Table of contents

These proceedings are the output of the annual International conference Agriproducts Processing and Farming (APaF-2019). The conference was held by Voronezh State Agrarian University named after Emperor Peter the Great in Voronezh on October 17-18, 2019.

APaF-2019 is a scientific forum for researchers and students to exchange ideas in the field of agroengineering, melioration and rural areas management. The goal of the conference was – integration, systematization, generalization of current scientific problems and solutions in the field of production and processing of crop and livestock products, quality management and safety of agricultural products, as well as the development of approaches to personalized nutrition.

The meetings were organized into four sessions managed by the specialist faculty within the University: (1) Technologies, equipment and safety in agroindustry, (2) Production, processing and storage of agricultural products, (3) Provisions safety and quality assurance of consumer goods, (4) Methods for analysis and quality control of raw materials and agricultural products.

The conference brought together a large number of researchers, doctoral students and professionals, who shared the results of their scientific research, innovative ideas and practical experience. Russian scientists and practitioners submitted over 150 manuscripts. All the papers were peer-reviewed by two reviewers. As a result, more than one hundred of them were selected for publication.

Lastly, we would like to express our sincere thanks and appreciation to all the participants, colleagues as well as Voronezh State Agrarian University named after Emperor Peter the Great administration for their indispensable support in organizing this scientific meeting and publisher (IOP Publishing) which accepted our manuscripts for publishing.

The scientific committee

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

The article presents proposals for the development of investment activity in agriculture in relation to its most vulnerable sectors. It is scientifically proven that investment activities should be carried out continuously, that is, permanently reproduced. In turn, the permanent process of reproduction of forms of capital, the transformation of investments into capital gains and their full recovery have their own specifics in agriculture. The authors investigated the approaches to the organization of investment activity in the works of Russian and foreign economists, identified its regional characteristics for the Voronezh region. It is proposed to consider the vegetable growing industry as the driver of agricultural development of the region on the basis of the organization of investment activity. A brief description of the vegetable industry of the Voronezh region, identified and systematized general, sectoral and organizational and economic features of the functioning of vegetable enterprises, which have a direct impact on the reproduction of investment activity. The investment climate of the region, potential sources and programs of financing are studied and the possibility of development of regional vegetable growing is concluded.

People's health and performance directly depends on their diet, the composition of which is of great importance. Dietary fiber has recently been included in the group of factors determining the balanced diet. The use of dietary fiber as functional elements is currently an urgent task for the confectionery industry, since their use can improve health and reduce the risk of a number of chronic diseases. It is proposed to use yacon and its derived products as functional food ingredients. Prefabricated yacon is a powdery product of a light cream color with a fruity aftertaste and smell. It has low humidity and contains inulin, mono- and disaccharides, fiber. It is rich in calcium. The functional food ingredient was evaluated by means of an in vivo experiment, which implied the introduction of dried yacon into the diet of female rats Wistar. A comparative analysis of the parameters of a general blood test, histological studies of the liver, kidneys and stomach of laboratory animals of the control and experimental groups were performed. The prospects of using yacon and its processing products as an enriching ingredient in food products have been established.

The development of grain farming is considered in the article as the backbone and the most important direction of agricultural production in Kursk region. The research has shown that since 2014 there has been a twofold increase in the share of large grain-sowing farms in the structure of sowing and gross grain harvest, exceeded 60%. The aim of the research is to identify the perspectives of the development of grain farming on the basis of the implementation of the concentration of sowing in a narrow list of large agricultural organizations' holdfast. The clustering method has been used as the main analysis tool. Its results have made it possible to compare various groups of agricultural organizations formed according to the sowing size of cereal crops due to the main productive and economic indicators of efficiency of grain production. The features of functioning of large agricultural organizations are shown in the research. They determine as the generation of benefits and so they form the difficulties to provide the improvement of the results of grain production. The scale effect enables large business to provide more effective and resultative production, however, the results of the analysis testify that the largest organizations have a relatively lower efficiency of grain cultivation. In the research there has been a conclusion: in the current financial and economic conditions the concentration of land resources in large producers' holdfast is not the best way to activize the processes of intensification and the increase of productivity and profitability of grain production. It will lead to the formation of an oligopoly in the regional grain market.

The article considers the implementation of the strategic grain production planning to provide the population with high-quality and safe food in the Russian markets, as well as to improve the standard of living. Various conditions of grain storage have been investigated. The analysis of flat-type granaries has been carried out and their shortcomings have been revealed. At the established higher wheat moisture the problems that contribute to the loss of weight and quality have been identified. Methods of moisture measurement for grain crops have been studied. During the study, the grain moisture index was measured using thermogravimetric, conductometric, dielcometric and microwave moisture measurement. The influence of the wheat «Favorit» and «Donskaya Elegia» moisture mass fraction on self-heating and grain contamination has been studied. These grain varieties were stored in a flat-type granary. A promising direction for the automated control scheming is the use of waveguide grain moisture sensors for technological operations which require a flat floor surface. The sensor design features and the conditions for their placement have been presented. The study have proved the need to create an automated humidity control scheme to ensure basic indicators of wheat quality. The paper proposes a scheme of water-wave sensors installation.

The purpose of research is to determine how force of grain binding with the ear of winter wheat depend on properties of grain, its stage of ripeness and weather conditions. Objects of research is to consider dependences and regularities of changes in force of grain binding with an ear of winter wheat due to its temperature and humidity, duration of plant growing (standing) upon reaching full ripeness, ambient temperature and to assess the possibility of their use to control threshing process. Field experiments were carried out to determine force of grain binding with the ear of winter wheat of variety "Admiral", its temperature and humidity, ambient temperature, duration of plant growing (standing) after reaching full ripeness over the recommended agro-harvesting period. On the example of graphic dependence of parameters under discussion for the studied variety on duration of plant growing (standing) over the period of experiments we revealed the tendency of their change. Type and closeness of binding were assessed according to correlation and regression analysis. It is established that the correlation between force of grain binding with the ear of winter wheat and independent variables is linear. The analysis of regression equation parameters: overall coefficients of correlation, determination, values of the Fisher criterion, significance level, as well as the Durbin-Watson criterion ensured that the chosen model is adequate and can be applied in practice to control threshing process.

The use of growth regulators in triticale crops has a positive effect on plant growth and development. Seed treatment reduces some plant diseases. The treatment with growth regulators increases productive tilling, which contributes to the growth of yields. The use of seedlings in the production of functional food products is a promising direction for the use of triticale grain. The high content of essential amino acids and biologically active substances in tritical seedlings explains their high nutritional and biological value.

Development of functional foods using dietary fiber is rather substantial in modern food technology. The significance of dietary fiber in functional nutrition is undeniable. The main challenge for the technologists creating new products with the application of dietary fiber is to balance meeting the needs of a human body in dietary fiber being a functional ingredient and maintaining the traditional quality of the enriched product. The article presents a technique for obtaining a powdery prefabricated turnip. The change in the mass fraction of sugars in the samples of prefabricated turnip in the drying time was studied. Analysis of changes in the mass fraction of moisture contained in the grinded turnip samples shows that within 160 minutes the degree of the product drying does not exceed 7.00%, which meets the standard requirements. The main indicators of the experimentally obtained powdery prefabricated turnip are studied. It has been established that polysaccharides, specifically, cellulose and hemicellulose, dominate in powdery prefabricated turnip. The content of harmful substances has been investigated. The content of toxic elements in turnip powder does not exceed the maximum permissible levels.

The publication is devoted to the development of a method for assessing the quality of wheat grain based on Harrington's desirability function, which reflects the nonlinearity of the relationship between the quantitative values of quality indicators and the psychological perception of a person. As an empirical base, we used the results of studies on the protein content, gluten content and sedimentation index – Zeleny test of more than 40 varieties of winter wheat, zoned in the Oryol region, the main analysis tool was the factor analysis by the method of principal components. It is substantiated that the set of these wheat grain quality indicators can be described with one slight distortion by one main factor, along with particular desirability functions used to construct a generalized quality indicator with linguistic levels "very good", "good", "satisfactory", "bad" and "very bad". The calculation of the values of the main factor of wheat varieties, which are absent in the initial data array, is proposed using an approximate formula that takes into account the indicator that is most closely correlated with it - the protein content. The proposed methodology was tested on the example of assessing the influence of sowing dates on the productivity of winter wheat variety Moscow 39. Based on the results of the studies, it is recommended to use the Harrington's transformation to evaluate particular indicators of the quality of wheat grain. It is also promising to use the method of principal components for the formation of a generalized function of desirability, when the weights of particular indicators are taken into account "automatically" by using the main component as a normalized variable, which comprehensively reflects the quality of wheat grain.

The article presents the main results of studies on the influence of ozone concentration in the ozone-air mixture acting as a drying agent on the efficiency of the efficiency of grain dryers of various types. The positive effect of gas on shortening the duration of the process, increasing the speed of drying, reducing energy costs, increasing the productivity of grain dryers, has been revealed. An analysis based on the results of research conducted by leading scientists in this field and our own experiments made it possible to determine the feasibility of preliminary ozonization of a wet grain heap in metal buffer storage silos before feeding it to a grain dryer. In general, the advantages of using ozone during the drying of grain material before the traditional method are revealed. Agricultural producers are recommended to equip buffer silos for temporary storage of grain with an ozonization system, which, according to preliminary studies, will reduce the moisture content of the heap by one pass through the mine dryer by up to 8.3%. At the moment, the percentage of moisture removed for one drying cycle does not exceed 6%.

Bakery is products whose composition regulation can have a beneficial effect on the country population's diets. Among many enriching ingredients amaranth can be distinguished as promising raw materials. Its processed products can act as a basis for the gluten-free food manufacturing or as an ingredients enriching with protein, dietary fiber, squalene, polyunsaturated fatty acids and other nutrients. At the same time, integrated use of the amaranth grain potential should be recognized as the most appropriate. In the article, it was proposed to use ground extruded amaranth Universal as an enriching raw material ingredient for bakery products. The dosage limits of the amaranth extrudate were determined by a technique for calculation the structure of a multicomponent baking mixture for the production of enriched products. The technique includes the statement of the task of calculating the components of the mixture in the form of a stochastic programming problem in the M-statement. Accordingly, the mathematical expectation of the objective function value is optimized for given values of the coefficients variation and the probability of constraints fulfilling. In dosages justified by preliminary calculations, amaranth extrudate is introduced into model mixes with first-grade wheat flour to determine their baking properties. The indicators of the complex strength characteristics of the model mixtures are determined on the valorigraph. Results showed a decrease in baking properties with an increase in the mass fraction of amaranth extrudate in model mixtures up to 30%. At the same time, the numerical value of the valorimetric assessment allows us to consider this dosage of enriched bakery product formulations by introducing the extruded amaranth Universal.

The objective of the research is to establish the optimal seeding dates and rates of winter Camelina in the Crimea conditions and to determine the yield and quality of different oilseeds in field trials and production conditions. Trials were carried out in 2015-2019 on the field of the field crop department of the FSBI Crimean Agricultural Research Institute located in the central steppe zone of Crimea. The climate is moderately cold, semi-dry, continental, with large annual and daily temperature fluctuations. The average annual temperature is 15.1°C at 350-450 mm of precipitation per year. Meteorological conditions during the years of research differed from long-term average data on the amount of precipitation and temperature conditions: The Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) in 2016 was 0.82, in 2017 - 0.61, in 2018 - 0.23, in 2019 - 0.59. The agroclimatic potential of Crimea is suitable for cultivation of winter camelina on the peninsula, which increases the biodiversity of agrophytocenoses and get high-quality oil for various purposes. The optimal seeding dates for winter camelina in the Crimea is the period from September 30 to October 15, which produces the highest yield of 1.32-1.35 t/ha. However, a fairly wide calendar range gives a satisfactory crop yield. Favourable terms of soil moisture give the most optimal conditions for the winter camelina yield at a seeding rate of 8 million/ha. The fatty acid composition of the oil obtained from camelina grown in the Crimea indicates its suitability for various areas of the national economy.

The goal of the research is to study the effect of Pisum sativum L. seeds treatment before sowing with a complex of microbiological preparation, in comparison with a chemical treatment, on the parameters of plants growth, product quality, and yield, against the background of the system of agriculture without soil tillage. The research was conducted in 2016-2018 in the zone of Central Steppe of Crimea. Trial establishment and researches were carried out in accordance with the generally common methods of field experiments in land husbandry and plant growing. In 2016, the symbiosis of Pisum sativum L plants and the microbial community had a significant impact on the number of beans per plant: the control was 7.6 pieces on 1 plant, and under the influence of complex microbial preparation is 8.6 units per 1 plant (LSD₀₅ – 0,92). The weight of grain from 1 plant was significantly higher by 0.5 g on the variant with inoculation. In 2017 on plant height there is a slight increase in growth when treated with the preparation by 4.4 cm (LSD₀₅ – 5,03). The same thing happens with the number of beans of 8.2 and 8.6 units on the same plant that shows at LSD₀₅ – 1.59, the accuracy increase of this parameter at 0.4 units per plant in the variant with inoculation. Severe weather conditions during the vegetation of Pisum sativum L. in 2018 contributed to the fact that the microbial preparation studied by us practically did not affect the studied indicators of growth and productivity.

According to the results of numerous researches carried out in the Russian Federation and abroad, it was found that microelements, at their skillful use, are an important factor in increasing crop yields and improving the quality of products. The aim of our research was to study the pepper plants pre-sowing seed treatment and foliar feeding with microelements influence on the growth, development and productivity of this crop. The experimental part of the work was carried out in the period of 2014 ... 2016 in the conditions of the Volgograd region. Experiments on the study of microelements were carried out according to a scheme consisting of 3 options: application into soil; presowing seed treatment; foliar top dressing of plants. Chemically pure compounds of manganese sulphate, zinc sulphate, copper sulphate, ammonium molybdate, and boric acid were used as microelements. The use of microelements in the conditions of the dry steppe zone of the Nizhneje Pvolzhje region is an important agrotechnical method, contributing to the acceleration of growth, development, increase in yield and improve the quality of the pepper fruits. It is recommended to carry out pre-sowing seed treatment by 0.05% solutions of copper sulphate, boric acid and manganese sulphate, as a way to increase seed viability, accelerate yield and improve seedling quality. In order to increase the yield and improve the quality during the period of pepper budding, foliar top dressing should be carried out by 0.05% solutions of boric acid, ammonium molybdate. Due to its high efficiency, simplicity and availability, presowing seed treatment and foliar top dressing of plants by micro-elements will find wide application in vegetable production.

This article presents the use of modern multicomponent liquid fertilizers in the white mustard agrocoenosis under the conditions of the Nonchernozem zone of the Russian Federation. A brief review of statistical parameters of oilseed cultivation in Russia is proposed. Under the conditions of field experiments, the features of growth and development of white mustard under the influence of multicomponent liquid fertilizers are investigated and presented. Oilseed production in the region has recently increased significantly. Such promising oilseeds as white mustard, soybean, oilseed flax, rape and others have become common. In 2018, the area under oilseeds in Ryazan region was 121.1 thousand hectares (+ 25.7 thousand hectares compared to 2017). Oilseeds processing is also gradually developing. The prospects for the use of mustard in the region are analyzed and pointed out. Currently, the production of mustard grain in Ryazan region has decreased from 18.6 to 13.1 thousand hectares, which indicates an underestimation of this crop importance.

On the basis of investigations, the necessity of using foliar dressings with multicomponent liquid fertilizers in two phases of vegetation was revealed. A positive impact on the growth and development of white mustard plants in the budding phase and obtaining the greatest yield of white mustard seeds have been noted. The maximum number of seeds was obtained with variety Lucius - 13.9 centners per hectare and with Azotovit + Phosphatovit + RauAktiv it was 16.5 centners/hectare.

The article describes the effect of fungicide and microbial protectors used for pre-sowing seed treatment on oat production capacity. It analyses agents of various origins and functions (Vial Trust® Maxim® Selest® Top, Extrasol®) and the results of the tests. The research demonstrates that pre-sowing seed treatment with Vial Trust® had a positive effect on the length of the whisk. Maxim® contributed to the increase in the 1000-grain weight, whereas seed treatment with Extrasol® showed a positive effect on the field germination rate of the oat plants, the height of the plants, the number of the cones in the whisk. It also contributed to the decrease in the number of defective cones, increased the number of grains in the whisk, boosted grain weight in the whisk and enhanced the crop productivity. In all cases, the results of the treated variants exceeded the control variants, thus demonstrating their efficiency and sustainability effect.

The research represents an overview of the use of non-conventional raw materials in the food industry, as a means used for cost-cutting the final product and ensuring food's functional properties. The use of dietary fibers in functional food products has been considered. Relevance of using wheat fibers in functional food products has been substantiated. The article contains data on the chemical composition of bran, on the study of adsorption properties of wheat bran, namely the absorption of water and vegetable oil. Conclusions have been made about the wheat bran's ability to absorb water-soluble toxins and fat-containing substances from traditional raw materials and about the efficiency of using wheat bran for ensuring functional properties of cupcakes. The article presents the research on non-conventional use of spring wheat bran. Consumer quality of traditional cupcakes made with the use of bran have been investigated.

A three-factor field experiment (tillage and fertilizer systems, biostimulants) was carried out in the Samara region in 2016 and 2017 on two experimental fields in crop rotation: bare fallow – winter wheat – spring wheat – sunflower. There were two main tillage systems: minimum tillage and No-Till; two soil fertilizer systems: without and with fertilizer (N12P52); liquid mineral fertilizer and biostimulants: control, Megamix N10, Aminocat 10% + Raykat Growth. In 2016, the yield of spring wheat on plots with No-Till was 10% higher, and in wet and cool 2017 it was 5% lower than in wheat crops with minimal tillage. In 2017 in experiments with soil fertilizer (N12P52) the grain number per spike increased by 37% (No-Till), and grain yield of spring wheat – by 23% (minimum tillage), in 2016 respectively by 13-15% and 14% (No-Till and minimum tillage) compared to plots without soil fertilizer. In 2017 (2016) in experiments with Megamix N10 the number of productive tillers per plant increased by 5 (2)%, thousand grain weight by 12 (2)%, grain yield by 12 (6)%; with Aminocat + Raykat Growth by 7 (10)%, 22 (4)% and 44 (14)%, respectively, compared to plots without their use. Minimum soil tillage and No-Till create favorable conditions for the development of weeds, diseases and pests in spring wheat crops. This necessitates the use of herbicides, fungicides and insecticides in its cultivation.

Cherry is a stone fruit crop which is valued for early raping, yield capacity, fruit eating qualities. The drawback is growth of trees, absence of short rootstocks for cultivating in Central chernozemic region. The Faculty of Agricultural Science conducts research on the selection of compatible cultivars and rootstocks with high winterhardiness of the above-ground part and roots for their introduction into commercial orchards in the Voronezh region. Biometrical attributes of cultivar growth and development, crown parameters, weak-, medium, active plantings of the cherry on seedling and clonal rootstocks have been determined by the study. The effects of cultivar-rootstock combinations on the cherry yield have been determined. The content of sugar, organic acids, dry basis, and vitamin C have been determined. The cultivars for introduction and study have been suggested for intensive commercial orchids of the Voronezh region.

The aim of our research was to study the influence of Triticum aestivum L. cultivation technology by direct sowing in comparison with traditional technology using a complex microbiological preparation on growth and development, as well as the yield and quality of the products obtained by the most common field crop in Russia. Scientific research was conducted from 2015 to 2018. in stationary experience. Weed control was carried out by a combination of mechanical and chemical methods according to the traditional system and direct-sowing chemicals. With direct sowing technology, the Gherardi G117 seeder was used. According to the traditional system, the SZ-3.6 seeder was used. The studied crop rotations are typical for the region. The laying of experiments and conducting research is carried out in accordance with generally accepted methods of field experiments in agriculture and crop production. The spike length was 0.5 cm longer according to the traditional system. The number of grains from ten plants was 82 in the classical agricultural system and 27.0 more in the variant without processing the biological product. The grain weight of 10 plants according to the traditional farming system was 1.5 g more. The number of grains in one ear by the classical farming system was 3.4 units significantly higher than by the technology without tillage. Productivity for three years does not have a significant increase in the study of agricultural systems. The mass of 1000 grains on average for 2016–2018. was 3 grams more in direct sowing.

The aim of the study is histochemical identification of the components of protein-carbohydrate complex of wheat grains with selenium sources during germination. We formulated a hypothesis about the stimulating effect of 4.4-di [3 (5-methyldipirazolyl] selenid (DMDPS) on the biosynthesis of substances with a bactericidal effect, which include mucoid substances and glycoproteids in the composition of the components of the protein-carbohydrate complex. We confirm the hypothesis on histochemical identification of the components of the protein-carbohydrate complex of wheat grain during germination with sources of selenium. To identify acid mucopolysaccharides, transverse and longitudinal sections of the grain were stained with Alcian blue according to Steedman. Schiff-iodic acid revealed neutral glycoproteins and was clarified in xyllol. The sections were then placed into the balm and viewed in a Zeiss Axioscop 40 FX light microscope using a Levenhuk C 510 NG digital camera. To detect methionine, sections were stained with Schiff's reagent; to identify cysteine (SH-groups), sections were treated with a 0.05% solution of 2.2-dioxy-6.6-dinaphthyl disulfide. The obtained images were analyzed using Photoshop CS 5 tools. Positive effect of wheat germination with DMDPA on the content of both neutral glycoproteids and mucopolysaccharides, with a direct correlation relationship, and on the content of methionine and cysteine was proved.

The methods of mathematical planning of the experiment determined that the optimal dosages in the formulation of bread powder from microalgae Dunaliella Salina are 5.0-10.0 % by weight of flour in the dough. As a result of applying the recipe of promising new plant additives the organoleptic quality (taste, odor, status crumb) and physical-chemical parameters of the finished products (specific volume and porosity of bread crumb) improves. Due to the increased content of protein substances, including essential amino acids, dietary fibers, vitamins, minerals the bread has increased nutritional and biological value and can be considered as a product of therapeutic and preventive purposes. The range of functional bakery products is also expanding.

The paper discusses the scientific aspects towards new biologies based on the natural cells components for winter wheat curing, aimed at increasing wheat yield as well as the plant survival rate under adverse winter factors. Experimental data revealing the effect of new biologies on the technological properties of grain are presented. Biologies based on bean lectins and buckwheat bioflavonoids have a significant impact on shaping the yield structure elements. Thus, the spike grain content according to the experimental results has increased on average by 7.71%, spike productivity by 11%, weight of 1000 grains by 3.3%. The highest yield of winter wheat was obtained from the Leonida cultivar by using the biologies containing bean lectins and buckwheat bioflavonoids - 8.67 t/ha, the maximum yield increase for the hard cultivar 'Kristella' amounted to 0.87 t/ha or 33%. Biologies significantly improve the quality characteristics of winter wheat, increasing the gluten content from 5 to 22%, and changing the IDK indicators by 11 - 18 units. The experimental material opens up the prospects to conduct further research in the field of winter resistance of plants under biologies influence.

The study and practical use of the characteristics of allelopathic relations in agrocoenosis acquires importance in the process of regulation of the number of weed plants. In 2010-2018 the Department of Agriculture of Voronezh State Agricultural University conducted studies on establishing the dependence of weed infestation of sunflower on using different methods of biologization: stubble sideration (oil radish) and sunflower cultivation in combined sowing with legumes, (alfalfa purple, yellow melilot, Hungarian sainfoin, spring vetch). The allelopathic interconnections of cultivated plants in the process of growth in interspecific agrophytocenosis were studied, as well as their effect on the weed component, and allelopathic activity of oil radish against weed plants was established. The results obtained in the course of the study showed a significant increase of allelopathic activity of sunflower when cultivated in combined sowing with legumes, which was demonstrated in a decrease of germination of such weed plants as cleavers, wild buckwheat, yellow foxtail (by 10-50 abs.%) and reduction of total weed infestation (by 18-26%). At the same time, there was no negative allelopathic effect of cultivated plants on each other. The use of stubble sideration of oil radish in the barley-sunflower crop rotation link also leads to the reduction of weed infestation (by 26-38%): high allelopathic activity of cruciferous crop provides a decrease of laboratory germination of certain weed species by 43-100%. The obtained results can be used in the development of activities directed to the reduction of weed infestation using biological methods.

Physalis is a rare vegetable crop. Its fruits have high palatability and are characterized by a rich biochemical composition. They contain sugars, organic acids, macro-and microelements, ascorbic acid and other vitamins. The fruits of physalis contain pectin, which has a beneficial effect on the human body, removing radionuclides and salts of heavy metals. Three varieties of physalis were studied. The main selection criteria were taste, yield, chemical composition and suitability for growing in the Central Chernozem region. According to the results, the Korolek variety retains high organoleptic and nutritional properties after pickling.

The effectiveness of animal husbandry depends on stable provision of animals with high-quality and inexpensive feed. The most affordable source of feed is perennial grasses. New varieties of forage grasses with improved characteristics are an important reserve for fodder production. The intergeneric festulolium hybrid is a valuable forage crop for field and meadow grass sowing which can be used for green fodder, hay, silage, haylage, cultivated hayfields and pastures. The scientific development of cultivation techniques is required to ensure high and sustainable seed yields. An important element of the cultivating technology is the rate of sowing seeds and the method of sowing. In the studies conducted in 2006–2009, the biological characteristics and seed productivity of festulolium were studied at different seeding rates. According to the results of the studies, it can be noted that sowing of festulolium by traditional (15 cm) or inter-row (30 cm) methods at a seed rate of 6.0 kg/ha allows for the formation of a sparse and weakly lodging grass stand. The photosynthetic apparatus of festulolium assimilated most productively when using conventional and inter-row methods of sowing at seeding rates of 6.0 and 9.0 kg/ha, as evidenced by the maximum value of the photosynthetic potential - 1029-1090 thousand m²×day/ha. Excessive thickening of crops (12.0 kg/ha) adversely affects the formation of elements of the crop structure and reduces their productivity. It was found that the highest yield of festulolium seeds with the traditional (604.3 kg/g) and inter-row (652.3 kg/ha) sowing methods were obtained at a seeding rate of 6.0 kg/ha and plant density of 130–133 pcs/m².

Festulolium is the first artificially created Poaceae forage culture. The advantages of this crop are good regrow capacity, high content of sugars and good winter hardiness. The authors investigated biological features and seed productivity of new varieties of Festulolium of different morphotypes in the conditions of the forest-steppe of the Central Chernozem Region of Russia. The material for research included 6 Festulolium varieties (the Aelita, VIK-90, Viknel, Debut, Izumrudnyi, and Sinta) bred in the Russian plant breeding centers, included in the State Register of the Russian Federation and admitted for cultivation in the territory of the Central Chernozem Region by the State Commission for Cultivation. Field experiments were carried out according to conventional procedures adopted in seed production of perennial grasses. Due to phenological observations the authors define that the duration of the vegetation period of Festulolium depends on the variety and weather conditions during the vegetation season. According to the results of observations it can be noted that in order to form the yield of seeds, the grass stands of different years of vegetation require an average sum of temperatures of 1283-1816°C and 128-181 mm of total precipitation. The most early-ripening variety was the Sinta followed closely by the Izumrudnyi variety. In the second and subsequent years of vegetation the plants of these varieties began to grow earlier than the plants of other varieties in the spring and were the first to reach the stage of full seed maturation in 83-88 days. Such varieties as the Debut, Viknel, VIK-90 were defined as late-maturing; their seeds ripened in 96-102 days. The most intensive linear growth, the greatest plant leafiness, leaf area, net photosynthetic productivity, photosynthetic potential and subsequent seed yield of 735.5 kg was demonstrated by the Izumrudnyi variety. Seed yield of the Sinta variety was slightly less (695.9 kg) followed by the VIK-90, Viknel and Aelita varieties.

Research have been conducted on the development of recommendations for the obtaining and preparation of seeds of Sudanese grass for sowing, because in modern conditions increased demands are made on the quality of the sowing material. In the problem of realizing the genetic potential of a variety, an important role is given to the quality of the seed material. Therefore, all agrotechnical measures should be aimed at preserving and increasing the viability of seeds during their origin, growth, development and storage, that is, a special technology for growing seed should be developed and applied. Only with high seed quality the potential of the variety can be realized. The dependence of the yield of green mass of Sudan grass on the fraction of seeds and the seeding rate was revealed. In years with different weather conditions, seeds with the highest specific gravity had the best germination ability. On these options, the highest yield of fodder mass of Sudanese grass was noted. It was found that using the CAD separator, it is possible to select biologically valuable seeds of Sudanese grass, formed in the middle part of the panicle, remove lightweight impurity, improve the quality of seed and significantly increase the yield of green mass by 13%.

The article presents the results of field studies to study the effectiveness of biological preparations based on associative microorganisms in the crops of winter triticale on ordinary chernozem in 2012-2015 years. The method of application of biological preparations is pre-sowing inoculation of seeds. The experimental design included studies on a natural background and when nitrogen fertilizers were applied at a dose of 30 kg/ha of the active substance. According to the results of four years of research, the high efficiency of the use of biological products for presowing treatment of seeds of winter triticale in the conditions of the southeast of Central Chernozemic Area is shown. The productivity of winter triticale increased on average by 1.5-5.5 c/ha. The maximum yield growth was detected using strain 18-5. Mineral fertilizers in the form of nitrogen at a dose of N₃₀ in combination with presowing inoculation of seeds did not contribute to a stable increase in the productivity of cultivated crops. In the technologies of cultivation of winter triticale, it is possible to exclude presowing introduction of nitrogen at a dose of N₃₀ and replace it with biological products based on associative microorganisms.

The article presents the results of the studies on the combined use of microbiological preparations and NanoSilicon in oat cultivation. Biological products (Fungilex, Bactophosphine, Extrasol, Fitosporine) were used for presowing seed treatment, NanoSilicon – for leaf treatment. Presowing seed treatment with Fitosporine, Bactophosphine, and Extrasol increased the height of oat plants and changedthe panicle length: the height of oat plants after seed treatment with Extrasol was 6.3 cm or 8.3% higher than the control one, with Fitosporine – 5.9 cm or 7.7% higher. Fungilex seed treatment reduced oat height by 6.5 cm, or by 8.5%. Bactophosphine seed treatment did not affect the plant height. While the combined use of seed bacterization and treatment with NanoSilicon decreased the height of oat plants by 1.6-18.7 cm, or by 2.1-22.6%, the stimulating effect of the combined use of Fungilex and NanoSilicon on the growth and height of plants was observed. Seed bacterization with biological products increased the yield of oats. It was greatest when using Extrasol for seed treatment and amounted to 25.9 c/ha, which was 7.0 c/ha higher than in the control option. The leaf treatment with NanoSilicon increased the yield by 2.6-5.4 c/ha. Combined treatment of oat plants with Nanosilicon and Extrasol reduced the yield by 1.6 c/ha. The combined presowing seed treatment with biological products and leaf treatment with NanoSilicon increased the yield of oats by 2.7-5.9 kg/ha compared to the control option due to an increase in the number and weight of grains in the panicle. The highest yield – 26.7 c/ha was obtained when treating seeds with Fungilex and leaves with NanoSilicon (7.8 c/ha or 37.0% higher than in the control option).

In order to determine the optimal combination of components of a fertilizer system economic and agronomic efficiency of lime, organic and mineral fertilizers in grain and steam crop rotation in the forest steppe of the Trans-Urals was analyzed. The definition of agronomic efficiency showed that the payback of 1 kg of active ingredient (a.i.) of added fertilizers yield gain on average over 3 years made 1.04-1.42 kg, the maximum payback was observed in the option with a dose of N30P30 – 5.33 kg of grain units (g.u.)/kg a.i. The increase in the dose of mineral fertilizers increased the production costs and reduced the payback from 2.12 to 1.49 rubles. Options of mixed organo-mineral fertilizer on the basis of sapropel with lime and mineral fertilizers in the ratio of mass fractions 1:0,1:0,01 and 1:0,1:0,05 are proposed.

Seed quality is one of the essential prerequisite for high yield formation. Ecological heterogeneity of seeds remains one of the unsolved challenges of seed production as yet. The existence of close relation between seed quality and the conditions of their growing indicates the relevance of the assessment of the ecological nature of seed heterogeneity and becomes the target of the authors' study. Laboratory and field methods were widely used. The authors investigated different fractions of winter wheat seeds of the Alaya Zarya variety. The seeds were calibrated by width, by the specific weight, and by thickness. The studies have shown that seeds of different fractions differ in their ecological properties. Large seeds calibrated by width, seeds of low specific weight and seeds of shallow thickness were characterized by high responsiveness to vegetation conditions. The seeds of these fractions are recommended to be used in intensive cultivation technologies. The seeds of large fraction calibrated by thickness were characterized by high homeostatic properties and are recommended to be used in organic farming.

The goal of the research was the theoretical justification and practical implementation of the device for improving the separation of potato impurities with the help of a transverse rotary agitator of a potato digger. The proposed technical solution is simple to construct, and when used, the technological process of soil separation is improved, not only on light soils, but also on heavy waterlogged soils.

The development of the bakery products enriched with food fibers, polyunsaturated fatty acids, phytalbumin, mineral substances and also vitamins and flavonoids (Silymarinum) through the use of extruded mixture of holy thistle seeds and wheat grain is considered in the article. The mixture of holy thistle seeds and wheat grain in the ratio of 1:4 was processed for 10-15 seconds at a temperature of 100-105 ° C by means of the modernized one-screw press extruder (CMH - 2U).

In order to identify more cost-effective technologies and cheaply grown crops, it is possible to compare various options on the basis of their total energy consumption and agro-energetics ratio. The analysis of the energy parameters of the technology of field and meadow forage production showed that the energy cost of cultivation of grain and legume - grain agrocenoses and their structure varied significantly and depended on the composition of cenoses, different types and doses of fertilizers, the type and quantity of seeds of annual crops and their energy consumption. In all agrocenoses, the operational energy costs were not equally distributed. The lowest cost accounted for labor (10 to 30%), and the highest cost (60 to 70%) – for fuel. The introduction of the legume component that does not require the application of energy-intensive nitrogen fertilizers to the field and meadow agrocenoses significantly reduces the energy consumption for their cultivation. This has affected the agroenergetics ratio of various technologies. Due to the inclusion of Vicia sativa (tare) in the field cenosis, the agroenergetics ratio increased by 20%, and the inclusion of clover in the meadow agrocenosis has led to the two-fold increase of the agroenergetics ratio, compared with grain cenoses. That is, when cultivating legume-grain grass stand, the greatest agroenergetics ratio was achieved. The yield of exchange energy is almost 9 times higher than the energy spent on the cultivation of this agrocenosis. For the purpose of resource saving in forage production and preparation of high-quality forage, it is expedient to cultivate legume-grain agrocenoses. The introduction of the legume component in the field and meadow agrocenoses will not only increase the nutritional value of the forage, but also rise the agroenergetics ratio.

In the Vologda region over 2016–2018 on average on sod-podzolic medium loamy soil the studies revealed that the calculated doses of fertilizers increase the yield of green mass of the oatmeal mixture by 38–48%, the accumulation of crude protein increases by 315–369 kg/ha, the metabolic energy increases by 26.3–31.8 GJ/ha compared to the reference. In terms of reimbursement, there is an advantage of the organomineral fertilizer system of annual crops over the equivalent mineral fertilizer system by 4.6 kg of green mass and by 12 MJ of metabolic energy per 1 kg of fertilizers.

The article deals with the effects of nitrogen nutrition on the production of spring rape varieties and row spacing on the linear growth of plants aimed at improving the rice yield. The experimental studies were carried out on the fields of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Harada" in the Oktyabrsk District of the Republic of Kalmykia located in the zone of the Sarpin irrigation system. The resource-saving technologies that can increase the yield without irrigation using residual moisture reserves are of great importance. Intermediate crops can accelerate the soil cultivation on rice fields and increase the rice yield. When spring rape is sown, the soil acquires an increased ability to restore the structure of the soil layer. The green mass is digestible and contains a small amount of fiber. With a high level of moisture, it can give several yields of green mass. With intensive growth of rapeseed after mowing crops, it can be used for grazing. Over the years of research, the yield of green mass varied from 14.8 to 22.9 t/ha. It was revealed that for Vizit variety, an increase in the row spacing from 15 to 30 cm does not reduce the yield of green mass, and with an increase from 30 to 60 cm, the yield decreases by 22 ... 28%. For Ratnik variety, the best row spacing was 45 cm. An increase or decrease in row spacing reduces the green mass yield by 8 ... 12%. The influence of nitrogen nutrition and sowing density on the production process and green mass yield was identified.

Data on the effect of inorganic aluminum-containing sorbent obtained from the etching product of aluminum tape, reprecipitated and treated with a surfactant on the quality indicators of saturation juices, are presented. Diffusion juice purification was carried out with the introduction of a sorbent for predefection. Studies have shown that the addition of a small amount of aluminum-containing sorbent (0.10 ... 0.20%) can increase the purity of saturation juice II by 2.71%, and the cleaning efficiency by 18.22% compared to the typical scheme. There is a decrease in the color of the purified juice by 8.89 conv. units.

It is advisable to use secondary resources of the fish industry with high protein content as a raw material for the development of biologically complete feeds in aquaculture. The work uses standard and original research methods. A complex studies of the chemical composition, physico-chemical and microbiological quality indicators of the experimental feed proved its balance in amino acid composition. The degree of essential amino acids was 91.5 to 107.3%. The biological value of feed protein is 95.18%. It was proved that the amount of free ammonia released through the fish gills is directly proportional to the amount of feed eaten, inversely proportional to the feed coefficient and equal to 0.05. The pH value changed on the 42^nd day from 7.6 to 7.7 but remained within the range of pH 6-9, which is optimal for the life support of fish. The absolute increase in the amount of individuals in the control group was 1.2% higher compared with the experimental one. At the same time, feed costs for the entire feeding period were 0.99. Fish survival was 98%. In both cases, bifidobacteria were isolated from the resistant microflora. Notably, the bifidobacteria titer was 3 lg units higher in the trout of the experimental group in comparison with the control group, which does not exceed permissible norms. Thus, the obtained feeding is not inferior in quality to the imported feeding. Therefore, it can be recommended for feeding rainbow trout grown in recirculating aquaculture systems.

The article deals with the clinical research of cows during the interlactation period, through reviewing their medical histories and the clinical examination of the animals and their milk glands, trial milking and organoleptic evaluation of the secretion. The secretion was evaluated according to its color, texture, smell and the presence of foreign substances. The best therapeutic dosage of Vetom-3, a medicine based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, was determined through the examination of 30 non-milking cows suffering from subclinical mastitis. The probiotic and difumast were injected into the milk glands of the cows diagnosed with subclinical mastitis two weeks prior to the expected calving and in accordance with the examination results received on the 4th day of lactation. After the treatment, the milk was fed to the calves. The evaluation of the change rates of the microflora composition was carried out using calf feces samples. The bacteriological tests of the microflora were carried out using the standard procedures for determining the morphological properties of germ cultures. We ascertained that the use of Vetom-3, a medicine based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RNCIM V-10642 (DSM 24614), for the treatment of subclinical mastitis in non-milking cows allows to increase the efficiency of the treatment, as well as receive the milk of high sanitary quality, increase the survival rate of the newborn calves, and prevent dysbacteriosis and dyspepsy incidence in newborn calves.

The most rational and promising way to solve the problem of healthy nutrition, according to most scientists and specialists, is to combine raw materials of meat and vegetable origin. To obtain functional products, an important factor is not only the enrichment of food products with vegetable raw materials, but also the stabilization of the quality of meat systems. The use of vegetable components in addition to raw meat makes it possible to obtain combined products that are diverse in composition, which significantly expands the range of high-quality products and creates the possibility of designing products of a given composition. Also, it was found that the content of only meat or vegetable protein in food has less biological value than their mixture. The combination of vegetable and meat protein is well achieved in paste products. The article highlights the development of technology for the production of functional foods using meat and vegetable raw materials. The study objective was the development of combined food products for medical, prophylactic and functional purposes. An improved recipe for meat paste with the addition of vegetable ingredients is proposed. Quality assessment by organoleptic and physico-chemical indicators of the end-product was carried out according to generally accepted methods.

The article deals with the problems of the Russian consumer market in the field of milk and dairy products, which are the reasons for reducing the average annual consumption of these products per person. The main types of falsification of milk and dairy products are analyzed. Recommendations to improve the efficiency of quality control and safety at dairy processing enterprises of the Russian Federation are presented.

The main idea of the study was to find cyanobacteria for the development of fertilizers, plant protection products and as well as for the use in agro-biotechnology. The physiological and biochemical potential of 22 strains of cyanobacteria and its influence on the efficiency of plant-microbe interactions were studied. Promising cyanobacterial strains Nostoc sp. ACSSI 57, Desmonostoc muscorum ACSSI 149, Desmonostoc muscorum ACSSI 091 can be recommended for development of biofertilizer. Strain Nostoc calcicola ACSSI 82 is promising for the development of biopreparations with herbicidal action. Strains Nostoc sphaeroides ACSSI 150 and Nostoc linckia ACSSI 271 can be used as a basis for biological stimulants and inhibitors of plant growth and development. It depends on the level of physiological parameters during cultivation in artificial media. Bacterization with one-month culture of a strain Nostoc linckia ACSSI 271 and a homogenate of the strain Nostoc sphaeroides ACSSI 150 significantly increased seed germination of Triticum aestivum L. (by 22.2 and 11.0%, p < 0.05). Strains of cyanobacteria Nostoc linckia ACSSI 271, Nostoc calcicola ACSSI 82 and Nostoc sphaeroides ACSSI 150 are able to affect the enzymatic activity and productivity of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Phytomass of plants after bacterization essentially (the least significant difference(_0.5) is 2.31) reduced by 1.4-1.6 times (28.7-39.3%) compared to control (12.59 g/plant) and depending on the strain and its form of preparation. This suggests that bacterization with these strains is a powerful inhibitory factor for Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.

The article deals with the problem of artificial incubation of eggs of bird species, whose incubation is carried out for the first time and for which there are no data on the optimal temperature regime. The question of the need for using the methods allowing individual monitoring of the embryo is raised. The data from the literature on non-invasive methods of biological control of incubation, allowing changing the heart rate of a bird embryo to control its condition, are presented. It was found that the heart rate of embryos decreases as they develop. A similar effect on the heart rate, regardless of age, provides a decrease in temperature and lack of oxygen. Motor activity of the embryo creates interference check of the heart rate. The results of testing the device for determining the heart rate of the embryo of birds by the optical method are presented. The circle of factors influencing the accuracy of measurements is defined. The possibility of lifetime determination of the duration of hypoxia of the embryo of birds by monitoring the heart rate is experimentally confirmed. The possibility of using the method of heart rate control to detect the degree of hypoxia of the embryo in order to determine the exact time of human operational intervention in the process of hatching of rare bird species is discussed.

The authors theoretically substantiated and experimentally confirmed the feasibility of using high-molecular acid-soluble chitosan (HAC), which inhibits the growth of microbial flora in the production of salads, to extend the expiration date of salads and ensure the quality and safety indicators of products during storage. The effect of «cold pasteurization» of HAC on the microflora of salads was established. Regression models were obtained that adequately describe the effect of HAC on the microbiological and organoleptic indicators of salads. A method for multi-criteria optimization of the technological mode of production of salads using chitosan according to microbiological and organoleptic indicators to extend their expiration date is proposed. A method for the introduction of HAC in the production of salads in the composition of the dressing – in the form of a 1 % solution in 3 % acetic acid. Salad dressing recipe using HAC was developed. The efficiency of the production technology of salads with the use of HAC was confirmed, which allows one to extend their expiration date at a storage temperature of (4 ± 2) °C from 12 to 78 h.

The milk from cows suffering from mastitis often contains pathogenic and potentially pathogenic microflora, which presents a serious social and economic problem. Bacteriological and mycological examination at a dairy plant in Voronezhskaya oblast in the Russian Federation allowed diagnosing 37.3% of cows at the end of the lactation period with subclinical mastitis, which is due to the association of potentially pathogenic microorganisms with low sensitivity to a number of antibiotics. It was found that dienomast and the 0.01% solution of miramistin have the same therapeutical compatibility rate when introduced intracisternally before the drying off (93.3%). However, miramistin shows a better effect in the long term, i.e. after calving (by 15.5%). It was first ascertained that the combined use of both agents allows improving the preventive treatment of subclinical mastitis while maintaining up to 95.6% of the therapeutic effect after calving, which is better than when using each of the agents separately by 7.6% and 33.1% respectively. The intracisternally introduced miramistin ejects from the body together with milk within 24 hours.

The article presents the results of laboratory studies and production tests of the developed disinfection regimes for slaughterhouses and live-stock dressing workshops. As a result of conducted laboratory and production tests, it was found that disinfectant "Huponat BPO" provides 100% disinfection of the premises of slaughtering and live-stock dressing workshops, as well as equipment at slaughterhouses. Thus, it was determined that the positive effect of surface disinfection according to test cultures control of E. coli and S.aureus was achieved with a consumption rate of 0.5 l/square meter and an exposure of 90 minutes.

Correlation of quality of colostrum in dairy and dual-purpose cow breeds and duration of calving cycle periods has been examined. It was established that the highest content of immunoglobulins in colostrum of cows of the Bestuzhev and the Russian Black Pied breeds was noticed with the duration of a service period of up to 60 days, in colostrum of cows of the Holstein and the Ayrshire breeds – 61-80 days. Furthermore, the content of immunoglobulins raises by 26.0% for the Bestuzhev breed, by 27.7% for the Russian Black Pied breed, by 16.7% for the Holstein breed and by 17.5% for the Ayrshire breed with the extension of gestation period from 270 to 290 days. A trend towards reduction of content of immunoglobulins with the extension of lactation period was noted. The highest content of immunoglobulins was in colostrum of cows of the Bestuzhev breed (102.7 g/l) that excelled their herdmates of the Russian Black Pied breed by 51.5%, of the Holstein breed - by 71.7% and of the Ayrshire breed – by 11.9%. Colostrum of cows without dry period was considered unsuitable for feeding calves, regardless of the breed. The highest content of immunoglobulins in the first yield colostrum was typical of cows of the Russian Black Pied, the Holstein and the Ayrshire breeds with the duration of the dry period of 61-70 days, and for the Bestuzhev breed – with the duration of the dry period of 51-60 days.

Modern market-driven economy requires manufacturing high-quality and competitive products to make enterprises successful. The present paper analyzes the works on fishing industry in Russia and the qualitative indicators of fish preserves, identifies the main consumer properties and the main characteristics of the products studied, and constructs a matrix for planning the quality of preserves made from pond fish.

According to the solution of many tasks of the Russian Federation state policy on the agro-industrial complex development, the dairy cattle breeding industry is considered a priority. Milk and dairy products is one of the most important food products in the world, it is consumed by various age population categories, which results in necessity for state stimulation of the dairy industry development [1]. This article substantiates the effective results of technological indicators of the cow productivity bred in the Voronezh region of the main breeds, since Simmental, red-motley and Holstein, with the technology of their tie-up year-round and yard housing. Based on the research results, it was noted that these breeds have a high potential for indicators of productivity and quality of raw milk. However, the influence of intensive industrial and technological conditions affects the duration of the productive cow use. The work presents the results of average productive indicators of imported cattle of Holstein and Simmental breeds, taking into account their acclimatization in the Voronezh region for 5-6 years and their technological use proving the effectiveness of raw milk production. On this basis, it can be noted that imported cattle have high acclimatization rates. In a comparative aspect, the perspectivity of using the yard cattle housing in large livestock complexes are justified. The economic efficiency of raising imported and domestic selection cows in the dairy farm conditions of an agroholding agricultural company is calculated.

In modern conditions, the improvement of technological methods in bee-farming significantly affects the production of bee-farming products. The concordance of technological operations of keeping bee families to climatic conditions of a particular region largely determines the production activity effectiveness of a beekeeper. Temperature differences in winter negatively affect the condition of bee families; humidity and excess condensate are accumulated in hives. The use of "zeolite" desiccant in winter allows improving microclimate inside the hive, contributing to more intensive development of bee families in spring and increasing marketable honey productivity due to its unique highly porous structure. Field studies were conducted during 2014-2016. Four groups of bee families were selected using the pair-analogue method in the course of the research: control group (without desiccant) and ex-perimental groups № 1, № 2, № 3 where in winter, the desiccant was placed at the hive bottom in the amount of 100, 150, 200 g, respectively.

The article deals with the preparation for the experiment on long-term monitoring of the temperature of eggs and brooder-hens, the heart rate and the motor activity of the embryos and the motor activity and the behavior of brooder-hens during natural chicken brooding in laboratory conditions. The issues of laboratory premises selection and their internal layout are discussed. We suggest protecting the hardware from dust and excessive humidity by installing it in an isolated chamber in the immediate proximity to the cages with birds. The factors influencing the results of the experiments that involve living animals are analyzed. Some ready-made solutions are suggested to arrange the power supply of the laboratory. We also describe the appropriate components of the hardware set for the monitoring of the controlled parameters.

The newborn calves have a number of physiological features that make them especially vulnerable to infectious diseases. Therefore, along with serums and vaccines that provide specific immunity, immunomodulators are used to correct the immunological status of animals after giving colostrum. The article presents the data on the study of indices of nonspecific resistance of calves after birth and their correction with interferon alfa-2b. It was found that in the group of calves that were introduced interferon, there was an increase in the number of lymphocytes (T lymphocytes - by 11.9% (P <0.05), B lymphocytes - by 28.2% (P <0.03), and also the phagocytic activity of leukocytes - by 13.5 % (P <0.00001), with a decrease in leukocytes by 12.6% (P <0.01), which was the evidence of the corrective effect of the preparation on the cell-mediated immunity. An increase in serum bactericidal activity (SBA) by 19.4 % (P <0.00001), serum lysozyme activity (SLA) - by 46.3% (P <0.00001), serum complementary activity (SCA) - by 35.3% (P <0.04), as well as immune globulins (γ- globulins - by 1.62 times (P <0.002), total immunoglobulins - by 21.8% (P <0.0005), immunoglobulins G - 23.0 % (P <0.04), which characterized the enhancement of nonspecific humoral immunity, was registered in the blood of calves of the experimental group compared to the control one. Thus, the application of the interferon contributed to the activation of nonspecific humoral and cell-mediated immunity of the newborn calves.

The work studies the consistent relationship of such basic concepts of a scientific approach to feeding highly productive animals as the "norm of animal needs for nutrients", "diet", "feed", "typical stages of preparation of feed". The mechanism and the need for deep processing of grain in the form of extrusion are considered in more detail, special attention is paid to the need for soybean extrusion. So, at OOO Meat Farms-Iskra, the use of extruded soybeans as a part of compound feeds for cattle fattening gives feed saving per 1 kg of growth of 13.6 rubles. In the production of chicken eggs by the Summer group of companies, when using mixed fodder with extruded soybeans, the cost of feed spent on 10 eggs decreases compared to the use of mixed fodder with soybean meal by 1.35 rubles. When broilers were grown at the Shushenskaya poultry farm, significant cost savings were achieved by introducing corn gluten into the diet along with extruded soybeans, while saving feed costs per 1 kg of growth compared to the basic diet was 2.2 rubles. The possibility of including extruded soybeans when feeding dairy cows at livestock complexes of EkoNivaAgro OOO in the conditions of the Voronezh region is considered.

In modern conditions, livestock production in the Samara region faces many difficulties. One of the main ones is the insufficient number of young stocks at large agricultural enterprises to ensure the growth of cattle. At the same time, another significant source of young growth — the household economy — is practically not in demand for these purposes. A significant number of cattle in this sector of agricultural production, high productivity allows us to consider personal subsidiary plots as a real alternative to the acquisition of young animals. The purpose of the work is to develop a contracting system for young cattle in private household plots to increase the number of livestock in agricultural enterprises. The proposed option involves the participation of government agencies, which should provide organizational and consulting support in solving integration, veterinary, financial issues. The creation of an integration system for providing agricultural organizations with young stocks of repair at the expense of the resources of private farms will give a new impetus to the development of this sector. Attraction of real state support in private farms, creation of a regional integrated structure based on the State Unitary Enterprise "Veles" will stimulate the development of this sector. The region is interested in increasing production in the dairy industry, as it provides less than 50% of its own demand for this type of agricultural product. In addition (at least in the early years of the system), the implementation of the proposed measures will allow more efficient use of budget funds, achieving a synergistic effect by reducing the actual purchase price of repair young animals by agricultural producers.

The article touches upon the issue of the increasing way of fish products nutrition, the provision of a normal course of exchange processes in an organism and fish production with various micronutrients additives. Fish products enrich a compounding with proteins, vitamins and mineral substances, and also significantly reduce caloric content. Compounding creation is to partly replace a white bread by bran linen and replace the water by turnip adding. This allows enriching the product with food fibers, micro and macrocells and vitamins. The bran linen samples (10, 20 and 30 %) were investigated for optimum present of vegetable raw materials determination. The samples were made to determinate the optimum functional and organoleptic characteristics of semi-finished products. Prepared experimental samples of combined fish cutlets with vegetable raw materials addition and control sample "fish cutlets" were tested for quality according to physical-chemical and organoleptic indices. That indicates their biological value and quality. Content investigation of such extremely scarce amino acids as a lysine, methionine and tryptophane shows that the fish cutlets «Selyanochka» exceeds a control sample only on amino acid of a lysine of 26.7%, and on the others showed an equal quantity. The same situation is with the content of the amino acids influencing growth process and development (a leucine, an isoleucine and threonine) for 7.7%; 33.3% and 42.8% respectively in comparison with control. The new type of cutlets with functional ingredients has a number of useful properties for a human body and can be recommended for preventive foods.

The paper provides a rationale for the relevance of automation in machine milking. It deals with the design and control algorithm of a mobile manipulator adapted for milking machines. The manipulator allows for a change in the milking routine, thus making it possible to regulate the amount of vacuum in a tea cup, subject to a current flow rate separately for each pair of mammary glands. The paper presents the results of theoretical and experimental studies that indicate the way vacuum variations depend on the diameter of a metering orifice of a non-return valve, and how vacuum fluctuations in a teatcup chamber, as a spring-loaded valve opens, depend on the number of coils on a spring and its diameter. The results of a production check on a mobile milking manipulator are presented in the paper.

The algorithm of operations of the automatic control system of the robot feed distribution in the cattle barn is proposed. The requirements for the workflow of a technological operation and of a robot are formulated. The main parameters of the control system are highlighted. The main parameters are data on orientation in space and time. An example of the length of time of technological operations in a typical cowshed with the type of feeding through the feed table is described. Orientation parameters in the barn space are set by control points and the distance between them. The main function of trimming the feed is described using the parameters of the distance of the feeder space.

To improve the nutritional value and digestibility in recipes of all-mashes the following feed additive was introduced: a paste of green mass of amaranth in doses of 10.0 and 15.0% and complex "Enzymesporin" - "Fungistat-GIC" (EF) at doses of 1.0 and 2.0 g/kg of all-mash, respectively. The studies of the effectiveness of complete granular all-mash were carried out on the livestock of young rabbits of the Soviet chinchilla breed at the age of 45 days, selected on the principle of groups - analogues and divided into 3 groups. The study was conducted in vivarium conditions of the VSAU in 2018. The control group of rabbits received a basic ration consisting of fodder PZK-92-60-18, rabbits of the experimental group received feed with the addition of the paste of green mass of amaranth and "Enzymesporin" - "Fungistat-GIC" (EF). Meat quality assessment was carried out at the age of 105 days after control slaughter in the amount of 3 heads from each group. It is established that rabbits of experimental groups digest nutrients of al-mashes better in comparison with control peers that further had positive influence on indicators of their meat productivity. The introduction of feed additives used in the al-mashes allowed increasing its digestibility by 8.5-10.0%, and also contributed to a higher transformation of feed nutrients into the protein component of muscle tissue.

To assess the effectiveness of probiotic preparation "Enzymsporin" together with grass meal, green mass of Jerusalem artichoke, when fattening young rabbits, matched 180 rabbits (males) of "Hypharm" French breeding in conditions of the industrial complex of LLC "Lipetsk rabbit" which at the age of 45 days were divided into 3 groups on the principle of the groups – analogues. Fattening was carried out until the age of 105 days. Rabbits of the 1^st group (control) received all-mash without additives. The rabbits in group 2 and group 3 were fed with the probiotic preparation "Enzymsporin" in a dosage of 0.6 g/kg of all-mash (rabbits of the 2^nd group) and 1.0 g/kg of all-mash (rabbits of the 3^rd group) together with grass meal, green mass of Jerusalem artichoke in a dose of 15.0% by weight of all-mash. At the age of 105 days, the rabbits of the 1^st group (control) were characterized by live weight, which was less than the mass of animals of the 1^st experimental group by 189.0 g, or by 5.95 %, the 2^nd experimental group - by 367.0 g, or 11.55 %. Thus, the preparation "Enzymsporin" together with grass meal, green mass of the Jerusalem artichoke is a promising product from a number of probiotics used in animal nutrition and allows improving the productivity and meat quality of rabbits.

We examined the efficiency of probiotic "Sporotermin" and "A2" for increasing the productivity and physiological status of the rabbits. The studies were conducted on a crossbreed population of rabbits (Soviet chinchilla and New Zealand red) at the age of 45 days, divided into control and experimental groups of 15 heads in each by the method of pairs-analogues in the vivarium of the faculty of veterinary medicine and animal husbandry technology of the Voronezh State University in 2017-2018. Rabbits of group 1 (control) received all-mash without additives, rabbits of group 2 and 3 additionally received probiotic preparation "Sporotermin" in a dosage of 1.0 g/kg of feed (rabbits of group 2) and "A2" in a dosage of 0.6 g/kg of feed (rabbits of group 3). Upon reaching the age of 120 days, the live weight of all groups exceeded 3.0 kg, while rabbits of the 2nd group had an advantage over individuals of the 1st and 3rd groups by 295.0 g (9.10 %) and 115.0 g (3.36%). At the end of the experiment (120 days) in animals of the 2nd and 3rd groups there was a significant increase in the amount of total blood serum protein by 5.59 and 3.92% (P>0,95), respectively, compared with the control, as well as an increase in the amount of hemoglobin. In the experimental groups carcass yield made up 60.38 % and 56.88% (P>0,99), while in the control amounted to 55.56 % Thus, the preparation "Sporotermin" is a promising product from a number of probiotics used in animal nutrition and allows improving the productivity and meat quality of rabbits.

The actuality of obtaining high quality products enriched with functional ingredients is due to the expansion of the market of existing functional meat products and the involvement of plant resources in the production cycle, leveling the shortcomings of the main raw materials, as well as improving metabolic processes in the human body. The purpose of the article is to consider approaches to the use of composite mixtures based on dietary fibers of Jerusalem artichoke, Lupin flour, amaranth cake and animal protein in the production of chopped semi-finished products of increased nutritional and biological value. To assess the functional and technological properties of the composite mixture, methods based on the maximum absorption and retention of water and fat were used; model meat systems by methods based on the release and retention of moisture and fat, the chemical composition of the resulting product by standard physical and chemical research methods. The efficiency of using the composite mixture at a dosage of 25% to the weight of lean pork in obtaining stable meat systems is justified. The studies confirm the positive effect of composite mixtures on the base of complex use of raw materials of plant and animal origin to improve functional and technological properties of meat systems on the basis of the meat-based resource precocious meat – poultry and rabbits in optimally selected ratio and also the enrichment of the meat obtained system of dietary fiber and protein, which in turn allows solving the problem an integrated approach to the use of raw materials and stabilization of quality of meat products of functional orientation.

With the strong development of soil erosion, land fertility decreases, crops are damaged, ravines turn agricultural land into uncomfortable land and make field cultivation difficult, siltation of rivers and reservoirs occurs. In this regard, issues of land protection from erosion are relevant. The article discusses the issues of identifying potentially erosion-hazardous lands using the method of relief plasters, previously used in landscape science. This method allows to facilitate the identification of destructive processes at an early stage of development and to prevent them in advance. The location of the zones identified by this method (morphoisographs), and their dynamics, characterizes the changes associated with ecological-landscape measures, for example, planting of forest belts, afforestation of ravines and, accordingly, redistribution of surface and underground waters. A morphoisograph, as the line most sensitive to negative phenomena (changes in the chemical, biological, and mechanical composition of soils, soil erosion, etc.) can become the main criterion for identifying potentially unstable zones. The authors highlighted agricultural land that is potentially unstable to erosion. The introduction of a morphoisograph into ecological landscape design expands the possibilities of detailed accounting for the development of erosion processes in the future.

Quail breeding expands the range of poultry products through the production of highly nutritious dietary semi-finished and canned products. Quail meat is superior to other types of poultry. According to its physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics, it refers to a dietary product. The research objects are quail carcasses. In order to identify features of quantitative indicators of quail meat, carcasses of three genotypes were analyzed: Japanese quail, Estonian quail and hybrid quail - F1. The paper presents results of studies of the qualitative characteristics of quail meat of these genotypes. The data on the chemical composition, content of essential amino acids, and the nutritional value are presented. The organoleptic evaluation of carcasses, the structure of fresh meat of white and red muscles are described. The results allow us to determine the best genotype for producing meat products with a high biological value, as well as to establish differences and characteristics of the composition of quail meat depending on the genotype.

The article presents the analysis of the quality, technological properties of milk and its cheese suitability. The object of research was milk-raw materials obtained from the following breeds of cattle-red and white, Holstein and Simmental. The choice of cattle breeds is not accidental, as the animals of these breeds are mainly used for the production of raw milk in the Voronezh region. During the determination of the quality of milk organoleptic (taste, smell, color and consistency), physical (acidity, density) indicators and chemical (mass fraction of fat, protein, lactose, dry matter, skimmed milk solids), technological (thermal stability of the alcoholic sample, rennet coagulability) properties were determined.

The article describes the milk productivity of the main genealogical lines of cows of the Voronezh type of red-mottled dairy breed of cattle bred in the Voronezh region, taking into account the linear affiliation. A sample of cows produced breeding plants area of PZ "Druzhba" and PZ "Bolshevik". Analyzing the results of milk production and longevity of livestock, paid attention to the number of cows on lactations; percentage of disposal to 1 lactation; milk yield for 305 days of lactation, kg; milk yield of average productivity for 305 days of lactation, kg; average age of cows in lactations; lifetime productivity of cows, kg.

Metabolism violations are one of the most acute problems of industrial husbandry farming. Ketosis of cows remains an urgent problem. The material for the study was highly productive cows of the first and second lactations on 1-14 days after calving, weighing 480-630 kg. Animals suffering from metabolic subclinical ketosis were divided into two groups (71 heads in each group). Clinical studies were performed by testing the amount of β-hydroxybutyrate and analyzing data in Dairy Comp 305. The enterprise protocols were used to treat the animals. The effectiveness of treatment was evaluated every day; on the second day, 46.5% of cows recovered in the first group, 38.0% - in the second group, and 53.5% and 62% of cows in each group recovered on the third day. In animals with metabolic disorders, in particular, ketosis, the genetic lactation potential is not fully used which decreases profitability of the farm. Daily well-structured work aimed at preventing and treating postpartum diseases that decrease dry matter intake can reduce the risk of secondary ketosis. To reduce the risks of primary (metabolic) ketosis, it is necessary to follow the feeding regimes in all technological groups of animals and form them from animals with the same hierarchical status.

Double potato harvest is obtained in the southern regions of the country. In recent years, due to warming, this method of growing has become possible in the middle lane, in the Moscow region. Tubers are marketable, have a delicate taste and are in demand among the population. The first crop is sold at a higher price, and the second crop allows the use of young delicious potatoes until late autumn. This contributes to the production of physiologically young tubers, which leads to the maintenance of planting material in a healthy state for a longer time without variety updating, also physiologically young tubers are better stored and need to be stored less time, thereby reducing storage costs. Obtaining two harvests of potato tubers will make the potato industry in Russia more autonomous and economically more profitable.

The article discusses the method of heart rate variability as a test for early forecast of the potential of animal milk productivity. The correlation dependence of the milk productivity of cows of the Jersey breed with a stress index is provided. The article discusses the reduction of milk productivity of cows with the autonomic regulation of sympathicotonia in the process of economic use. The paper analyzes parameters of milk productivity of the experimental group of animals for different periods of time and the significant difference in milk productivity for different years is indicated.

The article discusses the prospects for the development of environmental management in the disposal of livestock waste, in particular liquid manure, as part of an industrial approach to it. The data on the concentration of nutrients in liquid manure depending on its moisture are presented. Based on the analysis of empirical data and the results of previous studies, an exponential dependence is derived that indicates the relationship between the initial moisture content of liquid manure and its final volume. Criteria of effective utilization of liquid manure are formulated taking into account environmental and technological specifics.

The concept of food safety in Russia includes the task of achieving self-sufficiency in dairy products of high nutritional and biological value in accordance with scientific medical standards. The article is devoted to the scientific development of the formulation of vitamin D-enriched drinking milk. The research data are relevant due to the vitamin D deficiency in the diet of the population living in the North-Western region of Russia. The main reason why drinking milk was chosen as an object for vitamin D enrichment is the fact that dairy products occupy a significant place in the human diet, with 30-40% of the total energy value of food accounting for this particular group of products.

The use of active carbon additive (ACA) in the diet of in chickens of Hubbard Redbro M dual-line cross and its effect on their growth and the main blood parameters is reflected in the article. Feeding ACA gives a significant increase in live weight (3.5 – 7.5 %) during the growth period. RBC and WBC in the experimental group are within the physiological norm. The index of serum bactericidal activity in relation to the S. aureus test-culture in serum dilution 1:10 is higher in experimental group. Starting with the phase of logarithmic growth of test culture after a three hour exposure in the dilution of 1:5 is approximately the same in both groups. Serum bactericidal activity in E. coli test-culture is higher in control samples than in experimental ones in serum dilution is 1:5 higher than in dilution of 1:10. The data obtained are confirmed by an indicator of the intensity of serum bactericidal activity: the difference between the experimental and control groups vary from 2.1 to 5.6 abs. %. There is a positive relationship between indicators of serum bactericidal activity on the background of the studied test-cultures. At the dilution of serum in chickens of control group 1:10 correlation of serum bactericidal activity with the index in the experimental group were not observed.

During lactation, a significant amount of nutrients is excreted from the body of cows with milk. In addition, their significant costs for the functioning of the mammary gland. The quality of feed rations also has an effect on the taste and technological qualities of milk. The aim of this work was to identify and establish the degree of influence of some external, paratypical factors on the level of milk productivity of cows. The material for the study was a dairy herd of cows with milk production indices of at least three completed lactations. These data allow concluding that feeding cows is not enough both in terms of total energy nutrition and individual nutrients. In close connection with the level of feeding of rearing animals and young cows is their body weight as an indicator of the growth and development of animals.

Possible variants of innovative development in the sheep industry depending on the investment capacity of economic entities in the sphere of agro-industrial complex are considered in the article. The proposed procedure for the organization of synthetic and analytical accounting of costs and output of innovative production, as well as the reflection in the accounting system of sheep enterprises of the costs and revenues arising during the implementation of innovative development. The recommended proposals allow the use of accounting data for the preparation and adoption of management decisions in the system of innovative management and evaluate its effectiveness. The proposed setting of accounting support for innovative development most fully reflects the technological, organizational and economic features of innovative processes in sheep breeding.

The efficiency of diagnostic methods to control cattle leukemia during health measures in the farms of the Republic of Kalmykia was studied and a plan of anti-leukemia measures was developed. As a result, at a negative growth rate (-90.2%) the ill-being index defining the breadth of incidence in the territory of the republic was reduced by 10.2 times over 2003-2018. At the same time, while over 9 years from 2003 to 2008 the average ill-being index was within 0.42, from 2009 to 2018 it decreased from 0.33 to 0.03. The average tension coefficient, which takes into account the rate of acquisition of Bovine Leukemia Virus in the territory of the Republic by the end of the period (2018), remains zero.

The article describes the improved design of a mechanical cleaner that improves the efficiency of the sanitization of a milking unit. The developed devices allow adding to the hydraulic effect of the washing solution the mechanical effect of the foam and bristle cleaning base. A description is given of the design and principle of operation of mechanical cleaners designed and manufactured at the Nizhny Novgorod State Engineering and Economic University with foam and scrubbed cleaning the base. The results show that if spiral holes are added to the structure, the rotation frequency of the structure increases by an average of 30%, and its linear speed decreases by 20%, compared with the previous design. The use of these devices can reduce the emission of detergents and disinfectants and thereby increase the environmental friendliness of milk production.

The article is about the determination of the elementary factors and common elementary human statuses. To assess the effectiveness of the developed therapeutic and prophylactic preparations the analysis of biomedical research products, using weight and growth features, and hematological and biochemical parameters, is given. During the experiment the appearance and behavior of the animals, their appetite and the mass indexes change were controlled. To examine the acute toxicity the investigated product was put into stomachs of white mice and white rats males by the stomach pump. The growing dose could be lethal for most animals within 15 days. The preparation was diluted with the 0,5 cm3 distilled water for the mice and 2 cm 3 for the rats. During the experiment the animals were pithed to estimate the hematology and biochemical indicators of their collected blood. The researches helps to conclude that the developed preparation has obvious anti-anemic effects, does not affect the animal's health, is a low-toxic chemical substance – 4-th class of toxicity, does not have allergic, embryologic, teratogenic and skin-resorptive features, the accumulation level is weak. Feeding the animals with the preparation did not show any violations of the organs, tissues and the body system. The preparation positively affects the metabolic processes and weight gain of the white rats. The developed anti-anemic preparation is biologically valued. It has high consumer qualities; mass fraction of protein and iron, vitamins and other essential nutrients. The technologies allow producing a wide range of preparation for the children, pregnant and lactating women, patients in rehabilitation period and people affected the harmful factors in accidents at the industrial enterprises, living in risk areas and working in therapeutic and preventive medicine, suffering from iron-deficiency anemia.

The article presents research data on the functional composition of dietary fiber from quince, apple and pumpkin by absorption infrared spectroscopy. An assessment of the potential cation exchange activity of the fibers depending on the pH of the medium by comparing the intensities of the characteristic absorption bands was carried out. Under the conditions of biological media close to acidity, sorption of Pb² +, Co² +, Cd² + cations from solutions of their salts was carried out. The potential sorption activity of dietary fiber from apple in relation to Pb² + and Co² + is shown. For pumpkin fibers a number of selectivity is predicted: Pb²+ > Cd²+ > Co²⁺.

The results obtained in the work allow drawing a conclusion about the principal possibility of using a digital camera of mobile devices to record the intensity of object coloring. In this case, a strong influence on the measurement results has the conditions of digital image fixation: object illumination, color temperature, camera settings. Manual adjustment of camera settings such as: ISO, white balance, exposure time, focal length allows reducing the amount of systematic errors in the analysis of color parameters of the image.

In the process of adsorption refining revealed that all the samples showed good sensory characteristics, that is, the consistency is uniform, no turbidity, transparency, light yellow hue, natural Shine. Empirically, the optimal amount of adsorbent to reduce the color number of vegetable oil: 2.5 %. GALLEON V2 SUPER sorbent is more effective compared to GRADE F-160 under equal conditions of adsorption refining.

In order to improve the immune response to salmonellosis in vaccinated calves, we tried applying the 0.01 % solution of miramistin combined with an inactive emulsified vaccine. Timogen was used as the control medicine because it is well known for its immunomodulatory properties regulating the cellular and the humoral immunity. The research was carried out at a large farm in Lipetskaya oblast that has a high salmonellosis incidence rate among calves. This research uses the epizootological, the clinical, the immunological, the hematological, and the molecular genetic methods. We ascertained that the application of the 0.01% solution of miramistin and timogen to calves for the purposes of salmonellosis etioprophylaxis combined with an inactive emulsified vaccine promoted high cellular immunity. These medicines increased the levels of lymphocytes and their T-cells by 7.0% and 12.5%; their B-populations by 2.8% and 5.1%, the neutrophil phagocytic activity by 5.9% and 13.0%, the phagocytic number by 7.2% and 15.0%, the phagocytic index by 7.0% and 18.0% respectively. The improvement of humoral immunity factors comprised 3.0% and 7.2% for blood serum bactericidal activity; 3.0% н 4.3% for blood serum lysozyme activity; and 1.7% and 2.0% for blood serum complement activity. The O-agglutinins and H-agglutinins to salmonella antigen increased by 1.5 and 2 times respectively, and the disease rate decreased by 40.0% and 80.0%, while promoting the survival rate by 80.0% and 87.0% respectively, which shows that the 0.01% solution of miramistin has better immunomodulatory properties.

The article focuses on investigation of efficiency of electrodialysis membrane technology for regeneration of hydrochloric acid in pectin extracts. Traditional methods involving using ethanol, encounter various technical problems. Application of electrodialysis membrane technology is considered to be an efficient solution. The study aims at evaluating the capacity of the membrane method in the process of hydrochloric regeneration in apple and beet pectin extracts and the way it affects the characteristics of pectin molecules of both types. The experiments show the possibility of almost full regeneration of hydrochloric acid for a reuse in the process of further extraction of apple and beet pectins. Such approach also enhances an increase in the degree of esterification and molecular mass of pectins, which is especially important in the case of less low-molecular beet pectin. The increase in the esterification degree boosts its jellying effect, but reduces its detoxicant capacity.

The article proposes the results of investigations on agroecological assessment of oil flax varieties depending on the sowing time in the southern part of the Nonchernozem belt of Russia. The experiments took place at the agrotechnological experimental station of Ryazan State Agrotechnological University Named after P.A. Kostychev on gray forest soil typical of the region. It should be noted that the introduction of new varieties into the zone requires a more detailed study of the technology of their cultivation, including the determination of the optimal seeding rate and sowing date for specific weather conditions. The objects of investigations were domestic varieties of flax: Istok, VNIIMK 620, Sunlin and LM 98. Sowing was carried out in two terms - the third decade of April and the first decade of May. According to the results of experiments, it can be concluded that the yield was formed due to the density of planting, largely due to better survival in the second term of sowing. Despite significantly lower yield parameters of the second crop, such as the number of bolls per plant, the mass of 1,000 seeds, the number of seeds per boll, the yield of Sunlin and LM-98 varieties was higher than in the first term of sowing. On average, the maximum productivity was shown by Istok variety when the first sowing period (21.2 dt/ha) and Sunlin variety when the second period of sowing (20.6 dt/ha). During the years of studying varieties, flax oil content was 36.3-46.3 %. There was a decrease in this parameter in all experimental varieties by 1-3.5 % in the second period of sowing.

The aim of the research is the formation of polyvid hay-pasture grass stand based on Bromus inermis under growth stimulants. The paper presents the study results for 2015-2018 with the assessment of seed quality indicators, seedling completeness, plant height and aerial mass gain. Our studies have shown that when studying grass stands based on Bromus inermis, the parameters for grass stands with leguminous components have good indicators. The best option is Bromus inermis + Bromopsisriparia + Sainfoins. It is also good when there is Bromus inermis + Bromopsisriparia +Medicago. The study observations showed that the stems growth in height occurs at the beginning of the growing season gradually from the tillering phase in cereals and branching in legumes, to the phase of fruit formation. Our studies also proved that the more components in the mixture, the higher its productivity. The use of growth stimulants (GUMI 20M and Growth Matrix) leads to changes in the parameters of grass stands and the accumulation of aboveground mass. The highest indices are in the phase of fruit formation with maximum values in grass mixtures with legumes.

The authors considered the possibility of expanding the assortment of fermented beverages in small beer production enterprises. As a new type of product, the production of kvass with plant extracts is proposed: pot marjoram, clary sage, lemongrass, Schisandra chinensis. Investigations of their physicochemical properties, aroma and antioxidant activity were carried out. It was noted that the highest content of antioxidants in the extracts of pot marjoram and Schisandra chinensis was 18.34 and 12.36 mg/dm 3. Fermentation of kvass wort was carried out with yeast Sacharomyces cerevisiae of strains ICV D 254, EC-1118, 71B- 1122, V 116 at a temperature of 28 ° C within 9 hours. The result of the analysis of solids wort's and acidity dynamics during the fermentation process is a recommendation the EC-1118 strain. Four kvass recipes with different functional orientations have been developed. During the research, the method of mathematical planning and statistical processing of the results was used. When optimizing the parameters, the influence of the fermentation temperature, the dosage of plant extracts and the dosage of yeast on the acidity of the wort is considered. It has been established that the dosage of plant extract has the greatest effect on the acidity of kvass.

The article analyzes the properties of wild rose and black current oils, received from wastages of fruit and berry processing. Oils from secondary materials are usually used as food and processing additives. We suggest their utilization as functional additives to cosmetic soap. Functional properties of oils are conditioned by fatty acid composition, which was determined with Gas Chromatography. It has been noted that both types of oil contain linoleic, oleate, alpha-linolenic acid, and some medium-chain-length fatty acids. Besides, black currant oil has high content of hamma-linolenic acid. The recommended dosage of additives has been determined with the account of interaction with other components of soap by Delphi method. The best ratio is 1.5...2.0 % of wild rose or black currant oils to the mass of the soap base.

Background: Selen is an essential element in the diet and in living systems. Thus, the development of new food sources of selenium is relevant. Methods: The object of the study was the sprouted grain of wheat varieties "Alaya Zarya" bred in Voronezh state agricultural university. Sodium selenite solution or dimetidipirazolilselenide (DMDPS) were used at the stages of soaking and germination. For analytical studies of selenium-containing cereal food additive generally accepted standard and modified methods were used. To assess the total toxicity and biosafety of selenium-containing additives the express methods based on biotesting samples. The total content of antioxidants in wheat samples was determined by amperometric method on liquid chromatograph "Tsvetyauza-01-AA" - flow-injection system. Results: The cereal additives correspond to the requirements of TR TS 021/2011 for sanitary and hygienic indicators. In the case of using DMDPS germination, the content of vitamin C in grain increases from 0.3 to 4.75 g/100 g, vitamin E from 2.05 to 3.1 g/100 g. The content of selenium is 0.81 μg/g of cereal additive after germination of wheat grain with DMDPS and drying with an infrared energy source. Discussion: The duration of germination is reduced from 48 to 24 hours in conditions of optimal moisture. Authors important contribution is established the fact that wheat germination in aqueous solutions of selenium preparations increases microbiological stability of additives during storage. Conclusions: The method of obtaining selenium-containing cereal supplements is justified and developed. It is advisable to use DMDPS with a mass fraction of 0.005% as a biostimulator and source of selenium.

The Russian market is oversaturated with grain raw materials in the composition of animal feed, which are characterized by protein deficiency and poor digestibility of nutrients. One of the problems of modern animal husbandry is increasing productivity, and most importantly - reducing the cost of products due to the efficient use of feed nutrients. The indiscriminate use of feed antibiotics as growth stimulants is due to the high cost of imported phytobiotics and poses an additional threat to human and animal health. Phytocompounds affect the processes of metabolism and neutralization of foreign substances, which are carcinogens and mutagens. They have the ability to bind free radicals and reactive metabolites of foreign substances, inhibit xenobiotic activating enzymes and activate detoxication enzymes. Phytobiotics have antiviral, antimicrobial, as well as immunomodelling effects. When they are included in any diet, feed intake increases, the acid-base environment normalizes. Phytobiotics are safe both for farm animals and birds, and for people, easy to use and store, and can also ensure a return on investment. The amino acid composition and antioxidant activity of the protein feed additive obtained from the leaf-stem mass of red clover plants were studied. The qualitative and quantitative composition of amino acids and the value of antioxidant activity show the feasibility of introducing a feed protein supplement into the diet of farm animals and birds.

The results of molecular genetic studies are considered as a basis for the accelerated breeding of sugar beet. By PCR analysis (SSR, IRAP, RAPD), sugar beet parental lines were identified. Polymorphisms of DNA loci for each line were genotyped. The research was demonstrate a number of informative molecular ma (SSR) markers as the most informative to reveal heterogeneity of starting material and effective to forecast heterosis.

The article is aimed at unifying technological approaches to production of functional drinks from hemp and soybean seeds. We studied the change in chemical states of calcium and phosphorus during swelling and germination, as one of the factors that enable the osmoregulation of the protein complex and increase stability of plant dispersions from bioactivated seeds. Seeds at rest, swelling seeds and germinating seeds and aqueous dispersions based on them were studied. The sources of insoluble and soluble forms of macronutrients in the cellular structures of bioactivated seeds were studied. It has been established that swelling forms of calcium included in the general metabolism become mobile. A further increase in calcium content in the aqueous dispersion up to 98.5% is accompanied by a rapid increase in conditionally soluble calcium (14.6 times) and an increase in stability of the system. Calcium metabolism in seeds is accompanied by changes in the phosphorus-salt composition. Within 48 hours, with an insignificant (4.7%) decrease in total phosphorus, an increase in soluble inorganic phosphorus (67.5%) and a decrease in organic phosphorus (51.9%) were observed. The appearance of inorganic phosphates and calcium ions in cell juice can be associated with the hydrolysis of phytin. In such forms, digestibility of phosphorus and calcium increases. Similar results were obtained for dispersions from germinating soybean seeds.

The purpose was to conduct field tests of the most active metal nanoparticles of iron, cobalt and copper to realize the maximum accumulation of polysaccharides in plants; to develop a method for obtaining and studying the structure of polysaccharides obtained from plants treated before sowing with metal nanoparticles; to study the physical-chemical characteristics of polysaccharides and the monosaccharide composition under the influence of metal nanoparticles. Before sowing, seed treatment was carried out with suspensions of nanoparticles with a concentration of 0.5 g/ha (hectare seed sowing rate). Observed under the influence of copper nanoparticles, the yield increased by 15 % comparison to the control one. When determining the monosaccharide composition, in addition to changing the quantitative content of monosaccharides, a high concentration of galacturonic acid was observed, especially when treating seeds with copper nanoparticles before sowing.

One of the main line of the development of food industry is replacing a part of the recipe of classic sauces; however, this problem cannot be solved without using vegetable stock. In particular, we propose using pumpkin, a native plant of the Volga region. The use of the lipidic carotenoid pumpkin extract allows solving a few problems of the food chemistry; however, this study only deals with partial replacement of the raw stock for production of sauces for this product. The preparation of sauces with addition of the lipidic carotenoid pumpkin extract does not require replacing the equipment and process lines, therefore this line of research may be considered a promising one.

The results of studies on the influence of the genotype of red-mottled cows of Holstein breed on the chemical composition and technological properties of milk are presented. In a herd of cows of the red-mottled breed of the cattle of "Roschinskoye", for the assessment of the chemical composition and technological properties of milk depending on the genotype of the animals by the method of pairs-analogs, 3 groups of full-aged cows were formed: 1/2, 5/8 and 3/4-blood on KPG. The selected milk on the farm was analyzed in the laboratory of Voronezh State Agricultural University named after the Emperor Peter the Great. For a more complete picture of the qualitative indicators of the milk obtained from the full-aged cows with blood 1/2, 5/8 and 3/4 KPG, butter was also produced. As a result of the production of a trial batch of dairy products, the technological properties of the milk during processing, as well as oil and physical, chemical and organoleptic characteristics of the finished product, were determined. On the basis of the conducted research, the recommendations on improvement of the red-mottled dairy breed of the cattle were given.

The work presents the results of a survey of fermentation specialists in the south of Russia who expressed their opinion on the current profile of competencies that should be presented in the educational program to ensure the competitiveness of a university graduate in this area of training. We conducted a survey of scientific publications in the subject area - the competence of a modern specialist in fermentation production. As a result, relevant technological innovations of fermentation production were established, associated, firstly, with the chemical component of the production process, secondly, with the physical and technological conditions for its implementation, and thirdly, with market conditions and emerging gastronomic regional and global trends. The expert community assessed the competencies of the Federal State Educational Standard on the degree to which graduates of the training program "Food products from plant materials" are formed, which shows that the following competencies remain less formed: the ability to use information technologies to solve technological problems in the production of food products from plant materials (noted by 63, 6% of the number of respondents); the ability to use the principles of the quality management system and the organizational and legal foundations of managerial and entrepreneurial activity (noted by 54.5% of the number of respondents); the ability to search, store, process and analyze information from various sources and databases, present it in the required format using information, computer and network technologies (noted by 45.5% of the number of respondents).

The results of geobotanical description of natural landscapes are provided in this paper. The agrochemical characteristics of soils on the studied areas are given. The habitats of rare and genetically significant species of legumes in the flora of the Novgorod region were identified. The soil cover of the Novgorod region is extremely complex and diverse, which is due to the large heterogeneity of the terrain, the diversity of soil-forming rocks and the difference in the bioclimatic situation in its areas. Millennial anthropogenic activity also left its strong imprint on the soil pattern. In the soils of the region, depending on the features of the parent rocks and other conditions, the nature of the horizon also changes. In some cases, it is metamorphic, in others - eluvial-illuvial or illuvial. Morphological differences are reflected in the chemical and physical properties of the respective layers. The development of sod-podzolic soils on carbonate moraine, common in all natural areas of the region and known as sod-podzolic residual carbonate, is characterized by varying degrees of secondary saturation of the bases of the upper horizons or only weak unsaturation with distinct morphological podzol content. The deceleration rate of the podzolic process depends both on the intensity and method of cultivation, and on the saturation degree of rock carbonate content, the depth of the carbonate occurrence and its nature. The features of formation, structure, properties and classification of sod-carbonate soils of the Novgorod region are observed in this research. Data on agricultural use of various subtypes of sod-carbonate soils in comparison with sod-podzolic soils are presented below.

The influence of metal additives of catalysts introduced into the sensor material by sputtering platinum and palladium in the process of magnetron sputtering of tin dioxide on the gas-sensitive properties of semiconductor sensors to hydrogen sulfide vapors is established. The most significant increase in the sensor response to hydrogen sulfide vapor appears when adding 3% Pt.

The article considered the issues of technology development for the food additives enriched with CO₂-extractions of dry homonymous spices. Using various instrumental methods the conditions for sorption of volatiles of CO₂-extractions were studied on the preparations of animal proteins as applicable for meat and fish industries. For the construction of "visual prints" the following methods were used: profile analysis, cluster analysis, and the key component method. Based on the results of experimental studies, the recommended dosages of CO₂-extractions were developed for animal proteins used in the meat and fish industry calculated per 1 kg, which averaged 25-35/65-75 ml/kg of protein.

The digitization of agriculture needs the methodological support in comprehensive assessment of scientific and educational, experimental and industrial potential of agricultural universities. The article examines the methodology and criteria of this potential evaluation under the project "experimental digital pilot farm". The findings include the evaluation scheme of such project's development on the basis of the agricultural university. The integrated index of the evaluation has also been developed with the use of the statistics method, the sociological and expert survey. It is argued that the objective evaluation of the digitization efficiency on the level of a particular farm will help to choose differential strategies on digital transformation of agrarian enterprises.

Among the traditional types of tea in the Russian market, Chinese Pu-erh tea has a special place. In the work, samples of Pu-erh tea presented on the market of Voronezh were investigated. The samples of black and green tea were compared. By mass fraction of moisture, water-soluble extractive substances, total ash, and the share of soluble ash, all tea samples met the standards. The amount of tannin in some samples of Pu-erh tea was low — 4.6–6.0% in NE; in terms of antioxidant activity (AOA), AOA, they were also inferior to black and green tea. A general positive correlation of tannin and AOA levels was noted. The fact that not all polyphenols have antioxidant properties is evidenced by the fact that the tannin content in tea samples differed by 7 times, AOA - by 3 times. To determine the antioxidant activity (AOA), we used the electrochemical titration method on an Expert-006 instrument in a cell with a background electrolyte — KBr in a H₂SO₄ solution; the marker is ascorbic acid. It is established that the method is simple, convenient; gives a relative error within 5%.

The article discusses the present state and development trends of peasant farms in Russia and Bashkortostan Republic. Their major production problems are demonstrated against the background of the present state of agriculture, the authors characterize the institutional environment of peasant farms operation, its impact upon the agrarian capacity of the region and investment activity of other organizational and legal forms of agricultural entities in the Republic. The article justifies the need to create agricultural production and consumer cooperatives, aimed at processing, supply, sales and service functions primarily, as well as to massively involve peasant farms in their structures. Thereby, the authors think, the efficiency of the agrarian sector of Bashkortostan Republic and, consequently, of Russia as a whole, will be significantly increased.

The efficiency of land users depends on weather conditions, which significantly affect the results of agricultural production. Recently, there has also been a general trend of some natural phenomena unpredictability. It can worsen or negate the operating profits of land users in the agricultural production field, therefore it is essential to study the nature of negative natural phenomena typical for the Central Black Earth region.

The Central Black Earth Region is characterized by a high degree of reclamation and ploughing of lands. With the high ploughing of agricultural land in the region, the ecological potential of natural land protection has sharply decreased. This problem requires significant costs and public funding. Therefore, it is necessary to provide conditions for maintaining, and then improving the environmental sustainability of agricultural landscapes and reliable soil protection from erosion processes. The conditions for addressing these issues are formed in the process of creating sustainable land use. In this case, local wind circulation is especially important. The analysis showed yearly average dominance of south-west (15.0%), south-east (14.3%) and west (13.7%) winds in the region, which means that the wind blows with a certain stability from all sides. Therefore, when establishing protective forest belts, it is necessary to take into account various aspects of the agro-ecological environment and climate. Protective forest belts and bush plantings are one of the main levers for controlling the microclimate formation of a given land use territory.

The unstable economic situation of agricultural producers and the agrarian sector as a whole necessitates the search for methods of organizing production to ensure stabilization and a consistent improvement of the agricultural sector. The analysis of the territory as the basis of the agro-industrial complex is of great importance, and therefore, it is necessary to develop a combination of optimizing agrolandscapes aimed at improving the efficiency of agricultural production. In this regard, the authors improved the methodology for optimizing the structure of agrolandscapes based on determining the influence degree of the level of anthropogenic load on the ecological condition of the territory, which, in turn, directly depends on the ratio of agricultural lands of the agrolandscape and determining the share of each type of land on the growth of ecological and economic efficiency of the territory. Within the proposed methodology the cumulative impact of natural and anthropogenic factors was assessed using two agricultural enterprises of the Voronezh region as an example. It made possible to comprehensively assess the environmental effectiveness of the study area. This technique of optimizing the structure of the agricultural landscape of enterprises can provide the environmental and economic efficiency assessment of any agricultural enterprise in the Central Black Earth Region of the Russian Federation.

The taxonomic structure of the microbiome of southern chernozem compared to virgin soil was studied in the stationary experiment on the use of microbial preparations in the conditions of traditional for the steppe part of the Crimea and each culture of the five-field crop rotation of the farming system and no-till. Among 823 genera it was revealed 7 dominant ones: Candidatus Nitrososphaera, Rubrobacter, Flavisolibacter, Segetibacter, Bacillus, Balneimonas, Skermanella. The low level of cellulose-decomposing bacteria of the genus Cellulomonas was remarked in southern chernozem. The highest proportion of the representatives of this genus was observed in virgin soil (0.55 %), while the farming systems contributed to its decline in 1.3-1.6 times. Microorganisms of the genera Erwinia and Xanthomonas with phytopathogenic properties were found with a minimum proportion in communities from 0.003 % to 0.014 % and 0 – 0.005%, respectively.

The complex metagenomic analysis of the taxonomic structure of the soil microbiome allowed us to establish that the use of microbial preparations reduces the negative impact of the no-till farming system on the microbiocenosis of southern chernozem and improves its environmental feasibility in the Crimean steppe.

The article substantiates the urgent need to assess the coherence degree of production, industrial and food security in the framework of the state agricultural development program implementation. The authors combine two approaches to assessing industrial and production security, and also the processes of ensuring industrial security are considered using the example of dairy production. The small-scale coherence degree of the industrial component in ensuring the food security of Russia is shown.

The paper presents the design of a robot-weeder with the function of a sprayer and fertigation for mechanical point-weed destruction and chemical treatment of plants. Based on the kinematic analysis, the optimal geometrical parameters of the constituent parts and components of the structure are obtained, the configurations of the service areas of the cutting tool and the spray nozzle are determined.

The article concludes that it is necessary to optimize the use and reproduction of productive lands, taking into account the intensity of the natural and anthropogenic load on cultivated lands and the possibilities for their improvement. Improving the stability of cultivated lands is proposed to provide on the basis of a compromise between the economic and environmental orientation of agro-economic systems. The procedure of optimizing the use of productive land, taking into account the assessment of the stability of cultivated lands, is demonstrated. The solution of this problem consists in optimization of the arable land structure using multi-criteria optimization methods in the search for a compromise solution by minimizing the weighted amount of pull-backs from the extreme values of the criteria used (the sum of net or gross income, integral estimates of resistance to anthropogenic load, wind and water erosion).

The object of the study is the materials of aerial photography obtained with the application of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) DJI Phantom 3 Advanced and processed by Agisoft PhotoScan Professional Edition software. The objective of the present research is to study the feasibility of the data obtained by innovative photogrammetric methods for monitoring and analyzing the agrolandscapes nanorelief as well as for the design of agrolandscapes in adaptive landscape farming, to identify the possibilities of assessing the occurrence of erosion and make a forecast of their development in the study area using photographic plans. In the course of the work, methods and means of obtaining aerial photographs of a site in the Voronezh region were considered. The altitude map and orthophotomap resulting from image processing were analysed. It has been revealed that such digital models make it possible to study and analyze the state of the surface of agrolandscapes up to the smallest forms of nanorelief both visually and with the application of mathematical characteristics. However, deficiencies in the accuracy of the obtained plans along the edges of the shooting area were noted and the methods for solving the problem of inacuracy were proposed.

The functions of the consumer market, their changes, the essence and importance according to economic transformations are considered. The central place of the consumer food market is substantiated, special attention is paid to it during the transformations, its differences, features, significance in the degree of socio-economic development of the country are highlighted. The subjects of the market, the objectives of their business, and conflicts of interest are shown, which indicates the need to regulate their relationships for the stability and security of the consumer market. The problems in the field of food quality and safety, causes, significance, solutions. The current state of the consumer market, the role of import substitution, the dynamics of achieving food safety thresholds, growth indicators to produce basic products, increasing food exports, and prospects for its development are given. Knowing the problems of the functioning of the consumer market makes it possible to predict its further development as the basis for developing strategic models for the sale of goods and making profit, directions and the intensity of transformations not only for various sectors of the agro-industrial complex, food industry, but also for the business of packing, storing and transporting food. The need for market research, in which the consumer market should be perceived as a single functioning complex with all its problems, is emphasized.

Food security is considered as the most important component of the national security of the state and as one of the goals of social, economic and agricultural policy, the ways of its achievement are shown. The conditions for substantiating conclusions and conclusions in studies of consumption safety are given. It is proposed to consider security as a characteristic of the quality of a system that determines its ability and ability to self-preservation. Mandatory conditions are given under which safety is ensured, actions to maintain it are indicated, quantitative and qualitative characteristics are given. The main threats and risks to the safety of consumption and ways to prevent them are considered. Attention is paid to international cooperation to create a legal framework in this area. The main regulatory legal acts regulating the sphere of consumer safety in the Russian Federation are given. The corresponding conclusion is made. It is shown that continuous improvement of the food safety system contributes to increasing the efficiency of individual sectors of agriculture and processing industry, as also increasing the competitiveness of their products.

AIC is a complex system that includes several areas, a significant number of subcomplexes, a variety of industries, interconnected by logistics flows. It is important that the logistics flows are properly regulated, contribute to the full use of agricultural raw materials, by-products from the processing of raw materials, provide a synergistic effect for all participants in the supply chain. Under the conditions of the Central Black Earth Economic Region, the development of dairy and sugar beet subcomplexes, capable of developing integration ties, improving crop rotation, and providing jobs in the first and third sectors of the agricultural sector, is proposed as system-forming ones.

An objective assessment of the ability of the soil to supply plants with potassium is possible only when determining a set of indicators - the content of various forms of potassium in the soil and the degree of their mobility. In this regard, we conducted studies to study the effect of long-term fertilizer and ameliorant application on the content of various forms of potassium and potassium buffer capacity of the soil. The studies were carried out in a field experiment laid down in 1986. A six-field crop rotation was mastered in the experiment. We studied 7 options for experience. Soil samples were taken after the fifth rotation of the crop rotation. The results showed that long-term fertilizer application creates quite high reserves of various forms of potassium in the soil. The most intensive accumulation of forms available for plant nutrition (mobile and metabolic) was facilitated by the introduction of mineral fertilizers against the background of organic aftereffects. The use of ameliorant leads to the increase in non-exchange fixation of potassium. The study of the potential buffering capacity of leached chernozem with respect to potassium showed that even with a sufficiently high content of its mobile and metabolic forms, the soil can be characterized by a deterioration of the potash state.

The purpose of the work is to model the performance of the disk grain shredder by numerical methods of determining the performance of the device and its components, and to establish the existing trends in the influence of the size of the initial particles on the components of the shredder performance. The increase in the initial particle size leads to an increase in the initial angular velocity of the particle movement, which increases as the particle is compressed, while the increase in particle size does not significantly reduce the productivity of the shredder due to the worsening conditions of particle capture by the disks as they increase in size. The increase in the initial spring compression force ensures a reduction in the thickness of the resulting flattened particles and at the same time reduces the productivity.

Seed drills with a seed metering device and a pneumatic system of flow stream and distribution of grain seeds to the coulters of the seeder with pneumatic sowing have become widespread in the sphere of agriculture. The aim of this study was to establish the functional dependence of the aero-product stream flow nature in the pipeline and in the grain seeder distributor. The research method involved numerical studies of the developed 3D model of the seeder pneumatic system. The influence of the geometric features of the internal cavity of the distributor top of the seeder pneumatic system, the flow rate in the pipeline in the range from 15 to 25 m/s, the concentration of seeds in the flow stream from 0.52 to 1.57 kg/kg air were taken into account. The values of static, dynamic and total pressure, pressure losses by sections, rates of flow streams in the areas, areas of intense mechanical impact (surface wear) were studied. The regression equations of these indicators have been obtained the factors studied being taken into consideration. The greatest pressure losses have been observed in the distributortops with a cap having the shape of a concave hemisphere. The flat surface of the cap makes it possible to achieve intermediate pressure losses in the distributor top. The smallest pressure loss is observed in the distributor top with a convex cone-shaped cap.

Ethanol is a valuable product that is widely used in various sectors of the economy. In the alcohol industry, various wastes are generated - post-alcohol distillery stillage, by-products of the distillation of ethyl alcohol, microorganism cells, among which a significant amount is the post-alcohol distillery stillage. Disposal of stillage is an urgent environmental problem, since this waste of alcohol production has a short shelf life. There are methods for processing bards that can be divided into two groups: methods using biotechnology and methods based on physicochemical methods. There are many research projects that focus on the production of biofuels and fodder product from stillage. The most common method for processing post-alcohol stillage in the Central Black Earth Economic Region is drying. We have proposed a method for the integrated processing of post-alcohol stillage of distiller's grains, which includes drying the distiller's grains, aerobic microbiological processing to obtain a protein feed product and the production of hop-vinous fermentation. Getting sourdough is the first proposed method for recycling bards. For drying, it is proposed to use 30% of the stillage of the enterprises of the Central Black Earth Economic Region, to produce protein feed product 50%, and for hop-burgundy starter culture 20%. The method of complex processing expands the use of post-alcohol distillery stillage, and the production of hop-burgundy sourdough allows to increase the assortment of functional food products.

Modern agriculture is characterized by the fact that the increase in agricultural production is focused on the widespread use of intensive soil cultivation and high pesticidal load, which is accompanied by pollution of ecosystems and deterioration of product quality. The solution to this urgent problem is possible only on the base of a comprehensive ecologization of land use processes. The objects of research are winter wheat Bezenchukskaya 380, potato Impala, hairy vetch (wheat) Glinkovskaya, segetal vegetation, straw of winter wheat, biomass of hairy vetch. Sowing hairy vetch into winter wheat agrocenosis was carried out in spring at the same time as top dressing of grain crops (ammonium nitrate 30 kg/ha active substance) with a seeding rate of 15 kg/ha. After harvesting the monoculture, straw was added into the soil together with the green mass of the vetch. The introduction of hairy vetch into the agrocenosis had a negative effect on the development of segetal plants and ensured an increase in the yield of winter wheat by 19.3-21.2%. The advantage of plowing straw with hairy vetch biomass compared with the introduction of straw into the soil along with fertilizer mineral nitrogen was found to be 8.9-12.6% faster for decomposing linen, 5.7% for mobile phosphorus and 6.3% for exchange potassium. The highest potato yields were formed with the use of green mass of vetch and straw of 20.9 t/ha, which exceeded the variant with straw together with mineral fertilizers by 23.7%.

The paper provides comparative studies about the use of a needle-shaped working body in a sieve and sieve-free crusher of a multifaceted type. The possibility of reducing the energy intensity regarding the process of grinding feed grain is revealed, taking into account the quality of the end product in a hammer-type multifaceted crusher of a sieve-free type by using the needle-shaped shock elements in a crushing chamber.

To identify the influence patterns of the needle-shaped working elements on the quality and energy indicators of the working process in crushing feed grain performed by a sieve-free multifaceted type crusher, a rotor was produced and tested experimentally.

In the research the energy indicators were measured by the standard method, crusher performance was determined, and a grinding module and the qualitative composition of the crushed product were defined. Based on the research results, the experimental dependencies were built, which allowed to identify the following structural and technological parameters of the crusher: the optimal number of shock elements placed on the rotor; peripheral speed of the working bodies; specific energy consumption; the composition of the particle-size product with a different grinding module, the presence of pulverulent fractions (< 0.2 mm), as well as the amount of coarse fraction (> 2 mm). The experimental results have confirmed the feasibility of using the needle-shaped working element in a sieve-free crusher of a multifaceted type.

The necessity of developing a mathematical model of the calculation and theoretical forecasting of the resource of the working body of the tillage aggregate is substantiated. The formula as a mathematical model is proposed. The results of calculations using this formula made it possible to evaluate several options for hardening the processing of samples and establish preferable ones. These options were samples hardened by boration and surfacing of metal powders in a liquid coolant. The proposed formula allows predicting the value of the resource of the working bodies of tillage and sowing units during their hardening, restoration and manufacturing process.

The causes of wear of the working bodies of soil cultivating units are analyzed. The main culling parameters are presented, due to which the working bodies lose their performance. The analysis of factors affecting the degree of wear of working bodies is carried out. Theoretical recommendations are proposed for the creation of an equal-strength tillage unit, the working bodies of which wear out with equal intensity.

Rice groats are in high demand among buyers. Given the current situation in the rice market, market research conducted to identify consumer preferences and the main factors affecting the choice and degree of satisfaction with the quality of rice cereals aroused some interest. The article gives a brief description of the rice market, its structure, the main stages of development, describes the factors affecting the formation of demand. The research of self-sufficiency and structure of the Russian rice market, growth rates is given. The dynamics of rice export and import in 2018 is presented. A marketing research was conducted aimed at clarifying the preferences of consumers of rice cereals, identifying the main factors affecting their choice and the degree of satisfaction with quality in the market of the Voronezh region. Based on studies for trade enterprises, several recommendations have been developed aimed at increasing demand and increasing cereal sales.

The paper presents the results of field experiments on improving leaching technology in salty fields of Bukhara oasis through Biosolvent chemical compound (BChC). Scientific researches were carried in irrigated fields of scientific-research center of Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers Bukhara Branch which is located in Bukhara region, Kagan district, during 2017-2019 years. Leaching saline soils through Biosolvent reduces salt content in the active soil layer from 0.417 % to 0.204, while desalinization ratio will be 1.84. With this innovative technology leaching norm was 30% less compared to the control.

When processing organic waste into biogas, it is necessary to take into account the design features of the equipment, the composition of the raw materials and the technological modes of its fermentation. If there is a lack of heat produced during the chemical fermentation reaction, additional (third-party) heat sources are used to ensure the technological regime. It can be various heat exchangers or electric heaters. The article presents the results of theoretical studies evaluating the power value of additional (third-party) heat sources for heating raw materials in a biogas reactor. The analytical dependences for estimating the power of external heat sources for the considered physical model were obtained on the basis of solving the Fourier heat equation in layered media. The analysis of the influence of design parameters and thermophysical characteristics on the amount of required power of additional (third-party) heat sources, as well as on the distribution of the temperature field in a biogas reactor, is carried out.

The article discusses the creation of new polymer-starch compositions based on starch extracted from nongraded wheat grains, hydrolyzed sugar beet pulp and polyethylene glycol. The main points of agricultural waste disposal are discussed with the aim of obtaining products with new properties, safe for the environment and biodegradable. Prototypes have a uniform distribution of particles in the matrix, provide enough tensile strength and elongation under tension. A study on the selection of the mass ratio of the components revealed the optimal concentration of the components. The temperature of exposure to the composition to obtain biodegradable material is 105 ° C. It was shown that the tensile strength of samples of the polymer composition decreases with an increase in the rotational speed of the screw to 150 min-1 and a temperature above 1300C. Speed below 110 min-1 lead to an increase in strength. The obtained experimental material opens prospects for further research with respect to improving the properties of these biocomposites based on starch and sugar beet pulp by modifying starch and searching for compositions with starch, using reinforcements (both organic and inorganic) and processing conditions.

The paper presents data of scientific research on the conditions of the Bukhara oasis of Uzbekistan reducing the salinity of collector-drainage water through water plants Lemna minor, Azolla caroliniana, Eichhornia crassipes and scientific and practical recommendations for the irrigation of cotton biologically purified collector-drainage waters. A decrease in the salinity of collector-drainage water with a salinity of 3-5 g/l was achieved with the help of aquatic plants Lemna minor and Azolla caroliniana, using them as an additional source of water for irrigation of cotton variety Bukhara-102, a high harvest of raw cotton, as well as saved river water and prevented environmental pollution.

Currently, in the Russian Federation there is a tendency towards a decrease in the content of organic substance in the soil and its acidification. It is impossible to stop these processes without applying organic fertilizers and calcium containing ameliorants. Their effect on the soil properties depends on the edaphoclimatic conditions. In order to study the effect of fertilizers and ameliorants on the fertility of leached chernozem in the forest-steppe zone of the Central Black Earth zone of the Voronezh region in 2018 – field experiments were conducted. The results showed that prolonged application of mineral fertilizers led to the acidification of the soil both against the background of exposure to organic substances and liming. Reliming calcification of the leached chernozem contributed to a noticeable decrease in soil acidity (pH_KCl increased by 0.7-1.0, Hr decreased by 2.1-2.9 mg-Eq/100 g of soil, the content of exchange forms of calcium and magnesium increased to 26.2-26.9 mg-Eq/100 g of soil). Some optimization of the acidity of the soil was also observed even with the reapplication of manure. The calcification of the soil led to the optimization of its fractional-group composition of humus.

Significant rotation speeds are required for the qualitative removal of leaf-stem mass from the field when using a rotating working body. An urgent task is to obtain data to evaluate the nonlinear effect of forces on the working body when removing leaf-stem mass. In the article, the degree of influence of the weight of the stems of the leaf-stem mass and centrifugal forces acting on the top-working working body using non-linear dynamic analysis was studied. The implementation of computer simulation was achieved using the CAD-CAE SOLIDWORKS system. As a result of the nonlinear analysis in SOLIDWORKS Simulation, the results of the stresses, displacements, and deformations acting on the top-working working body model were obtained, which made it possible to identify weak points of the working body. The analysis of the obtained data revealed the influence of centrifugal force and weight of the cut leaf-stem mass on the knives of the working body of the haulm machine, which will allow taking these effects into account in the developed design.

The article analyses the opinion of technologists in processing enterprises of the Stavropol Territory on the importance of social responsibility and professional competence of workers and how this is reflected in the actual competence profile of the Federal State Educational Standard for graduates of higher education programs. In the quality management system for training future process technologists, the analysis of actual required competencies in the production processes versus to needed competencies of the staff, is a determining factor to be able to update the content of educational programs. The level of professional competence is characterized by different aspects in the business and personal qualities of the specialist: it is reflected in the level of knowledge, skills, and experience needed to achieve the goal in a particular type of professional activity, as well as the moral position of the specialist. These aspects together are reflected in the social responsibility of a process technologist in processing enterprises and ensuring the quality and safety of food products. The opinion of the professional community confirms this viewpoint.

It is possible to increase the efficiency of pond farms by introducing new digital technologies into the technological processes of fish cultivation. Recirculating aquaculture systems serve a positive example of high technology applications in aquaculture. Automated control of all processes in pond fish farming starting from pond preparation for stocking of fish to placement and production of commercial fish will significantly increase the efficiency of fish farming by 70-80% thus increasing the overall profit by 20-30%. For properly organized feeding of fish it is necessary to take into account many factors, such as: fish-holding density, temperature of water and air, content of oxygen dissolved in water, ph-level of water and feed intake. The system of complex automation of any production enterprise shall be implemented taking into account the technologies of the fourth industrial revolution – Industry 4.0. The main unit of the system is an automated floating feeder with autonomous power supply from solar panels. The design and functional features of the feeder will determine the functionality of the entire automation system: automatic feeding, monitoring of water and environmental parameters, deoxidation of the water basin, supplementary feeding with insects, frightening of fish-eating birds. The innovative approach proposed by the authors is that if the pond is equipped with several floating feeders it is necessary to connect them to each other in a single information system, which functions through wireless radio communication. The assessment of the potential of the proposed modernization of a middle pond made it possible to increase the profit by 1.5 million rubles.

The article discusses the problem of diagnosing diesel fuel equipment. The most common methods for diagnosing fuel equipment are presented. The rationale for diagnosing the technical condition of the plunger elements of the high pressure fuel pump by moving the injector needle is given.

The article analyzes theoretical approaches to the modern understanding of the category of "social position" regarding the agricultural establishment and its role in the period of qualitative transformations of the agricultural sector. Studying the publications of the world scientific community allows highlighting a number of areas of discussion about the social position of the professional establishment; it is also relevant for the agricultural sector. On the basis of empirical data from a well-developed agrarian region in the south of Russia we studied the opinions of representatives of the professional agrarian establishment (specialists from successful agricultural enterprises and future specialists – students). It has been established that leading specialists of agricultural enterprises occupy a high social status both in the production team and in the local community. Future specialists (with higher professional agricultural education) associate their expectations with a high social status in the professional and local community. Thus they claim all the attributes associated with a high status: a high salary, a real estate ownership, an intellectual labor lifestyle, and leadership in the production team and the local community.

The relevancy of the problem of modified starches production is determined by its diversity by raw materials using in manufacture process (banana, chestnut, tapioca, rice, barley, wheat, corn, potato modified starches), by main consumers (food, construction, oil and gas industries), goals of use (production of biodegradable containers, bio-absorbents, micro composites, bio-lubricants, enzyme technology of nanotechnology). The regional relevance of the study problem is based on the need to produce iodized starches for the food industry consumption. Food products produced from these starches will reduce the thyroid gland incidence, at the same time the magnetized wheat starches production will reduce the cardiovascular disease incidence. The analysis of the Russian and world market of modified starches was conducted. The current state and capacity of the world market of modified starches, trends and technology of various modified starches (phosphate, acetate, cationic, cationic cold swelling starches, etc.) production were studied. Results of the study show that Russia's export of modified starches has a weak potential for growth. Russian market of modified starches demonstrates a tendency of increase the competition between modified starches manufacturers due to the new participants' entry in the market. Generally it stimulates the import substitution process. The volume of modified starches imports in Russia is associated with the correlation of manufacturers' prices and expectations of Russia state support for the deepening of domestic agricultural products processing.

The article presents the results of studies of a floor duct in the form of cylindrical pipes (utility model patent No. 183361) at farms in Ryazan region, from September 27, 2018 to February 26, 2019. The studies included laying potatoes in three sections of the potato storage having different duct designs (section "A" is an air duct in the form of cylindrical pipes, section "B" is in the form of a front trihedral prism, section "C" is a serial air duct in the form of a semicircle). We also studied the temperature range of the potato bulk ventilated by cooling air in order to clarify the optimal microclimate parameters (temperature, humidity, flow rate) as applied to the conditions of the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation.

Natural pastures, which occupy about 80% of the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia of the Russian Federation, are the basis of the fodder base for animal husbandry. Intensive and irrational exploitation of pastures disrupted the existing ecological balance and led to desertification of the territory. The most negative processes of land degradation were manifested in the Black Lands in the form of anthropogenic desertification. Such processes of anthropogenic desertification take place not only in the North-West Caspian Region of the Russian Federation, but also in a number of developing countries of the world. These regions located in the arid zone are in great need of realizing the potential of their land and plant resources. The experiments were carried out on sandy massifs on the territory of the Yashkul region of the Republic of Kalmykia of the Russian Federation. Accounting and observations were carried out according to the methods of All-Union Scientific Research Institute of fodder named after V.R. Williams and of All-Union Instruction for Geobotanical Research of Natural Foraging Sites and Compilation of Large-scale Geobotanical Maps. The method proposed by us is aimed at solving the problems of combating desertification, anthropogenic degradation of pastures by creating mechanical barriers for the movement of sands at the initial stage of growth and rooting of Calligonum aphyllum seedlings. The use of this technique has significantly increased the survival rate of Calligonum aphyllum seedlings (from 30 to 70%), and thus, in general, improve the effectiveness of phytomeliorative work.

The article discusses the regional aspects of ensuring the country's food security. On the example of the Rostov region, the key problems of ensuring food security at the mesoscale are analyzed. A model of the organizational and economic mechanism for ensuring food security in the Rostov region is developed and a set of measures aimed at improving the region's self-sufficiency in food is proposed.

In 1995-2015, in the dry steppe and semi-desert zones of the Caspian lowland, a series of experimental studies were conducted on brown and light chestnut soils to establish the total evapotranspiration of annual fodder crops using irrigated arable land. Four different methods were studied; the water balance method was used as a control one. The temperature coefficients of the total water consumption, as well as the coefficients of an air humidity deficit combined with the scale of biological time of vegetation were determined. Specified coefficients of water consumption were determined; they were differentiated depending on different conditions of mineral nutrition and the planned yield. For production conditions, biological and mathematical models of dependence have been developed in order to determine an optimal water regime in the arid zone. Based on the obtained experimental data, the convergence of the calculated values obtained by the bioclimatic and water balance methods was achieved. The planned crop yield was produced.