Table of contents

The study dedicates to innovative types of construction reorganization such as renovation, reversal, recombination, retreatment, which have been implementing in varying degrees in construction practice. The objects of study are innovative types of buildings and materials reorganization as cyberphysical systems. The task of the study was to analyze the modern scientific and technological development of society as the techno-science domain area, then to determine a place of cyberphysics in the environment of techno-science and present an interaction analytical model of cyberphysics, techno-science and the complex of innovative types of buildings and materials reorganization. An infographic modelling as a particular consideration level of objects in the techno-science domain area has been used as a method in the study. Conclusions of the study show that the correct interaction infographic model is based on the theory of multipoint logics. Currently, the most relevant model for innovative type of construction reorganization for the housing and communal complex of the Russian Federation is a model of renovation. Foreign and domestic open scientific publications on the subject are summarized in the present study.

The paper presents research into the strength of hydrated cement based on borogypsum.

Currently, the majority of seismic stations installed in the Far East automatically continuously transmit data to processing centers. But none of the network's seismic stations is autonomous in the full sense of the word. All these seismic stations are located in places where there is a power supply system and cellular communication. Some seismic stations do not transmit data due to the absence of a cellular network, and are powered by regularly replaced batteries, so they require regular visits to save data and replace batteries.

This article describes the main provisions of the calculating method for the gain of reinforced concrete structures by the system of external reinforcement. As an example, the calculation of monolithic reinforced concrete slab with carbon fiber material using the SCAD Office software package was considered and analyzed, which most accurately reflects the geometry and physico-mechanical parameters of the structure. The calculation of reinforced concrete structures includes engineering survey to determine the existing physic-mechanical characteristics of materials, perform calibration calculations and stress calculations in reinforced concrete structures of buildings and structures, taking into account the existing stiffness characteristics, designing reinforcement engineering solutions, the calculation of the forces in the structures and verification of the structures bearing capacity after the reinforcement is completed. During the survey of reinforced concrete structures, it is determined existing loads, deformations, deflections, physico-mechanical characteristics for the subsequent selection of the composite material cross section and taking them into account after the concrete structure's reinforcement. The external reinforcement systems is used for reinforcing concrete structures and rely on tensile stress perception, taking into account the joint deformations of the composite material used for reinforcement and the concrete structure. The calculation of reinforced concrete structures carried out on the first and second limit state. If the load after reinforcement with a composite material does not increase compared with the loads at the stage of the reinforced concrete structure operation, the calculation for the second group of limit states is not performed. The reinforced concrete structures calculation using an external reinforcement system made of composite materials is carried out from the joint operation conditions of the installed external reinforcement and the concrete base before the limit state onset. The calculation is performed in two stages: at the first stage, the reinforced concrete structure is calculated without reinforcement taking into account the existing loads and deformations, at the second stage, after the work on reinforcement, the design is calculated taking into account the efforts and deformations in the first stage.

The paper presents the results of seismoacoustic studies of soils on the example of samples of unsalted Sarmatian clays from the Northern black sea region. Samples of natural addition and humidity, as well as corresponding samples of soil particles were studied. Regression dependences of the longitudinal wave velocity on some indices of physical and mechanical properties of Sarmatian clays are revealed. The values of elastic wave propagation velocities determined as a result of ultrasonic investigations are used to calculate the increment of the seismic score and to map seismic microzoning, which is extremely important for ensuring the safety of construction in seismic areas. The obtained results can be used for seismic microzoning of any areas composed of clay swollen soils.

Boiler units, being a considerable time in use, lose their effectiveness and even the high-quality performed commissioning works, are not always able to increase the efficiency (coefficient of efficiency) of such unit up to the declared values of parameter chart. Both domestic and foreign boiler equipment have this problem. This issues is reflected in increase of exit gases temperature and, consequently, increase of value of heat losses with exit gases and decrease in efficiency of boiler unit. The purpose of the investigation is to select the most effective way to solve this problem and at the same time the least expensive in terms of investment and modernization of the used equipment. Analytical and experimental studies of q₂, the value of heat losses with exit gases, domestic and foreign boiler units of small and average capacity were carried out. The obtained results allow us to formulate recommendations for improving the energy efficiency of boiler equipment for operating organizations and for organizations on the balance of which such equipment is located.

An approximate estimate of the thermal conductivity of the material of the external enclosure structure is given under stationary heat transfer conditions, taking into account the various humidity of material and conditions of freezing of outside layer. There were given the calculated values of resistance to heat transfer for two considered designs of external enclosures: single-layer wall of inorganic material and the same with a screen (siding), separated from the wall by a ventilated air layer. The computational model showed an increase in the thermal conductivity of the material in the wet and frozen zones of the structures, a decrease in their total value of resistance to heat transfer, and rise in heat loss, compared to the normative method of calculation.

The energy balance of buildings depends greatly on the type of external fencing, including translucent. The article presents a brief description of different types of daylighting systems that have different optical, geometric and thermal characteristics. The change in these characteristics affects the quality of lighting in the room, as well as determines the operating costs associated with losses and heat flows into the building through translucent fences. The task of comparing and choosing the optimal daylighting system should take into account all of the above factors. The authors propose a complex comparison criterion that takes into account thermal, optical, operational properties and capital costs. The structure of the proposed criterion allows you to add new indicators or remove irrelevant for a particular consumer comparison parameters. The method is composed and the calculated dependences for determining the numerical value of individual indicators included in the complex criterion are given. All parameters included in the proposed criterion have no dimension. This makes it possible to reduce the dependence of the calculations on changes in current energy prices.

This article describes the results of field experimental studies of the heaving pressure development during freezing of the soil under the foundation bed. Due to the intensive development of areas North and North-East of Russia, studies on the impact of heaving soils on foundations and underground structures are currently assuming a special significance. The research that we carried out allowed us to reveal features of the heaving pressure development of clay soils during freezing under the foundation bed depending on conditions of freezing. We found that pressure formation depends largely on the location of the frozen area and the compressibility of the melt zone of the freezing soil. In the article, we propose measures to reduce the impact of heaving pressure on the foundation bed.

The paper considers the peculiarities of the stress-strain state in the zone of junction of the slab of slabs with the joint using conventional and high-strength reinforcement. The maximum stresses in the stretched concrete before cracking correspond to the tensile strength of the concrete, and the stresses in the reinforcement before cracking depend on the reduction factor and were calculated for various classes of concrete. After the formation of cracks, the increase in stresses in the tensioned reinforcement depends on the width of the crack opening and the deformation of the reinforcement between the cracks. The paper shows that with a sufficient width of crack opening and a certain distance between the cracks, high-strength reinforcement can be used to increase the bearing capacity of the support sections of the plate. The total stresses in the reinforcement were calculated for different crack opening widths and different distances between the cracks, the results of which were used to plot the graphs. The graphs of the dependence of the content of high-strength reinforcement on the strength of the normal section, as well as the graphs of the growth of strength with different ratios of the number of rods, are plotted. According to the results of the work, it can be seen that, depending on the class of high-strength reinforcement and its quantity, the strength of normal sections can be increased up to two times.

With the development of urbanization processes, the urban environment is changing, the usual parameters of convenience of the urban environment are being transformed, the issues of integrity formation of the artistic image of the city become more relevant. These changes create the need for a study of modern approaches to the formation of the visual environment of the city. The task of architects is to design a comfortable, harmonious environment that takes into account new requirements and technologies. The modern environment of the city includes a number of components that affect the quality of life, have an emotional impact on citizens: the architecture of buildings and constructions, the landscape, the panorama of the city, historical traditions, culture, ecology, climate, and much more. Today, when organizing the urban environment, it is necessary to take into account current trends in the design of architecture, landscape, color and lighting solutions, advertising, decorative and monumental art, to organize a flexible, changeable urban environment.

The article presents the results of a functional sociological study of the design features of equipment for the educational environment of the university. The analysis of publications and directly university space of interiors testifies to the existence of a certain contradiction between the existing socio-technical environment of the university and the necessary equipment for the developmental education of students – of future designers. The problem arising from this discrepancy is the change in the object content of the medium by filling it with new equipment. The study was conducted by the team of teachers and students who, on the one hand, are active consumers, and on the other hand, they are given the opportunity to implement the most progressive ideas.

Based on the general characteristics of the architectural environment equipment, its typology and the connection of all environmental components, we have chosen different premises of the university. For each of them, a list of equipment was compiled, features were formulated, and only then was the design carried out. One of the main design features that was taken into account when designing equipment was shaping, which not only considered the functional purpose and ergonomic convenience, but also implemented an emotionally-oriented approach. In the course of the functional-sociological research, the main criteria for evaluating equipment for the educational environment of public institutions were selected, the main requirements and design features were determined. In this paper, we have described: a hypothesis, a research model, a goal and objectives, and ways to achieve them, to obtain an effective result. Research methods are based on a comprehensive study of theoretical and design materials to identify the features of equipment design and the content of the educational environment based on the functional-structural methodology. Showing the students' project proposals on the organization of the educational environment of NMSTU.

The article provides the information on a new method of processing phosphogypsum (calcium sulfate) stacks into a conditioned gypsum binder substance. The authors present the results of the research on creating a technology for phosphogypsum processing with the application of electro-magnetic units for material processing. The developed way for phosphogypsum processing allows eliminating continuous accumulation of tons of environmentally dangerous wastes. In addition, it facilitates reducing harmful impurities' content in the processed phosphogypsum to maximum permitted concentration. It provides for elimination of harmful impurities from washing water and allows water reuse which results in saving funds for the construction of expensive wastewater treatment facilities. The comparison of the developed phosphogypsum processing method with well-known national and foreign analogues showed that its cost-efficiency is 2-3 times higher; the area necessary for the plant is 4-5 times less; the energy consumption reduces by 1.5-2 times; the costs for phosphogypsum disposal is lower by 30-50 %; the technological line performance is by 1.5-2 times higher.

It is noted that vibrated centrifuged fiber-reinforced concrete structures have a range of advantages over their analogues. Their research is of apparent scientific&practical interest for modern construction. The authors describe the course and results of the research on the filler and disperse reinforcement impact on shrinking deformation and creeping of vibrated centrifuged concretes. The equipment for research conduct is presented. The results of defining the shrinkage and creeping are provided in a graphical form. The authors draw the conclusion that the shrinking and creeping deformation of vibrated centrifuged concrete on dense fillers reduces if combined filler&disperse reinforcement are applied. The article gives the rationale and potential for incorporating porous fillers and disperse fibers into the vibrated centrifuged concrete mixes. In addition, structural formation of vibrated centrifuged fiber concretes is considered. The recommendations for construction by recipe and processing factors are given.

Increasing share of private house building in the suburban zone of large cities, neighborhoods with townhouses, and suburban settlements with permanent residence of people requires intensive construction of engineering systems, including gas supply systems. The speed of providing built-up areas with pipeline network gas does not always keep up with the pace of housing construction, it is not economically feasible and may not be possible due to the relief features of the terrain. In this case, one of the possible sources of gas supply is autonomous gas supply systems based on gas-air mixtures. The most economically attractive one is the mixture of butane and air. At the same time, the recommendations for the determination of gas consumption regimes based on gas-air mixtures are very limited in the literature. Development of reasonable recommendations for determination of gas and air mixture consumption will ensure correct selection of gas supply elements, which causes reduction of cost of autonomous gas supply systems in general and will increase their attractiveness to the consumer.

A mathematical model for determination of annual consumption of gas-air mixture on the basis of technical butane for municipal and household needs is proposed, taking into account climatic features of the terrain, the aspect ratio of the object under study, the degree of glazing of the building facades, and the height of the floor. On the basis of the correlation analysis of mathematical modeling results, the dependences for determination of consumption of gas-air mixture for municipal and household needs of the building are proposed.

Modern methods of welding high-strength reinforcing steels were analyzed. Comparative studies of welded joints obtained using manual arc welding and welding in a reducing atmosphere of carbon monoxide were carried out. A chemical and metallographic analysis of welded joints was performed. It has been established that welded joints of microalloyed steels made at low temperatures may have reduced strength and viscous properties. The possibility of making welded steel joints using highly-efficient arc welding in a reducing medium of carbon monoxide was investigated. Welding modes have been selected to ensure the formation of a quality welded joint. Studies showed that the use of the proposed welding method in a reducing medium of carbon monoxide ensures full strength of the welded joint and the base metal.

This article is devoted to the problems of passive solar heating systems application in the modern heat supply systems. During the last decades a Trombe wall is the most popular system among other passive heat supply systems. Solar radiation intensity is the main factor, which has the huge impact on the thermal effectiveness of a Trombe wall. Making a decision regarding Trombe wall application in a heat supply system depends on the correct forecasting of solar radiation intensity on the surface during the heating period. This article contains the brief calculation for forecasting of solar radiation intensity on a Trombe wall surface. The main innovations in the calculation under consideration are taking into account of clouds impact, as well as determination of solar radiation intensity on a horizontal surface, if there are no values for the set city in NASA data bases. The calculation results has showed, that in case of Harbin climatic conditions a Trombe wall can allow to provide 32% of required amount of heat energy in the coldest month. Annual savings of heat energy are approximately 61%. Thus, a Trombe wall, as an additional heat source, is a reasonable option for the heat supply system in the set climatic conditions.

This article is devoted to the problems of Trombe wall application in the combined heat supply system of a building. The main problem of Trombe wall application in the cold climatic conditions is heat losses. This article represents a new design solution for the Trombe wall, which allows to reduce heat losses with no impact on accumulating capacity of the massive wall. The main innovation is application of a glass blocks instead of the ordinary glass panels. A mathematic model of a Trombe wall with a glass block has been developed, which takes into account the radiative and convective heat-mass-exchange between air of a room and a Trombe wall. Moreover, the developed mathematical model allows to carry out a numerical evaluation of Trombe wall energy contribution into the combined heat supply system of a building.

Territories of advanced social-economic development (TAD) are created in the Russian Federation to support the economy of municipalities, mostly, single-industry towns, economic activity of which is determined by the city-forming enterprise, a group of integrated enterprises, by means of diversification of activity areas, investment attraction, provision of new jobs, improving social-economic state of population.

Urban improvement, cultural environment development, domestic and inbound tourism development are key R&D directions aimed at the achievement of the goals of organizing such preferential development territories with the application of advanced technologies of architectural environment design (AED). The report presents a number of research and development results to achieve these goals in the city of Togliatti, Samara region.

One of the most effective types of modern building structures are combined systems sprengel type for cold areas and aggressive environments. Structurally, they consist of a stiffening beam reinforced with one or several pre-stressed flexible elements - ties. The practice of designing such systems has shown that the greatest efforts in a stiffening beam arise under the action of non-equilibrium, including one-sided loads. To solve this problem, a technique based on the use of heuristic optimization methods has been developed: a genetic algorithm and an annealing simulation algorithm.

At design supporting structures for coatings of transport buildings and structures for northern areas in accordance with regulatory requirements, their resistance to progressive (chain) collapse is determined. To ensure safety, the structural system of the building in the northern areas must ensure its durability and stability, at least for the time necessary to evacuate people. To improve the reliability of the supporting structures of coatings proposed, developed and researched the system of redundancy of the type-sprengel. The scenario of collapse and an algorithm for calculating the intact elements of the coating system are proposed. The results of the study are given, which indicate that by varying the rigid parameters of the backup system it is possible to achieve minimal damage from the collapse of individual elements of the system.

The territory of Russia extends from West to East for more than 10 thousand kilometres. Recently, this land has become of strategic importance on the international arena. The future development of Russia and its international situation will largely depend on the timely development of these territories. The development of infrastructure in permafrost regions requires the use of not only special construction technologies and materials, but also special design solutions that can reduce further operating costs, while maintaining the most comfortable conditions for human life and activities

The authors of the article emphasized the structural efficiency and unique geometry of bionic shells which make it possible to implement the most extraordinary architectural solutions. The estimations of different options of geodetic shells are given. The conclusions on the mesh of shells of this type in extreme habitats are made. The mesh of shells of a bionic type has the criteria which are deterministic, for example, shape strength, resistance to aerodynamic, snow loads, minimum construction material and maximum usage of the volume.

In the conditions of the Far north of the country, the use of lightweight and environmentally friendly supporting structures of buildings and structures is ration-al. It is proposed to use innovative reinforced wooden beams, consisting of two symmetric across the width of the beams packets glued boards that are intercon-nected to the length of the coupling rods and wooden slats. Packets glued boards fitted with reinforcing elements in the form of longitudinal and transverse plates of composite material. The study was carried out using programmatically-SCAD computer, based on the method of finite elements. Comparative theoretical re-searches of an intense strained state wooden and fittings of wooden beams on the basis of results of the automated and manual calculation in compliance with exist-ing rules are conducted. The rational parameters of reinforcing elements and their location in the beam in the conditions of the Far north are determined.

The development of sea depths is associated with large-scale construction of deep industrial and residential structures that can withstand high pressure. As a building material, concrete can be the most promising and simple material. However, at high pressures, materials that are usually considered waterproof or low-permeable, such as concrete, polyurethane, and others, become permeable to water. If, however, it is taken into account, the value is usually determined empirically in the laboratory. If, however, it is taken into account, the value is usually determined empirically in the laboratory. However, the experimental data obtained may vary significantly depending on the applied loads. Therefore, there is a need to fill this gap and find objective regularities of changes in the filtration coefficient of the medium under various loads, which will allow us to correctly formulate the filtration problem and increase the reliability of hydrodynamic calculations.

According to results of the carried out research, the most significant heat engineering heterogeneous sections of wall enclosing structures of three-dimension block buildings were identified. The use of option with attaching a hinged panel to a threedimensional block with the help of edges along the contour of panel worsens thermal technical mode of the structure. Horizontal junction of wall panels carries the greatest thermal risks and is most responsible when designing a building. Structures of outer wall panels with ribs have practically no potential for energy saving. Fastening a hinged panel to a three-dimension block with the help of dowels equally spaced in the panel plane improves its thermal performance. Compared to the design solution in the proposed option the reduced resistance to heat transfer of outer walls is increased by 31%. High heat insulating effect in this case is achieved by improving design solution of the wall, rather than increasing thickness of insulation layer, which is an economically feasible measure. Designs of outer wall panels with dowel connections are promising from the point of view of thermal protection and can be used for thermal renovation of facade systems in three-dimension block buildings.

The article deals with the dynamics of the system intended for destruction of objects by the shock method. The working organ is a spherical body suspended by a rope on a crane boom. The ball is considered to be absolutely solid. All the potential energy of the ball is converted into kinetic energy before impact. Geometric and energy conditions of interaction are obtained. The boundaries of the parameter region in which the ball touches the wall are presented. The dependences of the normal and tangential velocity before impact on the relative cable length are obtained. In the first stage, the flat rough wall does not deform on impact. The dependence of the dimensionless ball speed of the center of mass and angular velocity after impact on the relative length of the cable are presented. An increase in the dimensionless distance to the wall leads to a decrease in the kinetic energy losses of the ball and an increase in the normal dimensionless shock pulse. The algorithm and graphics allow in the process of developing projects for the demolition of buildings and structures to make a choice of technological parameters that ensure the effective operation of construction equipment.

The paper investigates some design peculiarities of public green spaces used by mobility- and visually–impaired citizens. The subject of studying is a sensory garden as a tool enabling to acquire important knowledge, develop skills, control emotions, and maintain self-confidence by people with special needs. The paper aims at establishing the techniques of creating a sensory garden in a visually-impaired children's school area based on universal (inclusive) design concepts. To this end, the paper generalizes works on forming a universal design for mobility-impaired population; considers ornamental plant assortments and the effect of introducing ornamental flora in the south of Primorsky Krai (Region); a research project has been done on landscape arranging a visually-impaired school area in the town of Artyom, Primorsky Krai (Region). As a result, a sensory garden universal design has been created which takes into consideration emotional, sensual and physical needs of physically-challenged school students who cannot feel the same as other society members in public places due to their special needs. The proposed project solution may have a positive therapeutic healing effect on school students which results from being in nature and which would allow mobility-impaired children to experience the same senses during their walks as ordinary kids do.

The article is based on the example of calculations of options for hard pavements with asphalt concrete pavement according to regulatory documents in force in the Russian Federation, the results of a study on the dependence of the thickness of the cement concrete layer on the quality of the cement concrete mix are presented in this article. A comparison was made of the thickness of cement-concrete slabs, obtained as a result of calculation according to our "Guidelines for the design of rigid pavements" with similar designs recommended by the "Road Design Guide" of the state of California. Conclusions are drawn on the need to improve the methods of calculating rigid pavements in the Russian Federation, allowing to take into account more parameters, including those associated with new technologies for the preparation of cement-concrete mixture and its paving.

Metropolis cities like Moscow, have a very important part in social and economic growth of countries like Russia for example. But neglecting environmental resources and the impact on climate change have become a serious challenge for realization of the contribution which those big cities can make on economic development of the countries. This article contains a technical suggestions how to reduce the negative environmental consequences of the daily life of the megalopolis, new technological methods of urban planning and landscape architecture are being implemented all over the world. This article considers the new environmental methods and best foreign practices for the transition towards sustainable cities. Further described the possibility of using innovative technology of green roofs especially for Moscow region. The article is considering green roofs as a very effective mechanism for reducing the heat island effect and for "precipitation management". This article gives a short overview of the European expertise of using green roofs for climate-change-adaptation measure and gives recommendations to Russian environmental policies.

Architectural environment of pedestrian spaces is the main platform from which a person perceives the urban space and interacts with it. A well-functioning system of pedestrian space is a multi-level structure efficiently organized at the local level, Integrated at the regional and Incorporated at the federal levels. Thus, the strategic policy in pedestrian space systems development shall rest on the hierarchic and multidimensional approach. On this basis we developed a multilevel system of construction principles for pedestrian spaces including basic and general principles as well as the system performance principles for any of the area planning levels. Continual quality improvement of the architectural environment of pedestrian spaces based on these principles implementation lets us develop the comfortable, safe, attractive and healthy urban environment decreasing time and material inputs both for current and future generations of its residents and brings along the sustainable development of the society and cities.

The intensive process of urbanization has led to a number of environmental problems associated with a sharp deterioration in the quality of the urban environment. All this necessitates an objective assessment of its current state and knowledge of the mechanisms of functioning of systems in the interests of human ecological safety under the conditions of anthropogenic stress. Coniferous plants are used in urban landscaping. Under urban conditions, conifers perform the role of biological indicators, while the assimilation apparatus is a marker feature, which allows assessing the environmental conditions of urban areas. Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is used in gardening of city streets and recreation areas. At the same time, pine ordinary responds to the effects of the urbanized environment. The results of the assessment of the state of the air environment by the dendroindication method based on the morphological features of conifers showed that of the 22 surveyed objects, only 3 of the air condition are estimated to be clean in the area village, the main building of the Siberian Federal University and on Botanical Boulevard. At two sites, the state of the air environment is estimated as clean, three - relatively clean. These objects are located on the periphery of the city, one of them in the valley of the river. On the remaining objects, the state of the air environment is estimated from polluted (5 objects), dirty (6 objects) to very dirty (2 objects).

The article presents a method for stiffness analysis of the weak bases reinforced with crushed stone cores. Stiffness analysis of the bases reinforced with the geotechnogenic massif in the form of crushed stone cores showed that the maximum settlement of the compressible strata of the soil mass is far less than the maximum permissible value. This makes it possible to increase the design resistance of the base and to choose a more economical structure of the foundation.

The article presents the results of experimental studies of strength and adhesive characteristics for coatings that protect the foundations in rammed foundation pits against aggressive groundwater or industrial water and increase the resistance of such foundations against frost heaving. The studies were carried out on model foundations in rammed foundation pits with different compositions of protective coatings.

The article presents the results of experimental studies of the deformation properties of composite soils on igdantine models with inclusions confirming the possibility of studying the soil deformability using the simulation. The influence of the fragment shape and location in composite soil samples on their deformation properties is considered.

The article presents the dependences of the weak soil settlement (peat, silty sand) on their capacity, the capacity of artificial embankment and the dynamic effects of transport and construction machinery on the planned area, which were identified due to long-term observations over settlement of ground reference marks and benchmarks. The recommendations are given to determine the settlement of weak soils under the embankment pressure when planning a residential area.

The study of the properties of asphalt concrete modified with activated mineral powders is described. Mineral powders were exposed to physicochemical activation by the joint grinding of limestone with oil sludge in a ball mill in order to produce asphalt concrete samples. Modification of mineral powder grains surface can improve adsorption layer properties. This leads to sharp increase in the adhesion between bitumen and mineral powder grains. Activated mineral powders are characterized by lower porosity, bitumen capacity and swelling. Water resistance of such samples is higher than that of non-activated powders. It has been determined that production of asphalt concrete with activated mineral powders requires 57% less bitumen than production of control samples. At the same time, the physicomechanical properties of asphalt concrete samples fully satisfy the requirements of regulatory documents.

The snow load distribution model on the buildings and structures coatings is considered. The main factors affecting the snow load formation on the coatings of random shape are revealed. The dependence of the snow thickness on the coating on the angle of the roof inclination, the coating curvature radius, and the snow friction coefficient on the surface of the roof is determined. The level of individual factors influence on the snow load distribution is revealed. Recommendations on the coating structures calculation are given. These allow taking into account possible unfavorable loading options during the highest snowfall period.

Devices for nondestructive testing of concrete strength (separation with chipping, ultrasound, elastic rebound method) allow to measure the strength only in the air. But for inspecting hydraulic structures (for example, piles of berths), it is necessary to measure the strength of concrete under water. For this purpose, it is possible to use the method of plastic deformation using a shotgun as a percussion device for spearfishing while providing a constant (controlled) force of impact. The works described in the article on obtaining special calibration dependences allowed to successfully apply the method of plastic deformation for measuring the strength of concrete in the inspection of piles of berths in the Black, Barents and Okhotsk seas

The article describes the process of leaching (washing-out of calcium hydroxide from the cement stone) the concrete in a zone of variable sea level under the action of capillary forces, resulting to increase the diffusion permeability of concrete against aggressive ions.

It was noted that along with physical factors like the density (permeability) of concrete, the corrosion processes in the marine environment are associated with chemical factors, in particular with the content of tricalcium silicate in clinker which is the main supplier of calcium hydroxide.

In this regard, we researched the current regulatory documents (GOSTs) on cements for the requirements for the maximum content of tricalcium silicate in clinker. The research pointed out the absence of requirements for this indicator there, while many researchers believed that the role of tricalcium silicate was important enough in ensuring the frost and corrosion resistance of concrete in the marine environment in the zone of variable level.

In article questions of influence of wooden cross ties on a surrounding medium in the course of their operation on the railroad and after their replacement are considered in cold northern regions. The biggest negative impact on the environment comes from wooden sleepers impregnated with coal oil, oil pollution and heavy metal ions. Some ways of isolation of waste wooden cross ties by means of the geoeco-protective spreading materials are shown. Insulation technology has been proposed to minimize the environmental impact of spent wood sleepers for cold areas.

The article considers the issue of integrated assessment of various geo-protective technologies that can be used in a cold region. For the first time, a parameter is introduced that takes into account the effect of negative temperature on the work of the tecnology being introduced as a whole. Materials for construction can also be assessed by the above algorithm. The calculation ends with a PQ index for each object.

In article the value of activity of municipal units is proved in the sphere of gardening of the urbanized territories as one of factors of implementation of the concept of their sustainable development. Importance of inclusion in the list of municipal powers of questions of the organization of gardening of the territory of city districts for formation of the favorable urban environment and maintaining of its stable safe state is proved. The conclusion is drawn that plants actually are the main and single alternative to an anthropogenic landscape of a surrounding medium which is actively formed by the modern architecture. In this regard authors carried out the analysis of green fund in planning structure of the cities and regulatory requirements to its placement. On the basis of the carried-out analysis the system of indicators of environmental efficiency of activity of the municipal units in the sphere of city greening corresponding to signs of availability, measurability, compliance, sufficiency, complexity, reliability and comparability is offered.

The friction cone of the compaction surface by the roller reduces the effectiveness of roadway preparation. The device for creating torsional vibrations destroys the friction cone, improves the quality of soil compaction and reduces vibrational loads on the roller, the environment and the operator.

Current theory of moisture transfer, consisting in combined transfer of vapor in sorption wetting zone and liquid in oversorption zone, is reviewed. Moisture potential F, which is the basis for overwetting protection calculation of the enclosing structure, is described. A steady-stale problem on moisture distribution along enclosing structure thickness is presented. Expression for maximum wetting plane position assessment in the enclosing structure thickness is described. It is proposed to tie origin of coordinates and exterior insulation surface. "Relative shift of the maximum wetting plane" criterion is developed for the new coordinate system. Maximum wetting plane position for the enclosing structure made of aerated concrete masonry base and expanded polystyrene insulation is calculated. One parameter varied and others were taken as constant to find out dependences between maximum wetting plane shift criterion, layers thickness, and interior micro climate parameters. It is found out that increase in base thickness, temperature or relative humidity of inside air results in maximum wetting plane shift inside the enclosure, and increase in insulation thickness results in maximum wetting plane shift outside the enclosure.

Determination method for maximum wetting plane position, which is conventional in Russia, is considered. The method is based on the theory of vapor-state and liquid-state moisture combined transfer. Expressions for moisture potential F and maximum wetting complex applied for maximum wetting calculation in the enclosing structure are quoted. Graphic modification of the calculation method for maximum wetting plane position is proposed. Three analytic techniques for the enclosing structure are formulated. These techniques allow graphical determination of maximum wetting plane within the enclosing structure layer, at the joint between adjacent layers, and outside the structure. This method is applied to the enclosing structure, which is represented a facade heat-insulating composite system with exterior plaster layer, aerated concrete masonry and mineral insulation. It is found out that maximum wetting plane of this structure is located inside insulation layer. The plane is determined by the first analytical technique. It is reported that calculation results using graphical method correspond to results obtained using existing analytical method.

The article is devoted to the actual problem of designing typologically new objects of landscape architecture - open public spaces of the city. The characteristic objects created in recent years in the capitals of Denmark and Sweden are considered. Among them are city squares, embankments, campus territory. The compositional analysis was carried out, the features of their functional and architectural-landscape organization were considered. Based on the study of literary sources, design materials and a field survey, characteristic techniques common to open public spaces were identified: multifunctional, polycentric, open, asymmetric, dynamic balance, lack of axial or centric organization, unambiguous direction of motion, main and subordinate parts. This set of techniques creates an attractive atmosphere of freedom and ease, which helps to form a community of citizens. It was concluded that the compositions of public spaces reflect the modern evolutionary synergetic natural science picture of the world. Their continuity in relation to the city square, square, multifunctional park is established

For home urban planning of the last quarter of a century, a very low level of urban culture is typical. Today, the ecological principles of the formation of an urbanized landscape can become the methodological basis for designing a city. These principles consist in striving to achieve the sustainability of the urban landscape, in other words, the balance of human management processes and self-regulation processes at the expense of its natural components. Urban-ecological approach is carried out through the formation of a system of open green spaces of the city. One of the basic principles of building a system is the continuity of intracity and external, suburban and inter-settlement green spaces. The existence of natural elements introduced into the urbanized environment is facilitated by connections with the biogenic complexes of the suburban area. Thus, instead of the convenient, but absent today, planned indicators of the development of the economy, more complex and not familiar ecological foundations of the formation of the city have been proposed. The most important is the principle of continuity of open green spaces, which determines the quality of the ecological framework of the city.

The article provides a brief description of parametric and mesh shells, their advantages over traditional types of structures when designing recreational complexes are indicated. Examples of the use of rod and mesh shells are also given, and modern design methods by means of generative design and the use of shells for recreational facilities are indicated.

The main disadvantages spatial structures are: increased requirements for the manufacturing elements accuracy; high consumption of material due to the having of "extra" elements; high material consumption due to the specified unification of elements. It is possible to reduce material consumption by searching optimal shape of the spatial structures and to refuse the idea of maximum unification of elements. A reduction in material consumption, if other things being equal, should provide a cheaper construction. The reasonable choice of the best project from the set of acceptable options can be made only with the use of optimization methods. The following are the author's suggestions on parametric optimization task formulation for spatial bar metal structures. To solve this problem, it is suggested to use a method of calculation similar to the method suggested by prof. Ya.I. Olkov. Proposed for use direct search method on all spatial construction nodes coordinates variation. In suggested method node coordinate change cause change in geometrical shpe of the whole construction. Geometrical shape changes cause original construction to turn to a new one. For all new constructions only original topology is similar. This method allows to analize effectiveness of constructions with the same topology but different: height; node amount; belt grids of various geometric shapes. It is proposed to organize the solution of the problem in the form of a dynamic iterative process in which several levels of cycles of enumeration of parameters are realized. To implement the solution of the described problem, we proposed a computer implementation algorithm.

The impact of dynamic effects on soil change in properties depends both on the intensity of the loads, the frequency, the duration of their action, and on the soil tweed, its humidity and density. That is, for each type of soil it is necessary to determine the quantitative dependencies inherent only to it. To establish the regularity of irreversible changes in the adhesion and the internal friction angle after dynamic loads, experimental studies were performed. The article presents the results of experimental data processing, the obtained dependences on the determination of the strength characteristics of soils after dynamic loads.

Practical application limits and scope related to confinement reinforcement of loadbearing concrete structures are continuously expanding. However, strength and deformability of compressed and bending elements with confinement reinforcement are calculated based on empirical equations. The purpose of this article is to propose new equations for determining strength and ultimate shortening deformation of volume-compressed concrete that would reflect the key mechanisms of their force resistance and ensure higher accuracy of calculations when compared to the currently used ones. The comparison with previously reported empirical data demonstrated that such equations were obtained. An important advantage of these equations is that they take account of all the main factors influencing mechanical properties of volume-compressed concrete and are universally applicable.

The application scale related to concrete filled steel tube columns is gradually expanding. Therefore, increasingly greater attention is given to their structural improvement. In particular, concrete filled steel tube columns can be manufactured with precompressed concrete core in order to improve the efficiency. However, known relationships used to calculate axial deformations of concrete filled steel tube structures are obtained empirically and unsuitable for precompressed elements. The formula for defining axial deformations of volume-compressed concrete core of concrete filled steel tube columns when achieving its strength is obtained in this study based on phenomenological approach. This formula allows carrying out accurate calculations when using structures both with precompressed and uncompressed concrete.

Compaction is the final operation of the road construction. A set of road rollers is used for this operation. Compacting efficiency depends on the selected operation modes of the technique. The article obtained dependence of asphalt concrete mix physicomechanical parameters and road roller design parameters. Based on this dependence, an algorithm for selecting and calculating the operating modes of road rollers optimal kit has been developed. Coating compaction cost was taken as the optimization criterion.

Gardening of an industrial city is one of the necessary conditions for creating a comfortable environment. In a park or a public garden near a house, a person after a hard day's work can take a breath of fresh air and put his thoughts in order, sitting in the shadow and listening to the birds singing in the crowns of trees. Also, parks are public spaces where you can make new acquaintances or just have a good time with your family. At the moment, there are many government projects aimed at improving the environmental situation of modern industrial cities and landscaping is not the last place in the list of necessary tasks. But first it`s necessary to assess the current state of the landscaping objects – the level of anthropogenic and development pressure, the degradation degree of plantations, etc. The current research work is devoted to the integral assessment of the quality of landscaping in Krasnoyarsk by dendroindication methods. The materials presented in this paper are the results of the intermediate stage of the research - analysis of the growing conditions of the growth of woody plants in an urbanized environment.

Diagrams of axial, lateral and volumetric strains of concrete elements under axial compression in the conditions of low negative temperatures (in the frozen state) are built. It has been established that concrete specimens in the frozen state have increased strength and increased limits of axial, lateral and volumetric strains under axial compression. The diagrams of lateral strains coefficient are built. The dependencies connecting the changes in the values of coefficient of lateral strains of the concrete with variable parameters of its stress-strain state under negative temperatures action are investigated. Based on the analysis of change patterns in lateral, axial and volumetric strains, patterns of microcracks forming in concrete elements in a frozen state are established. The influence of low negative temperatures on the change of parametric points (levels) of stress-strain state of concrete, characterizing the lower and upper boundaries of microcracks forming regions is established. The results of these investigations are used for the development for the diagram method calculating of reinforced concrete structures, designed for use in conditions of low negative temperatures.

The substance of ecologically reasonable territorial development of town-planning structures in the system of the Volgo - Akhtuba flood plain consists in achievement of mutually consistent steric interaction by them by its purposeful model operation on the basis of the general scientifically based regularities. Content of ecological justification of a framework of resettlement and its structural components in a zone of influence Volgo - Akhtuba flood plain assumes process of adjustment of parameters and structure of development of natural complexes, proceeding from a possibility of transformation of potential of ecosystems of the territory.

The article deals with the dynamic problem of deformable solid mechanics with unilateral constraints and Coulomb friction. For the numerical solution of the problem, the finite element method is used, the contact interaction is modeled by means of the contact finite elements (CFE) of the frame-rod type. The statement of dynamic contact problem for the interacting elastic bodies is given. On the basis of the proposed discrete contact model and the method of step-by-step analysis a numerical algorithm has been developed, which allows in one step-by-step (on time) process to perform the integration of the equations of motion and the implementation of the conditions for unilateral constraints with Coulomb friction on the contact simultaneously. Under the conditions of ultimate friction the method of compensating loads has been applied. With the help of the proposed approach, numerical solutions of the problem of contact of the structure with the base at different parameters of the dynamic load have been obtained and analyzed.

Mathematical modeling of heat process, considering phase transformation heat, is used to develop technology of welding polyethylene pipes with built-in heating elements at low outdoor temperatures.

Mathematically, task is to control technological parameters of welding in order to ensure flow of thermal process at low temperatures according to consistent patterns of welding at acceptable temperatures. With this control of thermal process, the need of ensuring certain sizes of supramolecular structures is eliminated, which allows us to simplify accounting for phase transformation heat. Instead of traditionally used crystallization kinetics equation, it is proposed to directly use differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) data to ensure given temperature field dynamics. Since during phase transformation heat is released and absorbed only by crystalline part of polymer material, special role is assigned to function of crystallinity degree. Formula is given for determining the effective heat capacity coefficient used in the shock-capturing method for solving heat conduction problem with phase transition in temperature range, based on temperature dependence on crystallinity degree. The calculation results for pipes with diameter of 63 mm at various ambient temperatures are shown. Significant increase in cooling rate at air temperatures below minus 15 ° C has been shown.

The article reveals the modern problems of the industrial cities urban environment of the period of "great buildings" in the USSR on the example of Togliatti. The authors analyze the approaches and methods of their optimization that exist today. The role of open spaces in modern industrial cities is revealed. The compositional features and functional processes of Togliatti are studied. The authors propose a comprehensive system of measures to optimize the open spaces of the city. For the first time it is based on the methodology of design, which includes environmental, ecological, axiological approaches. The article emphasizes the need to organize open spaces taking into account the human being as an active component of the urban environment.

The article describes an approach to the optimal design for materials intended for the construction of roads. Insufficient strength and deformability of materials used in road construction, which are affected by frost heaving of soil and frost fractures during operation, temperature drops with repeated transitions through freezing and thawing points of water and other negative processes lead to significant damage of the roadway.

The paper considers the objective problems of the development of modern cities related to the negative trend of their territorial expansion. The necessity of searching for modern methods of developing a multifunctional, compact and comfortable urban environment is pointed out. It is noted that the inclusion of mixed-use tall buildings in the urban structure allows using land resources efficiently and improves the quality characteristics of the living environment significantly. The authors analyze the global experience in designing mixed-use tall buildings with identifying the peculiarities of their functional structure.

This research focuses on the location of the settlements of the Republic of Crimea by absolute altitudes. The study is relevant as it considers an elevation of a settlement above sea level which is known to be one of the main factors characterizing the degree of national economy development and well-being. The construction conditions and settlements' functioning are greatly affected by the natural conditions, and accessibility of the settlements significantly decreases economic expenses. The latest geo-informational methods of study such as (Quantum GIS Desktop) and the data provided by the satellite radar surveying (SRTM) helped to analyse the range of the altitudes, within which the settlements of the Republic of Crimea had been set up. It was determined that urban settlements were formed within the range of altitudes between -7 and 553 m (amplitude – 560 m), but rural ones – between -6 and 1216 (amplitude – 1222 m). Also the distribution of the settlements by landscapes has also been analysed. There are 4 landscape-levels (in increasing average absolute altitudes) – hydromorphic, flat interfluve, low mountain and middle mountain levels on the territory of the Crimean peninsula. It is defined that 346 settlements are located in hydromorphic level, 296 settlements – in flat interfluve level, 342 – in low mountain level and 63 – in the middle mountain level. The most developed and populated levels on the territory of the Republic of Crimea turn out to be hydromorphic and low mountain levels due to the favourable natural conditions, with the least developed region being middle mountain landscape level.

The article uses the example of the main building of the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow. The problems of restoration of fenestration of old buildings with the preservation of historical elements and the creation of modern conditions and parameters of the microclimate were viewed. Also were carried out: visual and instrumental examination of existing fenestration, assessment of their influence on the microclimate of the premises, development of possible variants of their modernization with the maximum preservation of historical details and elements, modeling and calculation of these variants with the use of certified software, selection of optimal variants, as well as the development of recommendations for the restoration of windows and sky lights, ensuring the fulfillment of modern requirements to them. The results of the work will be used to restauration the main building of the museum, which in 2025 will be part of the Museum Neighborhood on Volkhonka Street in Moscow.

Based on a review and analyses of new technologies and solutions of modern facade structures, a classification of a new generation of facades has been carried out. There are five main classes: "Bioclimatic" (or "green") facades; "Energy" facades; facades - "Light concentrators"; "Scenic" (or "architectural") facades; "Dynamic" (or "adaptive") facades. Their distinctive features are given. The most typical examples of facades of various classes are considered. An assessment was made of the prospects for the use of a new generation facade in Russia.

The main issue of the study is the modern ways to improve the bearing capacity of building structures. As one of these methods may be strengthening composite materials. Structural degradation of reinforced concrete structures is largely due to their composite base. The aim of the study is a systematic integrated approach to solving the problem of improving the reliability of structures through the use of composite materials. The main advantages and disadvantages of composites are considered. Their classification by type of reinforcing element is given. The main areas of application of composites in construction – in the composition of plastics, concrete, aluminum panels. Approbation of methodical provisions is carried out by calculation of a reinforced concrete plate (δ=0,3 m) in the program complex of the SCAD PC. The gain calculation was performed by the finite element method. The purpose of the calculation was to observe the stress-strain state of the plate before and after its strengthening, to check the correctness of the external composite reinforcement. The calculation results showed that in the case of composite reinforcement in the plate there is a decrease in vertical deformations (about 1.1%) and tensile stresses (1.5%). Conclusions: the results show the feasibility of using composite materials to improve the bearing capacity of building structures.

The study is devoted to the study of the current state of the historical environment of Harbin to restore it. Harbin was formed in 1898. It became a major metropolis in northern China for 120 years. But initially, the city was formed by builders of the Chinese Eastern Railway. A large number of significant buildings were created by Russian architects and engineers. They are listed in the list of architectural monuments at present and placed on the protection of the state. And if the monuments are in relatively satisfactory condition, then most of the historical buildings are in a ruined state. But still, continue to be exploited. Questions about the possibility of restoring historical objects are raised in the article.

With using existing methods of change management for large projects, it is often not possible to track the full list of the results of making changes to a project, for example, an increase the total weight and overall dimensions of separate units. In the case of offshore oil and gas facilities (OF), this makes it impossible to locate the equipment in the available area and necessitates a new calculation, changing the piping, and complicate access to the equipment. As a result, the deadlines for completion of the facility are postponed and the total cost is increased, there is a need for a special order for equipment with higher prices.

This research presents a project execution model (PEM), which considers the detailed composition and sequence of project stages and works in the OF life cycle, which are formed based on analogues - previously executed projects and developed completion criteria of works and project stages. It is proposed to integrate PEM with the methodology of digital engineering data management (DEDM), which contains an information model (IM) of the facility with created interconnections of the technical parameters of equipment units or total process unit. The DEDM allows generating information on the number and scale of deviations in a technical project after making changes to it in an automated mode, which significantly increases the rationality and accuracy of decision making. The result is a tool for the operator departments and contracting companies involved in the design and construction of the OF, which makes it possible to more accurately plan project costs, timelines for its execution and minimizes costs at various stages of the facility's life cycle.

The article examines the development of one of the least studied types of Chinese-Western architecture of Guangdong province, Guangzhou that is called yanglou. The premises of their appearance are analyzed in the framework of the integration of European culture in China that is especially strongly manifested in the province. The examples of the first yanglou in the historic district of Xiguan are considered. They are dating back to 1900–1910s and still trace the connection with the traditional architecture of the region. The genesis and development of the Dongshan district in 1920–1930s is considered separately. The district is a local rethinking of the "garden city" concept and was created as a model district for the further development of Guangzhou. The Dongshan district presents the greatest number of yanglou, which made it possible to study the change in their stylistic orientation that corresponded to the trends of world architecture.

The article discusses the main directions of professional activity of the following railway engineers: G. V. Adrianov, V. I. Alexandrov, V. A. Barry, F. N. Drozdov, S. V. Ignatius, S. I. Kerbedz, N. A Kruse, S. T. von Offenberg, N. I. Prilezhayev, N. S. Sviyagin, V. M. Trenyukhin, who worked in the Russian part of the Far East and the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER) right-of-way in the late 19th - early 20th century. Authors give brief biographical facts, reviews the activities of above-noted engineers in the construction of railways and the infrastructure of the station towns and settlements. Special attention is paid to the influence of the professional activities of railway engineers on the development of the architecture of the region.

The article traces the manifestation of the industrial style, which appeared mainly in interior projects at the end of the 20th century, in objects of environmental design of urbanized spaces. The main line of research focuses on the possibility of using industrial style in designing objects for a children's playing environment, with the aim of resolving or compensating for the progressive unification of playing equipment in a modern city. The experimental part of the research is represented by the project proposal - a play object for playgrounds "Degrees" and a game area "Skeleton" made in the industrial style. The results of the study showed that the imaginative solution of such objects of the children's playing environment has a unique and multi-faceted associative line that allows to stimulate children's imagination, as well as solve the problem of excessive uniformity of the environment. The stylistic originality of such objects has a semantic meaning not only for the children's playing environment, but also for the urban environment as a whole, which demonstrates the value of including such objects in the existing urban environment.

The article presents a model of the deformation of a reinforced concrete pile, which is subjected to the joint action of the load and chloride corrosion. The model takes into account the probabilistic nature of corrosion processes, the variation of the geometric and strength characteristics of the pile, the probabilistic nature of the load. A method for calculating the strength and durability of the pile, which takes into account the stages of the process of interaction of the pile with chlorides, is given, a calculation analysis is performed. The influence of various parameters on the durability of reinforced concrete piles is analyzed. A correlation dependence of pile durability on compressive load and a durability histogram are constructed. It has been established that the lifetime of a pile with a 95% security is 16 years, with a security of 70% - 52 years, with a security of 50% - 80 years.

The article describes an approach to the optimal design of load-bearing structures of walls and ceilings, taking into account not only the factors of strength and stiffness, but also the internal environment of the premises. The problem of optimization of structural systems, taking into account safety, reliability and comfort is currently particularly relevant. Most scientific studies consider each factor separately, which can lead to deterioration of both the functional process in the premises and the onset of the risk of an emergency. An evolutionary modeling scheme is proposed, which operates with discrete sets of parameters and allows to obtain design solutions of minimal cost based on a joint integrated consideration of strength, deformability, thermal protection and acoustic comfort of walls and ceilings. The minimization of the structures cost is assumed as a goal function. Stresses, strains, thermal resistance to heat transfer and the value of airborne sound insulation index are considered as active constraints. Two problem statements are considered. The first one takes into account the design of walls according to the criteria of strength and heat engineering, and the second one is the design of the ceilings with ensuring strength, stiffness and acoustic comfort. Examples of the optimal design of the residential building walls and floors with regard to the conditions considered are given.

The article discusses the main advantages of the effective use of membrane technologies in industrial production. The key directions of development of membrane technology, their advantages and disadvantages are given. Various approaches are considered in the design of membrane devices. Methods of mathematical modeling are proposed. They allow analyzing various technological processes. A modeling technique based on transfer functions has been developed. This technique takes into account the influence of the most significant disturbing actions on the object under study. A transfer function in its general form has been constructed. The discrepancy between experimental and theoretical data does not exceed 10%, which indicates the adequacy and sufficient prognostic ability of the mathematical model. It makes it promising for the industrial equipment design.

The article contains the analysis and generalization of DalNiis research results regarding the properties of rocky rocks in Primorsky Regional deposits (gabbroides, granodiorites, basalts, porphyrites, limestones) which are most widely used to construct the infrastructural objects: Zvezda Shipyard, Vostochny-Nakhodka Transport Hub, Sea Coal Complex in Sukhodol Bay, Vladivostok – Vostochny Port Highway.

The article presents the main physical & mechanical characteristics of building rock stone for Maly Iosif deposit - Yuzhny section, fields of Smolyaninivo-2, Kuznetsovskoe, Vasilievskoe-2, Vrangelevskoe, Golubinaya Gora, Otkrytoe, Pribrezhnoe, Ferma-1.

The relations between the deformation parameters and the forces in the normal section of the bent elements with the actual stress profile in the concrete compressed zone and the conventional rectangular stress profile shape of the limit stress method in the limiting state when the stress in the reinforcement is equal to the calculated resistance are determined in the article. The actual parameters in a normal section of a reinforced concrete element are calculated by a nonlinear deformation model using numerical methods of successive approximation using normalized diagrams of concrete and reinforcement according to domestic and foreign regulatory documents. The relations between the parameters in the limiting state are defined according to equality condition of the resultant efforts in the concrete compressed zone with the actual and rectangular stress plots depending on concrete diagrams used in calculations. Recommendations and suggestions are given on the use of the calculated dependencies of determining the compressed zone boundary height in strength calculations using the method of limiting efforts under the effect of the moment in the plane of symmetry of the section for concrete classes, including high-strength concrete.

This article discusses the most advanced solutions of the organization of transport and pedestrian communication networks used in Europe since the end of the twentieth century. The possibility of their use in the Russian realities is analyzed the conclusion about the need for innovations in the design activity based on statistical and analytical research methods is made. By mathematical operations, the formula of calculation of the probability of road accidents intended for the analysis of the existing situation and justification of the adoption of measures of further development of safe transport infrastructure is deduced. A conceptual model of the intersection, taking into account some performance indicators of the road network, which is not emphasized in the design in Russia, as well as reflecting the fundamental European methods of safety and comfort for all social groups of road users.

One of the important stages of work in the building design is to assess the level of comfort and safety of people during the operation of the building. Prediction of the acoustic situation in the premises and in the territory allows, even at the design stage, to take measures to protect against noise. This is especially true of traffic noise. In this paper, forecasting and assessment of railway noise levels in the territory adjacent to the multifunctional hotel complex under construction and in the apartments of the complex are carried out, based both on the results of field measurements and on the results of calculations made by the methods of the interstate standards GOST 33325, GOST 31295-2 and the code of rules SP 276.1325800 using the data provided by GAU "Institute of the General Plan of Moscow". The required sound insulation of the facades of the buildings of the complex is determined and constructions of sound protection windows are proposed.

The article discusses the use of waste metallurgical plant, waste foundry sand (OFS) in comparison with other small aggregates in the composition of asphalt concrete mixture. Due to the constantly growing intensity and loads from the rolling stock, there are high demands on asphalt concrete pavements. Basically, the stability of asphalt to shear deformations depends on the strength characteristics. Thus, the higher the strength of the asphalt concrete when testing samples at high temperature, the higher the shear stability of the road surface. One way to reduce the cost of building a highway, possibly through the use of industrial waste in the structural layers of pavement. The article presents the results of asphalt concrete tests using natural sand, quartz sand and waste foundry sand.

The existing state of the Far Eastern sea cities' public spaces is characterized by shortcomings and contradictions. Further development of coastal cities requires the development of a scientifically based methodology for the environment's reconstruction with the aim of developing and improving of public spaces' system. The research methodology is based on a comprehensive analysis and systematic approach to the problem of forming an effective system of public spaces in the city. An integrated approach provides an effective social and functional reorganization and architectural and artistic improvement of the city's public space system. The conducted studies allow us to formulate the main directions and principles of the existing system of the Far Eastern sea cities' public spaces' reconstruction. The principles and methods formulated in the work were tested during the development of experimental projects' series for the renovation of public spaces in the city of Vladivostok. Design developments and practical implementation have shown the effectiveness of the basic principles and methodology of the Far Eastern sea cities' public spaces' renovating.

The modern stages of Far Eastern sea cities' development are characterized by problems and contradictions, which are the result of insufficient consideration of their formation and development' fundamental principles. These problems solution is to analyze their spatial structure and architectural image from the standpoint of the evolutionary approach. This approach allows us to reveal all the existing shortcomings and contradictions and to formulate the main directions, principles and means of the urban environment'sreconstruction in order to improve and humanize it. The article considers the development of the spatial structure and architectural image of the city of Vladivostok from the standpoint of the evolutionary approach and the methodology of complex analysis proposed by the authors.

It is well known, that the shallow underground train lines appear to be the sources of significant vibrations that spreads through the soil and transfers to the building's foundation that are located inside the technical zone of the underground lines. These vibrations then spread through the load-bearing structures of a building and produce vibrations of walls and floors, that influence both the technical state of the building and sanitary-hygienic conditions of human stay. The vibration generated inside the premises of residential and public areas due to underground train traffic has unsteady discontinuous character with a marked predominance of signal in the frequency band of 22.5 – 90 Hz, and repeats with a period determined by the schedule of underground train passes. This article deals with probability analysis of vibration data measured inside residential dwelling adjacent to shallow underground railway line. Measurements were acquired using 24-bit resolution digital multichannel acquisition system. Measurement were performed simultaneously in the basement, on the 4^th and 5^th floors of the dwelling. The duration of the measurements was set as 2 weeks of continuous recordings in order to obtain maximum data for probability analysis.

The article deals with the approaches to the analysis and assessment of the global city conflicts, used in the world and Russian practice, which allow conducting comparative studies of local areas in megacities, identifying risk areas and nodes of conflict. The study of economic security of megacities logically justifies the consideration of "conflict nodes" as threats and risks of a certain type, as a result of the analysis of "risk zones" and the conditions of contradictions in megacities, it is possible to use the tools of operational and strategic development management to improve the image of the city, its competitiveness and attractiveness. The Authors propose to consider the theme of "conflictness" of urban space in the context of monitoring the safe development of megacities. Evaluation of the level of safety and conflict within the megacity is based on statistical data and indicators of public opinion about achieved level of security. The results of the study are the clustering of St. Petersburg districts by conflict indicators and risk zones, the evaluation of adequacy of objective indicators of security of residence in a particular area and subjective assessments of residents. The article presents the results of assessing the level of conflicts in St. Petersburg as a global city, a comparative analysis of the subjective and objective component of the socio-spatial aspect of economic security. On the example of St. Petersburg, the Authors compare the identified clusters by risk zones and conflict nodes and illustrate the obtained result.

The article is devoted to the architecture of the consular buildings of Manchuria (Lubin) in Inner Mongolia, during the first half of the 20th century. At present, in the Far East, in the context of the revitalization of modern construction of the cities of Northern Manchuria, located within the boundaries of the Chinese Eastern Railway, the Russian and European architecture is lost, and the remaining objects are reconstructed and become objects of tourist routes. The significance of Russian architecture of the first half of the twentieth century over time is rises, first of all, due to the preservation of the Russian and European architectural and cultural heritage. The article provides a brief historical description and architectural analysis of the objects. Also revealed two consular buildings, one of which is lost.

Предстaвлен Analysis for theoretical and applied research in making regulatory and engineering provisions combining all the previous experience in design, maintenance and failure analysis of engineering structures considering wide spectrum of effects (dead, imposed, dynamic loads and outside climatic effects) on buildings and facilities, and providing safe operations thereof is presented herein. The "progressive collapse" term in addition to main properties of load-bearing building frames appeared due to specific man-made and environmental impacts occurring in emergency situations, when local failure results in far most vast destructions, i.e. expansion of damage along the whole building or large part thereof. The problem for protection against progressive collapse is given in engineering structures norms of all the developed countries. There are three basic approaches to provide reliability of buildings against progressive collapse: direct, indirect and probabilistic. Calculations of the structure on the whole or some elements thereof against the given emergency impact are referred to as the direct approach. Various organizational measures to reduce emergency situation risk and not directly referring to the structure calculations are called indirect approach. The probabilistic approach is estimation of emergency situation risk based on each scenario to be calculated. Problems of complicated system survivability under specific impact are shown to be further analyzed and considered, therewith more attention is to be paid to nonlinear statement of problems and progressive collapse of structures made of various materials.

All The integrated approach features to the application of energy-efficient technologies in the buildings and structures reconstruction and construction, which is accompanied by rigorous research, preparation and testing of experimental energy-efficient objects and samples with their further introduction into modern architectural solutions and construction practices are considered. Unlike energy conservation, energy efficiency in construction is aimed at using less energy to satisfy the same level of buildings energy supply or technological processes in production. It is shown that for a qualitative assessment of the improving the energy efficiency of buildings and structures possibility, all areas of energy loss should be assessed. Therefore, priority in technology should be put on improving the thermal insulation efficiency, mounting recovery devices to use exhaust air heat, and also include measures to prevent the warm air infiltration through windows, doors, balconies, and indoors to use instruments to control their internal temperature. Improving energy efficiency should be attributed to the strategic objectives of the state, being at the same time the main method of ensuring energy security.

This paper investigates major lines of research in socioeconomic and spatial analysis of major urban centers. After thorough investigation of previous research in the fields of spatial economics, proximity analysis and using the phenomenological field concepts, authors propose to consider sociospatial development as foundation of urban economic security. In order to measure the state of urban security, authors suggest distinguishing between three phenomenological axes: axis of socioeconomic development, axis of quality of urban environment, axis of crime rates, and to use methodology of proximity analysis. Using the data on St.-Petersburg authors demonstrate degrees of proximity along distinguished axes. Comparative analysis is performed via STATISTICA packages for cluster analysis, grouping major urban centers using agglomerative cluster-method. Indicators relating to phenomenological axes are chosen as a result of previous studies analysis in the areas of quality of urban environment, urbanization rates and conflicts in major urban centers, as well as through expert evaluation of relative importance of indicators for livability provision.

This article includes an analysis of the possibility of changing current axle load and total weight limits for vehicles depending on the type of the vehicle and the season of the year during a transport of goods with modern vehicles. The weighing control has shown exceeding an actual weight and the axle load comparing to the maximum values limited by federal regulations. Ineffective use of a modern heavy vehicles in a transport of goods forces the construction organizations to break the rules of transporting or acquire special permissions. The limitations of the maximum values for the axle load and the total weight are established for the whole calendar period which is incorrect, since the road structure turns into "the monolith" due to freezing in the winter period. This gives a prerequisite to believe that it is required to take into account the seasonal features of the behavior of road structures while imposing maximum limitations established by federal law. An important factor that has a destructive influence on the road construction is not the load or the weight of the vehicle, but a pressure arising in a plane of a tread pattern on a road surface. The destructive influence on the road pavement could be insignificant with a large weight of vehicle and a certain diameter of tread pattern.

The purpose of the article is to identify the maintenance characteristics of the innovative multifunctional farms located on the water. The leading research approach is based on multivariate analysis of the formation stages of architectural objects for industrial purposes, from the development of the conceptual design to the subsequent construction and demolition. First of all, the analysis and allocation of the ADT sites with local resources for the placement of floating objects that perform as farms for the cultivation of fish, shellfish, algae; development and accumulation of energy resources; collection and desalination of water is carried out. Next, the formation features of multifunctional objects at different stages of operation are distinguished and compared. The materials of the article can be used in further theoretical studies and practical developments on architectural objects on the water.

The article describes a topical matter that is the development of approaches to boosting high technology enterprises' effectiveness while retaining existing and creating new competitive advantages. A key approach, the authors believe, is launching the production of new types of items using existing technological solutions. An algorithm has been developed to evaluate a company's capability of creating new types of products; the algorithm is based on an economic-mathematical model, which calculates using advanced optimization methods. The research results can be used to create methods relating to diversification and import substitution programs.

The article considers the currently relevant issue of achieving the organization of advanced development. Since, as a rule, the innovative development approach is the basis for managing the development of an organization, which suggests the implementation of projects for the development and production of advanced development in an enterprise, the focus is on assessing the organization's innovative potential in the context of expanding the global information space. As a result of the innovation process carried out by the organization, there is not only the achievement of advanced development, but also the development of highly competitive products that form a new product market and radically change the existing market. Of course, to create a product that leads an organization to advanced development, it is necessary to have a number of resources and competencies discussed in the article. The example of the smartphone market, which characterized by a multidirectional change in the share occupied by the main manufacturers with similar innovative potential, is considered. As part of the mathematical model of Stackelberg, which describes the behavior of players in the oligopolistic market for high-tech products (as discussed in the article, the smartphone market), the game of several players-companies supplying their products to the market was considered.

The analysis of negative temperatures influence on air permeability of modern PVC windows was made. For this purpose, complex tests of several types of PVC windows with different profile thicknesses were performed in the laboratory. The determination of the windows air permeability was made under standard conditions (+20 °C) and negative outside temperatures (-5°C, -15°C, -25°C, -35°C, -45°C). For the windows air permeability determination at negative outdoor temperatures was created the special test stand. It was found that at negative temperatures there is a significant decrease in the windows air permeability is observed. However, this process occurs differently for PVC windows with different profiles thickness, this process also depends on the outdoor temperature. The research results are proposed to be used to calculate the buildings heat balance. This will increase the calculations accuracy, since this will use the windows air permeability data, determined not under standard conditions (as it is now), but under real winter conditions. The further research directions of the issue are given.

At traditional decisions the bases of residential buildings of the soil constructed with preservation of a frozen state, basis temperatures in an average zone under the building are much lower, than in extreme zones. It reduces bearing capacity of piles on side axes. In this article, the constructive solutions allowing to cool more evenly the basis due to application additional of the cooling and preserving devices are considered. Regularities of formation of temperature condition of frozen soil were carried out by numerical methods by means of the TEMPA program. on the example of the residential building in permafrost zone. The constructive decision includes the pile bases and the high ventilated underground. The executed calculations showed an opportunity to lower temperature in the work area of extreme piles up to the temperature in a zone of average piles at the expense of the warmed blind area and vertical self-cooling devices (SCD).