Table of contents

Speech by the chairman of the committee

Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to the 15^th Joint Conference on Chemistry (JCC) 2020.

1. The honorable, Rector of Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana.

2. The honorable, Dean of Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana.

3. The honorable, head of Department/Study Program, members of Chemistry Consortium (Univ. Diponegoro, Univ. Negeri Semarang, Univ. Sebelas Maret Surakarta, and Univ. Jend. Soedirman Purwokerto).

4. The honorable, Keynote Speakers.

5. The honorable, invited presenters, presenters, and all the conference participants.

List of Speech by the chairman of the committee, Chair of the Organizing Committee, Editor-in-Chief, Vice Editor-in-Chief, Members of the Editorial Board and Logos are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

• Type of peer review: Single-blind (Authors do not know who the reviewers are. The reviewers know who the authors are. The members of Reviewer Team reviewed papers by the relevance to the topics, paper format requirements, similarity, and English proofread.)

• Conference submission management system:https://callforpapers.uksw.edu/index.php/jcc

• Number of submissions received: 39

• Number of submissions sent for review: 39

• Number of submissions accepted: 38

• Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100): 97.44%

• Average number of reviews per paper: 3

• Total number of reviewers involved: 16

• Any additional info on review process: -

• Contact person for queries: Didit Budi Nugroho, D.Sc. (didit.budinugroho@uksw.edu)

When rubber is subjected to a load, deformation will occur. Microscopically, the rubber bond structure is transformed from one equilibrium corresponds to the unloaded rubber that corresponds to the loaded rubber. As with any other transformation process, this process will take time. This paper experimentally demonstrates the relaxation time dependence on the mass of load observed at a constant temperature. The experiment was carried out by inserting the fiber sensor was into a silicon rubber bar. As the rubber bar was loaded, the intensity of light coming out of the fiber decreases exponentially with time. It is shown that the relaxation time increases with the increase of mass loaded on the fiber. By knowing this, the results of the fiber sensor can be adjusted according to the time-based review of rubber deformation.

Sulphate anionic surfactant is a type of surfactant that is widely used as a cleaning agent. The discovery and development of anionic sulphate surfactant molecule is necessary because it has a huge impact, both in science and economics. Molecular modelling to produce new anionic sulphate surfactant molecules has been carried out. The mathematical equation of the Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship (QSPR) based on Ab Initio has been obtained. Molecules that were candidates for structural modelling and modification were those that have the smallest critical micelle concentration (CMC). The smallest experimental data was C₁₆H₃₃SO₄Na with a CMC value = 0.000579 M. The result of this study was CnH₃sSO₄Na molecules with a theoretical CMC value of 0.000515 M.

Water is an essential molecule and one of the most intensive research subjects, yet it is a peculiar molecule. The non-invasive measurement of blood glucose levels by near-infrared spectroscopy requires detailed information about the glucose-water interactions. The glucose in water induces strong hydrogen bonds and may influence the tetrahedral structure of water molecules. This knowledge is essential in constructing a non-invasive calibration of the blood glucose prediction model. How they are related to the absorption spectra of water and glucose is particularly valuable to comprehend. The evaluations were carried out using near-infrared spectroscopy, tracing changes in absorption intensity and shifts in corresponding peaks with glucose varying at an increasing concentration from a 0-0.9 molar fraction. The near-infrared spectra analysed were around 6900 cm^-1 and 4716 cm^-1 corresponding to the overtone and the combination band of water and glucose absorptions, respectively. The analysis suggests that glucose prefers to enter a water cluster, rather than bind to free molecules, and induce bond breaking at low glucose concentrations at which the molecular fraction is less than 0.05.

The use of some base metal oxide already widely studied for having beneficial properties in CO oxidation catalytic system. The properties of these base metals such as lower working temperature, high CO affinity, and economically cheaper would be beneficial for this solid system catalyst. The study of various base metal oxides shown these kinds of characteristics, but there still a few analyses of comparison among the various base oxide metals used as the support system for the oxidation reaction catalytic system. This study would give a comparison in the difference of the adsorption energy of various base oxide metals. This adsorption energy is one factor that promoting the activity of the catalytic system due to its affinity to the reactant on their surfaces. The DFT ab initio calculation for this comparison shows that NiO is the base metal oxide that having the highest CO adsorption energy. This oxide could be a potential support system combined with potential solid oxidative catalytic system.

This student self-assessment of chemistry laboratory basic skill performances is intended to overcome the heavy time-consuming and very intensive involvement of lecturer as the only performance assessor, promote and accelerate the skill improvement based on learner self-performance assessment. The study involved 26 students undertaking Basic Chemistry subject at Chemistry Education Department of Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha in Bali. The self-assessment applied the scoring rubric developed by Sudria and Sya'ban. Each item of the 22 assessment items applies five-scaled grading performance indicators as very good, good, sufficient, poor, and very poor. Every skill item was assessed at least three time along the semester and analyzed twice namely at the middle of the semester as data S1 and near the end of the semester as data S2. The same performance assessment was also conducted by a lecturer team as the laboratory work examination at the end of the course as reference data of S3. This study showed significant correlation of S1 and S2 toward S3 with score correlation amounts of 0.520 for r1-3 and 0.588 for r2-3 which were above the critical value of 0.374 at 95% confidence. Guidance and monitoring during laboratory work supported to the success of the self-assessment study.

This study aims to produce EdPuzzle content in polymer materials and examine its effectiveness on students' problem-solving skills. The method used in this research is experimental research, employing a pre-test post-test one-group design through online learning. The subject of this study is 70 tenth grade students. Data were collected using students' problem-solving skills tests and analysis of the learning process to determine the effectiveness of online learning. The data obtained were then analyzed using quantitative descriptive. The results showed that learning using EdPuzzle is statistically very significant in improving students' problem-solving skills and is quite effective in online learning. The study concludes that EdPuzzle is quite effective to improve students' problem-solving skills which are characterized by an increase in the score of pre-test to post-test, with an N-gain of 63%. The implementation of online learning EdPuzzle is quite effective with an effectiveness score reaching 91%.

The application of demulsifiers on dewatering of crude oil emulsions from East Kalimantan oil fields is reported in this work. Two types of experiment were conducted: the bottle test in which emulsion resolution was carried out after demulsification process within the time intervals of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 120 and 180 min at temperature of 40 °C followed by the appearance of separated aqueous layer, and identification of variety of fractions or compounds in crude oils that promote and stabilize these emulsions. Demulsification was successfully obtained by adding PT Pertamina (Persero)'s commercial demulsifier series of Pertadem B-02 and Pertadem B-06. Pertadem B-02 is the best candidate for destabilizing water in oil emulsions. The optimal percentage demulsification efficiency (DE) achieved by Pertadem B-02 was 100% with just concentration of 18 ppm for field A and 97% for field B. Moreover, demulsification activities in the water in oil emulsions by Pertadem B-02 were faster compared to Pertadem B-06. Fractions identifications showed emulsifying agents in crude oil of Field A that promote very unstable emulsions compared to crude oil of Field B from East Kalimantan.

The addition effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on methyl orange (MO) biodecolorization by Fomitopsis pinicola had been investigated. P. aeruginosa was added into F. pinicola culture at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 mL (1 mL × 5.05 χ 10¹² CFU). The addition of 4 ml of P. aeruginosa showed the highest MO biodecolorization approximately 99.53%, while by F. pinicola only was 77.22% in potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium for 7 days incubation. Four metabolites were detected from MO degradation by mixed cultures such as 4-(4-(dimethylimino) hydroxy-cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene) hydrazinyl) phenolate; 4-(hydroxy-4-iminio-cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene) hydrazinyl) benzene sulfonate; 4-(4-(dimethylimino) methoxy-cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene) hydrazinyl) hydroxy-benzene sulfonate; and 4-(hydroxy-4-iminio-cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene) hydrazinil) hidroxy-benzene sulfonate. The mixed cultures transformed MO via three pathways: (1) desulfonylation, (2) demethylation, and (3) hydroxylation. These results indicated that P. aeruginosa can enhance MO biodecolorization by F. pinicola.

The synthesis of polyelectrolyte complexes (PEC) based on chitosan and determination of their antibacterial properties had been conducted. The microstructure of PECs obtained were described by SEM analysis, while inhibition activity of PECs against S. aureus and E. coli was determined by measuring inhibitory zone diameter. Characteristics of chitosan, alginate and κ-carrageenan as natural polymers which non-toxic, biodagradable and safe to eat meet the edible film criteria. Chitosan as a polycationic interacts with alginate and κ-carrageenan as polyanionic under the appropriate conditions to form PEC film. Based on FTIR spectra, it was found that interaction of chitosan and alginate as well as chitosan and κ-carrageenan was an electrostatic interaction. Microstructure study using SEM found that PECs have irregular and fibrous surface structure. Based on their inhibitory activity against S. aureus and E. coli, PECs have the strongest antibacterial activity compared to their original polymer. Therefore, PECs film could be excellent edible film for food coating that protect product from bacterial contamination.

This study was carried out to optimize the adsorption process toward Congo Red (CR) dye over Mn-Fe LDH material in aqueous media. The effects of three variables including initial concentration, pH and reaction time were investigated with respect to maximal CR removal efficiency by utilizing response surface methodology (RSM). Through the variance of ANOVA, the second-order polynomial model was established in accordance with experimental data with high R² values (R²=0.997), large F-value and small p-value, indicating that the proposed model is statistically significant. The estimated optimal conditions were validated by confirmation experiments. It was revealed that CR adsorption efficiency reached 53.21% at following optimal conditions: C_i = 48.09 mg/L; pH = 5.62; reaction time = 107 min. These results show that Mn-Fe LDH is used as an effective adsorbent for the removal of organic pigments in aqueous solution.

Acid gases are often found in industrial and crude natural gas and represent technological problems to the environment and bad effect to the human health. The high-energy demand and processing restrictions make the amine absorption operation sensitive to any change in conditions. The mixture of diethanolamine (DEA) and methyl diethanolamine (MDEA) was developed as the removal of acid gases. The physical properties and the characteristics of the mixture were examined using FTIR, TGA and SEM-EDS and were described in this work. The HYSYS program were conducted in this work to reasonably predict removal amounts of acid gases from natural gas using the mixture diethanolamine (DEA) and methyl diethanolamine (MDEA) mixture as absorbents based on the plant specifications data from PT Pertamina (Persero)'s refinery unit. The correlations between the characteristics of the mixture and simulation model were revealed. The model predictions were in excellent agreement with the experimental data and the results were useful to represent the acid gas absorption process using alkanolamine solutions.

The research pyrolysis of acacia wood waste has been carried out. This research was conducted to determine the optimal conditions that can be used for the pyrolysis process of acacia sawdust and the effect of the pyrolysis products. The pyrolysis process was carried out on the principle of slow pyrolysis using a batch type reactor. Pyrolysis was carried out by varying the final temperature of pyrolysis 375°C, 475°C, and 575°C and variations of heating rates 5°C/min, 10°C/min, and 15°C/min with a holding time of 20 minutes. The content of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin at raw material was determined with the van soest method and the values are 32.75%, 35.16%, and 16.81%, respectively. The result of the pyrolysis process in the form of char at the final temperature of 575°C with a heating rate of 5°C/min produces a calorific value of 6.816 cal/gram. In the tar (oil) tested using GCMS, the acacia tar contains quite high phenol, acetic acid, 2 propanone. The results of pyrolysis can be seen that the highest activation energy value is found in the pyrolysis process with a variation of the heating rate of 15°C/min and the final temperature of the pyrolysis 575°C which is 49.56 kJ/mol.

The COVID-19 pandemic that attacks the respiratory tract is spreading rapidly to all regions in Indonesia. In this pandemic situation, daily products such as sprays, tissue paper and masks need to be developed using nanomaterials. In this paper, graphite carbon and zinc oxide were synthesized using gelatin as a pore guide. The morphology and character of graphite carbon and zinc oxide were characterized by SEM, EDX and XRD to address appropriate active centers to counteract the protein spike interaction in covid-19 with ACE in the human body. Several illustrations are presented in this paper to understand the opportunity of carbon and zinc oxide materials as the basis for making antiviral devices to store viral molecules so that human-to-human transmission can be prevented.

C-3-nitrophenylcalix[4]resorcinarene (calix-3NO2) is a macrocyclic compound with phenolic and nitrobenzene moieties and thus, promising to make a stable complex with a certain metal ion. Due to their high economic value for advanced materials, the detection of rare earth metals such as La(III) ions gains significant attention. In this work, we employed the calix-3NO2 to establish a simple detection technique for La(III) ions using an ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometer. The calix-3NO2 was obtained in 40% yield through a condensation reaction between resorcinol and 3-nitrobenzaldehyde in acidic condition. It was confirmed that the calix-3NO2 was able to detect La(III) ions in water:methanol media (4:1 v/v) by giving a significant additional peak at 268 nm due to charge transfer between ligand and metal ions. Furthermore, the calix-3NO2 had selectively bound to La(III) ions compared with other metal ions such as Al(III), Ba(II), Ca(II), Cu(II), Mg(II), Mn(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), K(I), and Na(I). These findings are important in the design of an organic probe used for sensitive detection of La(III) ions using a simple UV spectroscopic technique.

Biphenylene-Bridged Periodic Mesoporous Organosilica (Bph-PMO) has been successfully synthesized using sol-gel method in the presence of Octadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (ODTMABr) surfactant as a template. Furthermore, Bph-PMO has been functionalized using amine (NH₂-Bph-PMO) in a two-step reaction, comprising nitration using HNO₃ 65% / H₂SO₄ 96% and reduction with SnCl₂ / HCl 37%. The white powder of Bph-PMO and the pale yellow powder of NH₂-BPh-PMO were characterized using FTIR, XRD, and TEM. Bph-PMO and NH₂-Bph-PMO showed long order periodicity between 2θ from 7.5-38.0 (7.5°, 14.9°, 22.5°, 30.1°, and 38.0°). The SEM images confirmed that all materials have uniform spherical morphology. Impregnation and reduction of silver nanoparticles in NH₂-Bph-PMO have been carried out using AgNO₃ as a precursor and NaBH₄ as a reducing agent. The TEM characterization showed that the structure of NH₂-Bph-PMO material is confirmed to have a hexagonal mesoporous structure with molecular periodicity. While in Ag/NH₂-Bph-PMO has homogeneous particle size distribution of 240-280 nm. The crystalline size of silver nanoparticles on the surface of NH₂-Bph-PMO calculated using the Debye-Scherrer equation is 8.05 nm. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption showed NH₂-Bph-PMO and Ag/NH₂-Bph-PMO were classified into mesoporous materials with pore diameters of 3.3 nm and 3.2 nm, respectively.

Cellulose-Fe₃O₄/ZnO nanocomposites have been successfully synthesized. This process was supported by characterization using Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Mapping (SEM-Mapping) instruments. The successfully synthesized-nanocomposites then were tested for a catalytic activity in the transesterification reaction to form biodiesel. The results of the biodiesel production were characterized using Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). The highest conversion of coconut oil into biodiesel was 90.6%, with a catalyst amount of 0.6% wt and a 120 minutes reaction time. The biodiesel production using GC-MS shows that the most formed-methyl esters are dodecanoic acid methyl esters (lauric acid methyl esters). The use of cellulose as a catalyst support by combining Fe₃O₄/ZnO composites is very promising to be a green catalyst in the reaction of biodiesel production.

In the present work, we investigated kinetics and isotherms of the adsorption process of EG@CoFe2O4 adsorbent toward Congo Red dye in aqueous solution. Four kinetic models (pseudo first-order, pseudo second-order, Elovich, and Bangham) and four isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich) were estimated elucidate the adsorption mechanism. Current results show that the pseudo second-order model is the most appropriate kinetics for the adsorption and that the monolayer behavior (Langmuir model), rather than multilayer behavior (Freundlich equation), is more suitable to describe the adsorption. The adsorption process was confirmed to be endothermic and spontaneous via thermodynamic study. On the other hand, via Boehm's titration we confirmed that EG@CoFe2O4 can contain functional groups (carboxylic, phenolic, laconic groups and basic groups) with the respective amount of 0.020, 0.044, 0.032, and 0.156 mmol/g. The EG@CoFe2O4 showed high maximum adsorption capacity (98.60mg/g), and good recyclability.

The phytosynthesis of silver nano particles (AgNPs) and its use as a photocatalyst to photodegrade rhemazol brilliant blue are discussed. The AgNPs was prepared by reducing Ag+ from 0.01 M AgNO3 using frangipani (Plumeria rubra) water extract. The photodegradation was conducted by irradiating the suspension of the coloring agent and the AgNPs with UV rays at 259 nm. The optimum p H, AgNPs volume, and irradiation time were determined by measuring the degradation percentages at various pH, AgNPs volumes, and irradiation times. The study found that the optimum photodegradation occurred at pH 4, using 10 mL AgNPs, and irradiated for 60 minutes. Under the optimum conditions, AgNPs is capable of effectively photodegrading (97.84 ± 1.09) % of 600 ppm rhemazol brilliant blue

Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe. Among all carbon allotropes, carbon nanotube (CNT) with a cylindrical tube structure becomes an attractive carbon nanomaterial due to its unique physical and chemical properties. The typical gas sources that are usually used in CNT synthesis are mostly hydrocarbons, e.g., alcohol, methanol, methane (CH₄), ethylene (C₂H₄), acetylene (C₂H₂), propane (C₃H₈), and cyclohexane (C₆H₁₂). Unfortunately, those carbon precursors are not environmentally friendly due to their origin from fossil fuels. Considering its continuity production, utilizing "green" alternatives and inexpensive materials will be more promising for industrial-scale production. Biogas is one of the alternative ideas as a carbon precursor in the process of CNT synthesis. Biogas consists of 40–60% methane (CH₄), 40–60% carbon dioxide (CO₂), and traces of nitrogen (N₂), oxygen (O₂), hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), hydrogen (H₂), and ammonia (NH₃). The most commonly used to produce CNT is CH₄ through chemical vapor deposition (CVD). CVD is the most expectant and scalable method for future power and electronic devices with its economical and straightforward friendly design.

The water contaminations by dye residues are increasingly becoming serious concerns worldwide due to dye toxicity and persistent characteristics. Manganese oxide-based catalysts having similar structures with manganese compounds found in nature (biomimetic) have been considered as a very promising and effective photocatalyst for the degradation of organic pollutions in wastewater. This paper focuses on the synthesis of calcium manganese oxide catalysts from the octahedral layered birnessite-type manganese oxide and calcium carbonate via sol-gel method with citric acid as the complexing agent. The as-synthesized oxide was then tested as a photocatalyst for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye. The calcium manganese oxides prepared by the two different mole ratios of CaCO3/MnO2 resulted in the similar crystallinity and crystal phases but difference in the crystal sizes. The photocatalytic activities of the prepared calcium manganese oxides for the degradation of methylene blue are compared to that of the calcium manganese oxide prepared from tunnel cryptomelane-type manganese oxide. Both the calcium manganese oxides prepared from the different manganese oxide phases show the remarkable performance for the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue after 10 minutes of reaction times. The birnessite-prepared calcium manganese oxide displays slightly higher photocatalytic performance than cryptomelane-prepared calcium manganese oxide.

The researches on methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) destructions were carried out using indium sulfide (In₂S₃) photoanode in photoelectrocatalytic system. It consisted of In₂S₃ thin film as an anode synthesized by chemical bath deposition (CBD) on FTO and platinum as a cathode. Characterization with EDX showed the presence of In₂S₃ with a composition close to In₂S₃ for 10 min deposition. The In₂S₃ band gap measurement was obtained 2.49 eV. Photocurrent measurement revealed that In₂S₃ had n-type semiconductor property. The application of In₂S₃ thin film as photoanode in a photoelectrocatalytic cell for MB and MO treatments gave degradation's yields ca. 71 and 55 %, respectively, under illumination with a 20 watt UV lamp, a bias voltage of 0.5 V for 150 min and with sample concentration of 25 mg/L.

Hibiscus tiliaceus is one of the herbal medicines that have been used as traditional medicine for a long time. Antioxidant and anticancer potencies of this plant have reported by some researchers. However, there are no studies reported on antioxidant and anticancer potencies of H. tiliaceus leaves collected from Terengganu-Malaysia, especially against breast cancer cells (MCF-7). Different solvents in the extraction process and different sampling areas were chosen in this study compared to other studies. These could affect the chemicals content of H. tiliaeus leaves as well as on their bioactivities. Hence, the objectives of this study were to investigate the antioxidant and anticancer potencies of H. tiliaceus leaves from Terengganu, Malaysia, against MCF-7. The sample was extracted by solvent-solvent partitioning using hexane and ethyl acetate. Antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties were carried out by DPPH free radical scavenging activity and MTT, respectively. The morphological features were stained by Annexin-V/PI and DAPI. Results revealed that H. tiliaceus leaves exhibited strong DPPH free radical scavenging and cytotoxic activities against MCF-7. Morphological features showed the cells were put to death by both early and late apoptosis. Our results found that H. tiliaceus leaves have potency as antioxidant and anticancer agents against MCF-7 cells.

Research on membrane synthesis as a hemodialysis membrane candidate has been carried out with molecular imprinting technique using MIM (Molecularly Imprinted Membrane) based on polyeugenoxy acetic acid. Polieugenoxy acetic acid was obtained from the synthesis of eugenol derivatives. This research aims to produce a selective urea membrane based on polyeugenoxy acetic acid for hemodialysis process and to know the effect of different leaching agents in the template release in the transport test. Polyeugenoxy acetic acid that has been bound with urea was mixed with Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA), a crosslinking agent for Poly Ethylene Glycol Diglycidyl Ether (PEGDE), and N-Methyl 2 Pyrrolidone solvent (NMP) to form the hydrogel. The hydrogel was then dissolved by NMP to make a membrane. The process of releasing the urea template used ethanol and HCl to obtain urea MIM (Molecularly Imprinted Membrane) and transports was done to find out the difference in membrane transportability. The polymer base and urea MIM obtained were characterized using FTIR, SEM-EDX, and TGA / DTA, while urea MIM was used to transport urea, creatinine, and vitamin B12 through the transport process and was analyzed by UV-VIS spectrophotometer. The results obtained are that MIM has better transports results than NIM. The percentage of transport of urea, creatinine, and vitamin B12 by MIM membranes is 45.02%; 33.63%; 14.28%, and the percentage of transport of urea, creatinine, and vitamin B₁₂ by NIM membranes was 43.36%; 27.42%; 9.9%. In addition, there is an influence of eluent variations (leaching agent) on the transport of urea, creatinine, and vitamin B₁₂, where the optimum transport results are shown in washing using HCl eluents. Percentage of urea transport by membrane washed with eluent variations of HCl, Ethanol, and Aquadest was 45.02%; 40.12%; 39.17%, the percentage of creatinine transport in HCl, Ethanol, and Aquadest variations was 47.03%; 44.2%; 36.6%, and the percentage of vitamin B₁₂ transport in the HCl, Ethanol and Aquadest variations respectively was 8.87%; 18.27%; 3.65%.

One of the most challenging issues associated with the use of artificial scent is the harmful effects not always visible to the eyes. To meet the growing consumer demand for the natural active ingredients of household products, the team looked for new, rich ingredients that have ample amount of compound that create scents and exhibit high antibacterial activities. The main objective of this study was to formulate a diffused product by replacing the harmful synthetic ingredients with safe natural ingredients. After applying the hydrodistillation method for the extraction process, lemongrass essential oil obtained with optimum efficiency of 0.29%. The process and formula of diffused products are optimized through the process of influencing parameters such as platform oil, emulsifier, solvent, Tween 80 and essential oil. The results indicate that lemongrass essential oil can be used as an eco-friendly alternative, which can add up the aromatic and deodorizing properties to the synthesized fragrance. The research into the application of lemongrass essential oils in many products will provide insight into the potential development of essential oils in the field of home care products.

Coconut oil is considered the active ingredient as a moisturizer used by many people in tropical regions. At the same time, coconut oil can improve the symptoms of skin disorders by moisturizing and soothing the skin. A body washes formula that contains coconut oil based on the saponification process is formulated through an appropriate content survey. The combination of auxiliary substances such as detergent, foaming agent, moisturizing agent, preservative was also conducted to evaluate different concentrations. Products are assessed and visually observed for appearance, viscosity, pH value, stability, and durability when stored. The body wash formula was found to be white and pearl luster was visually observed. Products using 20% crude soap content, 5% detergent (SLES), 3% glycerin, etc. have all been tested to show good physico-chemical properties in terms of pH value and viscosity, as well as no irritation, upon skin contact. Research shows that coconut oil body wash formulas with good physico-chemical properties can be developed into new body wash cosmetic products.

In order to enhance the use of coconut oil through its application in personal care products, shampoos formulated with simple soap act as the leading detergent with a 20% content and ingredients other commercial components such as Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate, Plantacare 2000, Glycerin, Cocamidopropyl Betaine, etc. A combination of 20% crude soap and a synthetic active substance synthesizing sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES) 5% make up the excellent shampoo recipe with cleansing feature. Ingredients of complementary detergents, moisturizers, and smoothing softeners are supplemented with appropriate levels to improve raw soap's disadvantages. Foamability and foam durability are selected targets to examine the influence of ingredients in the formula. The sensory elements of the product reach the set goals with an average evaluation score of about 4/5. Thereby, shampoo products penetrate the cosmetic market and attract many consumers in the future.

Facing the proliferation of unnatural fragrance personal care products by their convenience and affordability. However, facing the immediate benefits is the insecurity of prolonged exposure to odors, the vast majority of which may exceed the allowable or unknown uses. Therefore, we research the production process of shampoos derived from natural essential oils. In this study, we use lemongrass oil originating from Tan Phu Dong commune, Tien Giang province to conduct steam distillation with optimum efficiency of 0.29%. The general formula for making a shampoo product is based on basic factors such as detergent, humectant, foaming agent, etc. The product evaluation is based on the results of the assessment of foaming ability, degree foam stability, and product stability under different storage conditions. Results showed that shampoo products derived from lemongrass oil gave good evaluation results, scalable, and developed to conduct commercialization.

A lot of watermelon seed waste is wasted, generally its only used to make "kuaci", a kind of salted saline a snack made from watermelon seeds. As a member of Cucurbitaceae family, watermelon seeds can be used as a source of vegetable oil that predicted contains squalene inside like other Cucurbitaceae members. This study aims to determine the effect of refining process on the physicochemical properties and composition watermelon seed oil. Watermelon seed oil which is obtained by using Soxhlet extractor in n-hexane solvent was refined in 3 steps, which was degumming, neutralization, and bleaching, respectively. Degumming process used 3 concentrations of H3PO4, which were 0,15%; 0,20%; and 0,25%, respectively; whereas 3 zeolit concentrations of 2%; 4%; and 8%, respectively were used in bleaching steps. Data were analyzed by using 3x3 Factorial design and it was laid out with Randomized Completely Block Design, 3 replications and as the block is time analysis. The optimum yield of the watermelon (C. lanatus L.) seed oil is obtained in the amount of 48.47±0.91 % at 0.25% phosphoric acid concentration and 4% Zeolite concentration. The result of physicochemical analysis before and after the refining process have changed. The density, peroxide value and acid value show a significantly decrease, while only the saponification value shows an increase. Fatty acid composition (profile) of WSO before and after refining process does not change, comprises linoleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid and squalene (unsaturated hydrocarbon). Linoleic acid is the main compound of WSO (76.69%), followed by palmitic acid (14.60%), stearic acid (6.53%) and squalene (2.18%), respectively.

Herbs have potential to be developed as functional beverages to reduce the risk of Covid-19 infection. One of herb ready to serve form is brewed in a bag. This study optimizes the conditions for herb beverages infusion in a silk bag based on their flavonoid content and antioxidant activity. Optimization is completed using the Response Surface Methodology with 3³ Central Composite Design models. As the factor X1 is the mass of the herbs in the bag, X2 is the infusion frequency and X3 is the steeping time. Each factor consists of 3 levels. The flavonoid content was determined using the UV-Vis spectrophotometric method. The antioxidant activity was measured based on the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity. The results of this study indicate that the optimal condition is achieved in the herb mass of 1.2 g with an infusion frequency of 18 times and steeping time for 15 minutes. Flavonoids content and antioxidant activity in herb beverages at optimal infusion conditions were 942,353 μg QE / mL (117.79 mg QE / g) and 83.06%, respectively.

Highly starch content in sorghum seed has a high potential raw material for the sorghum fluor to be a raw material of liquid sugar known as glucose syrup. The syrup is usually produced through enzymatically or chemically hydrolysis using a strong acid. In this study, sorghum starch is hydrolyzed chemically using a catalyst of organic acids extracted from roselle flower (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). The goal of the study is to produce glucose syrup free from chemical agents so as generally recognized as safe (GRAS). Rosella flowers are known to contain high amounts of organic acids such as citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid, and hibiscus acid. Apart from having natural acid content, rosella flowers also contain vitamins (ascorbic acid) and are rich in natural red pigment dyes from the anthocyanins that can be an added value for the glucose syrup products. Organic acid extraction of dried rosella flowers was carried out at a temperature of 100°C for 30 minutes in a water bath and filtered. The resulting acid extract then determined the value of the total titrated acid (TTA) by the acid-base titration method. Sorghum starch is prepared by mixing sorghum flour with distilled water and then cooled at 4°C for 12 hours. Starch is obtained from the dried filtrate to obtain a water content of <14%. The starch hydrolysis process with rosella flower extract was carried out in several variations, namely the hydrolysis time of 1 - 4 hours, the TTA concentration of rosella 4 - 16%. Meanwhile, the temperature and stirring speed were fixed at 96°C and 200 rpm. The resulting glucose levels were analyzed by the spectrophotometric method. From this research, the result shows that the best sorghum starch hydrolysis condition was obtained at the addition of 16% acid extract for 180 minutes which gave 13.83% of glucose yield

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is the leading cause of nosocomial infections in hospitals. Treatment of MRSA infection using ceftaroline has been reported to be resistant due to mutations in the Penicillin Binding Protein (PBP)2a. In silico's approach through virtual screening can analyze the bioactive compounds that can bind effectively to mutant PBP2a. The potential source of bioactive compounds with anti-MRSA activities is Streptomyces, which is the main antibiotic-producing bacteria. Thus, the study aimed to analyze the interactions of PBP2a/mutant PBP2a against ceftaroline and the interactions between mutant PBP2a against bioactive compounds from Streptomyces. The protein receptors were PBP2a (PDB 3ZG0) and mutant PBP2a (PDB 4CPK). The ligands used were ceftaroline (CID 9852981) as control and nine bioactive compounds produced by Streptomyces. Protein preparation and visualization used Discovery Studio, ligand preparation used Marvin, and molecular docking used Autodock4. The alignment results showed that mutant PBP2a has a more extended amino acid sequence (643 amino acids) than PBP2a (641 amino acids). The mutations that occurred in mutant PBP2a caused conformation changes in the active site of mutant PBP2a so that the interaction between ceftaroline and mutant PBP2a decreased. The virtual screening results indicated that 1-acetyl-β-carboline was the most potent compound as anti-MRSA with the lowest binding energy (-7.12 Kcal/mol) compared to ceftaroline (-6.32 Kcal/mol). The amino acids involved in the binding of 1-acetyl-β-carboline with PBP2a mutant were Ser403, Ser461, Asn464, Thr600; Ser462, Tyr446, and Ala642. This result suggests that 1-acetyl-β-carboline has better interaction with mutant PBP2a, hence might serve as a potential anti-MRSA compound.

Artemisinin is a secondary metabolite contained in the potential genus Artemisia as an antimalarial. Artemisia cina Berg ex Poljakov is a species from Artemisia that grows as a weed in Indonesia and contains artemisinin. The problem is that the artemisinin content in A. cina is minimal. The efforts must be made to increase the content. Clone improvement through breeding through genetic manipulation and enhancement of technical culture are the strategies that can use to improve the artemisinin content of A. cina. The purpose of this study was to determine the agronomic performance of nine A. cina polyploid genotypes (genotypes A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I) obtained from polyploidy induction using colchicines. The results of this study showed that leaf area and chlorophyll content were not significantly different among genotypes. In contrast, shoot dry weight, and plant height showed that I genotype was significantly higher than other genotypes. Glandular trichomes density of genotype was more elevated than different genotypes. Genotypes F, H, I had high artemisinin content compared to other genotypes. The genotype I showed higher artemisinin weight than other genotypes.

The synthesis of poly pyridin-2-ylmethyl 2-(eugenoxy) acetate (poly (PMEOA)) as a metal mixture carrier by BLM (Bulk Liquid Membrane) method has been conducted. The synthesis began with the conversion of eugenol to acid followed by the synthesis of pyridin-2-ylmethyl 2-(eugenoxy) acetate (PMEOA) ester. The monomer synthesis results were characterized by FTIR and GC-MS along with NMR. Polymerization of the ester produced poly (PMEOA). The resulting polymer was characterized using FTIR and NMR. Both of the synthesis products (monomers and polymers) were tested for their selectivity towards metal mixtures with Bulk Liquid Membrane Method (BLM) extraction. The results obtained show the difference in selectivity and effectiveness of its extraction ability. Mainly in the improvement of the heavy metal ions transport effectiveness resulted by the use of poly (PMEOA).