Table of contents

This conference proceedings volume presents the accepted full length original research papers (manuscripts) submitted to the International Conference on Engineering and Advanced Technology (ICEAT 2020) after the papers were double blind peer reviewed by national and international reviewers from top universities around the world, selected by the conference scientific committee. The ICEAT 2020 was organized by Al-Qadisiyah University and Mustansiriyah University, Iraq in collaboration with the University of Assiut, Egypt and the University of Birmingham, UK. ICEAT 2020 was held at the University of Assiut, Egypt on February 11-12, 2020.

The ICEAT 2020 is an international refereed conference dedicated to the advancement of the theory and practices in engineering and advanced technology. This conference promoted collaboration among scholars, researchers and professionals in academia from all over the world in terms of Engineering and Advanced Technologies in the aspect of modern application of civil, mechanical, chemical, material, electrical, architectural and biomedical engineering.

The ICEAT brought together more than 240 leading academicians, scholars, researchers and industrialists from the top universities in the world including members from 40 universities in Iraq and from top universities in the United Kingdom, Egypt, Ukraine and Jordan to present and discuss topics in their respective research areas. In addition, the conference also offered opportunities for academicians and industry experts to meet and interact with local and international participants along with their specialized societies such as the Nabda Society of medical engineering. This interaction allowed participants to share their knowledge and new ideas as well as to discuss current developments in the fields of Medical Engineering and advanced technology.

List of Photos are available in this pdf.

List of Photos are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

The architectural schools' trends are essentially important on the life of the architectural designer, especially in the early years of graduation, as its effects appear in his/her designs since the period of study in those schools until after graduation, and contribute to the identification of architecture. This research seeks to highlight the importance of the academic identity of architectural schools in enhancing the identity of architecture associated with space and time in the era of globalization, through the nature of curricula, courses and teaching staff trends of a core substance representing the vision, mission and goals of the educational institution, which is reflected in the products of students and the qualifications of graduates within the professional practice. The research adopted the descriptive analytical approach of the previous studies and theses in identifying the various aspects for academic architectural identity. The research, therefore, investigates these aspects in the local reality through the Department of Architecture, University of Baghdad (DAUB), and the Department of Architecture, University of Technology (DAUT), as a model for architectural schools in Iraq. The research hypothesis is that the Academic Identity in any architectural department is determined by the degree of convergence/conformity of its courses and the teaching staff trends in it and the products of students with the vision, mission and goals set by that department that linked to the peculiarity of the architectural reality and its relationship to both place and time. The research found that the courses and the educational trends of the teaching staff of DAUB and DAUT were in line with the requirements of the department and the college, which gives the educational identity of both departments and matches with the vision, mission and goals of the department. The graduation projects for the fifth stage students in DAUB weren't in line with the vision, mission and goals of the department, with a weakness of the existence of an academic architectural identity of architecture students compatible with the vision, mission and goals of the department. While most of the graduation projects of (DAUT) were in line with the vision, mission and goals of the department in the field of adopting contemporary architecture and the use of modern graphic techniques, but they miscarried in achieving a balance between the aesthetic, functional and performance aspects. The research recommends the essential increase of the courses in (DAUB) with subjects focusing on local, Arab and Islamic identity. Additionally, the focus of (DAUT) on increasing courses in the field of modern technologies in building materials and construction and architectural graphic.

The modern growth of Baghdad city has affected many traditional parts, which are neglected due to multiple factors. Such as the change of urban planning, and making new buildings regardless of the traditional city. The research showed that Baghdad's historical center had grown through four stages since its establishment, during that time city's structure have been changed. Such as the change of main paths that became parallel to the river instead of being perpendicular to it, besides the change in the use of many traditional buildings. These factors led to the problem of losing city's identity. So, research problem is "the need to integrate the original traditional parts with the modern parts of Baghdad city". The research assumes the capability of spatial organization principles to achieve this integration. This will be verified by analyzing the development proposal of "Jadeed Hassn Pasha" district as a case study, according to the principles of urban theorists such as: Lynch, Rossi, Salingaros, etc., in order to accomplish the research aim of exploring the most effective principle that could be used to maintain city's identity. The research has reached to a preliminary result that all of integration principles are important, but it depends on each district to concentrate on each principle.

One of the biggest problems in the modern urban environment is the phenomenon of the spread of slums, which are threatening the future of the Iraqi city, and this phenomenon has become increasing over time and has become a danger spread in most Iraqi cities. The problem of research: is in the knowledge gap related to the role of the urban upgrading of the slums and the knowledge of the integration of these neighborhoods with the mother city to achieve the process of sustainable urbanization of this city. The research assumes that achieving sustainable urbanization is through the urban upgrading of slums. Therefore, the aim of the research is to reach a theoretical framework that shows the indicators of the spatial organization of the random neighborhoods and the detection of the treatments of the negative characteristics of these neighborhoods to achieve the quality of life which achieves the sustainable urban form. In order to test the hypothesis of the research, theoretical framework indicators were applied to areas of random neighborhoods in the city of Baghdad.

The noise pollution in the cities has become of great concern all over the World. This research deals with evaluating the noise levels that was carried out in the study area streets (Karada city). The aims of this research were to evaluate the environmental noise pollution present in Karada city caused by traffic noise, compare the measured noise levels in the city with legislations and to establish the connection between noise and the number of active vehicles. The research work was carried out in three different stages: The first stage dealt with the physical measurements (using Apparatus Device), while the second stage had to do with the field surveys and questionnaires conducted to measure and evaluate the effect of noise caused by vehicular movements in the main streets during traffic rush hours. The third stage was carried out in parallel with the first stage as the amount of traffic in the study area streets was measured. Ultimately, the research concludes with results and recommendations to protect the study area from traffic noise pollution, which in return would be very beneficial to studies that deal with planning a noise-free environment.

The specific patterns of everyday life in the domestic space vary according to the cultures of the people, which are reflected in the variation of houses designs in terms of size, number and pattern of their basic spaces, as well as spatial relations between them. The domestic space is the basic space unit of the dwelling, the daily life of this space is based mainly on the social beliefs and customs practiced by the family in human society. The problem of research in determining the local privacy of the domestic space Within the context of the contemporary local houses and what the domestic space creates possibilities, determinants, and obstacles that determine the types, patterns and periods of daily activities of the Iraqi family. The aim of the research was to arrive at the effect of the visual properties of the domestic space (the vision plan) on the degree of choice that space provides for the daily activities of the whole family and at any time intervals. The nature of this relationship was investigated in a practical study of a sample of contemporary local dwellings and using (Depth Map 10) software application to measure the size of the vision plans of their schemas, given that the visual structure of the household space enhances the structure of space permeability with each other.

Sustainability is a holistic meaning that has been addressed by many studies in many respects but has agreed to achieve a human-friendly environment, which cannot be sustained without integration with natural ecosystems to reduce the consumption of natural resources needed to sustain life without compromising the ability of subsequent generations. One of the requirements for achieving a livable environment is a healthy lifestyle. The surrounding physical and natural environment affects the health of its users. Attentional fatigue and lack of concentration are the most important negative effects of the health of contemporary society in general and the users of educational buildings in particular, as a result of the continuous daily pressures to which they are exposed, showing the consequences of multiple psychological and physiological diseases. Hence, the research adopted to address the problem of increasing levels of tension and stress among users of educational buildings, assuming that the utilization of regenerative design mechanisms in educational buildings could reduce the levels of tension and fatigue, and increase the stimulation of attention, which is represented by the self-organization of the place). The results of the research proved the effective role of the mechanisms of spatial self-regulation in the manufacturing of regenerative health spaces.

Environment quality plays a major role in communication, and, enhances life.it has received increased attention across a number of disciplines in recent years. in contrast, there is no comprehensiveness of experimental behavioral studies. so the major problem there is a lack of knowledge in comprehensiveness of experimental behavioral studies, that determine the physical Constituents; Influencing the social behavior characteristics, and assessment the environment quality based on behavioral measures by observed behavior. the aim of this paper is to develop previous literature theoretical framework and draw out behavioral measures to assess the environment quality (functionally, physically and ecologically). The inductive experimental approach was adopted, six urban spaces were elected at the University of Babylon, and observation Student behavior during (2018-2019). Finally, the results showed that determine the measures based on observed behavior Characteristics contributes effectively to the assessment environment quality, on another side high quality of the urban environment leads to increase the variety of behavioral patterns and cognitive relationships.

The urban scene of contemporary cities suffers from modern urban transformations that threaten the structure and shape of urban centers. Thus, it is necessary to show the impact of these practices on the urban reality of the urban scene and the importance of handling these practices to create a more sustainable urban image for cities. The research focuses on the study of the Integrative relationship between the public good and the temporary tactical practices of the city that clearly affect the formulation of the contemporary urban scene. The research reflects the clear impact of urban tactical practices on a part that is consistent with the public good of shaping the urban scene of the modern city in relation to urban sustainability. The research is divided into two main features. The first feature focuses on developing the theoretical framework of the key research terms and highlighting its most important indications. The second feature includes the analysis of a number of local projects to test the research indicators. The final part of the research is the main conclusions and recommendations.

The research addresses the concept of active housing design and recent advocates of health. There is sufficient health evidence show changes in neighborhoods, streets, and buildings design encourage physical activity regularly, as a part of people's daily lives can be part of the solution to reduce risk factors and diseases. Inhibition of harmful behavior is an effective way to promote physical activity and encourage dynamic response is the most important in architecture. Therefore, interventions that promote physical activity are always accompanied by the addition of spatial value, and the built environment exerts potent effects on our health and well-being. As a result, the city had made a significant effort to encourage an integrated, small and connected community to increase opportunities for active transport, to reduce trip times between destinations and provide many recreational opportunities. A renewed understanding of these humanitarian needs to design buildings that influence behavioral patterns, design can discourage stable and passive behavior and it can enhance the attractiveness of healthy choices, building design has a significant impact on physical health, this understanding is not surprising because we spend most of our time at home.

The research is based on the question of how can traditional cities cope with the demands of contemporary life? As the high efficiency of urban life in traditional cities or the so-called quality of life is the intended purpose of this paper. This goal can only be achieved by activating the health, social, economic and urban aspects of the place through prudent urban interventions in these environments. The research hypothesis confirms that urban infill projects, including deletions and additions, can improve the quality of life in these cities. Thus, the research problem summarizes the lack of studies dealing with improving the quality of life in traditional environments, which suffer from forced removal projects of some or all of the old tissue, and the difficulty of communicating with the requirements of contemporary life. The research was based on studying the phenomenon and making questionnaires for the study area of the old city of Najaf. Then, obtain conclusions that confirmed the research hypothesis and based on indicators that can be adopted to activate the quality of life in traditional cities.

Reducing risks and coping with disasters in contemporary cities has become a necessity when dealing with urban systems at different levels. The problem of the research focuses on the weakness of information and indicators available in urban maps related to preparedness for disasters and their potential risks. The paper aims at establishing risk levels and coding them in color codes and assuming that they can be marked on the basic maps, introduced and represented within the GIS program, and used in providing the necessary information for preparedness and response to disasters. The question is (how to denote the level of seriousness and threat of disasters in contemporary cities and what are the indicators included in this coding?). Hence, the hypothesis refers to "prediction of disaster occurrence depends on many factors interact with each other to form one colored structure" while the methodology was based on the creation of an evaluation matrix that includes influential indicators in the prediction or occurrence of the disaster and its consequences. The study of the city was taken Baghdad as a case study, The results showed the disparity of risk ratios in urban environments within the city of Baghdad, and opens the door to represent those risks on maps to be a reference for each urban intervention or disaster management policy or any study or procedures that require that information.

Visitors' space use pattern in museums is the mechanism by which visitors can understand and comprehend the internal display environment through a series of behaviors that begin with Capture, Navigation and ends by stopping to view display content. To find out the effect of the internal physical environment of the display spaces which consist of (the display containers) represented by the surrounding surfaces and (display content) of exhibits, the organizational characteristics of each one had to be studied to know their impact in these different patterns of space use. The relationship between the patterns of display space use represented by (visitors exploratory movement and stopping to view exhibits) and the internal space characteristics represented by (organizational relationships of display container and content) is a phenomenon that didn't have a great deal of studying despite its role in making the museum experience successful. Accordingly, the research aimed at shedding light on the nature of this relationship through studying a group of neutral display spaces for the display containers with their contents along with their different spatial organization between two of international museums within an interactive approach based on the actual analysis of the visitor behavior by observation and tracking in addition to carrying out syntactical analysis for the display halls in the selected samples with Depthmap UCL software. The results of the practical study showed that the matching between the display container and island display content in the spatial organization raises the learning opportunity and going deeply into the display content as well as stimulating the interaction of visitors through focusing on exhibits on one hand, this interaction with display, on the other hand, towards wall display content increases as much as this matching decreases.

The architectural field has always represented an area where the potential of the materials that simulate the spirit of its time based on the architect designer's understanding of these materials, their precise properties and their characteristics that influenced the making of creative architectural modules, the latest one known as GRC The research problem specified as "The Lack of clear conception about what the GRC material is and its effect on the designing action both in its intellectual and applicable aspects in the development of the contemporary architecture". The goal of the research is to define the aspects of the GRC and to bring into view their indicators and level of influence on contemporary architecture. The research defined its method of work by examining the concept of G.R.C and its practical applications in the global practice to build the theoretical frame then tests it on selected Iraqi samples. The research concludes that the local experiment proved the architect understands of the GRC conception and its applicable methods on developing contemporary designing methods aimed at renovation and to stay clear of stereotypical and traditional pattern especially those related to designing the facades but the influence was directed at most towards implementing the aesthetic considerations at the expense of functional and performance considerations..

This paper investigates the impact of counterinsurgency strategies on the efficiency and performance of public spaces within the context of Al-Kadhimiya city. The methodological approach relied on space syntax-Depthmap X to perform a syntactical comparative analysis of two morphological phases for the years 2003 and 2007 of the case study. These two phases represent the spatial accessibility before and after the application of various counterterrorism strategies. The syntactical analysis encompassed the values of integration, connectivity, choice, and control within the spatial system in order to analyse the networking attributes of public spaces. The analysis results indicated that the counterterrorism strategies have reduced the spatial networking and accessibility of public spaces within Al-Kadhimiya city.

This research investigates the relationship between city resilience and its urban systems. The study determines the efficiency of a healthy urban system as one of a main characteristic in achieving a compatible resilient city. Most of the current studies are theoretical and suggest pathways and procedures that are beyond virtual practices. Healthy urban systems are suggested to link human well-being with the effectiveness of the city infra-structure and municipal services. These services are associated with the drinking water supply, sewage disposal, garbage system, and adequacy of the transport system. Many recent approaches have agreed on the importance of these elements related to resilience. However, any involvement in operation of these elements may lead to all types of pollution. This may eventually affect the nature of the urban system and reduce the city's resilience to pressure and disasters. The study intends to explore this relationship in the city of Baghdad. This city has faced accelerated disasters for many years. The research attempts to determine the resilience pathway of Baghdad and investigate its ability based on its urban system. The research concludes that sound healthy urban systems are one of the most effective pathways to achieve resilience in the city of Baghdad. Introduction.

This research aimed at identifying the self-efficacy and its role to build the architectural character of a sample of students from the Department of Architecture Engineering in Al-Mustansiriya University and its impact on academic engagement to achieve achievement and enhance results, as the belief of the students of the Department of Architecture with their self-efficacy and their effective ability to possess the skills that qualify them to integrate academically according to features related to In the behavioral, cognitive and emotional aspect, their empowerment and empowerment in managing their learning process qualifies them for engagement and active participation in the architecture community. Practical results indicated a positive relationship between students 'effectiveness and their sense of responsibility towards their studies and academic achievement through the process of academic engagement.

Recently, the intense interest for bio-polymer for biomedical applications has gone up. This interest was due to patients researchers, and the medical world seeking for effective solutions to their serious challenges, such as the need to repair or, replace, substitute organs or tissues. In current article, Rentato Panelli mathematical equation utilize to understand and track parameters refer to a physical significant, deformation nature and shape memory degree and of two types of bio-polymer derivative mixtures, Avicel 102 and Sodium Starch Glycolate (SSG). Panelli constants were stated by using combination of two, known, bio polymer in term of deformation and shape memory specifications to validate of the equation parameters to predict this characteristics for unknown materials which may be part of human body or cardiovascular artificial parts. Constants and coefficients for equation measured by applying low pressure ranging from 15 to 75 Mpa. The issues emerging from the findings relate specifically to depth in-die analysis. The most interesting findings was the Panelli equation parameters are perfectly valid in representing bio-polymer characteristics under stress. These parameters and characteristics are able to assess the features of the bio-polymer which sometimes become beyond the scope unless defined by using specific instrumentation. In addition, these parameters can decide the applied pressure that achieve particular density in the manufacturing conditions. These parameters determine process conditions that produce desired biomedical engineering application as bio ink for 3D printing, artificial organs, and drug delivery system which is difficult or rather impossible without use classical methods.

In this work, the effect of different viscosities of an oil in magnetic abrasive finishing process (MAF) is analysed. The material specifically chosen for experimentation is Brass alloy (CuZn). The surface of the Brass alloy in this study was exposed to different tests during which key parameters were altered. In order to keep the objectives of this study aligned the list of parameters was limited to six. The six parameters were: Viscosity;Quantity of the powder (doze);Distance between pole and the work piece;Pole diameter;Pole rotational speed and Current. The choice of parameters was based on the Taguchi orthogonal array (OA), with three levels of variance for each parameter. To determine the signal to noise ratio (S/N) and to obtain the optimum condition of micro hardness, Hv, the statistical software (MINITAB 17) was used. The experimentation was repeated with and without oil to identify the significant parameters affecting the micro hardness level (Hv).

Over several decades, artificial blood become an important thing to develop in order to save life of many people because the main blood function in the body is the transporting oxygen to body's tissue and carries carbon dioxide to the lung, protecting the body against bacteria and viruses, dominance of bleeding, in addition to proteins and water found in it. This review paper presents the studies for systems that have been used for manufacturing artificial blood and their side effects. Also include the recent studies and articles that discussing the development in artificial blood to make it closer to normal blood and more compatible with body and have many characteristics as those of native RBCs.

An artificial pacemaker is a medical device that can generate electrical impulses which are delivered by electrodes to maintain the controlled rhythm of the heartbeats. Such a medical device can assist for extensive period of time and thereby regulates the pumping capacity of the heart. Usually, the need for a permanent pacemaker implantation arises from the occurrence of cardiac diseases such as failure of impulse formation (sick sinus syndrome) and/or conduction (A-V block). Functionally, a pacemaker comprises of at least three parts: an electrical pulse generator, a power source (battery) and an electrode (lead) system. This paper aims to provide a design of the trainer board of a typical pacemaker, which generates a QRS pulse and displays it on an oscilloscope which will help understand the basic components of the device for educational purposes. To do so, an extensive literature review was undertaken to comprehend the theory behind the design of a pacemaker. Further, the paper describes the practical methodology adopted in the design of the pacemaker and the achieved results of this study while making suggestions for future work.

The development in the world of telecommunications and user require to increase the data capacity, make us to research how we can to develop a system to increase the data packet and efficiency. The purpose of the research is to improve the efficiency of transceiver path data in highways. The aim of the research is to improve the quality of communication and the accuracy and efficiency of the data transmitted to meet user requirement.

The cytotoxic effect of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) on Rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RMS or RD cell line) has been studied by using Methyl Thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Two sizes of the synthesized GNPs (61nm and 71 nm) functionalized with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide with different concentrations of 3.6 ml of 5 ml CTAB solution were used in the current research. The RD cell line was exposed to these particles for 48 hours. The findings showed that the cytotoxic effects of GNPs appeared to depend on concentration. for both sizes at higher concentration, the inhibition rate of IR absorbance was significantly decreased due to GNPs agglomeration on the cell membrane. Lower concentrations of GNPs internalize the cytoplasmic membrane individually by diffusion. Moreover, average particle diameters of 61nm showed a significant inhibition rate of more than 71nm at a lower concentration.

Nano-sized zinc oxide (ZnO) particles and its composite were synthesised with xanthan gum (XG) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) polymers.

This work studied different concentrations of the surface adsorption of these polymers onto the Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles.

The concentrations used as mass ratio were (1:1, 1:0.5 and 1:0.25w/w) for ZnO/polymer. The nanoparticles are then analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), particle size and BET surface area.

Composition of the samples was recognised with X-ray diffraction. The shape of particles changes with addition polymeric additives. It has been indicated that the low concentration polymers display a weaker effect on the surface of particles in comparison to the polymers with high concentration and CMC polymer better than XG polymer since it facilitated to produce finest nanoparticles with higher surface area.

Achieving high data rate communications and increasing system reliability are the essentials for 5G networks. Massive MIMO and millimeter wave (mmWave) communications along with the ongoing developments in the underlying infrastructure promise to sharply increase the aggregate capacity. The communication system harnessing the odds of the unused spectrum in mmWave bands is vulnerable to the extreme path loss that severely weakens the strength of the information-bearing signal. Nevertheless, exploiting hybrid beamforming and efficient high-speed channel estimation algorithm can help address this problem and create the communication systems required for 5G. Our main contribution in this paper is to propose a very high speed accurate greedy algorithm called Subspace Pursuit (SP) and we also compare the performance of this algorithm with two other greedy algorithms. Simulation results show that SP algorithm achieves a noticeable improvement in comparison with Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) and Regularized Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (ROMP) algorithms in terms of both the spectral efficiency and runtime.

Water is the most important natural resources in countries with desert and semi-desert climates like Iraq because it controls the distribution of population and economic activities, especially agriculture. Water pollution is one of the major global problems of the scientific and political community. It threatens health, threatens life, impairs industrial activity and develops civilization. So this work aims to determine the qualitative changes in Tigris River water in Baghdad city through the evaluation of the river water quality in the seasons of the year using the water treatment project (W.T. Projects) operating in Baghdad city as a source of raw water. Samples of water were taken from the same point for four months (January, February, March and April). Seven water stations W.T. Projects were investigated as a fixed site area Al-Wahda, Al-rashed, Al-Karama, Al-Wthba, Al-doura, Al-Qadisiya, Um al-Khanazeer, Shark Dijla and Al-Khademya. The concentrations of nitrate, and nitrite in the water of Tigris River in Baghdad and their suitability to the conditions permitted internationally was tested. The samples of water of Tigris River have been conducted in winter and spring for the year of the study. The results of this work were examined and analyzed and the samples of the water taken and the rivers fed to it and the result of the year 2018 were compared to the data provided by the W.T. Projects for years 2015, 2016 and 2017. Then, the Nitrate and Nitrite were compared with the ratios measured in the past years after taking readings from the concerned departments and ministries for the W.T. projects (Ministry of Environment, Water Resources, and Baghdad Municipality). To do so, an extensive determination of the efficiency of the river's water and the areas of pollution and identifying ways to reduce the degree of pollution. These tests carried to identify the main environmental problems affecting the quality of Tigris water and finding areas of pollution and thus identify ways to reduce the degree of pollution to reach the best ways to protect the aquatic environment. This work identifies the areas of pollution in water of the river, which will serve as a guide for all workers in this field.

The continuous tubular reactor is used for the removal of heavy metals ions [Lead (Pb²⁺) & Copper (Cu²⁺)] from polluted water was investigated by using ultraviolet light and hydrogen peroxide. The experimental work gave good results, where the removal efficiency of Pb²⁺ at concentration of 10 ppm was (81.75%) using (15 mL of 30 % H₂O₂), and 63% using 15 mL of 50% H₂O₂, while the removal efficiency of Cu²⁺ at 10 ppm was (83.1%) at (15 mL of 30 % H₂O₂) and the removal efficiency of Cu²⁺ was (60.4%) after adding (15 mL of 50% H₂O₂) during 90 min. The dose of H₂O₂ increased with the increases in initial concentration of the heavy metal ions.

In this study, were investigated structural, optical properties and morphological ofZnO and Te-doped ZnO Nano-thin films deposited by Chemical spray pyrolysis(CSP) method. The structural properties of films were studied as pure and Te dopant ZnO at concentration 2 and 4%. The films were characterized by XRD to study the structure of films. It was observed that the hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO for all samples. The films exhibited wurtzite (102) preferential growth in pure and the dopant ratios. Grain size values calculated fromScherrer's formula of the films were varied in range of (79-113) nm. The band gap energy values were calculated respectively for undoped ZnO and 2% 4% Te doped ZnO samples.

Geo-Studio program is used in this study with its sub-programs named SEEP/W and CTRAN/W 2012 to represent and analyse the phreatic line, the amount of seepage through the dam, the pressure head, the discharge, the total head and the amount of contaminants that transport through the body of the dam. The problem of transportation of contaminants through homogeneous earth dam due to seepage flow was studied and simulated using the computational fluid dynamic technique with the help of Geo–slope programs. The paper also studied the prediction of future contaminants' levels in the specified dam. The study also discusses the effect of pool water level fluctuation from maximum to a minimum level on the seepage flow and the time of pollution transmission. From the Geo-studio software, it is deduced that when the water level is at the maximum height (20m), it needs 12 days, at normal height (15m) it needs 30 days, while at a minimum height (8 m) it needs 100 days to reach the drain zone.

DSR device was used to investigate the variations in linear and non-linear viscoelastic limitations with both pure and polymer modified asphalt film binders.

Different test temperatures and strain rates were used to measure the change in the rheological response of the thin film of different asphalt binders and determine the variations in rheological data due to non-linear impacts by using dynamic properties of asphalt binder and phase anlage.

The experimental results showed that the addition of SBS modifier to asphalt binder increased the viscous part of complex shear modulus and then increased dissipated energy for Durah asphalt cement vice versa Nasiriyah asphalt cement. Also, the SBS addition decreased in variations of the viscous part of complex shear modulus due to the decrease in phase angle.

Previous studies that sorghum ratoon differs in its performance when compared with the plants resulted from direct seeding and differed varieties, therefore, afield trial was conducted in spring and fall seasons of 2017 at the field of Field Crop-College of Agriculture-University of AL-Anbar (a Hernative site-Abu-Graib) to investigate the response of five sorghum varieties (Inqath, Lilo, Ishtar, Boohooth 70 and Caffier) to the ratoon cultivation. Results indicated that cultivation pattern affected most studied characters significantly. Plants of ratoon gave the highest values of number of days to the 75% flowering, number of tillers, green forage yield and less concentration of HCN (66.15 day, 21.40 tiller m⁻², 8.75 t ha-¹ and 54.64%), respectively compared with the direct seeding method. However, plants of direct seeding gave the highest averages of plant higher and leaf area (191.36 cm and 4910 cm²), respectively. Varieties were significantly different in their performance for all studied characters. Boohooth 70 was superior in number of days to the 75% flowering, plant height, leaf area, number of tillers, green forge yield and dry forge yield (59.75 days, 240.8 cm, 4554 cm², 19.00 tiller m⁻², 12.73 t ha⁻¹ and 55.10%), respectively. However, Caffier gave the lowest concentration of HCN (58.67%).

A new approach for solving load flow problem in power system is developed. The presented method is based on a two-step predictor-corrector technique for solving nonlinear equation using the weight combination of mid-point, trapezoidal quadrature formula. The proposed method is applied on typical test systems. The bus voltages are represented by polar and rectangular coordinates system. The results presented show that the convergence of the proposed method is faster than the conventional Newton-Raphson method.

The process of fluid movement is involved in a majority of food industries around the world. Viscous fluids are often used in such industries to make useful food products in bulk. These industries need to ensure that concerned equipment such as pipes are kept clean as well as are clear for the smooth transport of viscous liquids. The fluids are pumped in these pipes which results in friction over the walls of the pipe. Flow characteristics are the fundamental basis of the mass transfers taking place in food industries. The resulting qualities of the products are mainly reliant on these fluid flow properties. The design as well as control of the properties of a food in terms of its rheology is a big factor for the commercial success of a product. Therefore, to better understand this complex problem, it is crucial to first comprehend the rheological properties of different materials and fluids, which are widely present in the food industry. Thus, understanding the properties of fluids and overall the rheology of these is important. This paper discusses the fluid movements in food processing industries and discusses the concepts of fluids in motion. Concepts of viscosity and different flow regimes along with flow phenomena are also discussed in terms of rheology. Finally, as a case study example, the rheology of a complex fluid, honey, is reviewed in this paper.

The process of oil reproducing in the refinery considered as one of the largest industrial facilities responsible for the emission of many pollutants into the air and works to pollute the air surrounding the refinery. Hydrocarbons are among the most important pollutants emitted into the air from oil recycling operations and should be studied to reduce the proportions of hazardous pollutants. As the pollution caused by the burning of fuel in the chimneys of the refinery Dora is a dangerous contaminant to the environment, where the exposure of substances and pollutants that lead to disruption of the balance of the natural elements of the atmosphere and thus harmful to human and sustainability. The aim of this study is to study the concentration of hydrocarbon contaminants that cause air pollution caused by stacks of fireplaces in Doura refinery. The rates of the most dangerous contaminants on the human respiratory system, which cause dry cough, bronchitis, chest pain and shortness of breath, were studied as a study of carbon, sulfur and nitrogen oxides. In this research, a large number of analyzes, tests and certification were carried out on periodic tests provided by the Doura refinery after repeated field visits to examine concentrations of contaminants present in the atmosphere. Where the maximum distance of pollutant concentration from the source was found, as well as a comprehensive study of an integrated set of weather conditions such as wind speed and climate effects to preserve and sustain the environment.

The importance of disaster management systems is undeniable and is unable to be underestimated because of the numerous manmade and natural disasters now days like theearthquake in Japan, the tsunami disaster in 2011 and the Hurricane Sandy in 2012. The Japan disaster estimated cost was more than 300 billion US dollar. The role of telecommunications and transport is an indispensable resource to manage disaster in averting the human life loss, economic cost and in controlling the disruption. Focusing on the emergency transporting systems, an emergency response system was proposed for disasters at various levels of scale. The system exploits the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) developments, in addition developing a new tool/model to assess the suggested intelligent disaster system within the transportation evacuation strategies performance. The Speed Strategy (SS) and Demand Strategy (DS) were evaluated separately and simultaneously, for traffic in urban networks. In this work the intelligent disaster system Intelligent which utilizes the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) were employed. In other words, varied substitute technologies which includes VANETs (Vehicular Ad hoc Networks) and mobile technologies are applied to suggest and examine an evacuation strategy called (Destination Strategy) while using the proposed Intelligent Disaster Management System. The effectiveness of the current developed system was observed by comparing the modelled consequences of a disaster on the transport environment with that of when the disaster management was implemented. Moreover, a balance and improvement in the traffic flow with effortless evacuation was observed as an outcome of the developed current work along with the implemented Designation Strategy.

This study aimed to investigate the defects and techniques of predicting the fatigue life of Nano-polymeric composites structures. This paper provides to studied the fatigue life prediction of polymer matrix reinforced by nano-particles (Nano-ZrO₂). The fatigue stress ratio is R= -1. All Samples are usually manufacturing and divided from the mass of polymeric nano-ZrO₂composites. The major property of nano-polmeric composite is depending on the dispersion process of nano ZrO₂ in the resin. Specimen surface preparations play an important function in fatigue life. The polymer matrix contain nano-Zirconia will be decrease the brittle fracture of matrix enhance the roughness of the composite surface and the maximum fatigue stress, fatigue life under vayring loads. Better fatigue life was done when nano–materials reach to 3% from the total volume of specimen.

Plastic waste management has become a burden and a threat for countries and major cities as well as a danger to environmental safety. The current report covers the ability of the concrete sector to use and recycle plastic wastes. The demand for concrete and raw materials for construction engineering has become very high in recent years because of urban development and the expansion of cities. Therefore, the use of this waste in civil and structural engineering is considered a successful way to get rid of plastic wastes properly to protect the environment. This research investigates the effectiveness of using plastic drinking water bottles (currently the highest plastic waste on the Iraqi market) as a partial substitution of the gravel in concrete. Plastic waste was added in different weight ratios of 2.5%, 5% and 10% as a partial substitute for the gravel and a cement mixture. A benchmark of 0% plastic wastes was prepared as a reference concrete for comparison purposes. The results show the possibility of using plastic waste, such as construction material. The results show a decrease in concrete strength by 12%, 29%, and 47%, and a reduction in concrete density by 10%, 16% and 31%, respectively. Research results show that this is useful to add plastic wastes for obtaining lightweight concrete.

Routing is a technique used for choosing the best network's path and forwarding the data over the selected path. This paper investigates the enhanced routing algorithms for wire/wireless networks through making a deep study of the most new routing algorithms in those networks, then analyzing these algorithms to examine the efficiency and effectiveness of the analyzed algorithms. Moreover, the paper deals with OSPF for the wired network and AODV for the wireless network. The emphasis of this research paper is concentrated on the survey in routing algorithms that used in wired and wireless networks such as OSPF and AODV because such algorithms are the best suitable kinds for the two types of Networks. The next subsection describes the basic features of these protocols. This paper also focuses on the common points in wire/wireless routing algorithms and using machine learning techniques for enhancements and improvements.

Nanotechnology is a very effective field of study with the potential to drastically change how we observe and create change in the field of agriculture, biomedicine, chemical, mass transfer and water management amongst others. The technology derived from the name, Nano, works with particles that can be observed on a nano scale. By working on this scale, unique problems can be solved creatively with more success. For example, fertilizer efficiency can be improved by using Nano-clays and zeolites to restore soil quality and fertility. Work on smart seeds scheduled for germination with Nano-polymer coating under favourable conditions is encouraging. Under precision farming inputs, crops are usually classified based on the nutrient requirements and with the assistance of a Nano-biosensor and a satellite system, the delivery of nutrients can be delivered precisely and can be monitored more accurately than existing methods. This also brings to attention the development of Nano-herbicides to tackle weed management. There exist studies that demonstrate the effectiveness of Nano-fertilizers to improve the productivity and efficiency of the nutrients, decrease soli toxicity, and minimize possible contamination related issues. The potential of nanotechnology for sustainable agriculture is therefore strong, especially in developing countries.

This review provides a description of the various applications and issues of gas hydrate production in gas and oil pipelines, in general, gas hydrate is a clathrate of physical compounds, in which gas molecules are trapped in crystalline cells, formed by hydrogen bonds of water molecules. In the presence of water under various conditions, gas hydrates can be formed from all gases at high and lower pressures. The oil and gas industry have been taking stringent measures for many years to prevent the formation of hydrates which is plug pipelines by use. However, Natural gas hydrate is a non-conventional energy resource available to humans in colder regions, such as ice or sea bottoms. Other positive applications for natural hydrate include sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO₂), storage, separation and transport of natural gas, the use of hydrate dissociation energy can be used in cooling and cool storage processes. The aims of this paper are to prevent gas hydrate's formation that occur naturally in the oil natural gas transition pipelines, as well as the positive and negative that is remains from this natural phenomenon.

In this paper, a new MIMO patch antenna is proposed, the proposed antenna consist of patch with certain dimensions in the top layer of FR-4 dielectric substrate, and ground plane in the bottom of it, this antenna is feeding by microstrip feed line with 50-ohm characteristic impedance. The dimensions of the proposed antenna are (50 × 50 × 1.6) mm³, the FR-4 epoxy substrate has relative dielectric constant εγ=4.3, loss tangent tan (δ) =0.025. This antenna is realized a bandwidth of 4.337 GHz (24.22 – 28.557) GHZ and gain (3.68) dBi which is compatible with 5G applications. Some modifications were done in the ground plane and some of slots are etched on the patch to achieve the desired gain and bandwidth, all dimensions of these slots were chosen by using sweep parameter method to achieve the optimum value of them. The simulation results are obtained using CST software. And the proposed antenna is manufactured in the Electronic Manufacturing Center at the Ministry of Science and Technology, also the vital parameters are measured, a good agreement between simulation and measured results are achieved.

In this study, the effect of some plant extracts on the production of the Pyocyanin dye from the bacteria of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was known. This study included the use of two types of plants, ginger and ginkgo. These two plants were extracted in a waterway by the Sxolite apparatus. The raw extract of these plants was used, and several concentrations were made of it 20%, 40% and 80%, after which the Pyocyanin concentration was measured. After adding these extracts, the results showed that there were significant differences in the decrease in the production of the Piocyanin dye compared to the control by the bacteria. The decrease in the production varied according to the concentration, and the 80% concentration gave better results. The decrease in dye production compared to the rest of the treatments and compared to control.

Cold plasma is a budding technology that can be used as a nonthermal disinfectant and for surface modification which is free of chemicals and is environmentally friendly. The treatment of water with plasma, producing plasma activated water (PAW), generates an acidic condition resulting in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and creates change in the redox potential as well as conductivity. Consequently, the chemical composition of water and PAW differ from each other and can now be employed as a substitute for disinfection against microbes. The various sources of plasma used for PAW production, its physical and chemical properties and its prospective uses are reviewed in this paper. Particularly, the physiochemical properties of PAW will be discussed in the context of its acidity, conductivity, the amount of ROS and RNS, as well as its redox potential. Since the results are microbial in nature, the microbial disinfection with the use of PAW will also be reviewed. Lastly, the usage of PAW to enhance agricultural methods, such as its effect in plant growth and stimulating seed germination, is also discussed. It can be interpreted that PAW synergistically disinfects food as well as enhances the growth of seedlings. The boost in plant growth conceivably be mainly due to the increase in concentration of nitrate and nitrite ions in PAW. Therefore, in addition to the antimicrobial action of PAW, submerging seedlings in PAW supplements the germination of seeds and plant growth. This could possibly help fight against the drought stress and improve the yield of crops.

About a century ago, doctors were unable to view the inside of their patient's body other than cutting the body open. However, this changed literally upon the invention of various useful medical imaging techniques, which were able to produce images of the internal organs and bones without causing pain to the patient. Over the years, vast developments resulted in the establishment of several cross-sectional imaging scans. This paper aims to provide a critical review on the use of two of the famous techniques; CT and PET scans. The paper highlights the strengths and weaknesses of each of these techniques along with briefly mentioning the recent developments in this area concerning the use of these techniques. In addition, this manuscript also sheds some light on the novel and hybrid technology of integrating CT and PET.

This paper focuses on the ability of application of electro pneumatic position control system based on. double acting pneumatic cylinder actuating by directional control solenoids valves and linked with position sensor. The suggested approach involved practical and theoretical work to realize an efficient pneumatic control system employed conventional solenoid valves instead of proportional or servo valves. It has required to set up a test rig contains the recommended electrical and pneumatic apparatus and involved the mathematical calculations as well as the computer simulation. A compare between practical and theoretical results have been carrying out to investigate the rendering of the suggested position control system including the position sensor. The obtained results showed that it can be used the directional control solenoid valve instead of other types of pneumatic valves such as proportional or servo solenoid valves with acceptable response and achieved position control system with high accuracy.

Real Time Extended (RTX) technology works to take advantage of real-time data comes from the global network of tracking stations together with inventor locating and compression algorithms to calculate and relaying the orbit of satellite, satellite atomic clock, and any other systems corrections to the receivers, which lead to real-time correction with high accuracy. These corrections will be transferred to the receiver antenna by satellite (where coverage is available) and by IP (Internet Protocol) for the rest of world to provide the accurate location on the screen of smartphone or tablet by using specific software. The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) low-cost external antenna and possibility for using it with a smartphone to measure the points in Real Time Kinematic (RTK) and (RTX) modes, obtaining the same accuracy by using high-cost (GNSS) receiver with same modes. The assessment has applied through comparing the control points measured in static mode (3 to 5 hours) and corrected by Online Positioning User Service (OPUS) web-based processing software with same control points measured in RTX mode by GNSS low-cost external antenna (5 minutes). The results of an assessment were obtained horizontal and vertical location error in real time, by receiver getting the RTX correction data over the satellite link were RMS (east 41cm, north 35 cm, elevation 94 cm), that means it's more suitable for automotive, agriculture, and forestry application, As for the RTK mode, the comparison of the differences in RTK mode between the two antennas were RMS (north 5 cm, east 6 cm, elevation 10). This result indicates that the GNSS low-cost external antenna might be very useful in accurate surveying application.

In construction projects, there are circumstances when contractors meet financial prequalification requirements but show low financial performance in practice. These cases bring about the complexity in contractor selection. Hence, the aim of this research is to build a prediction model that finds contractors' financial performance to support decision makers assess contractors more efficiently in prequalification phase. Thus, this study takes recent roadwork Term Contracts Projects with each with the corresponding contractor's records to train the model to predict Performance related to Financial Capabilities PFC. The Multilayer Perceptron MLP is utilized to find the nonlinear correlation between the PFC and contractors' characteristics. The research finds that more financialcompetitive contractors show less financial performance than less competitive ones. The findings of the research help the client improve the current contractors' evaluation system to exhaust the possibilities of financial performance.

The concept of urban infill has been associated with urban renewal policies and crystallized in many themes. Therefore it is considered part of an inclusive vision. The urban infill has been introduced by several researchers with different attitudes, such as (new substances, Interpolation, Urban Intervention, Urban Addition, and Architectural Addition). As a result of the erosion and tattering to which most of the heritage buildings have been exposed, besides, the need to a re-integration in the relations between additions to contemporary products and the extent of their impact on the old building and the traditional context as a whole, The Research Problem emerged through the separation of the urban Townscape of the traditional entity due to developmental interventions and recent additions to the building and the historical context. Consequently, The Research Objectives emerged in order to find out the appropriate mechanisms for infilling and architectural addition when dealing with a traditional building so that we can achieve integration in the urban context between old and new within the contemporary city Townscape. To conduct the research problem, a theoretical framework has been established for the concept of infilling and architectural addition, in addition to emphasizing the relationship between the old and the new buildings to create a continuous architecture with content that reflects its present and belongs to its past. Accordingly, The Research Hypothesis introduced that the success of the mechanisms in creating urban integration between the old and the new, depends on achieving appropriate infill and architecture addition, and on choosing the integrative element (As Bond) between them; the research sample was tested on choosing the location of the Mutassarifiah Building in Baghdad within the new district of Hassan Pasha (Al-Rusafa) in Baghdad Center Design Competition (Rifa'a Al-Jadrji Award for Architecture, 2018) for the proposed winning design projects. The research adopted the analytical scientific method and concluded that the urban infill and the new addition should take into account the existing original form and context to create a balance between them appropriately, and provide an intellectual displacement that reflects the elements of the new era, but without confusion and disturbance.

Today, the revitalization of city centers is an essential matter for the roads of an urban foundation for different cities especially in this moment of profound early innovation trend, city centers areas are the most vulnerable, especially urban spaces, which regarded as important and prominent core in improving the quality of citizen life. From another perspective, the Inventive public activities expose the potential of urban space and optimize spatial elements that provide a long-term effect on urban cities. Urban revitalization considers, as one of the most proper solutions for improving problematic urban areas, besides that there is an extended agreement that the innovation processes have noticeable importance in the case of urban spaces that needed for improvement. The research problem handles the absence of an integrated theoretical framework of urban revitalization within global innovation trends, critical difficulty about the link between them, and finally, the implementation of the urban space revitalize. The research attempts to investigate the problem by identifying a fundamental goal represented by revealing the importance of urban inventive process Included under scope of essential dominions of urban revitalization, and specifically the application on urban space; the paper presents the historical urban space and public paths of the Bab Al-Wastany in historical Baghdad city as a case study.

Smart grid integrates the use of high end technologies so that the generation of energy as well as its delivery can be done with greater performance to the multiple locations and regions. As Iraq is one of the elevating countries in the energy sector and enormous projects, the need to integrate the smart grids arise. This manuscript underlines the assorted perspectives of the smart grid technologies with the integration of solar system and the implementation aspects in Iraq. With the integration of smart grid based architecture and cumulative formulation of the effectual approaches the overall energy can be optimized and higher degree of throughput can be achieved with greater values in the overall performance. In Iraq, there are many projects which are under development and many development using which the overall energy based projects are getting successful in Iraq with the overall elevated growth of the country in multiple sectors including power, security, corporate, international relations, finance and many others. In this research manuscript, the assorted factors and the projects with the multiple dimensions of energy optimization and power saving in Iraq are presented with the pragmatic results.

oncrete is most widely utilized construction material. Cement, sand & gravel are the ingredients of the concrete where cement is costly. In this research an experimental study was conducted to find the suitability of the replacement materials that less cost than cement such as, rice husk ash. Rice husk is considered as a waste material and has a harmful effect on the environment, hence disposed from it by burning at a controlled temperature between (500 to 600) °C to produce RHA. RHA was found that contain 86.76% of silica, which indicates that it is a substance with pozzolanic properties. Cement replaced with RHA at percentage (5,10,15,20) % by weight at mix design (1: 1.89: 2.64) with W/C is 0.53 and (1: 1.43: 2.19) with W/C is 0.44. Sixty cube were casted for test compressive strength and thirty cylinder to test split strength, also thirty prism to test flexural strength then casted ten beams to test behaviour of beam where found that added RHA will improve properties of concrete for compressive, tension, flexural strength and behaviour of beams.

Novel Nanocomposite materials on the basis of unsaturated monomers as well as 2,2 propyl bisphenol glycidyl dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA) and unsaturated monomers with Nano inorganic fillers [SiO₂, ZrO₂ and Hydroxyapatite (HA)] were subjected to process of synthesizing as well as characterizing for the purpose of evaluating their possible applications as restorative materials in the field of dentistry. The initial method has been for generating in addition to characterizing novel Nanocomposites bases on (Bis-GMA), N,N'-methylene bis acryl amide (MBA), acrylic acid(AA) and methylacrylate(MA) monomers. Composites containing Bis-GMA and N,N'-methylene bis acrylamide (MBA) with the ratio (wt/wt) of (40/20), which has been filled with various Nanofiller amounts (up to 5% wt) were prepared. Photo-polymerization has been induced with camphorquinone/N,N-Dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate(CQ/DMAEMA), as photo-initiator system. Physicochemical properties, such as solubility (SL), water sorption (WS), as well as the volumetric shrinkage (VS) have been examined. The mechanical properties of the of dental Nanocomposites flexural strength and compressivewere widely discussed. Characterization will be implemented through the use of FTIR and SEM are applied for showing particle size distribution in addition to particle agglomeration related to the treated Nanofillers in Nano-composites. FTIR spectroscopy has been initially applied for identifying qualitative composition of composition of Nanocomposites. The Thermal stability of all dental Nanocomposites were also studied using the TGA and DSC techniques.

In the present study, the effectiveness of a procedure of electrocoagulation for removing chemical oxygen demand (COD) from the wastewater of petroleum refinery has been evaluated. Aluminum and stainless steel electrodes were used as a sacrificial anode and cathode respectively. The effect of current density (4-20mAcm⁻²), pH (3-11), and NaCl concentration (0-4g/l) on efficiency of removal of chemical oxygen demand was investigated. The results have shown that increasing of current density led to increase the efficiency of COD removal while increasing NaCl concentration resulted in decreasing of COD removal efficiency. Effect of pH was found to be lowering COD removal efficiency when pH increased or decreased from pH=7. The best conditions were found to be a current density of 12mA/cm², pH=7 and NaCl concentration of 2g/l at treatment time of 60 minutes, where a maximum COD removal efficiency of 96.8%, phenol removal efficiency of 64.7%, and total dissolved solid (TDS) removal efficiency of 20.6% were obtained at energy consumption of 29.12 kWh/kg COD. The results of the present work gave COD of 8mg/l which is lower than the standard limit for discharging petroleum refinery effluent. The electrocougulation was proven to be efficient and reliable technique for treatment Al-Dewaniya petroleum refinery effluent to get effluent with features in agreement with the standard limits for discharge to environment at lower cost.

Biosorbent of rice husk was utilized to evaluate the removing of paracetamol from aqueous medium by sorption process (batch-concept); studying the influence of several experimental parameters as biosorbent dose, contact time, change of temperature; also studying the behaviour of the equilibrium isotherm of paracetamol into the rice husks and comparing the data with different isotherm models. Pseudo-second order equation and Langmuir model were best suited fordata experience. With increasing temperature the sorption process increased; suggesting that the process is endothermic in nature. FTIR test was tested before and after sorption for the purpose of showingthe presence and number of the functional groups ofparacetamolbinding on to the tested sorbent.

Nano-Zeolite was prepared for removing methylene blue from wastewate rby the use of packed bed column. The prepared adsorbent was characterized by XRD and AFM. The characterization result shows that the size of diameter was 95 nm. It was observed that the nano-zeolite was active for the removal of methylene blue as adsorbent. Methylene blue are common wastewater contaminants at industrial installation. The adsorption of methylene blue by nano-zeolite was studied by a pilot plant packed bed column. Continuous flow tests were performed to find the breakthrough times. The breakthrough curve was examined for different parameters such as flow rate (0.5-1-1.5 ml/min), initial concentration (15-25-35 mg/lit) and bed height (4-6-8 cm). Based on these investigations, it appears that the time of the breakthrough increases with an increase in the bed height and decreases with increases in the initial concentrations and flow rates.

It is known that the bubbles dynamics are very important and dominant property in multiphase airlift systems. The major benefit came from understanding visually and numerically these dynamics that lead to improvement of bubbles distribution and a well-mixed mixture inside reactors. Hence, Euler-Lagrange approach has been used to study bubbles dynamics. By using the two-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations that reinforces turbulence model the continuous phase velocity is calculated. The coupling between the phases was take into consideration through source terms of momentum and the source terms in the equations (ε and k), which include the effect of wake-generated turbulence by means consistent Lagrangian-similar terms. by utilizing the motion equations taking into account added mass, drag, pressure, gravity, wall, and the transverse lift force the Bubble motion was calculated. So as to determine the importance relative for the different physical phenomena's included in the model., a modified particle source in cell (PIC) is introduced, where the effect of bubble is accounted not only where the center of bubble is located but also to all the cells that containing bubble.

Mixtures of different types of amine solution (primary Monoethanolamine (MEA), secondary : diethanolamine (DEA) and tertiary: triethanolamine (TEA) were experimentally used to investigation the overall mass transfer coefficient (K_Ga) at different operating parameters. The experiments were made in a bubble column reactor (BCR) with 1.5 m in high and 0.1 m inside diameter as a gas-liquid contactor at 25°C and atmospheric pressure, using a simulation gaseous mixture (air, carbon dioxide) with recycle stream (circulation process). For efficient experimentation, the Taguchi method was applied for experimental design. A four factor and three levels was chosen for this study and it was exploded using L9 (3⁴) orthogonal array design. These parameters for circulation process were namely: gas flow rate 10,15, and 20L/min, air flow rate100,150, and 200 L/h, liquid flow rate 5,10, and 15 L/min and time absorption time 30,60, and 90min. To understand the effectiveness order of different operating parameters, two factors namely, overall mass transfer coefficient (K_Ga), and CO₂ loading (α) are to be exploded. A Shimadzu GC-8A Gas Chromatograph with thermal conductivity detector was used to measure the CO₂ concentration absorbed in aqueous blended solution. As per Taguchi analysis the significance sequence influencing the parameter and optimum condition can be determined. The maximum value for CO₂ loading was 3.439 (mol CO₂/mol amine) at 20 L/min gas flow and 15 L/min liquid flow, and 200 L/h air flow for 60 min from absorption time. The performance was evaluated in terms of the overall mass transfer coefficient, K_Gav, the results show that max value of K_Ga was 0.08 S⁻¹

In this study, the modeling of photocatalytic degradation of 1,2 dihydroxybenzene using a multilayer perceptron neural network has been investigated. The multilayer perceptron neural network which consists of input layer, hidden layer with network configuration of 3, 17, 1 respectively were employed for predictive modeling using 20 datasets consisting the pH of the solution, the amount of the photocatalyst and the volume of the oxidant. The analysis of the network revealed that the volume of the oxidant was the most relevant factor that influences the degradation of the 1,2 dihydroxybenzene while the amount of photocatalyst has the least effect. The multilayer perceptron neural network model successfully predicts the photocatalytic degradation of the 1,2 dihydroxybenzene with coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.974. The predicted and the actual degradation of the 1,2 dihydroxybenzene was in close agreement with minimal error of prediction as indicated by the residual plot. This study has demonstrated the suitability of the multilayer perceptron neural network as a robust tool for modeling the prediction of 1,2 dihydroxybenzene degradation by photocatalytic process.

Over the last decade, Nanotechnology has been developed and enter in many fields especially in the oil and gas industries such as gas mobility control, sensing or imaging, enhanced oil recovery and other applications. Nanotechnology research and development in the oil and gas industries are very active and this is because of special properties of nanoparticles. The purpose of this paper is to review recent research into the effect of nanoparticles of titanium oxide (TiO2) on reduce crude oil viscosity that produce from atmospheric distillation. RCR has high viscosity and transport of it is very difficult through pipes caused many problems and financial loses so that many treatments are needed to overcome these problems. This research investigated many parameters through three pipes with different diameters (0.0127, 0.01905 and 0.0254 m) I.D., different concentrations (0.00625, 0.0125, 0.01875, 0.025 and 0.0375 (gm/L) w/v) at 50 oC and flow rate is about 50% of maximum. The results of this research: are display below:-The drag reduction performance is much better in larger pipes diameter than smaller, TiO2 NP's effect on RCR viscosity and the maximum percentage of viscosity deviation is about 1.6% and addition of TiO2 NP's to RCR is reduced pressure drop, %Dr and shear stress.

An evaluation was conducted by adding two chemical blends to gasoline produced form Al Dorra refinery to studyIctane number of octans and Reid gasoline vapor pressure with different volume compositions. The two mixtures are Di-isopropylether/olive oil (DO) and Di-isopropylether/isopropanol (DI). The gasoline had been mixed with volume percentages of 8, 10 and 15. It was discovered that by adding the two blends of Di-isopropyl Ether/Olive Oil and Di-isopropyl Ether/Isopropanol, the octane number of gasoline risen continuously and linearly. The DI-gasoline blends developed greater gasoline octane number. Compared to the plain gasoline, the two additions observed a substantial reduction in Reid vapor pressure and calorific levels. Reid vapor pressure is shown to rise in the two blends.

The corrosion behavior of Titanium in a simulated saliva solution was improved by Nanotubular Oxide via electrochemical anodizing treatment using three electrodes cell potentiostat at 37°C. The anodization treatment was achieved in a non-aqueous electrolyte with the following composition: 200mL ethylene glycol containing 0.6g NH4F and 10 ml of deionized water and using different applied directed voltage at 10°C and constant time of anodizing (15 min.). The anodized titanium layer was examined using SEM, and AFM technique.

The results showed that increasing applied voltage resulted in formation titanium oxide nanotubes with higher corrosion resistance (more positive value of the corrosion potential). The results revealed that good adhered well-ordered vertically aligned titania nanotubes with inner tube diameter of 82nm an mean length of 3microns could be obtained at 30VDC. Low corrosion current density (579 nA.cm-2) and corrosion potential equal to (-209 mV) were observed for untreated titanium metal while a dramatic fall down of the corrosion current was observed for nanotubes TiO2 (76 nA.cm-2) and more positive value of corrosion potential (-138 mV) was observed revealing good corrosion resistance of the improved titanium in saliva solutions.

Noise can affect students through both auditory and non-auditory effects, which can compromise concentration, and learning and communication abilities. According to a previous study done by the same author in the College of Engineering, Al-Mustansiriyah University, it was observed that 39.5% of the students suffered because of the noise in the classrooms. They felt discomfort, hearing difficulty, need to raise speech sound, tinnitus, lack of focusing, nausea, and headache. Therefore, the room mode was calculated for different classrooms size in various departments to evaluate their sound quality and compare the results with standards. Acoustic parameters, namely background noise and reverberation time, were also measured and analyzed. The room mode analysis showed that most of the frequencies are focused around the transition range of frequency, causing maximum and minimum peaks in frequency response of 20 dB or greater. Therefore, the sound quality in the classrooms is not appropriate for education. Background noise levels and reverberation time are higher than the values established by the standards. Thus, it is recommended that an appropriate acoustical environment in the classrooms should be developed for the benefit of students and teachers.

The surfaces of the road must not be contain undesired condition such as loose aggregates, potholes, cracking, rutting, bad railway crossing which the quality of road service and indeed the quantity of traffic provided would be reduced significantly. The main purpose and objectives of the present study are to measure traffic volume and speed under control condition and then evaluating them under adverse condition of railway crossing with different severity: low, medium, and high. In the present study, traffic and speed were recorded. Greenshields model is adopted to find the relationship between the traffic characteristics. The results show that the traffic characteristics of the control section were 86.86 (Km/h) and 1592 (vph) for speed and traffic flow, respectively. The impact of the railway crossing on the traffic can be summarized, where the speed reduced to 28.8%, 46.27%, and 70.57% for low, medium, and high railway crossing severity, respectively. Finally, the models for traffic capacity; speed with pavement condition index PCI have been found. The predicted models have a good correlation between traffic capacity; speed with PCI where the correlation coefficient (R²) was greater than 0.9..

Nano materials are being used in concrete technology to enhance the sustainability of performance grade for the pavement construction. In this paper, test investigations are conducted to study the addition effect of nanoparticles combination (Al₂O₃, SiO₂) with the average diameter of 20 nm and with different acceptable percentages (Al₂O₃ : 0% and SiO₂ : 0 %), (Al₂O₃ : 0.5% and SiO₂ : 0.5 %), (Al₂O₃ : 0.5% and SiO₂ : 1 %), (Al₂O₃ : 0.5% and SiO₂ : 1.5 %), (Al₂O₃ : 1% and SiO₂ : 0.5 %), (Al₂O₃ : 1.5% and SiO₂ : 0.5 %) and (Al₂O₃ : 1% and SiO₂ : 1 %) by weight of cement on the mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity) and the thickness design of concrete pavement. The optimal combination which contributed to the highest values of mechanical properties at (28) days in order to maintain the workability requirement of nano concrete mixes was found (Al₂O₃ : 1% and SiO₂ : 0.5 %) which associated with the decrement in concrete pavement thickness, when all other factors were held constant. It is concluded that cement modification with nano particles (combination of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃) increased compressive strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity though decreased concrete pavement thickness.

The significance of the porous concrete pavement arises from the fact that it has the dual function of supporting traffic and stormwater management, in addition to many other characteristics such as minimizing noise and minimizing reflected heat. The goal of this study is to reveal more understanding of the stress-strain ratio of the porous concrete pavement and the layers beneath it. This process was done through two stages namely: laboratory stage by characterizing porous concrete mixtures (normal, and others sustainable mixtures comprised Reed Fly Ash and/or Silica Fume), and simulation stage by using a simulation program (ABAQUS) to identify the stress-strain induce an according traffic load within pavement layers. However, within the scope and materials used, the obtained results showed that the stresses within pavement layer are highly related to upper layer thickness, material types, and stiffness. Also, the main conclusion is demonstrated where there is optimum thickness (20 cm) of the porous concrete layer, which induces the minimum stress-strain in various layers of the pavement system.

Recently, water quantity is decreasing due to high temperatures in summer and reducing the water quotas of Euphrates River in Iraq from the neighboring countries. These factors may increase turbidity and concentration of elements in Euphrates River especially near Alhindya Barrage, Babylon Governorate, Iraq. Thus, Euphrates River may not be valid for drinking and irrigation purposes in upstream of Alhindya Barrage. The aim of this study was to investigate the water quality upstream of Alhindya Barrage, Euphrates River, using Canadian Water Quality Index (CWQI). The comparison of water quality was investigated in the years of 2008 and 2009 according to data availability. Statistical analysis were performed on measured flowrates and indicated that there is a statistically significant difference between measured flowrates for 2008 and 2009. The results showed that the CWQI of 2008 was 94 which is good to excellent water quality, compared to CWQI of 79 for 2009. This was due to reduction in mean water quantity from 370m³/s of 2008 to 213m³/s of 2009. The global warming phenomenon is the main reason for dry seasons and low rainfall intensity and caused bad water quality.

In this study focuses on improving an expansive soils geotechnical properties treated by tire crumble and decreasing the natural contamination by this waste material. The waste rubber of tire in the form of crumble with size ranging between 0.08 to 2 mm with proportion from 0 to 10% was used in this examination. Routine tests such as compaction, unconfined compressive strength, consolidation and swelling pressure test have been done on untreated and treated soils with crumble tire rubber. According to the test results it was found that, the maximum dry density of treated samples decrease with increased tire crumble content, while a slight reduction in the optimum moisture content was found simultaneously. Also, the results of unconfined compression tests showed that, the crumble tire rubber could not improve the properties despite the fact that that the soil still in the hardened consistency. In like manner results demonstrate that using crumble rubber might be successful procedure in upgrading the soil characteristics against swelling potential of soils by approximately 29.8, 43.4, 49.39, 14.77 times than untreated soil for (1, 3, 5, 10%) tire crumble rubber content. In addition the results show increasing crumble tire rubber content from 1 to 5% gave low displacement values by about (26.01 - 43.9)% than its value in untreated samples. Finally, it has additionally seen that using of crumble tire rubber aides in decreasing the compression index, consolidation coefficient, permeability coefficient and volume change coefficient.

Megaprojects are classified within large investment projects which have a long term impact on the economy, the environment, and the society. Megaprojects are huge development projects such as railways, motorways, dams, power plants, airports and processing projects.

Numbers of megaprojects have been constructed and some of them are in the construction process or in the planning level, therefore, this research focused on these megaprojects to investigate the factors that could influence them in Iraq. Accordingly, the practical study consisted of quality data collections through interviews and quantitative data collections through questionnaire. The interviews have been done with six (6) experts in privet companies. The questionnaire survey has been conducted in government institutes. 85 questionnaire forms have been distributed; only 81 forms are collected.

The results of this research project revealed that less than half of the Megaprojects in Iraq are unsuccessful. However, there are numbers of reasons which may causing the failure in projects, such as insufficient and weaknesses in financial, quality and management abilities. Accordingly, there are some factors that influence the success of the megaproject in Iraq, such as increasing the confidence in local government, clarity of project vision and goal and compatibility with the long-term government plan.

The trend and behavior of Composite Box Girder Bridge (CBGB) are distinctly affected by the surrounding combination environment actions due to these constructions are erected in open environments. From this consideration, this research deals with the effect of the bridge's longitudinal axis, the geometrical configuration of CBGB and the thickness of the asphalt in addition to the season parameters on the temperature differentials under the combination of the surrounding environment actions; solar radiation, atmospheric temperature, and wind speed. To achieve this aim, the full-scale experimental composite concrete slab-steel box girder segment constructed on a campus of Gaziantep University and Finite Element (FE) program (COMSOL) activated. Two temperature differential models (vertical and horizontal) introduced during the typical summer actions, which considered as the reference thermal inputs when studied all parameters. This research demonstrated that the fashion of temperature differential weather along or across the CBGB was not sensitive under all ranges of the individual parameters generally. Additionally, based on the obtained results from this research, the vertical and horizontal of temperature differential models are proposed that can aid the engineers in design practices of such constructions without restoring to experimental tests that are always costly.

The bridges that constructed in earthquake-prone areas perhaps subjected to sudden earthquake through their construction and service period. So, attentions should be pushed during bridge design specially, as they are one of the main civil infrastructures. The bridge piers are the main parts of bridges whether they are built across river or even as an express highway projects. This paper presented an experimental study of seismic performance of concrete bridge piers. Several important parameters have been studied such as acceleration response, seismic displacements, the bridge pier model settlement and the failure mechanism. Principles of physical modeling are used to fabricate two bridge pier models and shaking table (1-g tests) were performed under 0.82g waveform (i) Chamfered bridge pier built on saturated cohessionless soil (test-1) (ii) Oblong bridge pier built on saturated cohessionless soil(test-2). The output results included the acceleration response in term of the time acceleration and acceleration response spectra, failure mechanism during shacking, seismic displacement of the bridge pier model. The results show that the amplification in the acceleration is increases significantly at the top of the bridge pier. The seismic displacement is suddenly increased sharply due to strong motion. Overturning failure mechanism about the heel of the bridge pier has been observed in test-1 and test-2.

Wood is a biomaterial and its used for different purposes in construction. The testing of any material is very important to decide its suitability, quality and making decision whether it will be used or not so it is necessary to determine the mechanical properties of wood inorder to have an idea about its behavior during loading of structure. The aim of this research is to investigate the mechanical characteristics of wood used as a building material through studying the stress-strain diagram of this constructional material and calculating the modulus of elasticity of wood in various methods which is considered as the main property of wood. The experimental part of this study included testing of many prisms with dimensions of 75 × 5 × 5cm. Under bending and measure the deflection during the stages of loading until occurance of failure and draw the stress-strain graph for each specimen. The conclusion and recommendation will be written especially that concerning the using of wood as a structural material in formworks.

This paper includes design, manufacturing, operation and testing of a special device for preparation of granular or sandy soil (cohesionless soil) models that widely used as a part of the physical modelling in geotechnical engineering which is a main part of the civil engineering. To achieve a desired and uniform relative density of sandy soil models during preparation, air pluviation technique using pluviator is more suitable as the sand particles can be dandified through falling of sand grains from different heights and may even reaches to very dense state. Steel materials from local markets are used in the design of mechanical pluviator manufacturing. The mechanical pluviator consist of main steel frame, movable bench that can be moved up and down mechanically, crane lever to control on the pluviator container, pulleys and wheels. CPT tests are conducted at different prepared sandy models to investigate the skin resistance at different densities and the results shows great agreement. Different steel sections materials with different light steel plates which reduce the device weight available in the local markets were used in the manufacturing of the pluviator machine. The machine was provided by crane lever and gear box that can be controlled mechanically to achieve the desired height for the falling sand grains. The maximum height that can be attained is 120 cm and 40 cm is the minimum value. The machine contained also a v-shape container provided with 4 reels or pulleys that can be moved back and forth along two parallel steel tubes girders which the filled sandy model is located below it. The v shape container has two plate sides; the first one is fixed while the other is movable to achieve the desired opening depth or slot width and can be changed easily. The container with its carried frame can be controlled via mechanical rode that can be move up and down using multi-coil wire. The machine is verified using cone penetration test at results at different soil relative densities.

The study includes analysis of Al – Samaraie Hospital raft foundation by the finite element method (FEM) using program package Fear 4.0. The analysis conducted on the foundation is resting on infinite, homogeneous, isotropic soil. In this study, effect of raft thickness, soil properties, modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio of soil are investigated. The most dominant parameters such as thickness of raft foundation, modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio of soil are graphically plotted against maximum displacements, maximum positive and negative bending moments (M_x, M_y and M_xy). The results showed that raft thickness and soil properties play a vital role in changing the values of maximum positive and negative moments (M_x, M_y) and maximum displacements, while their effect on maximum positive and negative moment (M_xy) can be considered as insignificant. Also, empirical equations have been developed to calculate maximum positive and negative bending moment (M_x, M_y) and maximum displacements beneath the raft. This is performed by the aid of statistical program (Statistic). The accuracy of the proposed equations was ranging between 92.7% and 99.9%.

Utilization of by-product or waste materials in paving structure may provide environmental and economic advantages. Accordingly, in this experimental study, the waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymers, shredded water bottles, was used in hot mix asphalt (HMA) preparation. The HMA's mechanical properties were inspected by means of Marshall Stability, volumetric characteristics, Indirect Tensile Strength Test, and Tensile Strength Ratio. The laboratory test results revealed a significant enhancement in mechanical performance, especially in moisture damage resistance results.

This paper presents the experimental results of a full-scale concrete box-girder segment subjected to ambient thermal loads. The experimental segment was instrumented with 62 thermocouples to measure the concrete temperatures in different locations and a weather station to measure air temperature, wind speed, and solar radiation. The records from the different sensors were collected for more than one year at time intervals of 30 minutes. The full one-year records showed that the maximum vertical temperature gradient was occurred in June and was approximately 20 °C, while the maximum lateral temperature gradient was occurred in December and was 19 °C. Finally, a vertical temperature gradient model, which composes of three multi-linear parts, was proposed. The resulted temperature distributions, stresses, and deflection from the proposed model were closer to those of the experimental gradient compared to the AASHTO's and the NZ Bridge Manual's gradient models.

Most cities in Iraq provide drinking water by purifying river water of physical and chemical contaminants. It uses energy from petroleum (electricity). As it seeks to get drinking water from the rivers with clean and renewable technologies and energy, the State of Iraq plans to use one of its most abundant resources to address the shortage of fresh water, namely hydropower. This study is based on the use of hydraulic energy (environmentally friendly) in the purification of water instead of the use of electricity. The use of electrical energy in water purification has a lot of problems, including the continuous interruption of the current and therefore stop the station from work and that it needs periodic maintenance and need to staff specialized for operation and maintenance, so it is expensive while the use of hydraulic energy will help to solve most of these problems. The possibility of replacing the rapid-mechanical mixing basin to the rapid hydraulic mixing, which operates according to the principle of forced forexes, where the study of the performance of the drinking water treatment plant in the eastern district of Al-Hamzah On the ADiwaniyah River in the southern province of ADiwaniyah, where concentrations of pollutants in the river are high in the study area. Where samples were taken from different locations for water in the drinking water treatment plant of Al-Hamzah for different treatment stages. Where the pollutants were examined in the laboratories of the Environment Directorate of ADiwaniyah and the laboratories of the Faculty of Engineering. All concentrations of physical and chemical contaminants were higher than the standards of Iraqi standards and the efficiency of treatment was not as low as 83%. This is due to the continuous interruption of electrical current and the failure of the mechanical equipment of the rapid mechanical mixing basin, which requires periodic maintenance and the continuation of the addition of high coagulant doses which cause high processing costs as well as the high concentration of aluminum used for coagulation. Therefore, a hydraulic mixing basin was used by conducting experiments in the fluid laboratory In the Faculty of Engineering using the Free and Forced Vortex, which has been developed and adjust suit the requirements of the study. There have been various experiments to obtain the best dimension of hydraulic mixer and best amount of coagulant to remove the turbidity and the best mixing speed and the best value of the pH, which achieved processing efficiency of up to 98.0%.

The global environment is mainly affected by the increase in traffic volumes at intersections in terms of air pollution. Serious solutions are needed to avoid air pollution specially in the crowded in congested intersections. Recently, the concept of sustainability and sustainable tools has been found to minimize congestion and excess emissions of the gaseous pollutants problem to some extent. The current study focused on a critical intersection in Baghdad city which is Shaab-Selekh intersection. Shaab-Selekh intersection can be classified as the most congested intersection for its high traffic density, especially in the morning and afternoon peak hours. This study evaluates the level of service, estimating the environmental impact (air pollution) due to traffic congestion, and propose set of sustainable tools to reduce air pollution associated with reduced congestion traffic. In order to reach these objectives, many factors were considered such as traffic volumes and counting time periods (morning and afternoon peak hour) in December 2018 by (video recording technique and manual counting). In addition, SIDRA software version 5.1 was used to evaluate the level of service for the intersection and indicated that it equal to LOS F, and to estimate air pollutants (CO2, HC, CO, NO2). This study will also compare air pollutants for the study area with international standards and the congestion cause negative impacts on the environment.

Cadmium is a poisonous metal that may influence numerous organs in the human body; coated sand with iron oxide (IOCS) was prepared and utilized in this study as a filter media to investigate its removal efficiency of cadmium from Synthetic polluted water. The removal efficiency variation due to pH value, operation time, and the initial concentration were investigated. The results show good capability of the filtration media in removing cadmium ions which could reach about 95 % at a specific operating condition, optimal pH value, and operation time were 4, 30 min respectively while initial concentration higher than 1 mg/l would require longer operation time. In order to provide a practical tool to predict the removal efficiency under specific operating conditions a mathematical model and statistical analysis was applied, statistical analysis showed that the model had good representation capability.

This study is devoted to investigate experimentally the ultimate strength capacity performance of seven dapped ends simply supported reinforced concrete beams with a (length, height, and width) dimension of (1200, 240, and 130) mm, either solid cross section or top/bottom hollow opening/s. One-point load test method results a different crack patterns of multi types of failure with varying intensity. It is found that the beams strength capacity values with openings less than the solid beams by 5-10%, while the deflection values of solid cross section beam contrary increased by 11-30%. Also, for the same location of opening the increase in hollow openings reduce the capacity load by 4.5-10%, but increase the deflection values by 6-12.5%. Finally, the beams with opening located at the compression zone decrease the load capacity and increase the deflection values by 5% than the beams with opening at tension zone. Therefore, this study handed to the civil engineering designer using the dapped ends beams in bridge construction structures under effect of static loads, "for the necessary purposes of installing power supply cable or water pipe, the authors recommended using beams with opening to be located at bottom fiber tension zone".

The effect of adding sand on clayey soil shear strength is investigated in this study. Five different percentage of clay-sand mixtures are used; 100% clay with 0% sand termed 100C, 60% clay with 40% sand termed 60C-40S, 30% clay with 70% sand termed 30C-70S, 15% clay with 85% sand termed 15C-85S, and as well as 100% sand termed 100S. The used clay was obtained from Baghdad city in Iraq and classified as CH soil, while the used sand was taken from Al-Khider area from Iraq and classified as SW soil. The initial dry unit weight for all mixtures is 16 kN/m³. The results show that the variations of the soil shear strength properties with soil components content changes almost as polynomial function. The results show that the soil cohesion (C) decrease as the sand percentage increases, while the angle of internal friction (ϕ) increases as the sand percentage increases. The cohesion (C) decreases with 68%, 99%, 97% and 100% as the sand percentage increases with 40%, 70%, 85% and 100% respectively from pure clay soil 100C. While, the angle of internal friction (ϕ) increases with 148%, 410%, 471% and 676% as the sand percentage increases with 40%, 70%, 85% and 100% respectively from pure clay soil 100C. Finally, a predicted (fitting) equations are achieved for the variation of the clayey soil shear strength properties with sand content with good agreement.

An experimental study was carried out on the experimental field in Baghdad during the spring season of 2018 to investigate the effects of water quality and irrigation method on yield of maize crop. To this end, two types of water quality were investigated i.e. fresh water, and highly saline water (6.46 dS/m). Besides, the alternating irrigation method were adopted to analyze the possible enhancements of Maize crop production through two irrigate of fresh water followed by one irrigate of highly saline water. These different types of water quality were irrigated by using two irrigation system (drip and furrow). The gross area of the field is 1000 m² divided into 24 plots, with an area of 9 m² for each plot and distant of 2 m between each adjacent plots. The fresh water and highly saline water with alternating irrigation method were applied during planting season of 2018. Maize yield measurements were taken for each replicate. Results indicated that, the plots which were irrigated with fresh water gave the highest yield compared with the plots irrigated by the saline water. Statistical analysis and the linear equations showed a significant correlation between yield reduction and increasing water salinity levels. Also, the results show significant differences in yield reduction between the different irrigated water under the two irrigation systems, where furrow irrigation system gave maize yield reduction more than drip irrigation system.

This research is concerned with the use of petroleum residues to stabilize Baiji sand dunes. The purpose of this research is to study the stabilizing effect of these residues irrespective of their possible toxicity to plant and environment. Two petroleum mixtures were prepared in different mulching rates to test their efficiency in stabilizing sand dunes. Those mixtures were added to the dune samples with variable mulching rates, mixtures temperatures and initial water contents. Mechanical stability was estimated from percent of dry aggregates greater than 0.84 mm and percent of aggregates less than 0.42 mm. The mixtures of petroleum residues used in this study were found to be effective in forming large amounts of nonerodible aggregates greater than 0.84 mm and reducing the erodible aggregates less than 0.42 mm. treated samples also showed a good stability against breakdown under repeated sieving and the effect of cyclic freezing and thawing on the mean weight diameter factor MWD. The results of repeated sieving test RST showed that petroleum mixtures create a stable crust preventing the bare sand dunes from erosion.

The existence of contaminated land due to industrial and mining activities is an important apprehension in today's highly industrialized nations. However, the effect of these contaminants on the geotechnical properties of clayey soils can be modified by the chemical stabilization using traditional stabilizers like cement and lime, which result in achieving suitable material for construction purposes. Molecular characteristics of cement and lime stabilized contaminated-Lateritic clay soil presented in this research. This objective was applied by studying the induced alterations in molecular structure of cement-lime, and heavy metals stabilized lateritic soil using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. In current study, FTIR was performed to invistigate the molecular amendments in the structure of treated samples before and after contamination. Based on the results, the major vibrational bands were attributed to the kaolinite minerals. Furthermore, other bands appeared due to the presence of quartz and hematite. A new band was detected at 1462cm⁻¹ with low intensity assigned to the carbonates, which was noticed increasing with time due to the producing of calcite. Also, it was detected a new sharp band at 1384cm⁻¹ related to zinc and copper nitrates due the presence of heavy metals.

Six simply supported deep beams were tested to show the influence of prestressing strand on the behavior of reinforced concrete deep beams. All tested beams have same gross sectional area (42000) mm², compressive strength (30) MPa, clear span length (1000) mm, longitudinal and vertical reinforcement and the strengthened beams are strengthening by one strand with (12.7mm) diameter. Tested beams were divided into two groups according to the existence of prestressing strand, the first group consist of one deep beam without prestressing strand and it is considered as a reference, while, the second group consist of five Pre-stressed concrete deep beams divided according to the magnitude of jacking stress (fpj) ranging from (250 to 450) bar. During the test, it was found that, the load deflection curves for Pre-stressed concrete deep beams are stiffer compared with the reference beam and the percentage of stiffness was increased with the increase in the magnitude of jacking stress (fpj), and the maximum applied load increased to 8.89%, 13.68%, 18.00%, 24.77% and 33.55% with increasing the jacking stress respectively, compared with the refer beam. on the other hand, the deflection values at mid span increase with decreasing rate to 46.34%, 31.71%, 19.51%,9.75% and 2.44% with increasing the jacking stress respectively, compared with reference beam and the maximum applied load at first crack was increased to 13.64%, 15.56%, 17.4%, 20.84% and 26.93% with increasing jacking stress respectively, compared with reference beam. Finally, the failure mode for deep beam changed from flexural-shear failure to diagonal splitting failure when prestressing strand has been added.

The goal of this paper is to get a better knowledge of effect of joint positions on flexural behavior of box segmental specimens under bending stresses. Three segmental specimens with internal tendons were produced and tested. Each segmental specimen was produced assembling three precast concrete segments and they were connected by using four post tensioning tendons. All segmental specimens were formed with dry joint type, but they different in joint positions. All specimens were tested under two types of loadings cyclic and static two point loads. The test of cyclic loading was carried out by exposure each specimen to three loading cycles. The static load test was carried out in same rate of loading that of cyclic load test and all girder specimens were tested up to failure. The loads versus deflections at specified points were recorded. Also, cracking, mode of failure and ultimate loads values were recorded as well as the concrete surface strains at the specified locations for both loadings.

Natural materials which are readily available in large amounts in nature may be used as low cost additives. The purpose of this research is to inspect the possibility of the naturally available material; Prosopis Farcta (PF) plant; to improve dyes from textile wastewater. Prosopis Farcta and activated carbon were used as adsorbents in order to make a comparison to remove terasil blue dyes (TB). Batch tests investigated the adsorption isotherm of TB at room temperature and various parameters such as the adsorbent dose, contact time and initial dye concentration. The experimental results showed that the maximum removal efficiency of PF was found to be 85% at a fixed 200 rpm mixing speed, pH value 8, mixing time 90 minutes and the dose of adsorbent 0.5g. The maximum removal efficiency of AC was found to be 96% at a fixed 200 rpm mixing speed, pH value 8, mixing time 90 minutes and the dose of adsorbent 0.5g. The above removal efficiencies were obtained at temperature 24±1 °C and initial TB dye concentration 15 mg/l. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were assigned to analyse the test data. Findings revealed that Langmuir adsorption isotherm was best model for TB adsorption onto AC and PF with energy of adsorption (Qo) 2.495 mg/g and 1.652 mg/g, the maximum adsorption capacity (b) 7.08 l/mg and 0.307 l/mg at coefficient of determination 0.9958 and 0.9718 respectively.

The important component in the asphalt mixture is mineral filler materials as it plays an essential part in the stiffening and toughening of asphalt binder. In addition, the mechanical properties of asphalt binder are influenced by the mineral filler, and significantly affected with respect to stripping or moisture susceptibility. This paper is displayed the mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures that used asphalt binder grade (40-50), the gradation of aggregates selected with the mid-point according to the Iraqi specification and two types of mineral filler materials (High Reactivity Attapulgite (HRA) and Portland Cement (PC)) according to the empirical requirements. The mixtures are produced and compacted according to the Marshall Mix design method. In addition, this paper is displayed the positive influence of HRA and PC in the asphalt mixtures such as (Volumetric Properties, Marshall Properties, Marshall Stiffness, the Indirect Tensile Strength and Moisture Susceptibility). The results explained that the (5%) and (7%) HRA had an important influence on the properties of asphalt mixtures. With the increment in the percentages of HRA, the volumetric properties of asphalt mixtures enhanced. Laboratory investigation results support the advantage of adding HRA to the asphalt mixtures. HRA as an active mineral filler has good resistance to moisture sensitivity and mechanical properties, which contributes to extending the life cycle of the pavement layer.

The aims of this research is assessing ecosystem services and helping to integrate the multiplicity functions of urban ecosystems into city planning and management processes. Among the important impacts of trees in gardens and streets in removing CO2 and improving air quality and climate, In the center of Al-Najaf (Iraq). This study included realistic statistics and was incorporated into a modified program (ITE Eco Model), where the trees were inventoried. Then assess the status of trees and the variation in tree types and use this information in the assessment of environmental services. According to this study, it is recommended to increase park areas and care for trees and not to cut them from the point of view of ecosystem service, according to the key to the ecosystem of afforestation.

This study deals with the properties of Al-Qend Hills clays (Nineveh Governorate, North of Iraq) that effect on the production of building bricks and determines the best method for bricks industry. Two methods used to the manufacturing of clay brick samples, the first is the extrusion with dimensions (2.5×4×7.5) cm and the second is the pressing (cylinder shape) with dimensions (3.5×5.5) cm after that dried at room temperature for 48 hr. and for 24 hr. at 110 °C using the laboratory oven. After the drying process, the samples will burn at different temperatures (750, 800, 850 and 1100) °C according to burning program for 2 hr. in muffle furnace, The results appear that extruded samples at 800 °C is successful because conform to the requirements of Iraqi standards specification No.25, 1993.

Recycling of debris to obtain the recycled aggregates for sub-base materials in road construction is a foremost application to be promoted to gain economical and sustainable benefits. In this study, different types of demolition waste samples were subjected classification tests such as chemical tests, particle size distribution, compaction, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test. The experimental work included fourteen samples at different weight were taken to determine the proportion of demolition waste subbase. The result of sampling tests were compared with the general specifications for roads and bridges (SORB/R₆), it was f that the effect of SO₃, gypsum and total soluble salt (TSS) parameter on the demolition waste subbase were low and the gradation of demolition waste subbase was class A. the California bearing ratio CBR value was 37% with maximum dry density 2035 kg/m³, in addition the average compaction test was 95.98%, whereas the optimum moisture content of the study materials was 8%.

Soil loss is one of the most essential issues in the world. It is considered as the main source of sediment that introduces into the ambient environment and cause extensive impact to the. The objective of the current study is to estimate the soil loss and sediment yield by applying the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE). Data from a real site which is located in Kuala Kari, Kelantan, Northern Malaysia was obtained and utilized in which the site is subdivided into five catchments. Results show that the sediment yield produced from all the catchments was very high which has a significant impact to the adjacent water bodies. It is recommended that erosion, sediment and drainage control measures need to highlighted in an Erosion and Sediment Control Plan (ESCP) to be installed in the site so as to minimize soil loss and sediments generated from the site.

A discharge headway time is an essential parameter in the theory of traffic flow that largely utilized in various sections of engineering transport. Discharge time headway is a necessary traffic measure used widely in the analysis of signalized intersection. This research focuses on the comprehensive analysis and regression model of vehicle discharge headway at signalized intersections and applied operation management using upstream access points. A comparison of median and mean values of discharge saturation headway indicated that the median of (2.230sec.) is less than mean of (2.5272sec.). That means the concentration of small time headways and most of drivers select headways less than the mean value which cause high risk-potential for drivers and reduced safety performance at signalized intersections. Higher values of discharge headway were found to be (4.13sec.), (3.12 sec.) and (3.08sec.) for Al-Nakhala intersection, Al-Sakhara Intersection and Bairuit Intersection respectively The induced of upstream access management improved the saturation flow rate to (28%) for Al-Sakhara Intersection and (31%) for Al-Nakhala Intersection that indicated normal traffic operation with less congestion to a better operation conditions.

In Iraq, the increasing in number of vehicles and trucks with their heavy traffic loading under high temperature can led to different types of failures in pavements. Various types of fibbers in asphalt mixtures have been used to improve the paving properties to resist the developed distresses form the applied stresses. The main objective of this research is to find the effect of using two types of fibbers (Steel Fiber and Polypropylene Fiber) on the performance of asphalt mixture grade (40-50) from Al-Daurah refinery. In this work, four percentages of steel fibber and Polypropylene Fiber are used as combinations which are (0.4-0, 0.3-0.1, 0.2-0.2, 0.1-0.3 and 0-0.4) % by total weight of asphalt mixture. Three types of tests are carried out (stability, indirect tensile strength and flow tests) to investigate the influence of using the fibbers on hot mix asphalt. The tests are conducted in two different temperatures (40 and 60). The results show that using the combination of 0.3 steel fibber and 0.1 of Polypropylene fibber can improve the stability and flow by 34.9% and 67.7% respectively at temperature of 40c. In addition, the result shows that using the combination of 0.3 steel fibber and 0.1 of Polypropylene fibber can reduced temperature susceptibility. Finally, the use of double fibbers does not improve the stability and flow at 60c.

The quality and efficiency of geoid models have been developed rapidly to provide elevations instead of traditional surveying. The high cost and the long measurement time of surveying instrumentation cause an urgent need for deriving local Earth Geoid Model (EGM). Hundred control points are selected on the study area topographic map. The study area is located in Mosul city in Iraq. Multiple earth geoid models have been derived using different interpolation methods available in ArcGIS environment. The results of statistical analysis determine the best interpolation method. The percentage root mean square errors (RMSEs) for the adapted interpolation methods are 26.54 %, 28.43 %, 30.13 %, 34.79 %, 36.75 %, and 37.28 % in kriging, Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW), Trend, Natural Neighbor, Spline, and Topo To Raster, respectively. Kriging interpolation gives minimum standard deviation (2.226 m) and RMSE (2.654 m) so it is the preferable method. The results indicate that the geoid is departed from GPS Visualizer data by the mean value of minus (1.405 m) in the study area.

Plenty of waste plastic is one of the major problems for environmental sustainability as plastic contaminates the mainland, rivers, and seas. Moreover, many-sided behavior of waste plastic (lightweight, flexible, cheap, strong, and moisture-resistant) can make it a replacement for or alternative to coarse aggregate in concrete. This paper investigates the properties and strength of reinforced concrete flat plate slabs using recycled waste plastic as a coarse aggregate instead of the conventional aggregate to produce lightweight concrete. Also studying the effectiveness of adding polypropylene fibers for enhancing both concrete properties and shear strength of the reinforced concrete respectively in a flat slab. All specimens had the same dimensions and main flexural reinforcement ratio and they were subjected to concentrated vertical loads. Four mixes had been tested in this work, the results showed that using waste plastic mixed with polypropylene fibers to produce lightweight concrete was very promising. It was observed that by adding polypropylene fibers the failure pattern was shifted from punching to flexural. Ultimate load, crack pattern, and deflection had been included and discussed for all specimens.

There is a frequent need for conducting an evaluation to upgrade mobility and safety at intersections. The study goal is to; examine the suitable type of control, demonstrate a typical scenario for evaluation task, and achieve suitable alternatives that solve problems of congestion and their consequences. The optimized choice with a design of traffic operation as well as the geometric layout, are proposed for each studied site. Five individual intersections were studied within Babylon province in Iraq. Three methods are adopted due to; Institute of Highway Transportation IHT, Department of Transportation DoT and Iraqi Highway Design Manual SORB, to identify the suitable control. SYNCHRO 10 software is used for analyzing operational performance for existing conditions and suggested alternatives. Due to SYNCHRO 10, most intersections operate at an unacceptable level of service. Converting the Station and Al-Irjoan intersections from TWSC type to roundabout type decreased the average delay about 97% and 95% respectively. For the signal intersections, Al-Salam and Awlad-Muslim, the indirect left turn is the best alternative with a decrease in delay by about 91% and 92% respectively. For Al-Sadah intersection, installation of a traffic signal instead of AWSC type decreased the delay about 82%. Thereby level of service raised from F to B in; The Station intersection, Al-Salam intersection and Al-Irjoan intersection. LOS also raised from D to A in Awald-Muslim intersection and from F to C in Al-Sadah intersection.

This paper deals with a numerical simulation of reinforced concrete square columns. The behavior of reinforced square columns of normal and high strength concrete was studied, and special attention paid to the concrete strength, ratio of longitudinal steel reinforcement, as well as reinforcement steel grade of this type of columns. In the present study, ABAQUS program was utilized to represent the response of this type of columns. The numerical model of finite element employs the approach of damaged plasticity for concrete. For effectiveness, a column of reinforced concrete was represented that had been comparison with experimental results that presented from the other researchers. In this research the numerical results were done for three types of loading, columns subjected to pure compressive force only (compression failure is done), columns undergo bending moment only (tension failure is done), and finally columns under axial load as well as bending moment such that the tension and compression failure is done at same moment. An interaction equation was derived in this research and can be applicable for any section of columns. The present equation was appeared a very good results when compare its interaction diagram with interaction diagram driven from previous works.

Artificial Neural Network (ANNs) model was done to develop and to predict the Pollutant Removal Efficiency (PRE) of Copper Cu (II) ions from polluted solution by olives seeds powder. Five model variables as Adsorbent dosage, the initial concentration, initial pH, agitation speed, and contact time was studied to optimize the conditions for maximum removal efficiency of Cu (II) ions. Perceptron Multilayer Networks (PMN), with a back-propagation algorithm where the sigmoid axon transforms function for input and output layers is adopted. The PMN model is systematically trained with 425 data points and is validated with data points from the database. The optimum values of learning parameters that are giving encouraging and satisfactory with a correlation coefficient of about 0.983 at training and 0.987 at verification for variables used in this study. The model results showed that the major important parameter influencing on the removal efficiency is the initial copper concentration 37.3%, olive seeds dosage 23.53%, the agitation speed 21%, the pH 10.38%, and smallest influence has the contact time 7.77%. The results showed a good agreement between the ANN model result and the experimental result.

Concrete filled steel tube (CFST) truss girder usually consists of CFST chords and hollow braces. The performance of steel tube truss girders filled with self-compacting concrete was investigated in this study. A total of eight CFST truss girders (Warren-vertical truss) specimens were tested. The main parameters were the concrete compressive strength and adding a reinforced bar in the concrete core of the bottom chord. Two of specimens without reinforcement were suggested as reference specimens. This study shows the load-deflection curves at the midspan, overall deflections, ultimate loads, flexural strength and failure modes of the tested specimens. The Proposed design equation found in the literature was used to predict the flexural strength of CFST trusses. The failure mode includes: weld fracture and shredding around joints and local buckling of the diagonal braces. Results show that the increase of concrete compressive strength caused a slight increase of the CFST truss strength by about (2.8%-10.34%), also the results showed that the best addition to the core concrete of the bottom chord was the circular steel tube compared with the addition of the steel bars.

Concentration of seven metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, Mu, Ni, Cr, and Cd) in the samples of soil and some plant species collected from General Company for tire industry in Najaf were determined. The mineral ions were assayed using the acid digestion method and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Physicochemical parameters (pH, EC, Bulk density, water holding capacity and Total Nitrogen) of the soil samples were also determined of the 7 metals determined in the soils samples, the concentration of Pb (15.25 ± 5.79 mg/kg⁻¹) was the highest compared to the concentrations of other metals.

Physicochemical parameters were within the range that allows effective use of wild plant species as indicator of some heavy metals in the soil. Cu showed the lowest concentration (0.65 ± 1.78 mg/kg⁻¹). Ni was below the detectable limit in most of the samples. Similarly, concentrations of Pb (12.35 mg/kg⁻¹) in the shoot of Sonchus asper (L.)Vill. among other metals were higher than those of the other metals in the plant tissues. Concentration of Cd (0.01 mg/kg⁻¹) in the root of Rumex cyprius Murb. was the lowest. Generally, metal ion concentration in the soil and plant samples of the General Company for tire industry in Najaf(polluted site) significantly differed from those of the non-polluted site (P<0.05). Plantago boissieri Hausska.et Bornm. among the plant species had the highest translocation factor (TF = 2.91). Although the TF was higher in the plant of the polluted site (TF >1), reasonable amount of them were retained within the underground tissues (roots).

The modern architectural designs and building techniques in the constriction field need new materials. Those materials have high compressive strength, such as an Ultra-High-Performance Concrete, which abbreviates by UHPC. The UHPC is suitable to use for high-rise buildings and long-span bridges. Therefore, this study investigated the ability to produce UHPCs depends on available materials and the optimum proportion of these materials. Also, the increment of the steel fiber is needed to study its effects on the mechanical properties of the UHPC. Therefore, four Fraction Volume of steel fiber content has been adopted, which were 0%, 1.5%, 3.0%, and 4.5%. The results showed the ability to produce UHPC with a compressive strength reaches to 150 MPa, by using affordable materials. However, the increase of the steel fiber content would be improved the compressive strength of about 40% for the steel fiber content of 4.5% as well as the rupture stress increased to 160% for the same fraction. The results revealed that the reduction of the compressive strength reaches to 0.69 when used small molds.

Baghdad city suffers from random urbanized expansion and highly congested roads. The city environment has been badly affected by its air pollution and low green coverage. Through this paper, a Multi Land Use (MLU) approach is presented to provide areas for commercial and domestic purposes without needing to consume more green coverage of the city and also transform the neighbour land use to one place and change them to green areas. According to the results of this research, it was found that the bus terminals is the best choice for MLU and there are many places in Baghdad available to be MLU. Towards this, satellite images and CAD software have been used to find these terminal places and areas saving possibility. This is done by transforming neighbour land uses to be MLU in one place. These terminals were classified according to their areas into small (less than 10,000 m2), medium (between 10,000 to 40,000 m2) and big (more than 40,000 m2). For terminals of small and medium areas, shopping centres and hotels can be constructed over them, while for the big terminals, student accommodations and flats for domestic purposes can also be built over these terminals, in addition to shopping centres and hotels. As a case study for this research, the Bab Al-Muatham bus terminal was illustrated. The results showed that this bus terminal can be changed to be MLU and can save an area of more than 50,000 m2 through transforming the surrounding land uses to be MLU and change the transformed lands to be green areas.

In this research, an attempt has been made to study the efficiency of strengthening hot-rolled I-sectioned steel beams by using additional steel plates welded at top and bottom flanges and inclined stiffeners with various widths welded at both sides of the web. This addition was incorporated to increase the moment of inertia about x and y axes (I_x-x and I_y-y) in order to reduce the vertical mid-span deflection as well as the horizontal strain and to prevent (or at least postpone) the occurrence of the lateral buckling. It was found that, the basic governing role of the additional top and bottom steel plates was to enlarge (I_x-x) for the purpose of decreasing the vertical mid-span deflection and the horizontal strain, while the major contribution of the inclined stiffeners was found that primarily its configuration provides some kind of lateral support and secondarily through increasing (I_y-y). It was also found that the usage of this type of strengthening leads to increase the ultimate load value in addition to the pre-mentioned reduce in deflection and strain. On the other hand, the failure mode is noticed to be changed from "lateral buckling" type (for the non strengthened beams) to a "plastic hinge" type at mid-span (for the strengthened beams) which is attributed to letting the strengthened beam attain its full flexural capacity through preventing (or postponing) the occurrence of lateral buckling.

The use of shear connectors in the steel-concrete structural system is widely used to connect the steel and concrete parts of the system. The push-out test is the standard test used to detect the load capacity of different types of shear connectors. In this study, the push –out test was performed on concrete filled steel tube connected using channel shear connectors. The effect of concrete block strength and the exist of concrete core were investigated. Using concrete filled steel tube with increasing the compressive strength of the slab gain higher loading capacity and less slipping than hollow steel tube and low compressive strength of the concrete block. The experimental results were validated using ABAQUS finite element model. A numerical parametric study was carried out to show the effect of the value of concrete block compressive strength, length of the channel connectors, the strength of CFST and the yield stress of these connectors. It turns out that when increases either the length of shear connector or the concrete block strength or the yield stress of shear connector, the ultimate load increases, while the strength of CFST has no effect on ultimate load.

The enormous development on production of vehicles resulted in growing amount of waste tires rubber. Consequently, waste rubber is considered as one of the most waste materials that might cause environmental problems. Incorporating tires rubbers in concrete pavement has been widely studied as one of the promising and sustainable solutions to these current environmental problems. This paper explored the effect of replacing coarse aggregate with waste tires rubber according to their sieve sizes. Three replacement ratios were suggested to substitute the coarse aggregate in concrete of 5 wt. %, 10% and 15%. Two replacement techniques were chosen in order to investigate the rubber particle size. The results illustrated that the compressive strength reduced by 8.5, 51% for 5 to 15 % replacing from all particle sizes. While it shows lower percentage of 0.3 to 11%, 12 to 19% and 7 to 17% for replacing 5 to 15% from sieve #20 to #4.75, respectively. The dry density for all samples decreased slightly with increasing rubber percentage. Furthermore, water absorption ratios of the tested samples were comparable with the reference sample by replacing from each sieve separately. In contrast, it shows higher increase by replacing from all sieves.

One of the most recently application for pavement performance improvement is the application of nonmaterial technology. The objectives of this research are to study the beneficial effect of using Nano Carbon Tube (NCTs) on the behaviour of asphalt mixture as preliminary indications and on the performance behaviour of flexible pavement system as a final investigation. The obtained experimental and finite element modelling results showed that adding (0.1%) and (1%) NCTs improved the stability value of asphalt mixture about (15%) and the addition of 0.5 % reduced the flow value around (2%) which means providing enhancement for rutting resistance. High elastic modulus value of (14000 MPa) are obtained at (0.5%) NCTs. This demonstrated the significant improvement of mechanical properties of modified asphalt mixtures as compared with control mix. The experimental results demonstrated the beneficial applications of carbon nanotubes NCTs additives to minimize the effect of moisture susceptibility for hot asphalt mixtures at (0.1%). The modified asphalt mixture with NCTs decreased the resistance to fatigue damage life of flexible pavement at (0.1%) and (0.5 %) NCTs but provide improve the fatigue resistance by about (10%) at (1%) NCTs and improved the resistance to rutting damage significantly about (83%), (233%), and (250%) for (0.1%), (0.5%) and (1%) NCTs respectively.

An investigational study had been done in this research to improve the setting time of Local Gypsum Plaster by using two additives, namely : Tree Glue Powder (TGP) and Polyvinyl Acetate (PVA). For this objective four sample mixtures had been made, the first sample is the reference sample (mixture without additives), the second and the third mixtures are made by adding one of the two additives; Tree Glue Powder (TGP) and Polyvinyl Acetate (PVA) respectively, while the fourth mixture is prepared by the addition of both additives (TGP and PVA) together. Because of the importance of "the Compressive Strength" property in gypsum works, it was taken into consideration together with the "Setting Time" property in the assessment of results in this study. It was found that, when adding (TGP) alone with a content of (1.0 %), the setting time of the mixture was extremely increased by (333.8 %) as compared with that of the reference mixture, while the compressive strength is reduced by (18.8 %). And when the other additive (PVA) with a content of (4%) was added to the (TGP) mixture (altogether), an almost similar increase in the setting time has occurred (equals 306 %), with an attendant slight improvement in the compressive strength (equals 2.2 %).

the impact of using various percentage of nanoclay on the mechanical properties of concrete and on the flexural capacity of reinforced concrete two-way slabs was achieved in this study. The percentage of nanoclay content are (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%,8%, 10%) weight percent of cement, and in addition to the use of polypropylene content of 1.5%. The investigated mechanical properties of concrete were compressive strength, sp1itting tensi1e strength and f1exural strength. Six specimens of RC two way slabs were cast using those various content of nanocaly, the slabs were simply supported condition and under uniform load. Test indicated revealed significant improvement in the mechanical properties of concrete by using nanoclay due to its high pozzolanic activity which verifies the higher amount formation of C-S-H gel in the due to the presence of nanoparticles. When nanoclay proportion increased from 2% to 8%, the compressive strength increased about 3%, and 12.4%, respectively for samples with polypropylene equals 1.5%. While the splitting tensile strength increased by 4% up to 39.4% when using the same nanoclay proportion about 2% to 8%, respectively. The flexural modulus of rupture increased by 6%, and 36%, respectively for the same nanoclay proportion and polypropylene fiber content. The ultimate load capacity of the RC slabs increased by (12.5%) up to (66%) when the nanoclay content increased from (2% to 8%). However, using 10% nanoclay reduced the strength of the slab. In addition, different failure modes was observed for the slabs when using different percentage of nanoclay content.

Mosul Dam is a structure facilitated to create a reservoir or a human-made lake named Lake Dahuk. Tigris river is the upstream water supply of the Mosul dam. The dam located at the western of Mosul city, the center of the governorate of Nineveh in the north of Iraq. The only drawback of the dam is the position; it is built on unstable karst ground. This worry situation led to take serious efforts and treatment decisions since the occupation of Iraq in 2003. Unfortunately, no concrete news till now whether the dam is safe or not and what is the prudential supervision needed. The data of this research are obtained from the Iraqi ministry of water resources/Mosul dam department. Schedule reports and 442 monthly data values have been monitored using advanced electronic instruments and technical programming, under experience engineers and special supervisors within the period 2000-2016. The objectives of this study are; Analysis the water flow during the drought and flood seasons, also to study the impact of the Ilisu dam on the Mosul dam efficiency. In addition, this analysis gives the answers to the puzzling questions and probably hundreds of researches concerns. It was noticed that within the period 2009 to 2015 the monthly inlet water discharge values are the same values of the outlet discharge. And the highest value observed of the water level achieved by the dam in the year 2002 is 329.55 m above means sea level, while the less value is 287.89 m in 2011. In addition to the continuous operation of foundation concrete grouting, it is highly recommended to increase the depth of the grouting. Finally, the Ilisu dam has no direct impact on Mosul dam efficiency.

Sometimes the construction system complexity or beam's geometry imposes some difficulties in performing an external strengthening for RC hollow beam web. The main challenge is to select a proper strengthening method to overcome its low torsion strength to inplane and out-of-plane stresses. Accordingly, the main goal of this research is to judge the possibility to adopt or (suggest) a certain internal in-plane technique to enhance the torsion strength. Six hollow beam web specimens of dimensions (1600×200×200mm) are tested experimentally under torsion effect. The major adopted variables including, the presence or absence of in-plane diaphragms, number of in-plane diaphragms (one, three and five), and strengthen the in-plane steel diaphragm with CFRP sheet on one or both faces. The experimental results show the ultimate torque increased by about (36%, 73% and 100%) for the tested specimens strengthened by one, three and five in-plane diaphragms respectively. On the other hand, the ultimate torque capacity was increased by about (53-55%) for beam specimens which contain one steel diaphragm strengthened by one and two CFRP sheets at their faces respectively, in comparison with the non-strengthened beam. It can be concluded that the torsional capacity has been enhanced due to the contribution of the adopted method.

In the present study, this work investigated the effects of bacteria (Bacillus sp.) decay and biological aggregating factors (organic matter, microbial calcium carbonate precipitation) at various steps on soil aggregate stability. Experiments carried out at different cultivation time 2, 5, and 8 weeks. The soil samples were compared the control (pure soil) versus soil treated with bacteria. The results showed that bacterial activity played an essential function in the macro-aggregate foundation. Nevertheless, the influence of organic matter (OM) on soil aggregate stability was important, which might be related to the microbial activity of bacteria to decay the organic material to an organic mineral that is connected with soil particles to form stable micro-aggregates. The CaCO₃ is one of the most stable bonding agencies in nature as it is called natural cement, The soil aggregates stability increased as calcium carbonate increased. No change of soil pH levels observed due to microbial reactions with soil. Hence, the appropriate pH was 7.5. In addition, the higher pH decreases enzymatic activity and carbonate tends to dissolve at pH levels are very low. This study affords the helpful of soil stabilization in the presence of natural cementation of bacteria in contrast with the previous studies.

There are many possible sources of ion chloride which can be open to concrete during service. Structure thesaurus to the sea may be sprayed with salt mist or seawater carried by the wind. In order to understand the behaviour of structures, different levels of corrosion must be studied. The current study has been taken up to investigate the behaviour of Reinforcement Concrete beams (RC) and bond strength of specimens exposed to 5% chloride solution, to cause corrosion of reinforcement. Two types of mixing by using Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) type (I) concrete (with and without using micro steel fiber V_f =1.2) to cast eight reinforce concrete supported simply beam. Corrosion was accelerated using electrical current with different density to cause mass loss in steel bar with different levels of 6 %, 10 %, and 16 %. The results of the bond test and beams show a decrease in capacity with increasing the corrosion. The micro steel fiber causes an increase in bond strength of concrete ranged from (40-60%), and an increase in ultimate strength of beams ranged from (4 to 38 %) as compared with the beam without steel fiber.

Concrete is the most important building material due to the availability of its constituent materials and its easy manufacturing; it is commonly reinforced with a steel bar to resist the tensile stresses. The present research discusses the effect of cement content on the bonding strength with the steel bar reinforcement as well as the concrete strength while fixing the fine/coarse aggregate proportion, the slump and the water/cement ratio. Two series have been produced by using different types of steel bars (smooth and deformed) with a different cement content of (250, 300, 350, 400 and 450 kg/m³). These two parameters were used to study the effect of the cement content and the mechanical interlocking on the bonding strength between concrete and steel bars. The results of this study showed that the compressive strength increases with the increasing of cement content up to 400 kg/m³, and then there is no significant improvement in compressive strength. However, the bonding strength with the steel bar increases even at 450 kg/m³. For any cement content, the deformed bars exhibited a better bonding strength of several times than the smooth bars.

In this paper Slurry Infiltrated Fiber Concrete (SIFCON) has been used at plastic hinge locations to fix the ductility problem of continuous reinforced concrete beams. The use of SIFCON in compression parts of plastic hinge zones for continuous beam has been experimentally studied under both static and repeated loads. Six continuous beams with full scale have been tested; two with normal concrete totally and four with SIFCON at compression parts of plastic hinge locations. Three fraction volumes of fibers (Vf) % have been considered, 7%, 9% and 11%. Also, the influence of using SIFCON parts on redistribution of bending moment for continuous beams is investigated. It was noticed that, in all the reinforcement concrete beams, the using of SIFCON increased the capacity and ductility of the samples at same time. The improvement in the flexural capacity, the toughness and the moment redistribution for continuous beams could reach as high as 20%, 20% and 104% respectively. In addition, it was found that the reduction in flexural strength of composite continuous beam when it exposures to repeated loads was about 0.6% in comparison with that under static loads.

One way to save water is rainwater harvesting (RWH). For highly urbanized areas, the advantages of RWH include not only collecting water but also mitigating the negative impacts of stormwater runoff on receiving water bodies. In this research, the use of RWH is investigated along with Permeable Pavement to reduce runoff volume and peak flow in Al-Huryai city, a small watershed in central Baghdad, Iraq as a case study using a Personalized Computer Storm Water Management Model (PCSWMM). The simulation results showed that RWH has a significant impact on runoff reduction when compiled with Al-Huryai-PP scenario. The peak flow rates for Al-Huryai as-is scenario and Al-Huryai-PP+RWH scenario were 0.004 m³/s and 0.0038 respectively. Thus, the predevelopment conditions were met and flooding was controlled.

The Al-Shewicha Trough represents a real flood hazard to Kut City (capital of Wasit Province, Iraq) as well as to the other cities along the Tigris River downstream Kut Barrage, especially heavy monsoon years. Under the acute lack of water resources around the world, many modern techniques in unconventional innovative water resources management were developed. In this study, ArcGIS was used in the morphologic analysis of six river basins which represent the main sources of feed for the Al-Shewicha Trough. The results show that the high value of the greatest length of a basin 1,5 and 6 indicate that these watersheds have high value of concentration time (t_c) which delays the peak flow. All basins consisted of very coarse and permeable subsurface strata, and were of coarse texture. Circularity ratio Form factor and elongation ratio shows an elongated shape of all basins with lower peak flow and long duration. Analyses of soil data demonstrate that the soil type that covers a large area is loam soil within the hydrologic soil group type B, which indicates that all basins have low permeability and high runoff. The most predominant land use was bare soil and all basins have a covering of poor vegetation which highlights the basins that are most susceptible to erosion, thus resulting in the generation of higher sedimentation.

The recent advances in the technology of smart devices caused a tremendous increase in wireless traffic in conventional cellular networks, thus leading to overloading the base station, and hence delaying the response to users' requests. To overcome this, Device to Device (D2D) communication has been proposed recently to alleviate the traffic congestion at the base station (BS) by establishing a direct link between users. However, deciding whether a communication should be performed directly via D2D mode or via the base station is considered one of the challenges of applying such a method. Therefore, a mode selection based model was presented in this paper. The method depends on the probability of a user's proximity close to 1.0. Furthermore, the proposed method also takes into account the interference with both; other cellular communication and D2D communication. The simulation results showed that a significant reduction in the delay can be achieved when responding to user requests after using the proposed model selection method. The increase in frequency reuse within the cell is considered as the main reason behind this behavior. Also, for a more simplified and less complex model selection method, it is more appropriate to apply the proposed model selection method to only the cell edges.

In recent years, radiography systems have become more used in medical fields, where they are used for diagnosing many diseases. The size of the radiographs differs, as well as the size of the body parts for each patient. So many researchers crop the radiographs manually to facilitate the diagnosis and make it more reliable. Currently, the trend toward deep learning was commended where the deep learning proved its effectiveness in many fields, especially in the medical field, in which it achieves good results in diagnosing the most types of diseases. Deep learning performance increases significantly when the training process is focused on the region of interest. In this paper, segmentation is implemented by used deep learning model on the thoracic region of the radiograph in order to be cropped later. The proposed model provided automatic cropping of the radiographs where a semantic segmentation network is provided by Vgg19 model. A comparison is done with semantic segmentation network provided by Vgg16. The segmentation based on Vgg19 model outperforms Vgg16 model in cropping Chest x-ray images dataset automatically and quickly.

Optimal Power Flow (OPF) is one of most important aspect in power system operation and control. It is a non linear optimization problem based on minimization an objective function such as the active power losses, fuel cost, voltage deviation, voltage stability, reliability evaluation,...etc. Transient stability analysis is an important concept to determine whether the system is stable or not when a heavy disturbance such as the fault or loss of generation or a sudden large increased in the load,...etc occur in the system. In this article the transient stability according to the fault occurrence are used as a constraint in the optimal power flow, where minimization a three objective function of the active power losses, the fuel cost of thermal generation units and the voltage deviation at the load buses separately for each one can improve the transient stability and keep all the generators in the synchronization system. Particle Swarm Optimization PSO of an artificial intelligence optimization techniques has been used for this purpose. Minimization the objective function can be satisfied by choosing an optimal control variables from their constraints keeping the state variables in their limits. The control variables in this article are the generator voltage magnitude, the transformer tap changer and the generator active power except the slack generator while the state variables are the stability system based on increasing the clearing time of the circuit breaker, the slack generator active power, the generator reactive power and the magnitude of the load voltage. Increasing the clearing time of the circuit breaker leads to increase the maximum value of the generator rotor angle and go towards the instability system. The maximum clearing time that keep the system stable is called the Critical Clearing Time TCC. This article used the Optimal Power Flow with Transient Stability as a constraint to increase the Critical Clearing Time TCC with stable system. The proposed algorithm has been tested on the two systems of IEEE 9 bus and IEEE 30 bus and compare the result with other reference. The implementation of this work are programming by the author using matlab software.

Controlling a system is a complicated job, especially when we talk about the nonlinearity of the system introduced by the external changes. This paper presents the procedure of designing, analysis, and verification of nonlinear autoregressive moving average controller (NARMA L2) as an artificial intelligence technique to track the output voltage of a Buck dc/dc converter in comparison with PID controller, digitalized sliding mode controller so as to reduce the ripples in output voltage and to suppress the transient overshoots, or in other words, enhance the transient response diversity of the plant in the case of load and line changes. In this technique, a back-propagation learning algorithm is derived to increase the effectiveness of the proposed controller. Finally, the proposed method of control using a neural network controller is designed using MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results of the converter for the Neuro controller are compared with different techniques of control.

A novel step-down DC-DC converter configuration is adopted in this paper. The new converter makes use the closed inversely coupled inductors topology. The proposed technique targeting the suppression of high content of switching noise that commonly accompanies the stepping-down converter circuits. This can be achieved by restraining the induced back electromotive force in the prime inductor. The induced back electromotive force is a result of discontinuous flow of line current in the prime inductor. The proposed technique preserves an uninterrupted stream of line current through-out the prime inductor which results in a considerable depression in the induced back electromotive force and consequently minimises the switching noise and enhancing the power conversion efficiency. A unique design of passive clamped circuit using coupled inductors is also proposed in this converter architecture. The leakage energies of the prime and the coupled-inductors can be recycled using the new passive clamped circuit and the captured energy can be then transferred to the load side alongside with the source or input energy. As a result, an efficiency improvement of the new converter can be achieved and the voltage stress on the power switches and diodes can be reduced. Circuit configuration, principles of operation and the transfer function of the new converter are figured out. The proposed concept of the new conversion technique is verified by the experimental and the simulated results of a range of case studies.

Dark current analysis of fabricated NiO/BiTiO3/ZnO heterojunction thin film p-i-n diode is demonstrated in this paper. The diodes layers; p-type NiO, i-type BiTiO3 and n-type ZnO were fabricated by using a sol-gel method on glass substrates. This method is the most practical techniques used for manufacturing the nanostructured thin films of metal oxide and perovskite semiconductors. The electrical characteristics of the vertical p-i-n diode were investigated using current-voltage characterization at room ambient in dark condition. The parameters, for example, threshold voltage, rectifying ratio, ideality factor, junction resistance and leakage current, were extracted from the measured data. The turn on voltage, ideality factor, saturation current, junction series resistance, and junction shunt resistance were estimated to be 0.6 V, 6.1, 8×10-7 A, 40 Ω and 760 Ω, respectively. The effect of post-fabrication heat treatments on electrical properties has been studied. The optimum temperature at 100°C that improves the device performance. The performance enhancement attributed to the interface improvement of the between the aluminum contact and p-i-n thin films. With respect as-deposited p-i-n devices, the heat-treated diodes performance parameters such as threshold voltage, ideality factor and leakage current of devices are found to improve by 5%, 47.3%, and 63.3%, respectively. The rectification performance of the device was 13.6 at 100°C and degrades after the temperature reached 125°C attributed to new material phases appears at interfaces.

With the continuous development of wireless communication technology and vehicle industry VANET as of recent is one of the most research niches. VANET is a technology that makes use of motion vehicles as a node in a network for the creation of a mobile network. Although there is a close characteristic between VANET and MANET (Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks), VANET has special features that differentiate it from MANET. VANET offers a vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to infrastructure communication. VANET also make sure there is no break of routing path before the transmission end. VANET is a challenging domain that has created a platform for many applications to find their place. Enough time is still needed for the implementation of large-scale practical though this field has been under rigorous study for over two decades. The possibility of having vehicular connectivity has been triggered by the ever-increasing wireless connectivity and computational ability of recent vehicles. Many potential vehicular network applications have been proposed in different niches like information, safety, entertainment and traffic infrastructure management. These applications in these aforementioned applications require available wireless medium utilization of both new and existing wireless technologies. VANET comprises of two technologies known as WiMAX and Wi-Fi. The goal of this survey was to ascertain the best technology among the two technologies. In other to achieve this goal, a thorough investigation was carried out together with an evaluation on V2V2I VANET where Wi-Fi was used for amid vehicle (V2V) interaction and WiMAX used for vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) interaction. This survey begins with the VANET architecture, then discusses the characteristics and challenges of VANET, applications, before ending with a comparison of the two technologies that made of VANET, the experimental approach used, future perspectives, result and conclusion.

Network connectivity in dynamic spectrum access (DSA) networks has been well studied–most of which are under the unit disk model. However, the disk model does not capture the primary-secondary and secondary-secondary interference; hence signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) based models are more appropriate. Moreover, in the SINR regime, there is no unique way to characterize connectivity and hence its maximization becomes even more challenging.

In this paper, we develop the long eluding network connectivity objective function which we use to build three connectivity optimization techniques each of which targets a particular network setup. The proposed techniques are: i) Fittest deployment density, ii) Fittest receive-only ratio, and iii) Fittest TDMA slotting.

To develop the aforementioned objective function, we start by addressing the lack of any relation between deployment density and network connectivity in interference-limited DSA networks. Next, percolation theory in conjunction with the Boolean model are utilized to develop such a relationship between the density of the percolation visible nodes and the network connectivity in interference limited environments. Finally, we use that relation to build the objective function for connectivity maximization along three optimization techniques. Theoretical findings are validated by simulating networks under various scenarios. Results provide a blueprint to establish and maximize connectivity using physical layer parameters (density, coverage radius, etc.) which can be used in conjunction with higher layer techniques. Also, tackling the connectivity problem at the physical layer relieves the other higher layers like the MAC layer from excess signaling and complex protocol designs.

In this work, Nickel-doped Zinc oxide (Ni:ZnO) thin film transistors (TFTs) p-type depletion mode were fabricated with different channel lengths. Channel lengths for TFTs were 50 μm, 70 μm and 100 μm. Ni:ZnO thin films deposited by hydrothermal technique The X-ray Diffraction (XRD) was used to examine the structural analytic of the prepared thin films. The diffraction peaks of prepared Ni:ZnO thin films are fairly matching with the hexagonal wurtzite ZnO structure with the preferred orientation (002) plane. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) were used to characterize the surface morphologies of the fabricated thin films and study them. The SEM images confirm nanorods nanostructures. Hall Effect measurements reveal that the fabricated thin film is p-type. The characterization of Ni:ZnO TFTs p-type depletion mode was investigated by transfer (IDS–VGS) characteristics. The threshold voltage (VTh), subthreshold-swing (S.S), the on-off current ratio (ION/OFF) and the mobility carrier (saturation regime) were calculated. The 50μm Ni:ZnO TFT shows better performance based on device carrier mobility and highest ION/OFF ratio.

Since computer utilization is expanding, for both social and trade ranges, secure communications through channels got to be an exceptionally critical issue. Information hiding away could be a strategy to get a secure communication medium and securing the data amid transmission. Text documents have very less redundant information as compared to the images and audio, therefore, text steganography is most challenging. This paper aims to improve "text steganography based on Unicode of characters in multilingual" by design new font with special properties for purposes of hiding data. Furthermore, this method based on making the same glyphs for the multiple codes, the Set of High-Frequency Letters called SHFL in the English language was chosen for the embedding process. The hiding method replaces the code of English symbol with other code that has the same glyph exactly. Two bits are hidden at once, utilizing glyph1 for hiding 00 and utilizing glyph2, glyph3, and glyph4 for hiding 01, 10, and 11. The improvement increases the steganography capacity, transparency and improves the security and robustness of the text stego file.

Fiber Bragg Grating FBG Works as a filter within a specific range to counteract the light whose wavelength is within the filter range and allows the light whose wavelength is outside the range of the filter to pass through the carrier light-medium. In communications (fiber-optic) the FBG is used to separate the optical signals. In this paper, the nonlinear optical properties study for optical transmission that consists of an optical transmitter that is transmitting the signal to two different fiber design first is single-mode fiber and second is Coarse Wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) fiber. Then we enter the Bragg Grating on these two fiber and studies the effect of the Bragg on them. The nonlinear optical characteristic (Q factor and bit error rate BER) is calculated for different fiber length (Km) and input power (dBm) applied on these two fibers and found the best fiber type that has a high Q factor and zero BER. By using optiwave software and matlab (R2015) software program to measure the quality factor, eye diagram and BER of the received signal at the receiver, Results are obtained and installed with graphs and tables.

The amazing performance of the concatenated codes led to attract many researchers to study these characteristics and use theme in many applications in recent years. Because the concatenated code theory is not built from the previous theories, so the characteristics of these codes remain under study and clarification. Recently, the concatenated codes became one of the main options for forward error correcting codes (FEC) in third generation mobile standards such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System UMTS. This paper investigates the effect joint source –and channel coding which is considered a proficient system for wireless transmission. A new class of FEC is used which is known as a precoder of rate 1 as inner code and non recursive turbo code as outer encoder for hybrid system and then compared with the performance of UMTS turbo code standard for DCT compressed image.

In conventional telecommunication systems, the base station does not know the user equipment location; it broadcast in all directions to fully cover the entire cell area. This represents power waste in addition to transmitting the signal in directions where users do not exist, which seen as interference for co-channel cells. This reduces SNR that limits the capacity and impedes the use of the spectrum effectively. This consideration led to the use of smart antenna (SA) technology that uses the Space-division multiple access (SDMA technique, Based on extracting spatial data for users within the network. In this work, Phased Arrays are used to improve the performance of the GSM network in terms of (decrease power, raise coverage, increase capacity, reduce co-channel interference) with the comparison to conventional antennas. Simulation has studied and realized using Matlab, simulation results, and performances have presented. Introduction.

In this paper, the simulation of the four-beam antenna system of the centimeter range based on a mirror antenna, whereas the central frequency of the working range was considered 10 GHz. Besides, the comparative analysis was conducted for various antenna systems. Also, the terraced arrangement of four irradiators (feedhorns) was used in a reflector antenna because it showed an improvement in the energy characteristics compared to a flat design. The simulation of a two-mirror antenna presented decreasing in the directional coefficient and increasing in the level of side lobes as result of multipath using case.

The non-linear behaviour of the Dc-Dc converters which appears mainly because of different causes such as disturbances, aging of materials, source instability which makes control process as a difficult task to overcome, many control techniques are employed such as PID controllers which works under linear operating conditions and fails with non-linear systems, so in order to reach a good dynamics, good performance and a good insensitivity to perturbations and parameter uncertainties, an artificial intelligence control strategy namely ANFIS has been used which does not need the mathematical model of the plant and automatically overcome the changing conditions as well. In this paper, a MATLAB/Simulink inspection is established to design a prototype model for such a converter with two different control principles (PID, and ANFIS) for Comparative purposes. In ANFIS controller two input parameters and one output (error signal, and rate of change in error) are considered, this voltage controller ensures better dynamic behaviour and superior performance compared to PID controller in regulating the output voltage.

Wireless power transfer depends on some scientific methods such as a ringing and electromagnetic. This idea developed to transfer power to distance more than other methods that used a magnetic field. This development leads in inventing wirelessly charging devices that may be used for example in mobile charging. The main objective of this paper is to design a circuit that has a transmitter and receiver worked at the same frequency, and used for wireless power transmitting. For this to be done the transmitter and receiver coils need to be the same, capacitors may be vary depending on the application type.

Verification for human is an important method for identifying persons. One of the most important biometric verification is signature which is used to ensure human privacy, both in banking and electronic business signature is the main authentication step for verify the user identity. In this paper system be tested by genetic algorithm to choose the best feature to applied in training and testing which will reduce the require time needed for matching and training and to obtain better matching by checking only the strong features. The feature selection algorithm allows us to reduce the process time and have more accurate results. The GA diagram was acquainted and applied with an element Issue choosing a subset to approve the mark The calculation demonstrated striking execution in all tests led System split mainly to many stages which is mainly (pre-processing, feature extraction using FAST (Fast Affine Invariant Image Matching), feature reduction (best feature selection) using genetic algorithm and matching process using neural network) The system was tested with 240 signature images with accuracy of 87% with the matching process. The system is simulated and tested using MATLAB.

The Iraqi dialect is one of the most beautiful dialects in the Arabic world. It contains a wide variety of vocabulary as well as phrases spoken in Iraqi population. The aim of this paper is to create, analysis, and translate of Iraqi Colloquial dialect corpus. The hardest step is to create the Iraqi corpus that were generated by writing of Iraqi films or stories and published them in GitHub. There are two phases: analyzing, which implement pre-processing includes: tokenization, remove stop words, remove punctuation, and remove duplicated words. The purpose of analyzing process is to collect the words to make Iraqi-Arabic-English dictionary. In the second phase is: testing, which involve searching about Iraqi word, translating it to Standard Arabic and English, adding it if not exist, predicting Iraqi words that depends on similar in spell, getting Iraqi synonyms words, and display the whole dictionary. New method was suggested to cover the problem of unofficially written for spoken dialects, as well as new algorithm to find the Iraqi words synonyms.

Undoubtedly, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is the most popular and widespread trend of many fields around the globe, and a smart tool for the emergence of several technological services such as web service and virtual technology. Nowadays, development and growth in computers and communications field are dynamically changing. ICT plays a key role in the digital transformation which led to the appearance of a new age called the digital age. Hence, many organizations and countries have supported modern technological trends such as the Virtual University (VU), Virtual Reality (VR) and Virtual Learning Environments (VLE), as a virtual technology. ICT can be used in positive and negative aspects, so it must be observed and considered. As a virtual technology, VU can offer extraordinary opportunities to avoid obstacles caused by critical circumstances.

Surface coatings offer a wide range of purposes to get good properties of the components. There are more applications of surface coatings in different industries to improve the properties of substrate such as sports technology, automotive industries, chemical and petroleum, physical and electronic, decorative coating and thermal barrier coatings meter. Recently, surface coatings have been developed progressively in some specialized parts to enhance wear resistance and reduce diffusion and friction. In this study three samples were prepared by covering two welded pieces of low carbon steel with the ceramic material (mullite powder (3Al2O3.2SiO2) for the ratio of (0% as a control, 5%, 10%) and by adding varnish and thinner that were used as a binder material for reinforcement low carbon steel in welding region. Then study different properties of coating layer such as the thickness of the coating layer, contact angle, and roughness, finally examine the hardness test, wear test and Atomic Force Microscopy.

Plastic products have been considered as the world most consumer, which have led to use the waste plastic in the Construction Materials. This research studies the investigation the mechanical properties of the modified cement mortar with different additive from the waste plastic to Production light concrete with high mechanical and structure properties. The plastic waste in environment is considered to be a big problem due to its very low biodegradability and presence in large quantities. This work an effort has been completed to study for the result of waste Polyvinyl Chloride on the properties of the mechanical of mortar materials. The Polyvinyl Chloride can be used as energy enhance to produce the light concrete strength and used to help waste of the plastic to enjoy with the mixture, waste Polyvinyl Chloride is additional to the materials of the mortar by percentage of adding (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4,0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9 %) that can be mix with alone for every samples with the water. The compressive strength between the mortar with various quantity of Polyvinyl Chloride plastic waste additive at different curing age, that the. Polyvinyl Chloride plastic waste additive does not help in enhancing the. compressive strength of the mortar but can be produce light mortar. The compressive strength drop to 32.1MPa for mortar mixture/PVCL For 28 days. The flexural strength of cured Polyvinyl Chloride mortar was found to be decrease with increasing the percentage of the addition and increasing with increase of the period of the curing for each percent of the addition. The modified mortar show a significant decrease in flexural strengths, that no improvement in the flexural strength as compared to ordinary concrete or mortar. The flexural strength drop to 4.5MPa for mortar mixture/PVCL For 28 days. Density of mortar with PVCL has decreased significantly for all mortars with the content of partial replacement of cement by PVCL plastic waste. It is evident that water absorption reduces considerably with increase in PVCL ratio. As seen, a 0.9 wt% PVCL addition can reduce the water absorption to 80% after curing age 28 days of the value obtained for the unmodified paste. The hardness of the. mortar sample is reduced by increasing PVCL ratio at all age curing. The maximum hardness at 0.9% additional is about 92.8 for PVCL, respectively at 28 days. Ultrasonic wave propagation speed in a material depends on the porosity of that material; it depends on the density and elastic properties. The effects of PVCL addition on the porosity of composites were evaluated by ultrasound measurements carried out.

The aim of this study is to temperature effect on the mechanical properties of Epoxy DGEBA, with adding zirconium oxide (ZrO₂) nanostructures. At different ratios (0.1,0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7) wt% of zirconium oxide (ZrO₂) nanostructures, which are prepared by hand lay-up method, and then the samples are exposed to different temperatures (40, 50, 60, and 70 °C) for 16 hr. the results showed that, the compressive strength, impact strength and hardness decreases increasing the temperature of the curing. The damping properties percentages of these properties are (3.74%, 79.61% and 23.33%) for compressive, respectively; for adding 0.4% wt. from zirconium oxide (ZrO₂) nanostructures. The reduction in strength of epoxy - nanomaterialos is attributed to oxidation at the near-surface. The increasing of the temperatures have the opposite effect on the mechanical properties of the epoxy up to 0.3 addition of the nano materials the increasing of the addition of the nano material led to decrease the effect of temperature on the mechanical properties. The water absorption decreasing with increase the percentage of the addition of nano materials at different temperature.

This research studies using wastepaper as a replacement material in concrete blends. A concrete mollified wastepaper created via adding wastepaper as partial replacement through cement's weight. Furthermore, it might be considered as eco-friendly, construction material was reduced amount of wastepaper. Inherent strength was gained because of the presence regarding the hydrogen chains in wastepaper's microstructure. Papercrete has less costs in comparison to substitute building construction materials, energy absorption. Sound absorption and low thermal insulation were enhanced by papercrete. The different presents of wastepaper used after treating namely 0%, 5%, 7% in addition to 10% through partial replacement that is related to the cement's weight for studying concrete blend's mechanized properties like flexural tensile strength, split strength, compressive strength and put to comparison with the conventional mix. The results have specified that the flexural tensile strength, splitting strength as well as compressive strength decreased as the wastepaper's content increased.

Thermal energy storage systems have been investigated for the last decades, even though the information is quantitatively enormous with a few application works. In this study, a review has been carried out for the applications of phase change materials in the cooling of buildings, where these materials have tendency to gain extra heat (latent heat) during solid–liquid phase change. The study presents significant information regarding the use of phase change materials for cooling with many considerations like: climate conditions, types of phase change materials and their thermo-physical properties. Theresultant studies show that the integration of phase change material in the building have a good potential for reducing energy demand for cooling, further investigations are needed to really assess their benefits.

In the manufacturing field of industrial firms, some materials are hard to cut and do not meet the mechanical operation requirements in conventional and unconventional machining methods due to their high mechanical properties which poorer their machinability. The need is ongoing and growing to these materials in important industries, therefore hot machining is considered one of the most advanced methods of machining which help to solve the problem of these materials. This process involves heating the work piece at elevated temperature during or before machining on conventional cutting machine by using various external heating techniques, which soften it and becomes more ductile and this leads to improve the machinability. This paper displays a review on hot machining process and presents its effectiveness for the industrial firm in machining hard-to cut-materials which reflect on cost and productivity in relation to other aspects of machining. The review paper presents a survey on various researches which indicates the effect of variation process parameters in hot machining.

Friction Stir welding (FSW) is a welding method that occurs without fusion and smoothed the granules, used to improve the fine structural properties of metals. In this paper, the enhancement of mechanical properties for FSW samples at rotation speeds (1000, 1100 and 1200 rpm) with welding speed (45 mm/min) for 6005 AA is studied by using the method of FSW at the same variable rotating speed and feeding speed. In order to convert a heterogeneous nanoscale structure to a more precise and homogeneous monolithic structure. The best welding results obtained at parameter 45 mm/min are welding speed and rotational speed of 1100 rpm at FSW where efficiency reaches 96% for FSW for maximum tensile strength of mother metals. The FSW was developed as a finite element simulation of (FSW) of 6005 AA. Numerical simulations of thermal conductivity, heat and specific density were developed to find out the relationship between these factors and maximum temperature.

Spot welding process is one of the most widely applied processes in the industry. This is due to the ease of the process and it's a quantitative process. The addition of metallic powders to the spot welding area has not been widely emphasized as a solution to amelioration the mechanical characteristic of the welding area therefore the effect of adding two types of metallic powders, (namely nickel powder and titanium powder), to the spot welding area on mechanical properties was studied. This effect was studied at the values of different welding currents and at different welding times to indicate the impact of these factors on the mechanical properties of the welding area.theresluts show that the increasing in welding time and welding current enhenced the mechanical properties of the weld nugget, in addition to that the addition of Ni and Ti metal powder improve the strength of the welds, and the Ti metal powder had a higher effect on the mechanical properties than the Ni powder metal.

In this article, the problems associated with the removal of heat from the LEDs are considered. Brief information about the materials included in the cooling system of LED lighting is presented. A comparison of materials such as copper, aluminum and alumo nitride ceramics, the use of which is possible in cooling systems of led lighting is conducted. Analyzing the current market relations that have a significant impact on the cost of metals, even in material terms, the use of a copper radiator does not look very expensive. Methods for calculating the heat removal are proposed, an example of the calculation is given. It was shown that at elevated operating temperatures, the lifetime of the LEDs is significantly reduced: at 105 °C, the lifetime of the LEDs is 200 thousand hours less than at 85 ° C. The maximum area of the plate on which the LED is installed, for its effective cooling, is about 24 cm² for a 1 W LED power.

The article deals with the problems associated to the use of refractories in the metallurgical industry. In connecting with that, brief information about the refractories, their composition and classification was presented and as a practical example the operating experience of refractories in the oxygen-converter department of metallurgical plant was considered. Furthermore, steel teeming ladle as technological equipment which accounts for 30 ... 35% of refractories was studied and as a result, a lining project reinforcing layer 300-t teeming ladles made of refractories with a curve form has been designed. The project successfully passed the experimental stage.

Failure of concrete under flexural loading considered as one of the important problems which facing the engineers. This study is to investigate the properties of concrete by using three types of mesh (steel wire, galvanized iron wire and PVC coated wire). For this reason, test specimens of 150 mm cube was used to measure the compressive strength at age of 28 days, also tiles of 500×500×50mm (thickness) were cast to measure the flexure test at age of 28 day, all the specimens were cast with 3 layers of meshes in addition to the reference samples. The results showed that the type of meshes didn't effect on the compressive strength while, the flexural strength of the specimen increases when using 2 layers of galvanized iron mesh with 1intermediate layer of PVC coated layer also, the shape of fracture and the expanded of it affects by the type of the meshes.

The presented study provides the results related to examining using the wastepaper as additional materials with regard to the concrete mixes which will be utilized for construction purposes, thus it should be indicated that the resulting has suitable mechanical strength. Furthermore, the wastepaper fibers have been applied in 3 percentages which are 0.6%, 0.8% as well as 1% volume fraction, also curing ages 7, 14 as well as 28 days. With regard to such studies, normal concrete, density, spitting strength, compressive strength, flexure tensile strength in addition to the water absorption paper fiber concrete have been determined. The results indicated that adding wastepaper will cause reduction in density by (0.24%), while increasing the compressive strength, the splitting strength, the flexural tensile strength as well as water absorption by (22.56%), (17.63%) and (4.819%) and (44.19%) respectively, at (28) days of curing age in the case of adding (0.8%) of wastepaper via volume. Paper fiber concrete is considered to be eco-friendly and inexpensive concrete.

In this work, sheet glass waste was used as a replacing material instead of natural gravel. The mix proportion of cement-gravel - sand was (1:1.5:3) and natural gravel was subjected in each mix at different percentages (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) all the specimens made with natural gravel were repeated with the same specification but instead of natural gravel, sheet glass waste were subjected. Compressive strength for cubic specimens were tested after immersing for different period (1, 7, 14, 28) days and a comparisons made between the concrete of waste glass with the conventional, concrete. Because of similarity of thestrength of compressive results of both glass and gravel. concrete, it was concluded that glass waste could replace natural gravel in concrete. It was obvious that all the percent's show this behavior, but still at a particular percent's glass concrete results were even better than gravel concrete. On the other hand glass concrete specimens were less absorbing than gravel concrete when studying the water absorption. Beside the maximum immersion time is the best to improve the properties to both series (glass, gravel).

hybrid hybrid nanofluid is the fluid which have nanomateriales, this nanomaterials led to enhancement the heat transfer in the cooling equipement therefore the interest of the characteristic of the Nanomaterials to improve the properties of heat transfer of the fluid by using mixture of nanomaterials to obtain the best performance for the cooling. The nanomaterials which used in this work are zirconium (50-100 nm) oxide and titanium oxide (50-100 nm) with equal percent from each material. The percent which add to the fluid (water) is (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, and 1.2% wt. percent from the zirconium (50-100 nm) oxide and titanium oxide (50-100 nm). The result show that the factor of the friction of the fluid (water) decrease with increasing the Reynolds number, the factor of the friction of the hybrid hybrid nano fluid is decreasing with enhance the Reynolds number and the friction factor increase with increasing the percentage of the nanomaterials mixture. The overall heat transfer coefficient and Peclet number of the mixture of the hybrid hybrid nanofluid increases with increasing the weight fraction of the nano materials (zirconium oxide and titanium oxide). Nusselt number increases with increasing Reynolds and Peclet number and the content of the nanomaterials, however increase the weight content cause enhance in the viscosity of the hybrid hybrid nano fluid mixture led to enhance in the factor of the friction.

Specialist has attempted to treat or replace teeth in case of human dental damage as a result of illness or misuse at certain stages of life. Alternating force affects the life of teeth, and this force causes failure. In this study, partial molar denture was manufactured from a composite material, including polymethylmethacrylate acrylic with zirconia, at different weight fractions (0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 wt%). Mechanical tests (compression and hardness) were conducted for these samples, and the best weight fraction was selected to manufacture the partial molar denture. The chewing force was measured using a F-sensor. Numerical solution was achieved using the solid work software to determine the best sample and study the distribution of the dental stresses. To predict the life of the denture experimentally, we designed and manufactured a new device that can determine the life of the dental by applying alternative load which simulates the force generated by chewing.

Powder Metallurgy is the very advanced method of manufacturing the varied range of engineering composites by mixing \ blending the powders. The compacting mixture of powders to the necessary shape into a die, which is manufactured for this process, is carried out by a hydraulic press. The force applied for pressing is 30 tons. The sintering process is achieved with a controlled atmosphere. The best value for sintering temperature is 600 °C for one hour. Composite specimens prepared from Al-alloy reinforced with different weight percent (2, 4, 6 and 8%) of Al₂O₃. The testing of the samples includes compression, flexural stress, hardness, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and corrosion resistance. The best mechanical and physical properties of the prepared samples happened at 6 wt% of Alumina. The improvement of the corrosion resistance value is about 35.67 wt%.

Wear due to friction is a complicated matter and cost the international economy millions of dollars. Also, it affects the accuracy of the sliding parts, due to material loss. This study tries to find out the involving factors. The present work is an attempt to find a relation between the materials and friction coefficient and wear mechanism of '60/40' Brass alloy under dry sliding condition, the normal load is (8, 15 and 22) newtons. Experimental was achieved using a pin on disc (P.O.D) tribometer, and sliding velocities (0.5, 1.3 and 1.8) m/s for sliding time (0-60 sec).and each case study, under dry condition. The lost metal and the friction coefficient were measured at the same moment. This was done for three different materials. These three materials are steel 300, 500 and 600 Mpa. Results proved that material types highly affect wear and friction.

The eccentric annular flow is a flow with special considerations; it forms a vital part of practical industrial flow analysis. In this work eccentric, dual phase flow through horizontal wells are simulated with the help of CFD. In horizontal annuli, flow occurs in an adverse pressure gradient condition, that makes the particle inside it susceptible to reversed flow. Thus the flow has to be analyzed in a three dimensional manner. Moreover, the non-Newtonian behavior of the fluid makes the problem really challenging in numerical and physical aspects. The results of this work clarify the relationship between different flow characteristics with the speed of inner wall rotation. The flow characteristics include swirl of flow, wall shear stress, and axial velocity.

In this paper, copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) with a particle size of 40 nm were used to prepare a copper paste by using a liquid phase reduction method with Poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) aqueous solutions in ethanol with different concentrations of CuNPs. Many thermal properties were characterized such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), viscosity, thermal conductivity, PVP has properties such as a surface stabilizer, growth modifier, nanoparticle dispersant, and reducing agent. The influence of CuNPs particle volume fraction of (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5%) with PVP on the thermal conductivity, pH and viscosity values of CuNPs./PVP were characterized. The experimental data show that the thermal conductivity of composites increases with the increase of filler. The enhancement of thermal conductivity is 62 % at 0.5% of the volume concentration at 25°C from the base PVP colloidal.

Lean premixed combustion using hydrogen fuel blends is important for reducing carbon emissions to the environment in the forthcoming technology of gas turbine combustors. In relative terms, pure hydrogen shows promise as a likely upcoming fuel for use in power generation. This is achieved by new burner designs that use a low fuel equivalence ratio (having a great calorific value of hydrogen) and burn to release relatively low NO_x emissions. This article explains extensively the experimental results of the swirl burner model using pure hydrogen and hydrogen-enriched methane blends. In addition, the paper discusses the problems of flashback and blowoff and the ability to switch fuels. However, fuel blends that use a high hydrogen percentage give significantly less working operational area between flashback and blowoff when compared to CH₄. Safety problems are one of the challenges in using hydrogen blends, and there is a potential for serious danger because of the high rates of burning of the fuel mixture, the propensity for flashback, and the high degree of combustion instability sometimes caused in quenching the flame. Coke oven gas (COG) has a high hydrogen percentage and provides less operational area. Blowoff limits were found to improve as the outlet velocity increased and can be further mitigated with flame confinement.

In this study, the natural composite materials consisting o2f polyester and palm leaves were used by weight fraction 25%, where the mechanical properties were tested (tensile test) for natural composite materials. Five groups of samples were tested, some of them containing a U-notch and a section containing circular hole with different dimensions and the other section without anything. After the test found that the work of U-notch or a hole in the samples reduced the value of the peak stress for the material and therefore leads to increased stress concentration factor (SCF), Where the results showed the max value of stress recorded for the specimen which has U-notch in one side G2 where the max stress equal 300Mpa, while the test specimen which has circular hole 2mm diameter G5 recorded less stress value about 160Mpa.

This paper is attempted to develop energy storing cement mortar by integrating phase change material (PCM) in the cement mortar. Phase change materials (PCM) are materials with high latent heat. Solid–liquid PCM can store latent heat as it melts and the energy restored as the PCM solidifies. The benefits of thermal energy storage in the building are to reduce indoor temperature variation, and delay maximum indoor air temperature to off-peak electricity demand period which will reduce the energy consumption in buildings interiors. In particular, thermal energy storing shape stabilized phase change materials (SSPCM) integrated cement mortar was developed. Shape stabilized phase change materials is a composite material. SSPCM is made of PCM and supporting material in which the PCM is dispersed in such as (high density polyethylene etc.) to form a stable composite material. A polymeric matrix fixes the PCM in a compact form, even after its melting. The SSPCM can keep its shape as the PCM changes from solid to liquid and suppresses leaching. In this paper paraffin wax was used as phase change material and high-density polyethylene as a supporting material. Cement mortar cubes were prepared with SSPCM to evaluate the compressive strength of the cement mortar with PCM. The results showed that the presence of SSPCM lowered the compressive strength of cement mortars.

The aim of this research is to study young modulus of composite specimen manufactured from polyester reinforced with fiberglass (matrix, random) as synthetic material and jute fiber as natural from the buckling behavior and mechanical property (tensile). Several samples with rectangular cross section area of (4*19) mm are prepared with a length of 500mm with an addition weight ratio of (5%) of different materials (eggshell powder, pomegranate seed, Sic and (AL₂O₃) for reinforcement, used for buckling test. while the sample of tensile test prepared according to (ASTM-D638) to compute young modulus and compare with others that obtain from buckling, all the sample with addition fiber reinforcement mixed with (5%)powder show improvement in buckling resistance and maximum tensile properties when compared with a sample without addition. The highest value with (AL₂O₃) addition then Sic and this is related to increase interface bonding between matrix and fiber.

The nature of natural fibers is porous, which is useful feature for sound absorption. These types of materials (natural) are less ecofriendly and ecofriendly. This study deal with the effect of using natural composite material as sound insulation, many types of natural materials with fiber glass had been used in this study, i.e. cotton, wool, fronds and vegetarian fibers with different thicknesses. The study consist of built attest rig to measure the different frequencies and sound waves experimentally to calculate the transmission losses and coefficient of transmission losses that are dialing from function generator use sound pressure level. The best results of transmission losses recorded for the composite materials (Polyester +Random + wool) and (polyester + fiber glass + cotton) in three thickness 6mm, 8mm and 10mm. From other side, the best results of absorption of noise at different frequencies recorded for (polyester + fiber glass + cotton) and (Epoxy + fiber glass + plan fronds) in three thicknesses.

The fatigue properties of The Aluminum alloy (6061) metal matrix Nano composites (MMNC_s), with different ratio of SiC wt nano particles (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5%.) to fabricated by stir casting were been investigated with rotating bending type of load and the stress ratio(R=-1) at room temperature. The composite were reinforced by SiC of 10 Nanometer in grain size to. The fatigue strength and life were been obtained experimentally by using S-N curves for different ratio wt % nano particles. The highest fatigue strength and life were occurred at .2.0 wt. % nano particles due to reasonably uniform distribution reinforcement of nano particles and minimal the porosity. The enhancement percentage in endurance fatigue limits are 11.48 % and 11.05% for 107 and 5*108 cycles respectively.

In urban mobility, special attention must be paid to the energy requirements in vehicles, air quality and noise pollution. This can be achieved in two ways: the first is the use of low-emission hybrid vehicles, the second is the use of gear transmission system with improved efficiency. Both will reduce fuel consumption and provide more environmental protection. In the current work, a low-emission Ravigneaux hybrid transmission with thirteen operation modes is shown to be feasible. A fuel-efficient strategy is developed to control the fuel consumption of hybrid modes and reduce emissions. An efficiency analysis for all driving modes of the Ravigneaux hybrid transmission is conducted. The concept of potential power is used to determine the power ratios of any three links in the fixed reference frame (FRF) when the input link in the moving reference frame (MRF) is predictable. A single equation is developed that can be manipulated to determine all the powers flowing through the train. A numerical example is provided to give a complete view of the expected efficiency values. The proposed Ravigneaux hybrid transmission is found to be suitable for urban rather than external routes. The results can provide a theoretical bases for design works of hybrid transmissions with complex planetary gears.

In this paper, an experimental simulation has been performed to predict the thermal performance of free heat convective from a heated longitudinal rectangular-fins array to ambient air in an open ended wooden enclosure. Three various directions of fins array named front, top and bottom. Also, two inclinations of front direction fins array are 30° and 60° are utilized. Fins array is heated from a base plate. Wide ranges of power input magnitudes to the fins array base have been employed. The effect of fins array direction, inclination angle of fins array, heat flux and surface temperature on the thermal performance of free convective have been investigated and analyzed experimentally. The present data refers to the front direction fins array gave best thermal performance in term of Nusselt number about 6% to 10% and 22% to 27% larger than top and bottom directions respectively. Three empirical correlation equations to speculate Nusselt number values for the front, top and bottom directions rectangular-fins array are suggested. The results are compared than last researches and well proximities in behaviors is observed.

In this article, the microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir-welded joints were evaluated after 15 vol. % of silicon carbide particle (SiC_p) were introduced into the joint line, then compared with another welded joint without using SiC_p. The rotational speed of 1750 rpm was applied during the friction stir welding (FSW) process. The microstructure was assessed at the stir zone (SZ) using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and results showed a banded structure of the particle-rich region of SiC_p. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) was enhanced by 79.6 %, due to the presence of SiC_p. This strength increased significantly due to the pinning effect and enlarged nucleation sites associated with the SiC_p. Furthermore, the reinforced particles induced the fracturing of the primary grains and showed higher ductility when compared with the SiC_p-free specimen.

In the old new present work cares with change of Reynolds number effect on the hydrodynamic characteristics. The different pitch angle is taken to analysis drag, lift, and pressure coefficients. The goal of these parameters is to understand the nature of the flow over the upper surface of the airfoil since the long laminar boundary layer and transition region have a light point for aerodynamics performance assessment. The results indicated that indicated the improvement in performance is parallel in path with the increasing length of the laminar flow region.

Natural convection from flat plate built in variable height duct was investigated experimentally. With air as the working liquid the impact of variable height duct on the heat transmission of the flat panel were studied. Duct was with Square section of (300×300) mm² and the elevation of the duct H was various asl00, 200 and 300 mm. square flat plate (300×300) mm² which heated surface facing upwards, was built in the bottom of the duct and exposed to different input power which represent a heat flux of (423, 660 and 830 W/m². The experimental results showed that the variable height duct deteriorate the heat transmission. heat transmission of the flat panel built in a variable height duct become lower than those do not have a channel and heat transmission are significantly reduced in the circumference of the duct. at circumference of variable height duct, heat transmission for flat board become 27% smaller than heat transfer for flat panel that do not have a duct owing to that the perpendicular duct hinders airflow from the top of the perpendicular duct this causes decrease of heat transmission.

Three groups of composite material layers are used in this work to measure the mechanical properties of ankle disarticulation prosthetic socket. The polymer matrix acrylic (Lamination 80:20) and reinforced with different materials, the first type is (4Perlon) layers, second type (2 Perlon and 4 Glass fiber and 2 Perlon) layers and third type is including (2 Perlon, 4 Carbon fiber and 2 Perlon) layers used in this study. Tests Results showed that the mechanical properties of all groups, ultimate strength, yield stress and Young modulus for the first group; were 10.12MPa, 38.8MPa and 1.16GPa respectively, for second group were73.8MPa, 146MPa and 1.45GPa respectively and for the third group were 106.6MPa, 209.4MPa and 1.9GPa respectively. The results of the bacteria test growth show inability of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) to analyze of the surfaces of materials available and suggested for feeding it therefore bacteria can grow on them. By using (F-socket) the pressure between stump and socket measured and the values are (236kPa) and (275kPa) for the lateral and posterior reign. From fatigue test for all groups and ANSYS 14.5 software, the safety factors for composite material (2Perlon, 4carbon fiber,2perlon) layers is about (1.57) which are safe and acceptable in design applications.

An experimental and theoretical study for heat transfer through thermoelectric cooling system in this paper was presented. An experimental work was conducted to evaluate the performance of a thermoelectric module fitted to a sun flower heat sink with a similar sized heat source. The experimental investigation was done to evaluate the effect of TE input voltage, flow rates of cooling air and heat source (heating element) power input on the performance of a thermoelectric cooling system. Four low heating load (1.7, 2.4, 3.6 and 5 W) were used and hot side was fitted to a sunflower heat sink with forced convection. Experimental results show that the increasing of cooling air flow rates improves system performance, while increasing in applied TE voltage leads to deterioration it. The COP_max obtained is about 4.7 at 2V TE voltages and 5W heating load, and then decreased sharply as voltage further increased and reaches 0.13 at 12V. The results of the current study show that all Thermo-electric Cooling system recorded temperatures increase with increasing in heating load at a constant TE voltage and air flow rate. In addition to that the T_c decreases and T_h increases with the increment of input voltage and that can lead to increase of the air temperature passing over heat sink. TE performance is highly affected by air flow rate. The theoretical result validated experimentally and shows an acceptable agreement between them.

The aim of the research is to investigate the ability of improving the vehicle safety, performance, and reduce operating coast by using nitrogen inflated tires. In this study, three cases were proposed to study the effect of Nitrogen Tires on Car Vibration and Fuel Consumption. The study was conducted according to the three cases; filling the tires with air only, 50% air and 50% nitrogen and nitrogen only. When adding 50% of the nitrogen with the air to the tires, it reduced the vibration velocity to 10% at 60 km/h, 6.6%at 80 km/h and 7.5% at 100 km/h. Also when filling tires with nitrogen, it reduced the vibration velocity to 28.4% at 60 km/h, 23.6% at 80 km/h and 22.7% at 100 km/h. The decrease in fuel consumption for the addition of 50% of the nitrogen was 4.05% while the addition of nitrogen by 100% was 6.1%.

Experiments were done to investigate the natural and forced convection of heat transfer along a flat surface equipped with various types of rectangular aluminum fins (solid and perforated). Fins selected with dimensions of(30mm height ×30 mm width ×lmm thickness). Perforated fins have various distributed holes(2 mm dia. for 9 holes and 4 mm dia. for 5 holes). For forced convection, the air flow channel selected with a cross section area of (100×100 mm2)for (1000 mm) length. Nine Thermocouples used to recorded the temperature distributed from the fin base to its tip. Flow pattern included laminar and the air flow towards the fin lateral area of (30 mm × 30 mm). The effect of number, size and arrangement of perforated fins was studied. higher heat transfer rates observed with increasing the number of circular holes also the effectiveness were increased due to the reduction into fin's weight. Also a numerical study was done to investigate these temperature distribution used (SOLDWORKS) simulation program. Good agreements were noted when compared between experimental and theoretical works.

Rotary Wankel engine has been the subject of the research since it is introduction; it can work as combustion engines as well as compressors and expansion devices (turbine). A volumetric expander is an appropriate device used in a steam Rankin cycle for low power generation, consolidated heat, and power unit. Wankel expansion devices have significant advantages, such as compactness, almost no vibration, low cost, and noise. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is extended to be used ANSYS-Fluent 17.2 for simulation the flow in a single stage rotary expansion device and to investigate the expander's power. The current study is compared with the published work (Mazda) for the volumes and power output of the rotary expansion devices and showed a good agreement. Wankel expander size of 118.5 mm radius of the rotor, the eccentricity of 17 mm, and rotor width of 69 mm is selected. Results showed the contours of pressure and temperature at any rotor angles to insure the design is performing as suspected. The power output is 27.416 kW for ports without valves while by using valves only in the inlet ports created 17.8 kW.

This work is an experimental and numerical approach to analyze the effect of Nano powder additives and temperature on the critical crack length in fiber reinforced composite materials (FRC) exposed to uniaxial tensile load. Fiberglass/Epoxy compact tension test samples (CT) are prepared according to ASTM standard E399. Tio₂ Nano powder is added by 2% wt to the resin to other samples. The static tensile test is applied to the samples and the results for crack length/time are discussed. ABAQUS/CAE software is used to simulate the case. The numerical and experimental results were close. The experimental results showed that the addition of 2%wt Tio₂ Nano powder increased the critical crack length by 32.4%. The effect of ambient temperature is studied too by applying the experimental test on the fiberglass/Epoxy samples in room temperature (30°C) once and at outdoor (60°C) temperature. The results showed that the effect of the temperature increase decreased the critical crack length by 51%. The numerical results determined the fracture toughness (K_IC) for the fiberglass/Epoxy samples to be 491 pa.mm^{0.5 and}517 pa.mm^0.5 for the fiberglass/Epoxy-Nano powder samples.

This paper consists of the recipe preparation of passenger tire tread, the recipe formula, properties of the materials (matrix rubbers and reinforcement), the technology of rubber processing, compression modulus, vulcanization, mechanical tests.

The rubber that used in this work were created from natural (SMR-20) and styrene-butadiene (SBR-1502) rubber. Fifteen carbon black (N375) versus load level (10-30-50-70-90) filled recipes with other compounding materials such as filler; vulcanizing agent (sulfur) and accelerator were formulated with the compound formulations. In this paper we improve mechanical properties through selection of suitable rubber blends and through selected carbon black.

This work, cover an improvement in fatigue life polymer matrix composite reinforcement with Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT), by adding the reinforcements of Carbon Nanotubes to increase the fatigue strength. Three different percentage volume fractions added to the polymer matrix 3%, 5% and 7% to investigate which composition is more efficient and power full in mechanical application. The investigation was conducted experimentally deals with fabricated the tensile and fatigue specimens and evaluate the mechanical properties and the fatigue strength using the different volume fractions of Carbon Nanotubes and numerically by using Ansys software. Experimental results are compared with those obtained numerically using the finite element technique adopting. The comparison has shown a good agreement between the two techniques with a maximum discrepancy of (6.4%). Also, the results indicate that the reinforcement of the polymer by Carbon Nanotubes increase the fatigue limit, as the volume fraction increase the improvement of fatigue life increased.

An oval cross-sectional-area twin jet were studies experimentally studied under constant heat flux conditions to clarify the effect of both Zn-water nanofluid along with such oval twin jet on the thermal characteristic and provide the lack data in such field. The validation was conducted with comparable study and it showed acceptable deviation. The emerged results referred to that the Nusselt number is remarkably increase as the nanoparticle concentration, Reynold number and the distance between nozzles increase. The higher enhancement was found to be 2.1% at high Reynold number value (Re=1000), S/D=5 and nanoparticle concentration ϕ=0.5.

This paper presents a numerical simulation of MHD effects on laminar fluid flow throws a two-dimensional channel with an open cavity heated partially from the bottom with a constant length for the heated wall. A constant speed fluid flow (air) inters the horizontal channel at constant cold temperature and all the walls assumed to be insulated accept the heated wall at the bottom of the open cavity. In this study, COMSOL Multiphysics® Modelling Software (5.5) have been selected to solve the governing equations The results are carried out with a verity range of Richardson number and Hartmann number, while the Reynolds number and Prandtl number are kept constants (Re= 100, and Pr=0.707). The result shows that the heat transfer increases with increasing of the Richardson number, while it decreases with the increase of the magnetic field effects.