, soil depth, soil drainage, erosion hazard, and flood hazard, and 3) soil fertility characteristics: Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), soil acidity, organic C, and salinity. The index value of each land characteristic varied from 0 (minimum) to 1.0 (maximum), according to the prospective of each land characteristics for planned land use. The results are presented in a detailed raster GIS form so it is very effective to inform and represent the actual field conditions.

Orchids are considered one of the most commercially valuable in ornamental plant. Dendrobium striaenopsis, an endemic orchid to Tanimbar Islands, Moluccas, is widely notable species for orchid hybridizing. However, with its restricted distribution to small islands, this species is prone to extinction. To date, the ecological aspects of D. striaenopsis are not well studied, thus can hamper its conservation efforts. 30 plots in 3 different types of habitat in Angwarmase Island Nature Reserve were surveyed to assess its abundance and habitat. The locals surrounding the reserve were interviewed to identify potential threats. 165 individuals D. striaenopsis were found during survey. The result indicated that D. striaenopsis was not host-specific orchid species. The species was found in 15 species host trees with Lumnitzera racemose was the common host species. Zone 2 (upper part of the main stem) was revealed as the most favorable part at the host tree (105 individuals). It was found that the habitat of the species was threatened by agriculture activities. Besides, D. striaenopsis was also traded illegally by locals.

The diversity of ichthyifauna species is very interesting to study, especially in terms of species inventory as an effort to reveal the biodiversity of aquatic species. Sulawesi is one of the locations in the Wallacea region which is the location with the most species diversity and the location where most of the endemic species found in Indonesia are found. This study purpose to determine the diversity and distribution of ichthyifaunal species in the waters of West Sulawesi, and evaluate the status of conservation based on data from the International Union for Conservation of Nature to determine the level of utilization of species in West Sulawesi. The study was conducted in February 2018 to May 2019, samples were collected from eight rivers from the estuary area to the upper stream of the waters of West Sulawesi. The number of samples that were collected was 771 fish samples consisting of 31 species of fish and from 10 families including, Family Ambassidae, Anguillidae, Gobiidae, Eleotridae, Mugilidae, Gerreidae, Apogonidae, Terapontidae, Lutjanidae, and Leiognathidae. From the total species found, the highest number of species was found from the Gobiidae family, where species from the Gobiidae family dominated at each research station. The conservation status of the fish obtained is in the data deficient status with three species, least concern with 28 species, and near threatened with one species. Distribution of species in the waters of West Sulawesi is spread throughout the Indonesian waters, and some of them are endemic to Sulawesi.

Palmae is a tree family that has the third biggest potential after the Gramineae and Fabaceae families. Arenga belongs to the genus of the multipurpose palm family (Mogea, Seibert, and Smits 1991), famously known as the "tree of life" and it has high economic potential, especially its sap. The sap produced is the result of photosynthesis which has a high amount of sugar with various inorganic substances and nutrients and good for health. This research provided information regarding the association of sugar content with morphological characteristics and environmental factors, in this case, the intensity of light, humidity and elevation. Morphological parameters observed were stem height, the girth of the bunch, number of green leaves, length of petiole, leaf width (lad), leaf length (pad), number of the female and male inflorescence. Correlation analysis between morphological characters and Brix content showed a moderate correlation on length of the leaf, number of green leaves, and stem height. While the character of environmental factors to Brix content had a moderate correlation on light intensity below the tree stand with a negative correlation value, which was not in line with the value of confidence interval (UpperCI = 0.004) and significantly affected the Brix content.

The famous butterfly conservation areas in South Sulawesi, Bantimurung-Bulusaraung National Park, are gradually being replaced by intensively used farmland especially in lowland and submontane regions. The objectives of the research were to identify butterfly species and their host plant served as larvae food, nectar and pollen source in three different altitudes at Bantimurung-Bulusaraung National Park. The research was conducted based on transect methods at Bantimurung-Bulusaraung National Park, Maros Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia from April to October 2018. Butterflies and their food were observed in three locations at different altitudes of 0-300 m above sea level (asl), 400-700 m asl, and above 700 m asl. The observation indicates a variation in the butterfly species found in different altitudes based on the presence of host plants. A total of 59 individual butterfly samples collected were divided into four families: Papilionidae (7 species), Pieridae (2 species), Nymphalidae (1 species) and Saturniidae (1 species). A further dispersal study based on seasons is needed in order to build a good taxonomic database for Sulawesi butterflies conservation.

Sustainable management of mangrove forests is determined by the ability of the forest to regenerate naturally. This study aims to determine the potential of natural stands and regeneration of mangrove forests on Pannikiang Island, Barru Regency. Determination of sample plots was done by Purposive Line Sampling plot technique. All plants in the observation transect were identified and classified based on the growth phase, namely seedlings, saplings, poles, and trees. The results showed that there were 20 species, consisting of 8 true mangroves, 5 supporting mangroves, and 7 species of mangrove associations. The estimated total volume of mangrove stands in the Pannikiang island area was 23,624.71 ≤ 39,679.45 ≤ 55,734.19 m³. The potential for natural regeneration of mangrove species on Pannikiang Island is determined by the highest Importance Value Index (IVI) from seedling to tree level. Mangrove natural regeneration with the highest IVI at all tree growth rates was dominated by the species of Brugueira gymnorhiza, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia alba, and Rhizophora stylosa. These species can guarantee the survival of natural regeneration for mangrove communities on Pannikiang Island, while other species require intervention through artificial regeneration.

Global warming is very closely related to carbon stored in an ecosystem. This research aimed to determine the amount of carbon storage in cocoa plantations in East Luwu Regency. The research was carried out in cacao plantation in three districts namely Burau, Wotu and Mangkutana. Measurement of carbon storage was conducted using the allometric formula on an observation plot of 200 m². Six sampling points were selected consisted of four location with shading trees planted in multistrata agroforestry planting system and two locations with a monoculture planting system. The results of measurements on cocoa plants show that carbon storage increased with the variety of plant species that exist in the cocoa farm. The size of the carbon stocks depends on the planting system. Cacao plantation with multistrata shades system showed carbon absorption of 148.92 tons/Ha that was greater than the amount of carbon absorption in cocoa plantation with monoculture shades system of 50.24 tons/Ha. The level of carbon uptake in East Luwu Regency is 33.19 tons C/Ha. The amount of carbon emissions absorbed is 57.46 t/Ha. CO₂ content with the composition of existing land cover in East Luwu Regency is 121.81 tons CO₂/Ha.

Indonesia is one of the most widely grown cocoa growing countries in the world and is the third largest cocoa producing country after Ivory Coast and Ghana. Cocoa is a plant that is not native to Indonesia but is able to adapt and grow well in Indonesia. Geographic Information System (GIS) is a system created to facilitate mapping by using structured data by setting spatial or geographical coordinates in utilizing and planning land use. Decrease in yields on cocoa is partly due to Cocoa Fruit Borer (CPB) (Conomoporpha cramerella Snellen). There is a very close relationship between local climatic conditions and the dynamics of pest populations, especially the factors of temperature, humidity, and altitude. The lowest percentage for mild attacks of CPB pests over the past 5 years ignoring missing data is in April 2014, 2015 and 2016 was 15.30%. Whereas the highest percentage of severe CPB pests in the last five years was in February 2015 which was 88.09%. Controlling the CPB pests can be done by using CPB pest resistant clones as well as improving plant maintenance management.

In an effort to control carbon emissions in the air, steps taken are improving forest vegetation and protecting natural forest vegetation as the biggest absorber of carbon gas emissions. Cocoa as the largest plantation crop in Indonesia is expected to be able to absorb CO₂ gas emissions in the air due to its ability to absorb carbon. A carbon analysis study was carried out on cacao plantation to determine the level of carbon uptake in each cropping system in South Sulawesi. Hence, the results of the analysis can be a reference in climate change mitigation efforts. Three regencies, each with 3 districts were selected as study locations, namely East Luwu Regency (Burau, Wotu and Mumpangana Districts), Pinrang Regency (Patampanua, Batulappa and Lembang Districts), and Bantaeng Regency (Gantarangkeke, Tompobulu, and Eremerasa Districts). Carbon stored measurements was conducted using allometric formula. Measurements were carried out on 200 m² observation plot. Results show that carbon sequestration levels were 33.19 tons C/Ha, 25.52 tons C/Ha, 32.07 tons C/Ha in East Luwu, Pinrang and Bantaeng regencies, respectively. The amount of carbon emissions absorbed in East Luwu Regency was 57.46 t/Ha, Pinrang Regency 67.12 t/Ha, and Bantaeng Regency 60.07 t/Ha. The CO₂ content based on the composition of land cover in East Luwu Regency was 121.81 tons CO₂/Ha, Pinrang Regency 93.69 tons CO₂/Ha, and Bantaeng Regency 117.70 tons CO₂/Ha.

This study aims to determine microorganisms in organically managed land. The study was conducted in the organic land and non-organic farmer's land in Makassar and continued at the Disease Sciences laboratory, Department of Pests and Plant Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Hasanuddin. The stages of the study consisted of soil sampling and 10 grams were taken to be diluted into 90 ml of sterile water, then a 10-3 dilution was carried out. The results of the dilution are taken 1ml each and then poured into the PDA media. The fungus that grows is purified on PDA media while bacteria on NA media, then identified. The results showed that in organic vegetable fields more fungi isolates were found (6 isolates): Gliocladium sp, Rhizoctonia sp, Aspergillus sp and two other isolates were unknown and gram-positive bacteria were found while non-organic was found five fungus isolates, Scopulariopsis sp., Verticillium sp., Fusarium sp., Gliocladium sp, Percentage of inhibition of fungi from organic vegetable fields ranged from 33.3 to 100% while non-organic lands 16.7 to 66.7%.

This study aimed to establish land suitability classes in South Sulawesi for cocoa plant development, determine the productivity potential of South Sulawesi cocoa, and determine efforts to optimize cocoa productivity in South Sulawesi. The method used was a mixed qualitative and quantitative. The study was conducted in three cocoa producing districts with different climate types. 18 units of soil profiles were analyzed and interviews with farmers was carried out to obtain information on the actual cocoa yield and implemented management. Land suitability analysis was conducted using a parametric approach (square root method), farming analysis (B/C ratio), Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) for decision making, and correlation analysis to determine the relationship of suitability index with cocoa yield. The results show that the climate suitability analysis at the location was S3 (marginally suitable) and S2 (moderately suitable). The results of land suitability in Bantaeng Regency are mostly S3 (marginally suitable) with limiting factors for soil depth and humidity. Whereas in the districts of East Luwu and Pinrang, land suitability classes obtained were S3 (marginally suitable) and S2 class (moderately suitable). The limiting factors included climate (rainfall and humidity), soil depth, pH and slope. Overall cocoa farming in South Sulawesi is feasible to be developed with an R/C value> 1, NPV of IDR13,495,268; Net B/C 1.1, and IRR of 15.8%. Correlation analysis between land suitability index and cocoa productivity was not statistically significant (P <0.05). The priority strategy for increasing cocoa crop productivity is the addition of organic fertilizer.

This study aimed to determine the combination of plant growth regulators (PGR) that affects the growth of three provenances of Jabon merah through in vitro culture. This research was conducted in December 2017 to March 2018 at Biotechnology and Tree Breeding Laboratory, Hasanuddin University, Makassar. Research step consisted of sterilization, stock solutions and culture media preparation, and planting. The observation parameters were plant height, time of leaf formation, number of leaf, leaf length, number of root, root length, and percentage of dead explant. The results obtained from this observation were (1) the provenance significantly affected the time of leaf formation, number of root, root length, and percentage of explant explant, (2) the combination of PGR significantly affected the number of roots and root length, (3) the interaction between PGR and provenance was of a significant effect on the root length, (4) The combination of 1 ppm IBA and 0.5 ppm TDZ showed the best PGR in increasing the root length, (5) combination of 3 ppm IBA and 0.5 ppm TDZ increased the number of root, and (6) Sidrap Provenance was the best PGR based on the number of roots, root length and low mortality rate.

The research aimed to determine the growth and tolerance of M7 brown rice mutant lines against stress by application of several doses of NaCl. The research was conducted at the Bio-Science and Biotechnology Laboratory for Plant Production, Agricultural Cultivation, Faculty of Agriculture of Universitas Hasanuddin. It was conducted from October 2018 to February 2019, which was compiled based on 2 factorial design patterns and a randomized block design as it's environmental design. The first factor consisted of 9 genotypes, i.e. 8 red rice mutant lines namely g1, g2, g3, g4, g5, g6, g7, g8 and one comparison line g9 as red rice parent which was not mutated. The second factor consisted of 4 NaCl dosage levels namely 0 dS/m, 4 dS/m, 8 dS/m, 12 dS/m. The results of the NaCl treatment on several Sinjai local red rice mutant lines show that the g2 genotype had the highest average value on the parameters of the weight of the plants on a fresh and dry condition. It indicated the g2 genotype as a mutant genotype that has tolerance to salinity stress at the vegetative growth phase.

The need for rice is always increasing every year in line with population growth making rice commodities have a very important role. Red rice which has been known for a long time, needs to be given priority in research to overcome the problem of food and nutrition shortages. Rice panicle, a crucial organ that has economic values, is an important yield component to improve. This study aimed to obtain information on relationship within the panicle characters on rice production. The experiment was conducted within 6 month using 10 red rice mutant lines M4 and 2 non-mutant lines as controls. Data from yield components used were number of grains per panicle, panicle density, percentage of filled grain per panicle, grain length, grain width, and grain thick. Based on the results of the path analysis on these characters, it is known that four characters that have a total positive and significant direct effect on the weight of grain per panicle were the number of grains per panicle, panicle density, panicle length and percentage of filled grain per panicle. Hence, these characters are important and effective to be used as a selection component in increasing grain production in red rice plants. Tests of several M4 generation red rice mutants based on grain characterization show very significant differences in grain length and grain width characters. The longest grain is GK2 strain (10.33 mm) and the widest grain is G9 strain (3.29 mm).

One of the effective methods in plant breeding is the mutation breeding. Recently new techniques in mutation breeding has risen by using heavy ion beam irradiation. The local rice variety, Pare Bau was used to study the effect of heavy ion beam for aromatic rice improvement. Dry seeds of rice were irradiated at dose of 10 Gy Argon ion. Selected mutants from M₂ were planted on M₃ generation to check their stability in growth performance and early flowering. Results show that one M3 mutant line showed significantly lower plants height and larger percentage of fertile grain in comparison to control. Therefore, these results indicate that heavy-ion irradiation may provide useful genetic resources for high yield breeding on early generation of mutant line.

The success of oyster mushroom cultivation is determined by the quality of seed and the planting media used and environmental factors. This research aimed to obtain quality oyster mushrooms F0 seed based on the type of mushrooms and ages of different explants. The experiment was conducted at the National Agriculture Training Center in Batangkaluku from January to April 2018. The trial was set using factorial randomized block design method with two factors. The first factor was the type of oysters mushroom, namely white oysters mushroom and brown oysters mushroom. The second factor was the difference in the age after the growth of pinhead, consisting of 3 levels, namely 1 day, 3 days and 5 days. There were 6 combination treatments repeated 4 times, resulted in 24 treatment units, and each treatment unit used 3 units as observation object, bringing the total to 72 treatment units. The results show that the interaction between the type of white oysters mushroom and age 5 days after the growth of pinhead provided the best response to the diameter of mycelium F0 (2.84 cm) and the density level of mycelium F0 that categorized as thick density (score 4.17). The largest mycelium thickness, with a score of 3.42, ie. mycelium grows thinly evenly. The treatment of oysters mushroom gave the best response to white oysters mushroom, while the treatment of age after pinhead growth gave the best response at the age of 3 days.

Wheat as a cereal crop has a strategic role in supporting food security and to meet human needs on food. Nutritional content of wheat is relatively higher than other cereal plants. This research aimed to study the adaptability, growth, and production of some wheat mutant lines at various water availability in the lowlands. The research was carried out in the Experimental Garden, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Hasanuddin from November 2017 to January 2018. Location of the trial was at an altitude of < 40 meters above sea level with an average temperature of 24 ºC in the morning and 32 ºC in the afternoon. A split plot design was employed in this study with the availability of water set as the main plot and the wheat mutant genotypes as subplots. Three levels of water availability was used, 81-100% field capacity, 61-80% field capacity, and 41-60% field capacity. The wheat mutant genotypes used consisted of 15 genotypes (13 mutants and 2 comparative varieties). The results of the research show that wheat genotypes grown in the lowland that showed better production in restricted water availability (61 - 80% of field capacity) were Nias 250 4.6.2 (0.95 g. plant⁻¹), and Nias 350 3.8. 9 (1.10 g.plant⁻¹). Whereas in the 41 - 60% of the field capacity, the Nias 250 4.6.2 and Nias 350 3.8.9 produced better yield of 0.40 g.plant⁻¹.

Local rice is germplasm which has great potential to be developed in meeting food needs in Indonesia. Black rice is known to have great health benefits but in general has a weakness in low yields. Therefore, research is needed to overcome this weakness. This study aims to determine the effect of heavy ion beam irradiation on production yields per hectare of the black rice mutant lines of the M3 generation. The experiment was carried out for 6 months using 50 strains of black rice mutants obtained from the M2 generation plus 1 negative control and 1 positive control. Based on the results of the coefficient analysis on the observed characters, there are potential and effective characters to be developed in the next M4 generation of black rice, namely the number of grains per panicle, panicle density, panicle length, percentage of filled grains per panicle and 100 grains weight.

Maize production in Indonesia has increased significantly in the last five years. Various programs have been introduced by the government to support maize cropping system and increase yield per ha. In order to obtain a suitable hybrid combination, improvement of breeding program is obligatory. The objectives of the research were to determine the combining ability between lines and testers, and to evaluate the performance of crosses for agronomic component traits. Six inbred lines were test crossed with two male testers using line x tester mating design. Randomized complete block design was used as an experimental design with three replications at three locations in Indonesia. Results indicate that inbred line MYL7 had a positive and significant GCA effects for days to silking, maturity, ear diameter. Test cross MYL7×MAL01 had positive and significant SCA effect for ear length, MYL15×MAL01 for 1000-seed weight, and MYL10×MR14 for days to silking. Depend on the purpose of breeding program, each superior combination can be further explored for a specific use.

Gorontalo province is one of the provinces that have a large source of genetic diversity in local rice, especially upland rice. The low productivity and the less available of seed at the farmer level causes a lack of interest in developing upland rice. The main constraints of rice cultivation on these areas is drought and pest and disease attacks. Then the need for the development of local varieties to obtain new superior rice varieties is necessary. The purpose of this study is to look at the potential for growth and production of Gorontalo local rice that can be expected to be used to improve genetic resources that are genotyping amphibians. The research method used a Randomized Block Design in testing three local rice cultivars. Cultivars used were, Maraya, Bukungo, and Ponda. Each treatment was repeated three times resulted in nine experimental units would be obtained. The results show that the Ponda variety showed the highest results compared to other treatments on plant height parameter. Based on LSD tests shows that the number of tillers in each variety is significantly different. Ponda variety shows the highest number of tillers compared to other local rice varieties.

The aim of this research was to obtain optimum concentration with mutation breeding techniques by using colchicine for polyploid induction in the common ice plant Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. The common ice plant Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L wild type seed were soaked in five levels of colchicine concentration: 0% (control), 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.20% for 24 hours. Seeds were germinated in petri dish using growth medium with compound of 1.15 gr ml half strength MS salts, 0.5 ml B5 vitamins, 0.2% (w/v) Sucrose 1gr, 25 mg L⁻¹ myo-inositol and Agar. After 15 days, seeds germinated and then the young plant were transferred to a fresh medium soil. The observation parameters consisted of leaf thickness, width of the leaf, and lenght of the leaf, calculated from 1^st month until 8^th month. The observational data obtained were analyzed in variance and if the treatment has significant effect, then the follow up test will be done with DMRT test at 95% confidence level. For polyploidy analysis was conducted using Flow Cytometry. The results show that colchicine can affect the vegetative growth and the number of chromosomes from Mesembryanthemum cristallinum L. plants. The colchicine treatment of 0.10% was the best treatment compared to other treatments in the parameters of the length, width and thickness of the leaves. Use of colchicine treatment of 0.10% changed the chromosome number of the Mesembryanthemum cristallinum L. plant from diploid (2n = 18) to Octaploid (8n = 108).

This study aimed to determine the genotype of wheat from a convergent breeding program that adaptive to lowland and produce high yield, and determine the parameters with high heritability. The study was conducted at the Screen House of Indonesian Cereals Research Institute (ICERI), Maros Regency from October 2017 to February 2018. The study used a Randomized Block Design with 10 wheat genotypes of convergent breeding crossbreeds including CBF 124, CBF 159, CBF 192, CBF 169, CBF 137, CBF 195, CBF 119, CBF 145, CBF 156 and CBF 231 as well as four comparators, namely two national superior varieties (Selayar and Dewata) and two introduced genotypes (Oasis and HP. 1744) resulted in 14 genotypes. The results show that the genotype of wheat from convergent breeding that adaptive to lowland and had high productivity are CBF 192 (1.80 tons ha⁻¹), CBF 169 (1.66 tons ha⁻¹), CBF 195 (1.54 tons ha⁻¹), CBF 137 (1.44 tons ha⁻¹), CBF 124 (1.42 tons ha⁻¹) and CBF159 (1.34 tons ha⁻¹). Characters that have high heritability are plant height, number of tillers and productive tillers, age of flowering and harvest, panicle length, number of spikelet, number of floret, number of grains on the main panicle and on the tillers, weight of grains on the main panicle and on the tillers, and production.

The study was conducted in the Experimental Farm of the Indonesian Cereals Research Institute (ICERI) located in the Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi Province from September to December 2017. The research aimed to study the quantitative and qualitative characters of some local waxy corn genotypes in South Sulawesi. This experiment was arranged in Randomized Block Design with three replications. The treatment included 9 local waxy corn genotypes from Barru, Bone, Bulukumba, Gowa, Jeneponto, Maros, Soppeng, Takalar, Wajo regencies and URI variety as a control. Local waxy corn genotypes of Bone and Bulukumba has the best phenotype characteristics with the highest grain yield (4.13 t/ha and 4.15 t/ha). Qualitative characters that are easily observed among different local waxy corn genotypes are panicle type, silk color (pistils), and kernel type. All the characteristics have high heritability (>0.50). Silking, weight of dry cob without husk, and cob diameter are the characteristics that give direct effect on the production positively (1.05; 0.001; 0.49, respectively).

The study aimed to obtain suitable sucker recommendation for good growth and development of sago plant in the field and to determine the leaf growth characters based on sucker weight at the rosette stage. The research was conducted at Sago Plantation Site located in Pembuniang Village, West Malangke Sub-district, North Luwu Regency from September to December 2017. The first observation was made at 16-month after sucker transplanting in September 2017, the second in November 2017. To determine statistical differences between the sucker weight of 1-3 kg and 3-6 kg, T-Test (Independent Sample T-Test) was used and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to determine the relationship between the leaf growth characters. The results show the suckers with weight of 3-6 kg grow better than that of 1-3 kg as indicated by the number, width and length of the leaflets, and the number of leaves and rachis length. Sucker with 3-6 kg weight have a closer relationship between variables.

Katokkon chili (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) is one of the chili varieties in the districts of Tana Toraja and North Toraja which has a diversity of shapes in terms of morphology. This study aimed to identify morphological and cytological diversities and to determine kinship of several accessions of katokkon chili. The study used a survey method in which location determination and sampling were done by purposive sampling. The characters observed were plant height, leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, number of flowers per node, fruit length, fruit width, thickness of fruit flesh, fruit stalk length, and number of seeds per fruit. The survey results identified a total of 30 accessions of katokkon chilies consisted of 16 accessions from Tana Toraja Regency and 14 accessions from North Toraja Regency. Morphological analysis results using dendrogram show that the 30 accessions of chili katokkon obtained still had a high kinship with varying fruit shapes and leaf colors. At 96.70% similarity level, two groups were determined (group I consisted of 23 accessions and group II consisted of 7 accessions). Based on the observed characters, at 56.53% similarity, the accession can be categorized into two groups, namely group I (plant height, leaf length, petiole length, and leaf width) and group II (fruit length, fruit stalk length, fruit diameter, number of seeds per fruit and fruit thickness).

To maximize the potential of Ko'bo, plant breeding was involved to produce the identic color of rice grains, which is full black. Anther culture is a method that is considered effective in plant breeding. This study aimed to find the most suitable combination of growth regulators in the calli induction of Ko'bo rice anther and observe the calli growth response in a regeneration medium. Calli induction experiment used N6 medium with a combination of auxin (2,4-D 1-3 mg L⁻¹) and cytokinin (kinetin 0.5-1 mg L⁻¹ and BAP 0.5-1 mg L⁻¹). Calli regenerated in MS medium, added with 0.5 mg NAA L⁻¹ + kinetin 0.5 mg L⁻¹+ BAP 1.5 mg L⁻¹. The experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design. The experimental unit was a petri dish, containing ± 250 anthers. The highest calli induction was 13.33%, obtained from a combination of 2,4-D 3.0 mg L⁻¹ + kinetin 1.0 mg L⁻¹. All regenerated plantlets were albino.

Katokkon chili is a plant of the Solanaceae family which has a unique characteristic of fruit shape, spiciness level and also has a sweet taste. In addition, it is a diploid plant with 12 pairs of chromosomes (2n=24). Quality improvement and production of katokkon chili can be done by doubling the chromosomes. This research aimed to study the effect of several concentrations and time of immersion of colchicine on the buds of the katokkon chili shoots. Research activity was carried out by soaking the buds of the katokkon at several concentrations of colchicine (0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1.00%) for some immersion times (1.5 hours, 3 hours and 4.5 hours) resulted in a total of 12 treatment combinations and 1 control. The shoots were grown in vitro on MS media until the roots and leaves grow. The characters observed were the formation of roots and leaves which were then compared to controls. The results show that the concentrations of colchicine (0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1.00%) had a negative effect on the katokkon chili which was characterized by no leaf formation as in control plants (0%). The application of colchicine did not affect root formation, it can be seen from the emergence of roots in shoots which are induced by colchicine similar to control plants without colchicine treatment.

Obi cuscus (Phalanger rothschildi) is an arboreal marsupial and is an endemic animal from Obi Island, Bisa Island, and Obilatu Island part of the Obi Islands, North Maluku province. In Indonesia cuscuses are protected animals. The study with the roaming method are carried out by exploring the location where the obi cuscus is visible, collecting the forest plant as feed sources and nest tree. The potensial information of forest plants as a feed sources and nest tree for cuscus, is needed in strategy of cuscus conservation both in situ and ex situ. The objective of this study was to identify the species of forest plant that serve as feed sources and nesting tree on obi cuscus in North Maluku. The results showed 28 species of forest plants consisting of 21 families was selected by obi cuscus as their feed sources and 11 species of plants as their nesting site. Parts of the plants being consumed was fruit. The results of the analysis of nutrient content of feed plants are crude proteins ranging from 3.67% to 14.12% with an average (7.94±3.84)%, crude fiber (5.42% - 50.12%) with an average (20.52±14.43)%, NFC (35.91 - 84.72) with an average (57.00 ± 15.01)%, and gross energy content (3,269 – 4,489) cal/g with an average (3,525.5±1,241.3) cal/g.

Japanese taro Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott var. antiquorum is a good export-valued food commodity and is being developed in Indonesia. Lack of availability of taro seedling is one of a limiting factor in development of Japanese taro. In vitro propagation is an alternative to obtain seeds in large quantities and in a relatively short time. In vitro culture is very dependent on composition of media used, especially growth regulators. This study aims to determine effect and to find optimum concentration of green bean sprout extracts Phaseolus radiatus in shoot multiplication of Japanese taro through in vitro. Plantlet were derived from cultures with ± 3 weeks of age. MS media was supplemented with different concentrations of green bean sprout extracts for shoot multiplication experiments. The concentration was used is 0; 0.5; 1; 1.5; 2 ppm and MS + NAA 1.5 ppm + 1.5 ppm BAP as a comparison of synthetic hormones. The parameters observation were number of shoots, wet weight and percentage of live explants. The results showed that MS media with supplemented of 1.5 ppm green bean sprout extract was optimum concentration in Taro shoot multiplication. Therefore, green bean sprout extract can be used as natural growth regulator in media of Taro shoot multiplication.

One of the local spesies of Sulawesi included in the IUCN redlist is kayu kuku (english: nedun wood) (Pericopsis mooniana Thw.). The status for this species is vulnerable of species in wildlife. This status will increase as the natural habitat of P. mooniana is threatened in the Lamedae Nature Reserve, Southeast Sulawesi. This activity aims to develop P. mooniana species by building a demonstration plot. location of activities in KHDTK Malili, Luwu Timur regency, South Sulawesi, which was held in 2017. The trial used a completely randomized design with singling and weeding treatments. The parameters observed were the height and diameter of the stem. The growth performance of the height and diameter of P. mooniana plants at the age of 24 months (2 years) showed a different response. The best increase in height was singling treatment with a mean height of 49.06 cm, while the best but not significant increase in diameter was control and weeding with a mean diameter of 4.42 and 3.64 mm. In general, P. mooniana can be developed exsitu and show potensial growth using several silvicultural treatments.

During this time, the wood powder is one of the primary raw materials in making mushroom cultivation media. Alternative other raw materials need to be developed to diversify the oyster mushroom cultivation media. Sago pulp waste and rice husk are chosen as the planting medium for oyster mushroom cultivation because they contain cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin needed by the fungus. This study aims to determine the composition of sago pulp and rice husk as the best growing media for the growth and development of white oyster mushrooms. The method used in this study is mixing raw materials (the cultivation media), sterilizing raw materials, inoculating, maintaining, and harvesting. There are five treatments in mixing raw materials, namely the use of 100% sago pulp waste (P1); 75% of sago pulp and 25% of husk rice powder (P2); 50% of sago pulp and 50% of husk rice powder (P3); 25% sago waste and 75% husk rice powder (P4); and 100% rice husk (P5) as a control. The use of 50% sago pulp and 50% husk rice powder (P3) and 25% sago pulp and 75% husk rice powder (P4) produces the right cultivation media. Whereby using both of these mediums, it takes 42 days from the growing media inoculated mushrooms until the oyster mushrooms are ready to be harvested. However, if the use of baglog P3 as a growth medium will get better yields because of the wet weight (60 grams) and the number of mushroom fruit bodies (16 fruits) that harvested is higher.

The Educational Forest of Hasanuddin University (Unhas-edfor) is an asset that must be utilizet optimally in order to support the utilization and management of forest resources over a wider area. The palm sugar species has long been cultivated from generation to generation by people at and around the forest, and is a source of income that is quite meaningful for them. This research aims to assess the potential of non-timber product, especially palm sugar product and formulate the management for sugar palm species and its product in Unhas-Edfor. The research method used is a field survey method and data analysis is using a qualitative analysis approach. The results of the study indicated that the palm sugar production in 3 vilages, that became the study location, namely Rompegading, Limampoccoe and Labuaja, was quite varied. The highest total net income was found in Moncongjai Hamlet (Rompegading Village) as much as IDR.28,935,000,- with a total production of 1,640 packages and the lowest in the Jambua Hamlet (Limampoccoe Village) as much as IDR.215,000,-with a total production of 50 packages. The total net income in each hamlet is different depending on the amount of processed sugar production which tends to vary and the number of farmers producing products from palm trees. The sustainability model for the development and management of sugar palm and its derivative products in the Unhas-edfor is carried out through community empowerment activities, the formation and strengthening of farmer group institutions together with the management of the Unhas-edfor, village and district governments, related agencies, and banks as owners capital in terms of cultivation, harvesting and post-harvest, to the processing and marketing of results so that sugar palm and its products provide optimal results.

Chemical and organic fertilizers are limit factors of crops growth. A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive summer seasons (2011 and 2012) at the Demonstration Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Omdurman Islamic University (Fitaihab). The objective of the study was to investigate on the effect of chemical and organic fertilizers on growth and yield of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). Two varieties namely Bulk (V1 – local) and Omshiback (V2- improved) were used to assess their performance in respect to application of chemical and organic fertilizers. Chemical fertilizer involved 0, 40, 80 kg N/fed and 40 N + 40 kg P₂O₅/fed, whereas fermented organic fertilizers were 2 ton chicken manure/fed and 3 ton cattle manure/fed. The experiment was designed in a split-plot design with four replications. The findings of the study reveal that, among the two varieties, there were no significant differences between them for all studied parameters (plant height, number of nodes/plant, number of leaves/plant, leaf area, number branches/plant, plant dry weight and yield of dry calyces), except number of nodes/plant during the 1^st season, when V1 significantly exceeded V2 for this parameter. Meanwhile, application of chemical and organic fertilizers significantly affected only number of leaves/plant only during the 1^st season, when both F1 and F2 treatments obtained the significantly higher mean of this parameter as compared to the other treatments.

Responding to the increase of the world population, food availability in developing countries will need to increase, 60% by 2030 and double by 2050. These figures are equivalent to 42% and 70% growth in global food production, respectively. Many Indonesian lived in poor rural areas especially children still experience malnourished, underweight and suffer from stunted growth. This paper discusses food security issues from the perspective of sustainable agriculture, its challenges and policies supporting the efforts to sustain food security. The paper also compares the food security concept with food sovereignty related to the production aspect and the sustainability of the supply chain and accessibility of the food.

This study aimed to determine the growth and production of rice in various water management systems, the application of a combination of fertilization and planting systems. The research was carried out from June to September 2016 in Ponrangae Village, Sidrap Regency. The trial used a split-split plot design with water management system set as main plot, a combination of nitrogen fertilizer as subplot and planting system as sub-sub plot. Two water management system applied were stagnant and intermittent management systems. Three fertilization packages were used by applying different combination of inorganic and organic fertilizers. The sub-subplot consisted of three planting system namely tiled planting system, 2:1 and 4:1 legowo planting systems, respectively. The results show that the interaction of intermittent water management system with the application of 50 kg ha⁻¹ Urea + 250 kg ha⁻¹ NPK + 2.5 L ha⁻¹ liquid organic fertilizer resulted in the highest number of productive tillers. Interaction of intermittent water management with the application of 50 kg ha⁻¹ Urea + 250 kg ha⁻¹ NPK + 2.5 L ha⁻¹ liquid organic fertilizer and 4:1 legowo planting system produced highest weight of 1,000 grains. Application of 50 kg ha⁻¹ Urea + 250 kg ha⁻¹ NPK + 2.5 L ha⁻¹ organic fertilizer with the 4:1 legowo planting system showed the highest harvested and milled dry grain.

One of the obstacles faced in the expansion of the dragon fruit planting area is limited cutting materials to produce high quality seedlings. This study aimed to study the growth of dragon fruit (Hylocereus costaricensis L.) seedlings from two sources of cuttings at various concentrations of shallots. The research was conducted at the Teaching Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Hasanuddin from November 2018 to February 2019. The trial was set based on Split Plot Design with source of cutting materials as the main plots, consisted of two types of sources ie. apical primary branch and basal primary branch, while concentration of shallots solution as sub plot, consisted of five levels, namely 0, 200, 400, and 600 g.L⁻¹ water, and Rooton-F 10 gL⁻¹ water. The results show that the growth of the dragon fruit seedlings from two different sources of cuttings at various concentrations of shallots did not show significant differences. Sources of cuttings from the basal of the primary branch gave the best results on the number of shoots (2.40 shoots). Application of various concentration of shallot solution resulted in the highest percentage of life cuttings (100%) compared to control (75%). The concentration of shallot solution of 600 g.L⁻¹ water showed the highest results in shoot length (28.33 cm), root length (31.09 cm) and root volume (66.67 mL). The use of Rooton-F as a positive control gave the highest results in root length (31.09 cm) and root volume (66.67 mL).

Kale is one type of leaf vegetables that has a high nutritional content and is in demand by the community, hence has a high selling value. The purpose of this study was to investigate and determine the effect of liquid inorganic nutrients and various planting media in the hydroponic system on the growth and production of kale (Brassica alboglabra L.) plants. The research was conducted from May to July 2017 in Manggala District, Makassar. The trial was set based on split plot design with two factors, liquid inorganic nutrition and various planting media. The main plot was nutrition which consisted of two types, namely AB-Mix nutrition and R-Mix nutrition. Subplot was planting medium with seven treatment combinations namely sand, burnt husk, cocopeat, combination of sand + burnt husk, sand + cocopeat, burnt husk + cocopeat, and sand + burnt husk + cocopeat. The results show that there was a significant interaction between the sand planting media and the R-Mix nutrition which produced the highest average of chlorophyll content (6.57 mg/g). The combination of burnt husk and cocopeat growing media gave yields that tended to be higher compared to other planting media. The R-Mix nutrient treatment gave a higher yield compared to other nutrients in the total chlorophyll observation (6.03 mg/g).

This study aimed to obtain the best dose of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and the best concentration of liquid organic fertilizer made from overripe fruits for the growth and production of soybean plants. The trial was conducted at the Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, South Sulawesi, from June to August 2017. The research was carried out in the form of a 2-factor factorial experiment using a Randomized Blocked Design (RBD) as environmental design. The first factor was the AMF dose with three levels, namely control (0 g polybag⁻¹), 10 g polybag⁻¹, and 15 g polybag⁻¹. The second factor was the concentration of liquid organic fertilizer with three levels, namely control (0 ml L⁻¹), 15 ml L⁻¹, and 20 ml L⁻¹. The experimental results show that the application of the mycorrhizal fungi on the soybean plants did not have a significant effect on several growth and production components, but it has a very significant effect on the number of branches parameter. Application of AMF of 10 g polybag⁻¹ gave the best result on parameters of flowering age, number of pods, dry seed production and weight of 100 seeds. The concentration of liquid fertilizer of 15 ml L⁻¹ resulted in the best result on parameters of plant height, number of leaves, and flowering age.

This study aimed to determine the response of chili plants (Capsicum annuum L.) to the treatment of bioslurry fertilizer and enrichment of Trichoderma asperellum on planting media. The study was conducted from October 2017 to January 2018 and set based on randomized block design (RBD). The treatment of Trichoderma asperellum as the first factor consisted of five levels, namely: 0 g plant⁻¹ (control), 5, 10, 15, and 20 g plant⁻¹. The second factor was bioslurry fertilization treatment consisted of five levels, namely: 0 mL L⁻¹ (control), 100, 200, 200, and 400 mL L⁻¹ per application. The results show that the application of Trichoderma asperellum 10 g plant⁻¹ gave the highest fruit length of 12.03 cm. The interaction between Trichoderma asperellum 10 g plant⁻¹ and 100 mL L⁻¹ bioslurry per application showed the best results on the highest number of productive branches (45.17 stems), the highest number of harvested fruit (12.17 fruits), and the heaviest fruit weight (129.82 g).

The study aimed to determine the effect of the application of Trichoderma and liquid organic fertilizer from tofu wastes on the growth and production of large chilli plants (Capsicum annuum L.). The study was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture Experimental Farm, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, from April to August 2017. This study used a factorial two-factor randomized block design with three replications. The first factor of Trichoderma dose consisted of four levels (control, 10 g plant⁻¹, 15 g plant⁻¹, and 20 g plant⁻¹). The second factor was the concentration of liquid organic fertilizer consisted of four levels (control, 10 ml L⁻¹, 15 ml L⁻¹, and 20 ml L⁻¹). The results show that the interaction between Trichoderma treatment with a dose of 10 g plant⁻¹ and liquid organic fertilizer 15 ml L⁻¹ gave a higher number of fruits per plant. Trichoderma treatment with a dose of 20 g plant⁻¹ gave the heaviest fruit weight and fruit weight per plant. There is no one concentration of liquid organic fertilizer which gives better growth and production of chili.

Research to study the growth and production of three rice varieties treated with halopriming and hydropriming in saline stress condition has been carried out. This study aimed to determine the growth of three rice varieties on salinity stress by applying seed priming technology using halopriming agents. The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Seed Sciences, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and on the Rice Research and Demonstration Field Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar. This study employed a split plot design with varieties as the main plot and halopriming agent as subplot; each repeated three times. The results show that the Membramo variety compared to Banyuasin and Inpari 7 varieties, showed the best results on length of panicle (23.16 cm), number of grain per panicle (140.88 grains), and weight of 100 seeds (3.94 g), production per plant (10.42 g) and production per hectare (3.45 tons ha⁻¹). The use of NaCl as halopriming agent showed the best effect on the number of grain per panicle (131.31 grains). Whereas table salt used as halopriming agent resulted in the best effect on the production per plant (10.27 grams).

The research was conducted in the form of an experiment, aimed to determine the effect of soil tillage and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) inoculation on the development of cocoa fruits. This research was carried out in Barang Village, Liliriaja District, Soppeng Regency, from March to September 2017. The factorial experiment was set based on a randomized group design pattern. The first factor was soil tillage consisted of four levels, namely without soil tillage (control); application of organic mulch of cocoa leaves and from the remaining of pruning; soil tillage without organic mulch; and soil tillage with organic mulch. The second factor was AMF inoculation which consisted of four levels, namely without AMF, AMF 7.5 g plant⁻¹, AMF 15 g plant⁻¹, and AMF 22.5 g plant⁻¹. The results show that the interaction between soil tillage with organic mulch and AMF inoculation of 22.5 g plant⁻¹ produced the highest number of seeds per 100 grams of dried cocoa beans (8% moisture content). The treatment of soil tillage with the use of organic mulch can increase the number of fruits formed, the number of seeds of cocoa.

This study aimed to determine the response of the application Trichoderma sp. and Azolla as liquid organic fertilizer on the growth and production of chili (Capsicum annuum L.) plants. The study was conducted in Panyili Village, Palakka District, Bone Regency, South Sulawesi Province, from October to December 2017. The research was conducted in the form of an experiment using a split plot design. Two levels of Trichoderma sp. application were set as main plots consisted of control and application of 4 g per plant Trichoderma asperellum. Application of Azolla as liquid fertilizer was set as sub plot with five doses, namely control, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 ml L⁻¹. The results show that application of Trichoderma asperellum 4 g per plant showed the best results on the number of leaves 70 days after planting (DAP) (272.22 leaves). Azolla liquid organic fertilizer (75 ml L⁻¹) resulted in the highest production per plot at harvest period of I-III (1.28 kg/m²), production per hectare at harvest period of I-III (4.27 tons ha⁻¹). The interaction between Trichoderma asperellum 4 g plant⁻¹ with a dose of Azolla liquid organic fertilizer of 75 ml L⁻¹ showed the lowest attack intensity of aphids (10%).

This study aimed to determine the production of tomato plants with the application of gibberellin growth regulators. This research was conducted at the Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Hasanuddin from May to September 2017. The study was conducted in the form of an experiment using a Randomized Block Design as an environmental design and repeated three times. The first factor in this study was gibberellin consisted of four levels, namely 0 mg L⁻¹, 15 mg L⁻¹, 30 mg L⁻¹, and 45 mg L⁻¹, the second factor was the frequency of gibberellins application consisted of three levels, namely once, twice, and three times during the growth of the tomato plant. The results showed that the concentration of gibberellin of 45 mg L⁻¹ applied once produced the fastest fruiting age of 48.92 days after planting (DAP), concentration of 45 mg L⁻¹ gibberellin applied three times during growth showed the lowest number of seeds (21.73 seeds), while the concentration of 30 mg L⁻¹ applied three times resulted in earliest fruit ripe (86.17 DAP).

This study aimed to determine the growth and production of katokkon chili plants (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) in the application of gibberellins and liquid organic fertilizer. This research was conducted at the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar from May to October 2017. The research was conducted in the form of a two-factors factorial experiment. The first factor was gibberellins consisted of four levels namely 0 ppm, 25 ppm, 50 ppm and 75 ppm, and the second factor was liquid organic fertilizer consisted of three levels of 25 ml L⁻¹, 50 ml L⁻¹ and 75 ml L⁻¹ with three replications. Results of the study show that application of gibberellins on the local chili plant of katokkon interacted with liquid organic fertilizer improved the vegetative growth of the plant. Gibberellin also significantly affected the production parameters of the local chili plant. The fruit weight per plant and per hectare decreased with the increased of gibberellin dosages. No significant effect of the use of liquid organic fertilizer found, however, the treatment of 75 ml L⁻¹ showed better results in several research parameters.

This study aimed to study the effect of different doses of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the growth of sugarcane seedlings (Saccharum officinarum L.) planted through a single-bud method with different buds location. The study was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture's Experimental Garden, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, South Sulawesi. The study was carried out from July to November 2018 and set using a Randomized Block Design. Four doses of AMF were used i.e. 2, 4, 6, and 8 g/polybag, respectively and three sugar cane seedling buds location namely apical, median and basal end were used. The results show that the use of single buds from the upper buds showed better growth of shoots at the beginning of growth up to 4 weeks after planting (WAP), which was shown by shoot height parameters. In addition, the location of the upper bud also produced highest number of leaves and number of bud segments. The application of AMF with a dose of 8 g/polybag on the single-bud seedling of upper shoot showed the biggest stem diameter parameter values.

A study was conducted aimed to determine the most effective concentration of mungbean sprouts extract and coconut water in chrysanthemum tissue culture to promote growth of chrysanthemum plantlet. The trial was conducted at the Tissue Culture Laboratory, Horticulture Seed Center, Bonto-Bonto District, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi Province from August to December 2017 using a Randomized Block Design. Seven combination of Murashige and Skooge (MS) culture media added with mungbean sprouts extract and coconut water were used as treatments consisted of the addition of 1 ppm BAP synthetic hormone, coconut water (50, 75, and 100 ml/L, respectively) and mungbean sprout extract (20, 40, and 60 ml/L, respectively). The results show that the addition of coconut water and mungbean sprout extracts in the culture media had a significant effect on the parameters of time of shoots emergence, plantlet height, number of leaves, number of roots and root length. The addition of coconut water as much as 75 ml/L showed the best results based on the parameters of the time of shoots emergence. While the addition of mungbean sprout extract with a concentration of 40 ml/L showed the best results based on the parameters of plantlet height, number of leaves and root length.

This study aims to determine the fertility of sediment in Tempe Lake from nutrient-carrying minerals. This study used transect method with sediment sampling from northern, southern, and eastern part of Tempe Lake. Analysis of minerals used X-Ray Diffractometer. The results show that nutrient-carrying minerals from eastern of Tempe Lake has biotite (35.6%), anorthite (7.1%), and olivine (6.8%), from northern has biotite (29.2%), olivine (20.7%) and pyroxene (9.1%), and from southern has pyroxene (88.6%), and amphibole (3.4%). The percentage of nutrient-carrying mineral content in the southern part of Tempe Lake is higher than the percentage of the total amount in the North and East parts, so that it is potentially used as ameliorant material for infertile soils.

Many taros (Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum) grow in Sulawesi due to their large scale acceptability and high return per unit area, but their productivity is still low. In this study, fungi producing indol-3-acetic acid (IAA) were selected and characterized from the taro rhizosphere with the aim that it can be applied in stimulating the growth and production of this plant. By analyzing the content of IAA in the medium of fungi isolated, 12 fungal isolates were found producing this compound. The highest level of IAA is provided by isolate ETR 33 (8.89 ppm), ETR 29 (8.21 ppm), and ETR 5 (7.82 ppm). These isolates were identified as Fusarium, Trichoderma, and Aspergillus, respectively. These data that three strains of fungi were identified and characterized as the producer of IAA and potentially be used to develop a bio-fertilizer to increase the productivity of taro.

Cellulolytic fungi have an important role in regulating plant nutrition to sustain plant productivity. This study was aimed to characterize and test the pathogenicity of cellulolytic fungi isolated from the dry land of Aceh as a candidate for biofertilizer. A total of 30 isolates was characterized by their cellulolytic and phosphatase activity semi-quantitatively. The cellulolytic activities on amorph and crystalline cellulose were determined on the Mandel medium with CMC and Avicell as carbon sources respectively while phosphatase was observed on the Pikovskaya medium. The pathogenicity test of the potential isolates on maize, rice, and soybean was determined by the Knop's medium slants method. The results show that isolates with the ability to degrade amorph cellulose were more (93.33%) than crystalline (86.67%) and 80% isolates had activities on both cellulose types. Beside cellulolytic, most isolates (93.33 %) also had phosphatase activity. There were 23 isolates whose cellulolytic and phosphatase activities, five isolates were non-pathogenic on maize, rice, and soybean, two isolates on maize and rice, and one isolate on rice. These results indicate that the indigenous cellulolytic fungi from the dry land of Aceh were potential to be developed as biofertilizers in the cultivation of maize, rice, and/or soybean.

The service learning program is one of the partnership activities to contribute significantly to the university's role for the community, industry, local government and community groups who want to be economically and socially independent. This program offers a solution to solve problems by conducting partnership activities between institutions, local government and the community. One of the solutions from the low productivity of farmers from rainfed lowland agriculture and poultry husbandry is to increase farmers' knowledge and skills through the application of science and technology both in the production stage and post-harvest processing. Therefore, the concept of "petik, olah, jual" (harvest, process, sell) can be implemented well. The paper described the implementation of service learning conducted by students of Universitas Hasanuddin in one of poor villages in Sidrap Regency. With the implementation of science and technology, the goal of community empowerment in the context of poverty alleviation through local resource management is expected to be achieved.

This study aimed to determine the growth and yield of several types of local yam with Hormax application. The study was conducted in Pososlalongo Village, Banggai Tengah District, Banggai Laut Regency, Central Sulawesi Province, from January to July 2019. This research was arranged following the Split Plot Design. As the main plot was the type of yam namely Butuli, Tu'u, Manui, Pau-Pau Ateno, Sombok, and Kulaluk, while as a subplot is the concentration of Hormax solution consisted of four levels namely 0, 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0 mL/L water. The results showed that the type of yam Butuli had the fastest sprouting speed of 25.50 days, the highest number of leaves was 337.58 strands, and the highest number of tubers was 1.81 pieces. The concentration of Hormax 4 mL/L water treatment resulted in the longest stem which was 491.47 cm, the highest number of leaves was 274.56 strands.

Sugarcane is one of the biggest sugar-producing commodities in Indonesia and has been established by the government in a national sugar self-sufficiency program. Increasing sugar productivity is one of the keys to achieving sugar self-sufficiency. The use of organic material mixed with Trichoderma sp. believed to be able to increase the productivity of sugar cane, especially those planted in the marginal fields with low fertility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth response of Bulu Lawang (BL) sugarcane variety to the application of organic plus material. The design of the experiment used a split plot design. The main plot was anorganic fertilizer with 4 levels while organic matter was added as a subplot with 3 levels. Based on the results of the study, there was no interaction between the main plot and the experimental subplot. Independently, the application of inorganic fertilizer 100% of the recommendations triggers a better sugarcane stem length. The application of organic rice straw plus endophytic and non-endophytic T. asperellum encourages better leaf number, stem height, segment length and sugarcane stem diameter.

This study aimed to determine the effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi (AMF) and shallot filtrate on the growth of pepper plant. The study was conducted in the district of Tompobulu, Bantaeng Regency, South Sulawesi Province from November 2018 to March 2019. The trial was conducted in the form of two factors factorial experiment (F2F) based on randomized block design (RBD) with AMF as the first factor consisted of 4 levels: 0, 2, 4, and 6 g/polybag and shallot filtrate as second factor consisted of 4 levels of 0, 10, 20, 30%. The experimental results show that the interaction of AMF 2 g/polybag + 10% of shallot filtrate resulted in the highest average plant height (60.19 cm) at 18 weeks after planting. Treatment of AMF 6 g/polybag + shallot filtrate of 10% produced the highest chlorophyll b (390.41 μmol.m⁻²), total chlorophyll (818.64 μmol.m⁻²), and stomatal density (24.63 mm²). Application of AMF 4 g/polybag + 30% of shallot filtrate resulted in the largest stomatal aperture area (26.28 mm²). AMF 6 g resulted in the highest average of root length (31.17 cm) and percentage of root infected with mycorrhizal (7.82%).

Sugarcane bagasse and filter cake are the residual results of the process of extracting sugarcane stems into sugar which is widely used as an organic material that is beneficial to plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of fungi that live in sugarcane bagasse and filter cake to produce Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) hormone. A bagasse sample of 1 gram was crushed and suspended in 99 ml of pure aquades water and a 10 gram sample of filter cake was suspended in 90 ml of pure aquades. 1 ml was taken and put into 9 ml of sterile distilled water and then mixed using vortex and diluted 10⁻⁵ to 10⁻⁶, 0.1 ml pipette then poured into a cup containing Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) media. Purification was carried out by removing a fungi colony on a sterile PDA media and then morphologically characterized. Qualitatively testing IAA production capability by culturing 1 full loop on the PDA media, then put it into PDB media and added L-Triptophan and Salkowski reagents. Supernatant was stored for 24 hours at room temperature and dark. The change in color of the superoxide to pink indicates IAA and the quantity test was performed using a spectrophotometer λ 530 nm to measure absorbance. The results show that bagasse and filter cake isolates had morphological differences. All isolates tested had the ability to produce IAA. The average production of the hormone IAA of isolate from sugarcane bagasse was 1.063 – 3.469 ppm while filter cake was 0.891-1.547 ppm. The highest IAA production produced by T4 isolates of 3.469 ppm and fungi isolates which produced the lowest IAA hormone was B21 isolates of 0.047 ppm. T4 isolates from sugarcane bagasse have good potential to be developed for use in plants.

This study was conducted at Burau, Wotu, and Mangkutana Districts which are the center of cocoa production in East Luwu Regency. This study aimed to determine the strategies to increase cocoa yields (Theobroma cacao. L) in East Luwu according to the land suitability assessment and SWOT analysis. In this study, firstly, primary and secondary data were collected by doing a survey, while the determination of study sites was based on purposive sampling tecnique. Following data collection, land suitability assessment and SWOT analysis were conducted and used in order to determine the strategies. The results show that Burau, Wotu, and Mangkutana Districts are categorized in class S2 land (moderately suitable). In Burau, the limiting factor is temperature, while in Wotu and Mangkutana, the constrains are temperature, rainfall, and soil texture. Based on SWOT analysis and land suitability assessment, the strategies to increase cocoa productivity are optimizing the inputs of organic fertilizer and pesticide, using superior cultivars, educating the local farmers by organizing a weekly meeting, improving the production cost of cocoa beans, using cover crops, making catchment area, and improving the technologies.

Biochar enriched with alginate-producing bacteria increases the ability of the soil to retain air so that it is available for the growth and production of maize in dry land. Pot experiments with mixed clay media with three types of biochar from oil palm shells, oil palm empty fruit bunches and corncob were conducted to study the interaction of biochar and alginate-producing bacteria (alginate production, phosphate solvent and nitrogen fixation) water (100%, 80% and 60%) on the growth of corn plants. Experimental results prove biochar factors, alginate-producing bacterial isolates and field capacity differ significantly from the vegetative phase of corn. Biochar interaction of corncobs with water at 100% lands capacity produces the best crops, but produces leaf area at 80% field capacity. While the interaction of corncob biochar with N-binding bacterial isolates produced the highest number of leaves. Correlation between variables that use role, biochar on the efficiency of water use for maize growth, where plant height, leaf number, leaf number and dry weight are negatively correlated with KAKL. This study provides the latest synthesis to discuss the use of biochar and bacteria as a strategy to increase support for food production of dry land that increases degradation.

Drought is one of the major constraints in rice production in the rainfed areas. Water shortages due to long drought are the main problem causing the decline in rice productivity. One effort that can be done to overcome the drought is the use of endophytic fungi. This study aimed to determine the effect of the application of local aromatic rice endophytic fungi on growth and production of rice in limited water conditions. This study was arranged in a Randomized Block Design with four treatments of field inundation combined with the fungi. Treatment were consisted of four levels: inundation with water level of 5 cm, inundation with water level of 1 cm, inundation with water level of 5 cm + endophytic fungi, and inundation with water level of 1 cm + endophytic fungi. Rice seedlings were planted using Legowo 4 : 1 with the distance within rows of 25 cm x 25 cm and the distance between rows of 50 cm. The results show that the application of endophytic fungi produced plant height, tiller number, root length, root weight, number of filled grains and production per hectare were higher and significantly different from the treatment without application of endophytic fungi. This shows that endophytic fungi promote the growth and production of rice in limited water conditions.

The consumption of water grows continuously along with the increasing the amount of population. The watershed as a reservoir is being the main hope for maintaining the availability of water sources. Estimating the potential of water availability can be done by using the Thornthwaite-Mather water balance method. This study was conducted to determine the potential of water availability in the Maros watershed. The Thornthwaite-Mather method uses a surplus and deficit approach through water balance equation. Potential evapotranspiration (Etp) was calculated using daily temperature average data while we assumed that the actual evapotranspiration (Eta) value is equal to ETp value if wet month, and in dry month equal to rainfall minus ?ST. The water storage to the ground (?ST) was computed from the value of water holding capacity (WHC) based on land area, vegetation type and soil type. The results of the analysis show that the average rainfall in the last five years (2014-2018) is 3005.7 mm year⁻¹, while ETp, ETa, and ?ST are 1834.3 mm year⁻¹, 1480.1 mm year⁻¹ and 360 mm year⁻¹, respectively. The water surplus in the Maros watershed reached 1678.1 mm year⁻¹ with a deficit of 354.3 mm year⁻¹.

This research aims at studying production parameters of two local varieties of Tana Toraja rice and one introduced variety with the application of several types of organic fertilizers. The field research was conducted from May to September 2018 in Bua'tarrung village, Rembong District, Tana Toraja Regency, South Sulawesi Province. The trial was arranged as two-factor split plot design experiment. The varieties Pare Ambo, Barri Rarang, and Inpago Unsoed 1 were the main plots, while organic fertilizer types as sub plots consisted of three types of composts, namely: farmer compost, Tithonia compost, and Azolla compost. The fertilizer treatments did not show significant differences for any of the varieties. The best productivity was in the local variety Barri Rarang, achieving 4.87 tons per hectare with the local compost fertilizer treatment.

The availability of land and water for the cultivation process is limited, thus aquaponics cultivation technique is necessary to be considered. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of bio filter at different stocking densities and the effects on the growth of tilapia and pakchoy plants in aquaponic systems. This research was conducted at Romangpolong Village, Bontomarannu District, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi, from August to October 2018. The study was conducted in the form of factorial experiment with two factors arranged according to a randomized block design. The first factor was the treatment of biofilter with bioball filter media which consisted of three levels: without bioball, 25 bioballs, 50 bioballs. The second factor was the density of fish stock consisting of two levels namely density of fish stocking with 6 fish per 50 L water per container and with 12 fish per 50 L water per container. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance followed by the Least Significant Difference test at the level of 5%. The results indicate that the interaction of 25 bioballs filter and the fish density of 6 fish per 50 L container produced the best water quality, thus can support the optimum metabolic process and producing the best growth and survival of fish reaching 100 % and was able to supply the nutrient needs of pakchoy plants. The best results of growth and production of pakchoy shown were leaf area of 70.22 cm² and fresh weight of 65.99 g/plant.

The purpose of this study was to study the effect of application of corn extract and paclobutrazol on the flowering of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum sp) in pots. The research was carried out in a plastic house, Pattapang Village, Tinggi Moncong District, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi Province, from July to October 2015. The research was conducted in the form of a two-factor factorial using a randomized block design. The first factor was the concentration of corn extract consisted of 0, 50 mL L⁻¹, 100 mL L⁻¹, and 150 mL L⁻¹. The second factor was paclobutrazol with a concentration consisted of 0, 30 mL L⁻¹, 60 mL L⁻¹. The results show that application of paclobutrazol 60 mL L⁻¹ gave the shortest stalk length (4.40 cm) and the longest vase life (23.08 days).

Vertisol is one type of soil that is found with various colour variations. Various factors that influence these colour variations are topography, parent rock, organic matter and iron oxide and manganese. The research was conducted in the Jeneponto Regency by purposive sampling based on the colour of the soil to be investigated. The results of this study indicate that clay minerals are quite influential in the colour of the soil. Iron oxide minerals such as Goethite, Hematite and Halloysite are often found in red soils, indicating that the soil has undergone further weathering. However, Vertisol can not be said to have experienced weathering further, because it is still found perishable minerals such as Calcite and Sanidin, so Vertisol with color variations is indicated to have experienced early development. The red colour on Vertisol was influenced by iron oxide minerals such as Goethite, Hematite and Halloysite and the slopes ranging from 8-15% so that washing is indicated which makes montmorillonite unstable and turn into other minerals. While the black colour on Vertisol was indicated by a flat slope so that intensive washing does not occur.

Landslide in the Manuju District, Gowa Regency on January 23, 2019 had impact on material losses such as damage of residents' homes, cut off road access by the landslide, and 22 fatalities. The high rainfall at that time and hilly topoghraphy were the factors that triggered the landslide. This study aims to determine the characteristics of the soil in relation to landslides. This research was conducted by field observation of soil characteristics in the landslide area and soil test in the laboratory, namely; textures, C-Organic, and permeability with SPAW method, grain size distribution using ASTM, and shapes grain of soil fraction with the Norbury method. The soil was 20-25 cm depth, granular soil structure, friable consistency, texture dominated by sand, low C-Organic content, moderate hydraulic conductivity, the grain size was subangular. Soil characteristics at the study site showed characteristics that are susceptible to landslides.

This study aims to determine the potential and new models and motivation of youth in urban waste management. This research method conducted using descriptive data collection using a questionnaire in the form of Google Form and interviews with the Department of Environment and Forestry and the determination of waste management models using SWOT analysis (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threats). The number of the questioner is 150 with the characteristics of respondents aged 16-30 years. The results showed that the attitude of the youth in waste management in Sinjai has the lowest rank, especially in waste management and utilization of waste generated. It is shown by the scale of 100% is obtained 63% of youth do not perform sorting of waste and 64% of youth do not perform using waste.

Corn is an important crop after rice. Tompobulu sub-district, Maros, South Sulawesi has a wide marginal land expected to contribute to corn development. One of main pests is Ostrinia furnacalis. Beauveria bassiana Vuill is an effective biological control agent as it can be associated with part of plants as endophyte. The study focused on the effect of seed submersion mixed with liquid compost into marginal land. Corn seeds were planted in each plot with a depth of 5 cm and each hole was planted with 1 seed with a spacing of 75 x 20 cm. The fungal isolation was obtained from inoculum cadaver larvae of O. furnacalis purified on initial agar medium and propagated on corn medium. The trials were designed with a randomized block design (RBD) consisting of 6 trials (Bisi-2 seeds soaked in aquades (A); Srikandi seeds soaked in aquades (B); Bisi-2 seeds soaked in B. bassiana 10⁶ spore/ml suspension for 24 hours (C); Srikandi seeds soaked in B. bassiana suspension 10⁶ spores/ml for 24 hours (D); Seeds of Bisi-2 soaked in suspension B. bassiana 10⁶ spores/ml for 24 hours + liquid fertilizer (E); and Srikandi seeds soaked in B. bassiana 10⁶ spore/ml suspension for 24 hours + liquid fertilizer (F). The highest population of larvae and pupae of O. furnacalis in treatment B was 8.35 and the lowest population in treatment E was 3.05. There were no larvae infected by B. bassiana fungus in the treatment of seeds soaked with distilled water. However, larvae infected with B. bassiana fungus was found in the treatment of seeds soaked in B. bassiana suspension 10⁶ spores/ml or added with watering liquid fertilizer. The highest weight of seed weight in Bisi-2 seeds soaked with suspension B. bassiana 10⁶ spores/ml.

Development of endophytic corn-seeds is a method of maintaining a high yield since the seed escapes from pest and disease infestation. Mr14 varieties and Nei9008 varieties have advantages such as resistant to downy mildew (Peronosclerospora maydis L), leaf rust disease (P. sorgi), leaf blight (Helminthosporium maydis), have high yield potential, drought tolerant, root and stem resistance and are recommended planting in the dry season in paddy fields or dry land. Arthropods are one of the pests that often attack corn plants. This study aims to determine the type of arthropods found in endophytic plants.The results showed that in endophytic hybrid corn area (Variety Mr14 x Variety Nei9008) found 28 types of arthropods. Arthropods that are most commonly found on land are black beetles (Coleoptera order) of 194 tails. From arthropods found in corn plantations, there are several Arthropods that act as pests, as predators, and as parasitoids. Diversity index is moderate.

The greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is one of the most important pests of horticultural crops worldwide. The presence of the insect in South Sulawesi was first reported in 2016 when it was seriously damaging field grown potato crops in Malino, causing a yield loss of up to 39%. As a new invasive pest in the region, its population and distribution must be continuously monitored. Effective monitoring can only be achieved if it is based on the knowledge of insect bio-ecology and behavior. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the vertical distribution of T. vaporariorum within the plant canopy. A survey was conducted in a farmer's potato plantation in Tinggi Moncong, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The selected plantation was about 0.2 ha. Ninety plants were randomly selected throughout the field. Each plant canopy was divided into three parts: upper, middle, and lower parts. From each part of the canopy, two leaflets were randomly selected for egg, nymph, and adult counts. The adult number was determined in the field by slowly turning the leaves and all adults found on the lower leaf surface were counted and recorded. The leaves were then picked up and put inside of zip lock bags and brought to the lab for counting the eggs and nymphs under a dissecting microscope (200x). The results showed that about 81, 18, and 1% of the eggs were laid on the upper, middle, and lower parts of the canopy, respectively. Similarly, about 80, 17, and 3% of the adults were found on the upper, middle, and lower parts, respectively. In contrast, no nymphs were found in the upper part of the canopy but about 39 and 61% were found in the middle and lower parts, respectively. This information is very important in monitoring the pest on potato because we now know that for monitoring eggs and adults, the sample should be taken from the upper part of the canopy, whereas for monitoring the nymphs, samples should be taken from the middle and lower parts of the plant canopy.

Black earwig (Chelisoches morio (Fabr.) (Dermaptera: Chelisochidae), is an effective predator of various important pests of crops such as mealybugs, beetles, and stem borers. Earwig mass rearing is considered simple, but it requires a long time to reach the optimal life stages for field releases. The type of artificial food given has at least an influence of lifespan so this study was conducted to determine the types of food that can shorten life cycle of earwig. Feeding trials consisted of combination between mealybugs and dog food, mealybugs and fish and mealybugs with cornmeal. Each treatment had five replications. The results shown that the lifespan of black earwig was 52 days (mealybug + dog food), 62 days mealybug + fish material), and 67 days (mealy bug + cornmeal) respectively. It is suggested that a better artificial food is to shorten lifespan and therefore it is considered to use earwig mass rearing.

The fruit fly (Bactrocera spp.) is a serious threat of developing chili and watermelons in Indonesia. Chili growers rely mainly on synthetic insecticide use to control the pest. Excessive use of the insecticides could cause resistance in the pest, environmental issues, and health issues to the consumers. Thus, alternative control methods should be developed, such as a polyculture cropping system. The study was conducted in Rompegading Village, Cenrana District, Maros Regency, from August to October 2018. The purpose of the study was to evaluate a polycultural cropping system, using 2 plant species: chili plant and watermelon as the main and secondary crops. Five schemes of cropping model were tested in this study, namely: (a) chili without mulch, (b) chili with plastic mulch, (c) chili and watermelon, (d) watermelon only, and (e) chili with farmers' cultivation practice. The percentage of fruit fly attack on the chili and watermelon fruit were calculated. The results showed that the chili with plastic mulch treatment had 90.1%, pepper and watermelon treatment had 93.03%, and farmers' practices treatment had 83.3% of the fruits damaged by the fruit fly. While the percentage of watermelon damaged by fruit flies was the highest in the treatment of chili and watermelon (50.00%).

The study was conducted to determine the variation of the green leafhopper biotype in South Sulawesi and their ability to transmit the tungro virus. GLH colonies were collected from several districts in South Sulawesi (Sidrap, Pinrang, Maros and Gowa). Green leafhopper colonies were selected for their population growth and their ability to transfer tungro virus. All GLH colonies from Pinrang, Sidrap, Gowa, and Maros have a high level of virulence in all resistant varieties, where the percentage of nymphs becomes the second instar and the number of green leafhopper populations in one life cycle (first-generation/F1) in all resistant varieties were not significantly different from TN1 (no gene for resistance). Among resistant varieties, IR 38 (Glh 6) was the most adaptive variety to the four colonies of green leafhoppers (Pinrang, Sidrap, Gowa, and Maros) with the highest average population. All GLH colonies are able to transfer tungro virus to all resistant varieties. The percentage of tungro virus infection ranged from 50% to 100% in all resistant varieties transmitted by each GLH. The ability of GLH colonies to transfer viruses ranked from high to low, Sidrap, Pinrang, Gowa, and Maros. Of all GLH resistant varieties tested, no more varieties were resistant to GLH colonies from Sidrap. There are three variants colonies of GLH were successfully identified, namely biotypes 1650, 1654, and 1604.

Cotton aphid (Glover), (Aphis gossypii) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is one of the main insect pests of chili plants in Indonesia. Excessive use of insecticide has caused resistance in the pest to insecticides in many places. Besides that, a high dose of fertilizer could trigger a population increase of many aphid species. Therefore, effective and safer alternative aphid control methods must be sought; hence the purpose of this study was to determine the resistance of different chili cultivars against the pest and the optimal dosages of the compound fertilizer of nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium (NPK) to suppress the aphid populations. The study was conducted in the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, from March to August 2019. This experiment was arranged in a complete randomized block design in factorial. The first factor was red pepper cultivars: Lado F-1 and Pilar F-1, and the second factor was NPK fertilization rate: 1, 2, 4, 8 g per plant. The results showed that the number of aphids was significantly lower on Lado F-1 than on Pilar F-1. There was a tendency that as the fertilizer rate increased, the number of aphids also increased. Plants fertilized with 8 g NPK per plant had a significantly higher number of aphids compared to the other treatments. However, the numbers of aphids on other treatments were not significantly different from each other. Therefore, the results suggested that in order to suppress the aphid population, farmers should use the Lado F-1 and fertilization rate of 1 to 4 g per plant as important components in an integrated pest management program.

Phytophthora species is a pathogen that causes rot on plant parts both on roots, stems, leaves and fruit. One obstacle in investigating the mechanism of infection and virulence testing of Phytophthora palmivora is to obtain suitable media for its growth. The purpose of this research was to study the suitability of modified vegetables extract as substitution of V8 juice for growth medium of Phytopthora spp. This research consisted of several stages, which were, preparation of V8-Juice medium and vegetable medium, isolation of P. palmivora and P. colocasia from infected cacao pod and taro, and observation of P. palmivora and P. colocasiae by their morphological characters. The results showed that this medium was effective for cultivation of P. palmivora and P. colocasiae. There was no morphological difference was observed in the growth of P. palmivora both on V8-Juice medium and on vegetable extract medium. The appearance of hyphal swelling and characteristics of sporangium, oospore, chlamydospore and zoospore observed have the same characteristics in both types of media used. Modified vegetable media was also effective for cultivation of taro leaf blight pathogen P. colocasiae.

The use of synthetic chemical insecticides in controlling rice pest insects has various negative impacts. Chemical insecticides can stimulate pest resistance, the emergence of secondary pests, killing of useful organisms and natural enemies, and contamination of residues in food, soil and water. Another potential effective control alternative is the use of entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuil. (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae). The effectiveness of B. bassiana application by spraying on plants or pests directly, can decrease due to the influence of high temperatures, low humidity, and exposure to ultra violet light. The study of the application of B. bassiana by treatment of rice seeds was carried out to determine the cumulative mortality of green leaf hopper, which was carried out in two-time periods at the Bioecology Laboratory for Natural Pests and Enemies, Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University. The first series of studies used B. bassiana collection culture of Bioecology Laboratory, and the second series used the commercially available B. bassiana formulation. Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with each of the 4 treatments and 5 replications was used in this study. The results showed that, coating or soaking rice seeds with entomopathogenic fungi B. bassiana was able to cause mortality to green leafhoppers. Although the mortality is lower than spraying on rice plants or penetrating the body of green leafhoppers, however, with the covering or soaking rice seeds, the mortality of green leafhoppers is significantly higher than control without the application of B. bassiana. This indicates basic potential that requires a study for development of rice seed coating and immersion techniques to increase its effectiveness in controlling green leafhoppers.

The Melon fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae), is one of the important pests on vegetables and fruits of Cucurbitaceae family. This study aims to observe population dynamics of fruit fly in three kinds of fruits based on altitude and the phenology of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia), angled luffa (Luffa acutangula) and cucumber (Cucumber sativus). The observation was carried out through a transect line method at every five meters. Fruit sampling was taken every week. Population dynamics of Z. cucurbitae was significantly affected by altitude (< 250 m asl midland) and phenological fruits. With elevation < 250 m asl, the vast majority of Z. cucurbitae population was found in angled luffa fruit (237 ± 45.51) and the least was in cucumber (35.76 ± 17.95). In contrast, in midland or elevation 250-417 m asl, the most populated insect of interest was found in bitter gourd (222 ± 89.15). Fruit with 17-18 days maturation (scale 3) was the most visited by insect.

Oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel) is one of the most damaging insect pests of chili plants causing yield loss up to 90% in Indonesia. Chili growers apply insecticides so heavily that the pest has been reported resistant to insecticides in many places. Safer but more effective alternative control measures must be sought and developed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of nylon net cage in protecting chili plants from the fruit fly attack. The study was conducted at the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, from January to June 2018. This experiment consisted of three treatments: plants caged with nylon net, plants sprayed weekly with insecticide, and unsprayed and uncaged plants (control plants). Treatments were arranged in a complete randomized block design with three replications and each replication consisted of four chili plants. The results showed that the use of nylon net cage provided a total protection, 0% fruit damaged by the fruit fly. In contrast, the plants sprayed with insecticide and control plants suffered fruit damage of 29.1 and 37.5%, respectively. Therefore, nylon net was effective but weekly insecticide spray was not effective in protecting the plants from the fruit fly attack.

One of the selected microbes that has been widely used for production of bioinsecticides is B. bassiana. The fungus is very effective in suppressing larvae of pest insects Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. However, data on the potential of B. bassiana as bioinsecticides against Coleoptera are not widely available in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of B. bassiana against warehouse pests from Coleoptera Tribolium castaneum. Culture of B. bassiana on Potato Dextrose Agar media was propagated on corn media, corn liquid media, PDA media, and rice media. Tribolium castaneum test insects are derived from the remains of rice mills and then kept until imago lay eggs and have a uniform age. Then B. Bassiana was applied to Tribolium castaneum. Observations were made every 24 hours on the mortality of Tribolium castaneum. The results showed that rice media is the best media used for propagation of Beauveria bassiana when viewed from spore density where the average spore density is 12.53 X 10⁶. The fungus isolates that were propagated using liquid corn media, rice media, and corn media were the best isolates that could be used to kill T. castaneum pest in warehouse.

Extracellular polysaccharides generated by bacteria play an important role in inhibiting the translocation of nutrients and water, protecting bacteria in extreme conditions and neutralizing compounds released by plants. Giving filtrate pathogens with different concentrations causes different plant reactions in each variety. This study was aimed to determine the effect of various concentrations of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) obtained from Ralstonia zyzygii subsp celebensis (rzc) towards the growth of banana plantlets in-vivo. A randomized complete design was used with parameters of two varieties (Barangan and Ambon) and EPS in different concentration of 0; 10; 11.5; 13, and 14.5%. EPS filtrate culture was obtained from initially growing bacteria on NGA (Nutrient Glucose Agar) medium and subculture (mineral media) and centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 15 minutes then sterilized with a membrane filter. Extracellular polysaccharides were put into MS media, then planting 3-month-old banana plantlets with uniform growth. Culture were placed for inoculation that controlled in a culture room at a temperature 26 ± 2⁰C with relative humidity of 55 ± 5% and were exposed to 16 h photo period. Observation parameters were number of shoots and leaves, time of appearance of shoots and leaves (days). The results showed that response of Barangan gave better results on number of shoots than ambon in tolerating the effect of extracellular polysaccharides filtrate. Concentration of 13% is tolerance limit for the growth number of banana plantlets. Barangan variety can produce the highest number of shoots at a concentration of 13% extracellular polysaccharides filtrate.

The development of upland rice cultivation is a strategic effort to support and increase national rice production. Local superior cultivars have long been cultivated by farmers through generations through various efforts and instincts in their possession by utilizing genetic diversity to obtain superior characters and adapt well to local agro-ecology. The research aims to obtain Gorontalo local rice genotypes that can grow and produce both on upland and lowland fields. The study was conducted in Bulotalangi Village, East Bulango Subdistrict, Bonebolango District, Gorontalo Province. Located at an altitude of 80 m above sea level, an average rainfall of 1,485 mm per year, soil texture of sandy loam and pH of 5.5. The research was conducted from October 2017 to March 2018. This study used a randomized block design with three replications. The treatment consisted of 10 genotype treatments namely Situbagendit, Pulo Putih, Maraya, Bokungo, Monu Genja, Buruna, Yenti, Boleyara, Ponda and Bolotonu. The results show that the adaptive genotype grew and had a high and good production to be developed in the upland and paddy fields, namely the Maraya genotype (4.10 tons.ha⁻¹), the Situbagendit genotype (3.73 tons.ha⁻¹), the Yenti genotype (4.10 tons.ha⁻¹) 3.26 tons.ha⁻¹), and Bolotonu genotype (3.08 tons.ha⁻¹).

Ants have a positive impact on agricultural land as predator on thrips. This study aims to evaluate the association between thrips and ants on chili and watermelon plantations which were conducted in the Maros Regency, South Sulawesi. Samplings of the thrips from the chili and watermelon plants were carried out by using a plastic lid that was placed under the plants, which were then patted by hand until the thrips fall onto the plastic lid and was then counted. The ants were captured using pitfall traps. The results showed that there were two types of thrips, namely Thrips parvispinus and Thrips palmi. The population with the highest average number of thrips was found on farmers' land averaging at 20.4 thrips, with T. parvispinus averaging at 6.4 thrips/observation and T. plami at 14 thrips/observation. Meanwhile, the lowest average population was found on watermelon plants with only 10.3 thrips/observation with T. parvispinus at 1.1 thrips/observation plus T. plami at 9.2 thrips/observation. The highest ant population was found on chili plants combined with watermelons ie 373.3 ants/observation, while the lowest ant population were found on chili plants on farmers' land averaging around 104.3 ants/observation. Based on the data, it can be concluded that the ants play a role in reducing the population of thrips.

Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Foc) is a major disease on banana plants in the world and causes huge losses. The pathogen is very difficult to control, because the complexity of the pathogen that consisting in many races and can persist over 40 years without its host plant. This study was aimed to determine the physiological races and grouping of Foc isolates from several banana plantation areas in South Sulawesi. The study consisted of collection of F. oxysporum f.sp. cubense isolates and inoculation test onto plants with a concentration of 106 spores/ml. Barangan, Ambon and Kepok variety obtained from the tissue culture and Heliconia were used as test plants. Fusarium oxysporum fsp. cubense suspension was applied by spraying on banana plant roots. Observation was conducted in the form of first symptoms appearance, leaf symptom development and observation of symptom in rhizome four weeks after inoculation. All of Foc isolates caused severe symptom on banana varieties tested and Heliconia. Based on this finding, it concluded that all isolates of Foc from Makassar, Bantaeng and Gowa district were classified into race IV.

Trichoderma asperellum is a potential biocontrol agent against vascular streak dieback disease (VSD) on cocoa. In this research, we evaluated the suppress capacity of the fungus combined with composted plant residues against the VSD disease on five cocoa clones: S1, MCC 02, AP, THR, and RB. According to VSD development observed in six months, Sulawesi 1 was considered as less sensitive, MCC 02 was moderate resistant, AP was resistant, THR was susceptible, and RB was moderate resistant. The disease incidence on these five clones was 32.9%, 31.0%, 27.9%, 39.9%, and 26.6%, respectively three months post-application and each of this incidence were significantly different (p ≤ 0.05) with the control. While, the efficacy of application was 60.1%, 55.2%, 49.9%, 75.6%, and 37,6%, respectively. These data indicated that capability of T. asperellum in suppressing VSD disease depends on the clone and lowest on the resistant clone.

Chitinase and p1-3, glucanase produced by living microbes play important role of mycoparasitism and one of known mycoparasites is Trichoderma species. The aim of study was to examine Trichoderma isolates obtained from South Sulawesi. The isolates were cultured into potato dextrose agar and then subcultured with specific media for understanding chitinase and p1-3, glucanase activities. The result shown that the diversity of enzyme activities was obtained from isolates.

Trichoderma species is a powerful biocontrol agent against the agents of cocoa diseases. Although it is a typical soil fungus, it is associated with plant tissue as a symbiont. Trichoderma species has associated with cocoa as a living plant symbiont but understanding the main factor to help Trichoderma isolates in retaining in the plant cuticle is still scarce. While it is critical to understand its role in tissue surface, the study will reveal the ability of Trichoderma isolates obtained from South Sulawesi to produce cutinase in order to help spore's persistence in pod and flower surfaces before penetrating to control cocoa diseases.

Fruit fly is an important insect pest of determining low and poor quality of Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) in South of Sulawesi. The purpose of this study was to identify species of fruit flies and other arthropods using attracted Methyl Eugenol and Cue Lure traps. This research was done from September to December 2018 in Bentang Village, Takalar, South of Sulawesi. The fruit fly were collected through the use of 1.5 ml of Methyl Eugenol and Cue Lure attractants every traps with 16 traps each treatment. The application of attractant compounds in ME traps is replaced every 6 days, whereas in the CL trap a compound is replaced every 12 days during observation. The results of this research was found species fruit flies and other arthropods in ME attractants, there are B. dorsalis (Hendel), Bactrocera musae., B. umbrosa (Fabricius), and Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens). The Cue lure attractants trap was found B. Bryoniae (Tryon), B.albistrigata (de Meijere), Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillet), Dacus longicornis (Weidemann), Atherigona soccata (Rodani), and Syrphidae. It is especially the species of B. bryoniae (Tryon), which is the first report of its existence in South of Sulawesi.

Phytophthora palmivora is an important pathogen of cocoa in the world and it has a widest host-range. High adaptability to host plants and changes in environmental conditions forms a new evolutionary strain among P. palmivora populations. The purpose of this study was to analyze the virulence and genetic diversity of the isolates associated with cocoa pod rot symptoms. The isolates (infected cocoa pods) collected from Bone, Bulukumba and Pinrang regencies were characterize morphologically and molecularly. For morphological identification, Phytophthora black pod disease was determined by hyphal growth on juice V8 agar medium and for genetical and virulent identification, pathogen was tested with primer pairs of ITS4 and ITS5 and the diversity was then analyzed with the BOXA1R primer. The Hyphae of isolates were found to have stellate pattern, ovoid sporangium, smooth globose oogonium and oospores. Of 21 isolates, 14 isolates were obtained from Bone, 6 isolates from Bulukumba and 3 isolates from Pinrang respectively and testing virulence of the isolates after reinoculated onto the pod layer shown that seventeen (17) isolates expressed a much higher virulent level and only four (4) isolates performed moderately level. DNA fragments of isolates were amplified at 900 bp and the highest genetic diversity among isolates were 67% level.

This research was conducted in Jeneponto Regency with the purpose was to determine the effect of the use of insecticide on the presence of arthropods in the paddy ecosystem. This research was conducted in 2 rice plantations, each measuring 65 m x 12 m, the first plot was carried out without the application of insecticides in accordance with the habits of farmers. Arthropod sampling begins at the age of the plant 30 days to 70 days. Sampling is done every seven days. Sampling of Arthropod Sweep Net and Pitfall Trap Samples. Arthropod samples can be observed morphologically to know their counterparts in the paddy ecosystem. The results showed that in the rice field without insecticide found 6 species of pests, 10 species of predators, 7 species of predators, and 2 species, pollinators. In the rice field with applied insecticide, found 5 species of pests, 8 species of predators, and 3 species of parasitoids. The results of statistical analysis showed that the average number of arthropods found in rice fields without insecticide treatment was significantly different from those applied with insecticides starting at observations at 42 days to 77 days.

Cocoa is an important commodity boosting national economy especially as a provider of employment, a source of income and foreign exchange. Organic cocoa cultivation can reduce production costs and benefit farmers. Farmers do not need to use inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. One of the problems faced in cocoa cultivation includes pest attacks that play a role in causing a decrease in productivity of cocoa plantations. Types of natural enemies such as insects can also play a role as biological control (a predator for other insects) that is able to suppress plant insect pest populations. The study aims to determine the type and number of arthropods found in cocoa plants that are managed organically and inorganically. The study was conducted in cocoa plantation area of Gantarang Keke Sub-district, Bantaeng District. Area of organic and inorganic cocoa plantations is ± 1 Ha. Determination of sample plants was carried out randomly using diagonal method, which was 5 replications and in each replication were 5 cocoa plants. Sampling technique is done by net method for plants that are around the plant and Pitfall traps for soil arthropods. Arthropods that were caught were then identified. Data analysis uses statistical t-test. The results showed that in organic cocoa plants, total arthropods population was 50% higher compared to inorganic cocoa farms. Arthropods that are active at soil surface are more commonly found in organic farms, namely order Hymenoptera, Formicidae family which acts as a predator.

Bacterial grain rot disease on rice plantation is a new disease in Indonesia. The disease become a big threat for formers in Indonesia because it causes high losses and no effective means of control has yet been found. This study was aimed to identify the causal agent of grain rot disease by PCR technique using specific B. glumae primers (1418S and 1418A) in 17 bacterial isolates obtained from several regions and rice varieties. Stages of the used method include extraction and amplification of DNA and continued with secuencing. The secencing result were processed using the BLAST program and compared with NCBI data for phylogenetic analysis. All isolates tested were morphological and physiological testing before. The amplification result showed that all 17 isolates tested produced DNA band in the size of ± 571 bp. These results indicated that all test isolates were classified as B.glumae. 4 of the isolates that had their DNA bases sequenced were then confirmed in the BLAST program from NCBI with results that showed that B.glumae isolates were found to have values homology 98-99% with Burkholderia glumae LMG 2196 = ATCC 33617 in Genebank.

Chlorogenic acid was first isolated from coffee beans, and this compound is found in many plants including cocoa fruit. Besides functioning as an antibacterial and antioxidant, this compounds act as insect repellents and attractants. According the literature, chlorogenic acid is a stimulant for laying eggs. Because this compound is also found in cocoa and has a function in attracting insects, an experiment was conducted to see the response of the main cocoa pests, cocoa fruit borer (CPB). Pure dissolved chlorogenic acid was divided into several concentrations and then tested with CPB adults male and female. The results of this test show that at concentrations of 5% of chlorogenic acid compounds attract more CPB, and the average of the CPB adults whose choose is female. The most of CPB visit time was 3 hours after the experiment was carried out then stop visit after 18 hours.

The purpose of the research is to determine the role of ant population and their activities consuming food provided in rice field. Experimental research was held in Tanasitolo village, Wajo district, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Based the observation and identification we find four ant species as predator of insect pests at rice field namely: Pheidologeiton diversus, Anoplolepis gracilipes, Solenopsis geminata and Dolichoderus thoracicus. The different species of ant in rice field representing their survival ability. The result of research is very useful information for management S. geminata as potential predator for improving rice harvest especially in Tanasitolo village.

Small farmers typically produce shallot with a high frequency of pesticide application and its habit poses several ecological and environmental consequences. In this research, we evaluated the effect of pesticide application in different frequency (high, moderate and low) on shallot stomatal number and opening in Palu Valley, Central Sulawesi. By comparing in the low application, the moderate frequency with less than ten applications increased stomatal number about 1.9% and high rate with more than ten applications per two months of shallot plantation period augmented about 18.7%. While the length of stomatal opening increased about 18.2% with moderate and decreased about 32.6% with the high rate of application. Then, the width of the stomatal opening decreased about 0.6% and 17.5%, respectively. This data indicated that the application of pesticide, especially in high - frequency increase stomatal number and decrease stomatal opening area with potential for inhibiting shallot growth.

While implementing biological control agent driven from predatory insect to retain an ecological population balance of main cocoa pest, has become popular in environment, the unforeseen consequence of this technique is due to uncontrolled insect behaviour, a potential spread of a major cocoa disease-Phytophthora black pod and stem cancer, caused by a superior oomycete Phytophthora palmivora species and this attempt poses a difficult dilemma. This paper will investigate potential risk of insect ant species and explain its behaviour in transmitting cocoa disease to new trees before suggestion way to diminish negative impact and to improve a specific and selective management of cocoa pests and diseases.

The cause of vascular streak dieback disease, Ceratobasidium theobromae is an economic important cocoa pathogen wherever it attacks and therefore its spread poses a high attention to develop cocoa industry. One of National Islands facing the disease constraint is Sulawesi that many cocoa areas are infected by the pathogen. Understanding a source of pathogen infection in the cocoa farm by investigating specific signs of green chlorotic lesion followed by necrotic leaf and brown streaking within vascular layer is a common method. However, this method is not fully correct since the co-infection phenomenon, secondary fungal pathogens associated with the symptom, has occurred in the field and therefore, the need for detecting accurately by a molecular approach is a highly recommended. This paper will reveal the presence of VSD symptom and pathogen in the new cocoa areas, Barru district before suggestion way of limiting pathogen distribution to new areas was undertaken. Testing the presence of VSD disease pathogen was confirmed with PCR analysis using a pair of specific primers for C. theobromae; Than_ITS1 (forward) and Than_ITS2 (revers). The finding suggests that the signs of VSD disease symptom and pathogen were found to spread in nine villages in Barru district.

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.), one of the most significant smallholder commodities in Indonesia, is mainly planted in the Sulawesi island of Indonesia. The new paradigm approach for improving plant health is the use of indigenous microbes which associates with cocoa tree. One of microbial communities is endophytic fungi. The research aimed to identify of fungal endophyte of cocoa top clones Sulawesi. A total of 27 isolates of fungi was isolated from two clones and three areas; 11 isolates from East Luwu area (MCC-02 Clone was six; Sulawesi-2 (S-2) was five), seven isolates from North Luwu area (MCC-02 clone was four; Sulawesi-2 (S-2) was three), Nine isolates from Bantaeng area (MCC-02 was three; Sulawesi-2 (S-2) was six). The isolates belonged to genera Penicillium (two isolates), Aspergillus (five isolates), Geotrichum (two isolates), Sordaria, Lasiodiplodia, Myrothecium, Monilia, Colletotrichum, dan and five isolates that have not been identified as not showing conidia on media of PDA. The result revealed that fungi associated with cacao was diverse and every clone and cocoa producing area shows different diversity of fungi. The endophytic fungi were potential to be biological control for controlling cacao diseases.

Coconut mite Aceria guerreronis Keifer (Acari: Eriophydae) as important pest in coconut plantation around the world. The population density of A. guerreronis has many impacts to coconut fruit damage. The purpose of research is to study population density of A. guerreronis, the coconut fruit damage and correlation population density in different coconut plantation at South Sulawesi. The information about presence of A. guerreronis is very useful to manage A. guerreronis for the development coconut plantation in South Sulawesi. The research was conducted in coconut plantation near the beach at three regencies of South Sulawesi namely Jeneponto, Wajo and Luwu. The observation of A. guerreronis population was held in laboratory at Plant Pest and Disease Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Hasanuddin Makassar from July to October 2019. Population of coconut mite A. guerreronis observed with washing twice all of coconut petals. First washing (P1) and second washing (P2) used 30 mL detergent solution. 1 mL of the washing water was collected observed used binocular microscope. The coconut petals after washing process observed under stereo microscope. The results show that the average damage of coconut fruit at Jeneponto was 20.35%, Wajo 14.6% and Luwu 10.6%. Population of adult and eggs of A. guerreronis at Jeneponto (2,566.45 individual and 828.95 eggs), Wajo (1,548 individual and 452.8 eggs) and Luwu (1,078.7 individual and 360.3 eggs). Findings of research show that there was a very strong correlation between population with damage level with R value at Jeneponto (0.919), Wajo (0.954) and Luwu (0.975).

This research aimed to find out the response of some superior cocoa clones in South Sulawesi to Phytophthora palmivora. This research covers several stages ranging from selection and sampling of cocoa clones, pathogen exploration to cocoa clones resistant test with various methods that were inoculated the infected to the healthy cocoa pod, inoculated P. palmivora suspension to the cocoa surface and inoculated P. Palmiora isolates to the healthy cocoa pod section. The results showed that the resistance of cocoa clones to three inoculation methods showed different areas of spotting on each observation day in which method of attaching the infected pod to the healthy pod, showed the slowest growth in the MO1 cocoa clone with average growth of spots of 46.34 cm²/day and the largest was shown in 45 cocoa clone which was 79.67 cm²/day indicating each clone is very susceptible to infection P. palmivora. Method of inoculating P. palmivora suspension showed that the slowest growth occurred in S1 cocoa clone that was 5.18 cm²/day and largest was shown in MO1 cocoa clone (25.19 cm²/day), indicating that each clone is very susceptible, except in the clone S1 is rather resistant. As well as in the method of attaching P. palmivora isolate to the healthy pod, the slowest growth occurred in GTB cocoa clones (15.28 cm²/day) and largest in M04 cocoa clones (22.28 cm²/day) which indicated that each clone was very susceptible to infection of P. palmivora. The three application methods show that different applications can affect the difference in infection rates in each cocoa pod clone. The spots that arise from infection can occur in various ways.

Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park is a conservation area in unique endemic fauna in the form of a butterfly. One form of efforts to maintain the sustainability of the forest ecosystem is fostering habitat by planting butterfly feed plants. Sangilu (Evodia sp) is one of the endemic species of plants as well as a butterfly plant (Host Plant) in the Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park. However, its population in nature is decreasing. This research activity aims to obtain information on the ecology and distribution of evodia for the conservation of endemic plant species as butterfly feed plants in Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park. The study was conducted in 2 stages of observation, namely distribution and ecology with exploration of roaming methods. Observations indicate that the distribution of sangilu in the Bantimurung Bulusaraung area was found in 14 points, namely the Samaenre and Bentenge areas of Mallawa, Laiya, Pattirodeceng and Buccu-buccue resorts in Camba. Sangilu in ecological character is found in river banks, watercourses, water sources and mostly grows on slopes.

The Effect of Agricultural Technology-Based Counseling on Rice Farmers' Knowledge in Manjalling Village, Ujung Loe District, Bulukumba Regency. This study aimed to determine the effect of agricultural technology-based counseling on farmers' knowledge in Manjalling Village, Ujungloe District, Bulukumba Regency. Determination of the sample using the method of simple random sampling (sampling with a simple random), the researchers chose randomly from the population who do not know how to use technology that was 174 farmers, and the research sample was 15% so the sample taken as many as 25 farmers. Data collection methods used observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis was conducted using qualitative analysis and simple linear regression. Based on the results of research conducted it can be concluded that the R square value indicated that technology-based counseling had an effect of 0.543, this states that technology-based counseling affected the knowledge of rice farmers by 54.3%. This proves that the effect of technology-based counseling on rice farmers' knowledge in the medium category and the remaining 45.70% is explained by other factors or variables that are not known and are not included in this regression analysis.