Table of contents

The Middle Technical University holds an academic conference every year, where students submit their research articles on their doctorate or master's degrees. The attendees consisted of students, lecturers and professors who offered a friendly environment platform to exchange ideas, findings and their implementations into different fields of Mechanical and materials, Civil, Architectural, environmental; Electrical; Electronic, Biomedical and Information Technologies engineering techniques.

The PEC2019 is the 4th Conference for Engineering and Postgraduate Research took place in Baghdad, on Dec 16-17th, 2019 at the Middle Technical University, Institute of Technology- Baghdad and Electrical Engineering Technical College (Iraq Republic).

List of Editorial Preface, Conference Photograph, Committees, Scientific, Organizing, and Coordination, Scientific Committee, Organizing Committee, Coordination Committee are availabel in the pdf

Logo are available in the pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

This paper offers a systematic procedure for modelling and simulating a teaching-learning-based optimization (TLBO) technique that exercised with styling power system stabilizer (PSS) and UPFC-controller for 6-bus test system. TLBO is used to find an effective and powerful solution for power system stabilizers (PSS) and the power oscillation damping (POD) controller in power systems. The results show the fast damping oscillations and rapidly reaching the steady state with TLBO compared to other methods such as PI-POD and UPFC individually. The parameters of traditional PI are adjusted using try and error method.

Induction motors are affected by many electrical faults that are caused by work stress. These faults need to be detected and treated during the first moments of its occurrence to avoid damage of these motors. In this work, an algorithm that based on wavelet packet transforms (WPT) and wavelet energy approach (WE) is proposed. The algorithm is developed depending on moving frame strategy to check the current motor signal with each digital sample. This algorithm is applied on two induction motors, the first represents modeling of induction motor in Matlab2019a while the second is an implementation of real 3-Ph induction motor. The results show accurate detection and diagnosis of the faults with high speed in isolating the power supply from the motor.

Distribution System Reconfiguration (DSR) and Optimal Capacitor Placement (OCP) are the most economical and beneficial techniques that have been used in the Radial Distribution Systems (RDSs) to increase the reduction of losses and to perform a better voltage improvement. The DSR technique is a search process to find the shortest path length between the substation and the loads to achieve a maximum reduction in real losses. The OCP technique is used to compensate the reactive power that is required for the inductive loads, which reduces the active and reactive losses and enhances the voltage for the system buses. The approach of combining these techniques provides more improvement than using them individually. In this paper, four cases are implemented that employs either a single or double approach to identify the design with the best performance. The single approach is either DSR or OCP technique as individual technique, while the double approach is either OCP technique for the reconfigured RDS or reconfiguration for the RDS after the application of OCP technique. The optimal selection of tie switches, size and location of capacitors in the individual and dual approaches are achieved by using Qualified Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (QBPSO) and Modified Grey Wolf Optimization (MGWO) algorithms. The four cases are tested for standard IEEE system 33-bus RDS under different loading conditions. The results show the superior performance of the optimal proposed approaches compared to the literature works. Furthermore, the optimal dual techniques have show more effectiveness for loss reduction and voltage enhancement over their individual techniques.

Electric power systems are exposed to various types of Power Quality (PQ) disturbances. A PQ assessment is necessary to maintain the accurate operation of electrical sensitive equipment and to ensure its maintenance. Therefore, there will be a need to investigate and mitigate PQ events. In our modern times, we have noticed that AC distribution systems suffer from very consistent pollution to use a lot of loads as these loads generate harmonics that reduce the power quality of the system. The main objective of this paper is to conserve PQ through Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) such as Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) using Photovoltaic (PV) arrays. In addition, the system is designed during a generator source with a wind power generator where the results are compared before and after the control on each bus with the display of harmonics of current and voltage. Finally, the results presented in this paper indicate the ability of the UPFC to control the event and inflation and reduce the harmonics.

BLDC motor has many applications in high power systems. Whereas, it is easy to construct and design, cheap and needs less maintenance, with high efficiency, high output power, and high torque. By taking advantage of power electronics drives, a rectifier/multi-level inverter can improve the operation of BLDC motor in medium and high applications. In this research, a mathematical model of BLDC motor drive by rectifier/MLI has been simulated using Matlab/Simulink. Whereas, a proposed model system was built, with a two-part motor drive circuits: a three-phase full-wave fully controlled rectifier, and a three-level inverter. The pulses circuit is designed for rectifier and three-level inverter individually using PWM. Also, THD in the output of a three-level inverter has been reduced by using a modern SFO-PWM topology. In addition, the system is equipped with a PI controller to control the speed and torque of BLDC motor. Also, there is a high-quality control upon the speed and torque of the motor due to the use of PI controller, which resulted in constant torque with low ripple and constant speed as a load of the motor changed, with a high increasing in the stability and reliability of the system.

In photovoltaic (PV) systems, the maximum power point trackers are very important for increasing their efficiency. Maximum power can be achieved by using different methods such as P&O, INC so that the PV module can operate under different weather conditions and still produces maximum output power. In this paper, a smart method is presented for a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) based on a fuzzy logic control (FLC). The photovoltaic system consists of a solar panel type MXS 60W, DC-DC boost converter, FLC (MPP) tracker and resistive load are analyzed and simulated in MATLAB program. The output voltage of the solar panel is increased by the boost converter and it depends upon the duty cycle (D) of the MOSFET of the boost converter. Any change in the duty cycle is performed through sensing the output power of the solar panel. The controller tracks the maximum power of a solar panel by adjusting the duty cycle of the DC-DC converter switch. The simulation results show that the FLC controller can track the Maximum Power Point in a shorter time with less power oscillation around the MPP as compared to the most widely conventional method known as perturb and observe (P&O). Both techniques have been modeled and simulated in (MATLAB/Simulink).

This paper is designed, simulated and implemented DC-DC interleaved Flyback converter controlled by Arduino Uno which converts input voltage from battery 12 V to 180 V DC at 20 kHz for 120 W. Digital control design is done with the use of Arduino Uno microcontroller. Simulation carried out using MATLAB/Simulation. The objective of this paper is to design a DC converter that operates at low cost with high efficiency via improving Flyback converter topology. This occurs using interleaved Flyback converter. To obtain a regulated output voltage of the interleaved Flyback converter, closed-loop feedback with PI controller is employed (Proportional – Integral). The duty cycle is varied to control the output voltage and produced constant voltage under variation input voltage and load disturbance. The designed technique uses voltage mode control (VMC) to obtain a constant voltage under continuous conduction mode (CCM). To implement the interleaved Flyback converter with the PI controller, the microcontroller Arduino Uno is used. The Simulation and the practical results give a little output ripple voltage, current, and high efficiency 6% compared with conventional Flyback converter.

In power systems, the demand is time-varying throughout the day, week and month. For that reason, the generators have to be scheduled optimally to increase the saving in the power system by applying the Unit Commitment (UC) to the power system. UC is the operation of turning the generators ON and OFF to supply the demand power. This paper suggests Local Attracting Quantum Particle Swarm Algorithm (LAQPSO) to solve the unit commitment dilemma in power systems. The local attractor in the LAQPSO algorithm is utilized to obtain the rotation angle direction and magnitude in order to update the quantum angle by the quantum rotation gate. The proposed algorithm is applied to solve the UC problem for a 10-units power system. A comparison with different techniques in the literature was implemented to validate the efficiency and the accuracy of the proposed algorithm. The results show the superior performance of the proposed LAQPSO algorithm to minimize the total cost when compared to the literature works.

The work objective is to design and simulate grid tie photovoltaic module with Simulink software, to investigate the characteristics of photovoltaic module as well describe the maximum. power point tracking using the single diode equivalent circuit. As well as developing single phase H bridge inverter a control circuit which generates output of a pure sine wave and voltage of alike frequency and magnitude such as the voltage of the grid. Sinusoidal pulse width modulation signal (SPWM) a common PWM method to achieve perturb and monitor (P&O), the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method.

Today, as a result of the immense applications which are used the ac-dc then step down voltage by using dc-dc converter such as the charger of mobile as well as for using the power produced from wind and solar power plants. The present work recommends the hypothesis and utilization of the fractional order proportional integral (FOPI) controller to manage and control the suggested super-lift Luo converter. Super-lift Luo converter is considered as modern technology converter which has numerous points of interest over different converters which are introduced in the literature. Fractional order proportional integral is contrasted with traditional proportional integral (PI) to demonstrate the capability of this controller to improve the rendering of the super-lift Luo converter. Various determinations for the response have been likewise estimated in this paper. At last, the FOPI is examined with different estimations of λ and the better worth is chosen. Matlab/Simulink R2017a has been utilized as a simulation software for all the results.

The distribution network considered the more complex portion of the electrical power system as there is much machinery, and many loads are fed. The load diversity and variety that connected to the distribution networks caused severe problems like load unbalancing, sag, and voltage swell that can violate the system stability. The load balancing in the secondary low voltage distribution networks was regarded as one of the ongoing and stubborn issues studied in this article. In this article, a GWO meta-heuristic algorithm, which used for the first time to solve the imbalance on the secondary transformers, and the outcomes of the GWO compared to the PSO algorithm. The results proved it could resolve the balancing problem based on real data collected from the smart meters installed in two regions in Baghdad. Load balancing accomplished when the same current flows through the three-phase conductors that supplied a particular region in the distribution network. Current equality has a strong effect on the distribution network, ranging from reducing the losses to transformer safety. The phase swapping appeared as a direct and straightforward way of achieving load balance. The results showed that in obtaining balance with a lower number of swaps, the GWO algorithm was better. If solar renewable energy sources penetrated the distribution network, the algorithms could achieve an accepted balancing without requiring any swaps in the home phases.

Energy conversion efficiency and power quality are both two key objectives of control schemes in wind energy conversation systems (WECS). These two tasks are hard to trade off and contradictory since improving the conversion-efficiency may boost fluctuation of output power as well. This paper suggests a hybrid control strategy for variable speed PMGS with Battery energy storage system to provide consistent power and meet variable load demands. In the suggested scheme, Fuzzy logic is combined with model predictive control (MPC) to capture the merits of these two different methods. The proposed controller (F_MPC) could improve wind turbine performance and provide power reliability. Simulation results prove that, in comparison with traditional PI model, the proposed topology can achieve benefits in terms of step response (overshoot), frequency deviation, and total harmonic distortion (THD) of almost 1.2%, 4.2%, and 1.24% respectively.

Performance analysis of the load flow study is an important part and a necessary step to form a clear view of the abnormal sections of the network. This paper deals with the study and analysis of the 132kv Karbala transmission network using Newton-Raphson analysis by using Matlab mathematical solution technique. The result gives all values (V, δ, P, Q) for all the buses also lines flow and overall losses have been presented. Moreover, it gives an indication about the weak point of the system. This is to form a reliable database necessary to develop and improve the operation of the network under study.

In this paper, two algorithms are proposed to navigate the mini unmanned aerial vehicle (MUAV) in unknown environment. The first algorithm is path planning algorithm, it proposed to force the MUAV to track a specific trajectory. The second algorithm is obstacle avoidance algorithm, it proposed to avoid the collision between the MUAV and borrower when the MUAV is maneuvering in unknown environment. The pure pursuit algorithm (PPA) is used to force the MUAV to follow the desired trajectory depends on the given waypoints. While the vector field histogram algorithm (VFHA) is used to avoid collision of the MUAV with obstacles block in the desired path. To keep the flight of MUAV without collision, the 3D laser sensors are used to collect the information from the surrounding environment. The GPS sensor is used to keep the MUAV on the specific path. The collected information from the two sensors are analysed by the controller of the MUAV to improve its performance. The Matlab program is used to implement the proposed algorithms and plot the trajectories of MUAV in the unknown algorithm. The Matlab program is connected with the gazebo program via robotic operating system (ROS) to simulate the visual movement of the MUAV in any unknown environment. The obtained results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm to flight the MUAV in different environments.

In this article, a simulation platform is used to design and test the proposed controller and to study the performance of the eight legs walking robot based on SimScape Multibody toolbox. We show that, by using the SimScape Multibody toolbox, the intelligent controller can be designed without needing for the mathematical model of the legged robot. This toolbox is used to simulate and visualize the motion of the legged robot with the proposed controller. The fuzzy technique is used for designing a control system for the walking robot. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to obtain the optimal parameters of output membership function of the proposed fuzzy controller. The effectiveness and robustness of the designed controller are studied by changing the carried load by the walking robot. The obtained results demonstrate efficiently the validity of the proposed controller for guiding the walking robot when the disturbance is applied.

Sun energy plays an important role as a primary source of energy which can be harvested successfully using solar cells. The solar cell efficiency depends on the location of sun and its light intensity. Hence, solar tracking can be exploited to maximize the efficiency of solar panel. In this work, we developed a novel system of an inexpensive automatic microcontroller-based scaled down solar tracker using Arduino platform. Servo-motor is controlled by an Arduino Mega unit in order to re-orient the solar panel according to the position of sun with the help of light dependent resistors (LDR) and servomotors. A dual-axis solar tracker prototype is designed to maximize the harvested solar energy. Experimental results show that the proposed system performs 25% better than a fixed solar panel under the same conditions.

Wind energy is the most plenty resource in the renewable energy purse. Increasing the wind pick out capability improves the economic viability of this technology, and makes it more rivalry with traditional fossil-fuel based supplies. Therefore, it is necessary to search control strategies that increase aerodynamic efficiency. Several controls are applied and compared during this research. The angle of blade pitch is employed to control the wind turbine (SCIG) operation during partial and full load operations, correspondingly. This work is achieved using Matlab/Simulink simulation. The effect of some compensation modules is studied such as unified power flow controllers (UPFC) and three types of smart technologies on the performance of the IEEE 9 bus. The traditional PI, is the first controller is utilized in this study that depends on trial and error technique. Second, the controller of Fuzzy logic control (FLC) based trial and error. Finally, the nonlinear auto regressive-moving average (NARMA-L2) based on PI controller. The results show that the controllers used had better improvement in active power and the response of turbine in terms of reduced error for a steady state and ripple reduction in the torque and speed responses. In addition, NARMA-L2 controller presents better results from other methods especially in power output and in terms of reducing the steady state errors of load changes and ripple minimization, making this controller more active to the load and speed variations.

In last area of technology, the quadrotor helicopter became essential equipment of everyday man use. Delivery by quadcopter has increased significantly in the last few years in different private and military fields because of its indispensable features such as autonomous flight, vertical take-off and landing. Most quadcopters used for delivery service utilize GPS signal for its autonomous flight to control itself and follow the desired path to the destination. Despite the prevalence of autonomous flight, it produces many challenges. GPS signal denial is one of the most critical challenges that may occur. GPS signal denial problem leads to affect the quadcopter control and potentially get lost. Many studies have tried to provide a solution toward this issue, yet, most solutions focused on specific applications and terms rather than achieving a general solution. In this paper, a multimode control algorithm is proposed as a solution for GPS signal denied through the autonomous flight. The algorithm consists of two control modes: GPS and accelerometer modes with Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF). The results show that the proposed algorithm is reliable and suitable for various applications of the quadcopter in different environments. The proposed algorithm can keep the quadcopter under control during GPS signal denial period and continue moving toward the desired path.

This contribution deals with an improved design of a brushless DC motor, using optimization algorithms, based on collective intelligence. For this purpose, the case study motor is perfectly explained and its significant specifications are obtained as functions of the motor geometric parameters. In fact, the geometric parameters of the motor are considered as optimization variables. Then, the objective function has been defined. This function consists of three terms; losses, construction cost and the volume of the motor which should be minimized simultaneously. The three algorithms are Moth Flame, Genetic and Particle Swarm have been studied in this paper. It is noteworthy that Moth flame optimization (MFO) algorithm has been used for the first time for brushless DC motor design optimization. A comparative study between the mentioned optimization approaches shows that moth flame optimization algorithm has been converged to optimal response in less than 250 iterations and its standard deviation is ± 0.03, while the convergence rate of the genetic and particle swarm algorithms are about 400 and 450 iterations with standard deviations of ± 0.07 and ± 0.06, respectively for the case study motor. The obtained results show the best performance for the Moth Flame Optimization algorithm among all mentioned algorithms in brushless DC motor design optimization.

Using High-Density surface Electromyography (HD-sEMG) signals for gesture classification has augmented the spatial information of muscle activity by increasing the density and convergence of the electrodes. In this paper, spatial features are extracted from HD-sEMG data. These features generated by combining HOG features of HD-sEMG map and intensity features calculated from the average of segmented HD-sEMG map which is denoted as (AIH) features. Real-time evaluation was performed for inter-session identification. The simulation of proposed algorithms is achieved by MATLAB; the result of our experiments achieves high accuracy with good performance based on spatial features reached to 99%. The comparison of our results with other research indicates that the proposed algorithms can enhance the performance and accuracy of gestures identification process by SVM classifier. In addition, the results confirm the robustness of the spatial features to the variation of EMG signals over time.

In many applications, high-step converters are widely used, including powered vehicles, Photovoltaic (PV) systems, continuous power supplies, Gas lighting and fuel cell systems. The most important requirements in the energy conversion process are reliability, quality, maintenance and size reduction. This paper presents an Interleaved Boost Converter (IBC) to raise voltage gain with three coupled winding. This converter consists of three pairs of coupled inductors to collect energy in parallel and release energy to the series load, which provides a much higher output load voltage than the traditional DC-DC boost converter. To validate the performance, an investigation was introduced by means of steady state analysis and operation. The operation modes and mathematical analysis are presented. Arduino UNO microcontroller was used to implement Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) gate drive based on Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). The DC-DC IBC with High Voltage Gain (HVG) produces low voltage stress across switches, low input and output current ripple, and also improves the efficiency. These features made this converter suitable for applications where a high voltage gain is demanded. This converter was tested using Matlab/Simulink to validate the performance in terms of input and output ripples. The results supported the mathematical analysis. The cancelation of the ripple in input and output voltages has significantly detected. The ripple amplitude is reducing in DC-DC HVG IBC comparing with traditional DC-DC boost converter, and the ripple frequency is doubled. This tends to reduce the output filter losses, and size. Also improves the efficiency of the converter.

In this paper, a technique of single-phase inverter pulse width-amplitude modulation is introduced. This technique is based on tap changer transformer that controls the amplitude of the output voltage. The DC voltage is applied on the primary side of the tap changer transformer with the help of a microcontroller through several semiconductor switches in sequential modality. The tap changer inverter has been analyzed, designed and simulated for four tap inverter using Proteus software. The LCL (low pass filter) is connected on the primary side of the transformer to generate sinusoidal output voltage. In hardware a tap changer inverter has been designed and implemented for four taps inverter. The microcontroller used is minipro, which produces command signal to the switches. The introduced topology has produced large number of levels with decreased total harmonics distortion (THD) in addition to a low cost with isolated multilevel inverter.

Over the past few decades, demand for electricity has increased significantly, whereas expansions in power generation and transmission have been severely restricted due to resource constraints and environmental constraints. As a result, most transmission lines were heavily loaded, and efficiency of the power system became a limiting factor for transmitting electrical power. It is considered a major and demanding problem to establish a secure and stable operation of the electricity networks. Because of its significance, the voltage stability of the power systems has received considerable attention from researchers. Therefore, this paper sheds light on a substantial number of the adopted techniques, including STATCOM and SVC devices to achieve this purpose. A case study was deemed to be an IEEE bus-14 device. To simulate this analysis, a MATLAB package has been utilized. The simulation results showed that by using these methods, the voltage stability of the related system is considerably improved.

Speed control DC motor (SCDCM) methods are widely used in power electronic circuits. This paper presents various SCDCM methods such as armature voltage control, the results show when armature voltage increases, the speed of the motor increases and when the armature voltage decreases, the motor speed decreases. However, in field resistance methods, when the field resistance increases the speed increases and when field resistance decreases the speed is reduced. While in feedback control when using feedback SCDCM method, two blocks have been used, the first block includes reference speed of motor and the second block includes the added value of speed to reference speed of motor. Power simulation (PSIM) is used to design and simulate the DC motor speed control circuits.

This paper presented the effect of using multiple sources of photovoltaic (PV) cells and battery on the input dc link channel of voltage source converter (VSC) for distribution STATCOM (DSTATCOM). The first high coordinated design is applied on the input of three-leg VSC for DSTATCOM to provide a continuous voltage over the time without delaying or interruption in the power through the control circuit and Dc to Dc circuit for boost of photovoltaic cell and buck-boost of battery. When there is a large of sun radiation, the generating power of PV is supplied to the three-leg VSC of DSTATCOM for power demand compensation and the surplus power is saved at the battery. In the condition of night or cloudy days the battery is discharged to maintain the sustainability of the VSC DSTATCOM. In addition, the design is used a Star / Delta transformer to isolate three-leg VSC for DSTATCOM to provide a circular path for zero sequence fundamental and then reducing harmonics the neutral current. The purpose of using DSTATCOM is to reduce the harmonics of current source, compensate the reactive currents and compensate the ground currents in the point of common coupled (PCC). The type of algorithm that used to coordinate the compensation process of DSTATCOM is a synchronous reference frame (SRF).

The pectoral fin shape, diameter and speed are the three main parameters for our robotic fish design. The influence of geometrical shape of pectoral fin in labriform mode swimming mechanism is evaluated with the aid of CFD method which is considered as a first step before building the complete design prototype. Two concave shape fins were designed precisely, each of them was attached to a servo motor arm which is in turn connected to a servo motor that is sliding on pair of shafts to work as robot straighter. The two servo motors along with their pectoral fins are placed in lm × 0.5m × 0.5m pool. Different number of angles of attack were tested and the results showed the optimum value is 50°. Further analysis based on Reynold number and its effect on the drag coefficient was investigated carefully. The hydrodynamic forces will be increases with the increasing of angle of attack for all Reynold numbers, which will in turn speed up the overall velocity of the body.

Proper monitoring of electrical apparatus that has power consumption is a step towards efficient energy and saving management. Parameters of electrical power system have wide variations during operation of electrical devices. These changes in the parameters required to be measured using accrued meter. This paper presents design and implementation of AC multi-meter based on Arduino for three-phase synchronous generator. This meter measures the values of load current, terminal voltage and the frequency. In addition, it used to detect the abnormal operation of three-phase synchronous generator (overload, under and over voltage, and low and high frequencies). The multi-meter displayed the measured parameters and the protection status of each data directly on LCD, and serial print of the Arduino software program in PC via USB cable. A smart monitoring for these operation conditions designed using a Bluetooth module. Two sensors have been used with multi-meter; current sensor type ACS-712, and ac voltage sensor type ZMPT101b. The frequency has been measured utilizing the ac voltage sensor signal, i.e. it measured without using any external zero crossing detector hardware circuit.

Industries have been moved from conventional control to programmable logic control (PLC). System control, protection and maintenance for 3-induction motor have to be used in safe controlling process rather than human continuous control. This paper simulates a PLC control system for three-phase induction motor through Matlab simulation. The motor is driven by a space vector pulse with modulation (SVPWM), a three-phase voltage source inverter through a PLC controller. PLC control can employ speed and current control besides initiating a protection signal for abnormal current, voltage and temperature. Moreover, it can be used as a helpful tool for continuous monitoring of any quantity corresponding to the controlled motor. To emulate the control program in Matlab/Simulink software, a translation approach is used. It translates the PLC control program into m-file function block. The results reflect a successful PLC translation control through the results of speed, current and torque during load and no-load conditions.

This paper investigates the different modulation techniques of voltage source inverter (VSI) for induction motor drive concerning the harmonic distortion. Two types of PWM strategies are analyzed under various operating conditions regarding total harmonic distortion. Both sinusoidal PWM and space vector PWM strategies have been analyzed. THD has a suitable value that reduces the torque ripple. since the high switching frequency provides high ripple. The system is simulated by using Matlab.

Interest in computer vision has grown considerably in industrial applications of robotic arms such as packaging, sorting, and other applications. The real challenge is how to improve the current sorting system based on image processing in the four-points to identify, manipulate, select and sort objects depending on color and geometry. This paper presents a mechatronic sorting system with the application of image processing using a web camera by sensing existing parts and capturing them in real-time, then defining colors and analyzing geometric data. This information is processed for the handling mechanism. A robotic arm has 5 DOF is used in sorting the objects have different geometries (circle, rectangular, and triangle) and a different color (red, green, blue, brown, orange, and cyan). The project deals with an automated material handling system. It aims to classify color objects by color, size, and geometry, which comes on a conveyor belt by selecting and placing the parts in their pre-programmed location. Image processing is applied in EmguCV and visual studio software. An image is a matrix of pixels, image processing is the processes applied on image to convert it into digital form and implement some process on it to improve an image. The Canny edge detection algorithm is used for shape identification in image processing. A microcontroller with computer vision is used to automate the sorting process. Experimental results reveal the effectiveness, high accuracy and low cost of computer vision with a robotic arm in the sorting process according to color and shape.

In indoor communication, when handling the design issue for the wireless network, it is very important to select the appropriate wireless Access Point (AP) devices and specify the optimum locations for these devices deployment. In addition, reducing the total number of disseminated devices. In this paper, it has been investigating the network performance on the presidency building of middle technical university and based on AP deployment in the targeted building. Such investigation has been achieved using Wireless InSite software, based on the calculation of the parameters of path loss, and received power. Results obtained show significant variation in network performance and coverage at a different part of the building. As a result, a significant contribution has been proposed in enhancing the network performance, reducing the number of utilized AP devices from 13 to 8 devices. Furthermore, reducing both the total implementation costs and the interference effects inside the building.

Energy efficiency is a key issue for outdoor Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) that wireless sensor operates near or in human body. WBAN suffered from major problem of energy consumption. As a result, in outdoor simulation based on ZigBee S1 pro type used as transmit and receiver model. The investigation has been carried out based on channel propagation characteristic of what used in simulation based on ZigBee network with multiple sensing nodes, and the design can calculate the channel characteristic such as received power, path loss, path loss free space and path gain. The simulation enables to choose best route to reduce energy consumption depending on the values that have been obtained. Simulation has two routes to using multi point rout to transmit the data from patient nodes to the hospital.

Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) code represents a type of Forward Error Correction (FEC) codes, it is a very perfect code with the ability to correct the errors and it has a performance in term of Bit Error Rate (BER) close to Shannon limits. As this code has many features like reliability, flexibility in implementation and a facility of adaptation. So it takes place in the current area of 4G and even 5G network communications. In this paper, an efficient and optimum design for LDPC system using prob domain decoder is implemented using a Xilinx system generator to evaluate its performance in terms of BER, its complexity and the time needed. FPGA device Kintex7 (XC7K325T-2FFG900C) is used for the implementation of the proposed model. The results show that by increasing the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), the values of the BER will be improved significantly.

This paper analyses the signals propagation characteristics and the most important obstacles that encountered these signals when transmitted from outdoor to indoor (O2I) antennas for the college buildings. These buildings consists of several floors and built in the 3D form according to the real dimensions. In this study, we used measurement analysis and a ray-tracing simulation model approach based on the use of the Wireless InSite (WI) software. The use of different frequencies related to the fifth generation (5G) which are 10, 17, 30 and 60 GHz. According to the results that appeared, it is observed the increase in frequency will lead to an increase in path loss, decrease the received signal strength (RSS). There is an inverse relationship between frequency increase and delay spread and an inverse relationship between frequency increase and received power. In addition, we noticed that there is a direct correlation between frequency increase and path loss, where increasing frequency will increase the path loss, decrease delay spread and received power. Finally, the building's barriers work on obstructing the direction of the signals path and dispersion of the received signal strength (RSS).

The cover medium is used as an envelope to hide inside information. Embedded data may represent a text, image or video to be transferred in the spread media. In this paper, secret information hiding in coded image is exhibited relying upon quantization level and discrete wavelet transform (DWT). Secret data is encrypted and controlled by Arduino speech recognition board in both transmitter ad receiver side to decrypt these secret data. The color image is utilized as a cover image with the discrete wavelet transform it into another form and Absolute Moment Block Truncation Coding (AMBTC) technique is used for embedding the data. The mapping of secret data and image scrambling is depended on the Henon map, while the logistic map is used to encrypt secret data. The proposed method achieved accurate results in peak signal to noise ratio about 34.0524 at average for tested image.

The operation of medical image fusion is to merge various images from different imaging modalities in to one image fused. The quality of image fused is improved especially decrease randomness, that's done by extracting the useful information of multiple images in one image. To rise the diagnosis and estimate of many medical problems by using clinical application of medical images and improving the accuracy medical imaging clinical is the most important goal of multi_modal image fusion algorithms. There are many types of modality used as a reference in medical image fusion like X_ray, Ultrasound, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Computed Tomography (CT). In this work, a multi solution images are used and coming from (CT) and (MRI) by Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) techniques to get a high quality image fusion. It can be proved the improvement in performance of image quality after fusion techniques by using some popular parameters of image metrics to test the image as Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Mean Square Error (MSE) and Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM). The quality improve of the fused image by tested and analyzed as low MSE of 0.02632, higher PSNR of 15.7955 and higher SSIM of 0.75434.

A different channel spacing characteristics was analysed using wavelength-division Multiplexing (WDM) and Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM). In a system has 32 channels using only Single Mode Fiber (SMF) (without any amplifier or DCP) over a frequency range (100 – 400) GHz. Then compare their effectiveness, according to the distance to cover, Q factor, bit error rate (BER) and power needed, by means of advanced modulation schemes return-to-zero (RZ) in order to determine the best frequency channel. It is observed that the 100 GHz channel spacing has the maximum transmission coverage up to 90 km with acceptable power, BER and Q-factor which it is equal to 10 dB, 2.08 × e⁻²⁹ and 11.19 respectively.

Face recognition has become an interesting field for researchers where it is used in many applications. One of the most common methods of soft computing is named the artificial neural network (ANN) has been suggested to achieve the face recognition process. Nonetheless, the performance of ANN depends on the number of neurons in the hidden layers and the value of the learning rate. These variables are usually defined based on the trial and error method which is time-consuming. Furthermore, in many cases, it is very difficult to find the optimum value for these variables. Hence, to improve the performance of the ANN for the face recognition process, the optimization algorithm is needed to get promising outcomes. Therefore, this paper introduces an improved ANN design for face recognition using a meta-heuristic optimization algorithm. The ANN represents a distributed processing system consists of neurons which are simply connected elements. One of the most popular techniques for pattern recognition called back propagation algorithm (BP) is used to train the ANN (BP-ANN) to achieve the face recognition process. To enhance the face recognition system performance, the ANN has been hybridized with the well-known meta-heuristic optimization algorithm namely harmony search algorithm (HSA). The HSA based on the principle work of musicians to find the best harmonies. This technique is Implemented based on the results of the fitness function evaluation. In this research, the mean squared error (MSE) has been used as a fitness function. The HSA optimizes the ANN such that the face recognition system provides the lowest MSE and thus enhances the performance of the face recognition system. The accuracy of the optimum hybrid system (HSA-ANN) is investigated using the MATLAB environment conducted for 10 persons. The results revealed that the proposed system (HSA-ANN) achieved lower MSE compare with the ANN. Furthermore, the HSA-ANN gives a better face recognition rate than traditional ANN.

A new LabVIEW simulation design was applied to provide a comparison study among several types of the most common symmetric and asymmetric encryption algorithms. Also, the comparison with advanced encryption package program was made. The results showed that the new LabVIEW simulation design had advantages in several points, where the evaluated time required for the encryption and decryption processes will be lesser than it values using advanced encryption package program.

In this work, the symmetric encryption algorithms were used: AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), DES (Data Encryption Standard), 3DES (Triple Data Encryption Standard) and RC2 (Rivest Cipher) algorithms, while the asymmetric encryption algorithm used was the RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Aldeman) algorithm. The comparison had been achieved using different sizes of text files with different key sizes. The final results proved that the LabVIEW simulation design is better than the Advanced Encryption Package because it increased the algorithm's performance by 65% in terms of speed and throughput, and for the algorithms' comparison, the final results showed the effectiveness of AES algorithm over the other algorithms in terms of speed and throughput for the encryption and decryption processes.

Indoor networks became the focus of attention of many researchers due to its important role to connect to the wide networks. Many algorithms have been applied or proposed to maximize the coverage of indoor networks. In this paper, a multi-objective algorithm has been introduced to optimize the coverage and maximize the Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR) based on Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) using Matlab software. It has been applied to the installed network which is consist of four AP with a heterogeneous distribution. It has been evaluated the optimized network and proves its reliability. The results obtained show the flexibility and efficiency of the proposed algorithm which produce an optimal network maximizes the coverage area and enhances the SIR by 9.03 dB.

Estimating a person age is a major concern for many researchers due to his importance in many applications, whereas finding a person age is crucial in making specific decision. This paper conducts a comparative study between two classification-algorithms for age estimation which applied on extracted Local Binary Patterns (LBP). It was also divided dataset into 3 classes in order to improve results and increasing accuracy of system, Root Mean Squared Error, Mean Absolute Error and other parameters are used to measure the precision of the system. The proposed methodology of this work is divided into three phases. First phase consists pre-processing methods in which selected image is handled using color to gray scale image conversion and histogram equalization. Result image of which is manipulated by standard Viola-Jones algorithm to detect and crop face area from the whole image. While to ensure same size for all images, detected face image is resized to 256 × 256. Second phase tends to extract LBP features to be fed in the next classification phase. In third phase, two classifiers Logistic Model Tree (LMT) as well as Sequential Minimal Optimization (SMO) have been applied on the extracted features for age estimation.

In this research, a compact of four elements of dual ports coplanar wave guide (CPW) ending with T-shape stub are installed each one on a corner of 85×134 mm² printed circuit board (PCB). Each element is connected through the SMA connector "panel mount jack receptacle-2-hole flange-tap terminal". A twin of opened circular parasitic rings are installed in front of each T-stub. A large number of try and error are applied to select the optimum geometry dimensions of the proposed paradigm. The result of paradigm show that each element operated with a resonance frequency 6.35 GHz, 7.1 GHz is the operating frequency overall system. Also, by utilizing the twin of opened circular parasitic ring, a good isolation is achieved with -48 dB. The obtained band frequency 1.74 (6.64-8.38) GHz are covered an important part of UWB which may be used at a sub band of 5G. In addition, the size of the prototype is suitable for future smartphone applications

An Arduino microcontroller has been used for many projects since its first presentation in 2005. This integrated chip used with a variety of sensors to construct many attractive projects and circuits. In this paper, we aim to investigate the resolution ability of one of the famous sensors attached to the Arduino which is called the ultrasonic HC-SR04 sensor. This sensor basically, is made from a transmitter and receiver that work in the sonar range of frequencies. It is used to indicate the distance of objects similar to the Radar principle. By experimental results another feature could be added to the data sheet of this sensor, named as distance resolution. By applying a reasonable shape and dimension for the target objects at a distance of 11 cm, the experimental results show that this sensor has resolution ability configured in the range of 7 cm displacement between two adjacent objects. Furthermore, the paper suggests increasing the sensor aperture to increase such ability for certain application that used the sensor for discrimination between adjacent objects.

The solution for various applications of industrial programmed testing is image processing. In spite of this, if the contents of the image are not available in an appropriate format, even the most complex algorithms cannot extract the right information, via using a histogram, the image content can be easily processed. In this paper a histogram construction hardware that it can be able to create a histogram for different types of gray scale images of different sizes, is presented which gives accurately equivalent data as derived from a histogram plot using ISE simulator and MATLAB. By taking benefit of the high-level features of the Spartan3EXC3S500E FPGA architectures and Artix-7XC7A100T, the execution time for the proposed design is 156 times faster than MATLAB time for (16×16) pixel image size in XC3S500E and it is 6 in the worst case. Also, the execution time for the proposed design is 236 times faster than MATLAB time for (16×16) (16×16) pixel image size in XC7A100T and it is 8 in the worst case. The maximum frequency resulted and the maximum number of resources used in XC3S500E is 160.411 MHz, 45% respectively. While the maximum frequency resulted and the maximum number of resources used in XC7A100T is 216.685MHz, 59 %.

Talking about gestures make us return to the historical beginning of human communication because there is no language completely free of gestures. People cannot communicate without gestures. Any action or movement without gestures is free of real feelings and cannot express the thoughts. The purpose of any hand gesture recognition system is to recognize the hand gesture and used it to transfer a certain meaning or for computer control or/and a device. This paper introduced an efficient system to recognize hand gestures in real-time. Generally, the system is divided into five phases, first to image acquisition, second to pre-processing the image, third for detection and segmentation of the hand region, fourth to features extraction and fifth to count the numbers of fingers for gesture recognition. The system has been coded by Python language, PyAutoGUI library, OS Module of Python and the Open CV library.

The photovoltaic systems sector is in full renovation continually demanding a new system that allows the user to monitor his project from long distance. One of the systems that is currently being implemented in photovoltaic farms is known as the Internet of Things. Through this system, it is intended that the user can know in the real time the status of his photovoltaic systems panels. This paper presents a new solution based on LoRaWAN technology that allows the user to have the necessary information to achieve high efficient of the photovoltaic systems panels. This system is to design and implement a new measuring circuit for measuring the output voltage and current of the PV panels from long distance by using LoRa Technology. To test the correct functioning of the device, two tests have been carried out. The first one corresponds to an essay in which the maximum distance at which a node can communicate with the gateway is measured. While the second test means measuring the voltage and current output of the photovoltaic panel of the full system. The main advantages of the final circuit can be used to monitor PV panels with low-cost, and to have high-efficiency performance from long distance.

Kinect sensor suggestions new viewpoints for the advance and application of inexpensive, portable and easy-to-use indication less motion capture skill. The goal of this work is to estimate accuracy of the Kinect cameras for full body motion investigation. This study developed an application that of using multiple depth and RGB Kinect sensors for that reasonable system that prepared with multi-depth of sensing was used in this work. Additional application confirmed the Kinect camera validity the evaluated of postural control and different images of biomedical for segmentation skin lesions. In this work, multi-depth assessment and segmentation are conjointly addressed using RGB input image under Median filter with post-processing. Compared with our algorithm outputs an organized-to-use highly suitable for creating 3D Kinect sensors with pre and post-processing steps. The multi-depth extracted image features have higher measurement and accuracy. The results are dealing out the depth and RGB picture with segmentation evaluation depend on feature extraction technique to enhance accuracy.

Control of diseases affecting plants is very important as it relates to the issue of food security, which is a very serious threat on human life. According to the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), most of the maize diseases are caused by mildew. There are more than fifty different mildew diseases affecting maize. The diseases that infect plants go through different stages of the degree of infection. Therefore, determining the degree of injury helps decision-makers spend money on controlling the disease properly. The common method used to determine the degree of injury is visual examination. It's known that visual examination leaves a large area for error. It is unable to determine the degree of injury with high accuracy as a percentage for example. In this study, we used two methods of segmentation to determine the injury ratio in maize leaves. The methodology of segmentation depends on the Color Threshold Application (CTA) and K-mean clustering. For comparison between methods of segmentation, different color spaces (RGB, HSV, YC_bC_r, and L*a*b*) have been used. The results obtained indicate that the color threshold segmentation is more efficient than K-means clustering in terms of determining the injury ratio, especially with HSV color space. While it contrary to the RGB color model because it gives the worst result.

This paper presents the design and analysis of optical fiber biological sensor to measure and monitor the glucose ratio in blood samples. Simulations are carried out using Optisystem software to determine the optical power and mode for each sample. The sensing was accomplished by design Mach-Zehnder interferometer with using multimode fibers. The cladding of these fibers is stripped out of the fiber part. In addition, the wavelength of the light source has to be absorbable by the glucose in order to be detected. As a result, the refractive index (RI) of different serum glucose level has increased linearly by increasing the serum glucose level while the parameters of the RI step and the output power decreased linearly by increasing the RI of different serum glucose level. This result can be concluded as a new method for serum glucose level assessment.

Communication networks have evolved dramatically in recent years and for a perfect network, there are several factors to focus on to get the perfect coverage and ideal network. Although the network has been installed, the mobile operators' company keeps reconfiguring the network parameters to achieve the best performance. Even so, some network parameters can't be modified (tower length, tower position, etc) but other parameters can always be modified due to results of site survey. Also, ICS Telecom was employed to analyze the network performance in terms of coverage and interference due to different values of power and antenna tilt. In this paper, studied the effect of the antenna tilt on the coverage and amount of power from BS to the user in a particular area in Baghdad is studied and it is found that the change in the inclination angle and power have a significant impact on the solutions of the problem of coverage and interference.

A comparison field measurement data and simulation data in terms of RSS results in acceptable value equals to 3.24 and 7.45 for 3G and 2G respectively.

The performance of the adopted networks is analyses after collecting the data of more than 200 points via two methods: experimentally via drive test and simulation-based on ICS telecom software.

Energy is limited resource in the Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). Finding optimal and minimum required transmission power that can achieve a certain level of utility while utilizing as little power for transmission as possible plays an important role in reducing energy consumption. In this paper, we found the required transmission power of four transmission modes: the direct transmission mode, the dual-hop transmission mode, and two incremental cooperative transmission modes with Rayleigh channel fading.

Medical imaging was existed as a new domain of research for the treatment of images that can be easily improved, cut and exposed. The proposed technique aims at detecting the objects' boundaries of noisy images by means of the information on the images of X-ray. Since medical images are made up of noise, and since the edges of the bone make it difficult to detect, edge detection technology has been a key tool in discovering and improving these edges. The edges are changes in the intensity of the lighting of the image. Among several methods for edge detection, the Sobel method is used in this research paper as it is the most famous operator used in the algorithms of detection edges. The algorithms of image processing have been confined to the implementation of slow software due to the limited speed of the processor. As such, a dedicated processor for edge detection was designed and implemented. The results were compared with those arrived at by MATLAB. They were found out to be the same as those of implementation on FPGA which showed the way that Sobel edge detection can assist in determining the location of the fractures in X-ray images. A speedup of approximately 153.8586 can be obtained by Spartan3E FPGA XC3S500E kit system over the software implementation.

Nowadays, drowsiness is the major reason for many road accidents. Due to this fact, different attempts have been made to successfully detect fatigue. In this paper, a computer vision method has been presented to determine the presence of fatigue in a driver's face. A way for fatigue recognition through the exploitation of facial features has been proposed. A landmark algorithm has been used to finds the marks of the eye edge and then calculate Eye Aspect Ratio (EAR), which is the main threshold parameter to judge whether the driver is sleeping or not. A new approach has been proposed to calculate EAR, which gives more accurate results than the common method. The results illustrate that the proposed method gives maximum detection fluctuation of (0.18), while the common method gives (0.33) detection fluctuation, the proposed system gives robustness against noise, so it can detect face and gives a decision for driver awareness with a noise level of (130) dB. An OpenCV library for image processing and Dlib library for feature extraction with the python IDLE has been utilized.

Wireless body area network is abbreviated as WBAN. This kind has been originated after the getting of wireless sensor network developing to a certain kind of being matured. That has been likely owing to the huge advance directing to usable wireless comfortable scientific knowledge as well as electronic componential parts that can be tiny. definitely, such research has obtained important attention nowadays owing to its practical uses which mainly can be in the direction of the sector of health care. Nowadays, a small sensor can be put on the body of humans for recording different mental parameters and this sensor is able to send collected information towards another device in order to get more important behaviours taken. Thus, that is utilized to diagnose illnesses as well as improving dangerous problems alert systems in health field. In this paper, various wireless body area network protocols and algorithms are viewed to optimize QoS in WBAN to improve network lifetime. Such as energy-efficient, duty cycle, power consumption, end to end delay using optimization algorithms.

The use of optical-OFDM systems is mainly restricted by their limited dynamic range as a result of a high peak to average power ratio (PAPR) and nonlinear distortion (NLD). Radio-over-Fiber (RoF) systems are mainly deployed for light modulation and mm-wave signals transmission over fiber links. This paper evaluated the performance of RoF links with respect to their external modulation in a bid to highlight the challenges attributable to the various optical system components. The Mach-Zehnder Modulator (MZM) have been used in external modulation; it is a tested modulation scheme for quadrature amplitude modulation QAM (a vector modulation format) where signal subcarriers are generated using an OFDM scheme. Simulation results based on Optisystem 13 software exposes that the receiver performance of the optimum system for achieving has a better Bit Error Rate (BER) and three longest distance as 10, 50, 100 km for 16 QAM-OFDM-RoF system are reached by using optimum receiver launch power.

Wireless networks have gained popularity that are providing users flexibility and mobility in accessing information. The IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) standard has become the dominant architecture in practice. In this paper IEEE 802.11 standard implemented in MATLAB Simulink, where Allowing to modify beacon frame parameters such as beacon interval, SSID, supported rates, etc. Also include or exclude the CF parameter set element from the generated beacon frame, DBPSK and DQPSK modulation techniques of BER performance included in this paper to illustrate the performance of the model in AWGN and Rayleigh channels.

The main target of the current study is the assessment of API 5L X52 pipe line containing lack of penetration and undercut welding defects and to study the influence of the defect length and depth on the failure pressure of the pipeline. The failure pressure is calculated by using Finite element software ANSYS ver19. The results from finite element analysis are used to train an artificial neural network for easily predicting the failure pressure with a wide range of defect depths and lengths. Also the results obtained were also used in the regression analysis to find equations linking the maximum pressure to the defects dimensions. The results revealed a Good agreement between finite element modeling and the experimental tests, theoretical values and available design codes with maximum average error of (13.4%). The failure pressure varied significantly as a function of the defect length and depth.

Hot press bounding technique was used to join a polyethylene sheet of 4mm thickness to stainless steel AISI 304L of 1mm thickness. Three different process parameters were used during the joining process: pressure of 4, 6, 8 and 10 bar, processing time of 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 min. and temperature of 115, 120, 125 and 130°C. The steel surface was treated with two methods: mechanical (scratch) and electrochemical (electro-polishing) treatment. A shear tensile, microstructure, scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometry tests were used to examine the joint specimens. The effect of process parameters on the joint properties was analyzed by the Minitab program. The scratched and electro-polished joint specimens exhibited a maximum shear force of 1112 and 1022N respectively. The tested joints were failed by an interfacial shear and necking in the polymer side with a ductile fracture. The joining process was occurred by a mechanical interlocking between the molten polymer and pores of the treated surface of steel specimen. The average thickness of the joining line for the scratched and electro-polished specimens was 5 and 4μm.

Similar aluminum alloys (AA5086-H32 with AA5086-H32) were welded by friction stir welding (FSW) using three different values of linear speeds; namely 50, 75 and 90 mm/min.and different and rotating speed namely 680, 920 and 1500 rpm. Tensile test was used to determine the joint efficiency of welded samples. The microstructure, hardness, tensile tests and fatigue properties were studied for the welded sample which gave the highest tensile strength. The fatigue test was carried out at a constant stress amplitude cantilever fully reversed( R=-1) in the stir zone of weld and nearby zone or region at a distance of 5, 10 and 15 mm from the welding line. The fracture fatigue surface was analyzed using SEM. It was found that the maximum joint efficiency of 80% was obtained at rotating speed of 680 RPM and linear speed of 75 mm/min. The maximum value of hardness was at the stir zone center of the weld and started to decrease away from it. Fatigue strength of the FSW welded samples was less than the parent or base alloy.

In this study, experimental and numerical applied of heat distribution due to pulsed Nd: YAG laser surface melting. Experimental side was consists of laser parameters are, pulse duration1.3ms, wavelength 1064nm, laser energies 1.5, 2. 6 and 4.3 J, laser beam diameter is 0.6 mm and spot diameter 0.78 mm was applied a low carbon steel type St37 with a dimension 10, 10, 3 mm, length, width and thickness respectively. Numerical analysis side consist of a mathematical model and calculating a thermal cycle by using equation in the enthalpy method applied to determine the cooling rate in fusion zone. The simulation by using the enthalpy method, applied on conduction heat transfer to estimate the cooling rate model in fusion zone and heat affected zones. Cooling rates models are helping to estimate the microstructure and micro hardness distribution in fusion and heat affected zones. The complication of the heat transfer in laser surface melting process, because at in rapid solidification, therefore the enthalpy model is more appropriate for this case. The result shows that increases of laser energy lead to decrease cooling rates and increase width and penetration of fusion zone, also decrease micro hardness in fusion zone and we found an increase in the pool size of fusion and heat affected zones.

The use of boiling nanofluids for cooling high-temperature perorating surfaces allows intensifying considerably the process of cooling by increasing the heat transfer coefficient nanofluid compared to the pure base fluid. A significant influence on the intensity of heat transfer during the boiling of nanofluid will turn out properties of nanoparticles and their concentration in the base fluid, under heating of base fluid to saturation temperature. In this study, the mathematical model of the numerical solution and the results of the simulation calculation of characteristics of film boiling of Al₂O₃, CuO, ZnO, TiO₂, ZrO₂ and SiO₂ water nanofluid for various nanoparticles concentration φ_∞ of (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5) Water nanofluid on the vertical heated wall were presented. The theoretical results obtained allow us to estimate the influence of physical properties of nanofluids on heat and mass transfer during cooling low-temperature surfaces. It is shown that the greatest impact on the processes heat and mass transfer during film boiling nanofluids overheating of the wall depended upon the ratio of temperatures, Brownian diffusion, and concentration of nanoparticles in a base fluid. Also, the results showed that the use of nanofluids as coolants for heat exchange equipment in the mode of supercritical heat exchange increases the heat transfer and accelerate the process of cooling high-temperature surfaces. Increasing the concentration of nanoparticles in the nanofluids will contribute to a greater increase in heat transfer in the supercritical heat transfer due to the low thermal capacity of steam compared to that fluid conductivity. While increasing the nanoparticle concentration will lead to an increase in the effective viscosity of the nanofluids.

Experimental and numerical investigations of the effect of wood ash additive on the thermal stresses of random fiberglass/polyester composite pipes were presented in this work. The experimental work includes manufacturing of pipe specimens (50% Vf wood ash/polyester composite pipe, 50% Vf random fiberglass (Mat)/polyester composite pipe and 25% Vf wood ash and 25% Vf random fiberglass (Mat)/polyester composite pipe) by resin casting method and building a test rig to study the behaviour of these pipe specimens under thermal loads. Pipe specimens had inner diameter of 90mm and 400mm in length. The wall thickness is 5mm. The current work includes also manufacturing tensile test specimens which were examined by tensile device and manufacturing thermo mechanical test specimens which were examined by thermo mechanical analyser (TMA) to determine the coefficient of thermal expansion of the specimens. In numerical work, ANSYS was used as mechanical simulation software with SHELL63 element type. The results showed that adding wood ash to the random fiberglass/polyester composite pipe leads to decrease in its longitudinal stress, hoop stress and von mises stress, however increases the element temperature withstand. The numerical solution gave a good agreement results with the experimental work with maximum difference between experimental and numerical strain ranging was between (9.3%) to (17.7%) and maximum difference between experimental and numerical stress was ranging between (14.1%) to (17.75%).

The main objective of the current study is to increase the productivity rate of conventional solar still by increasing the surface area of heat transfer in the evaporation section within solar still. Lightweight rotating hollow metal cylinder made of galvanized iron layer (0.06 cm thickness and diameter of 32 cm) with a length of 90 cm was used as evaporation section within the improved single slope solar still. The tests were carried out for 3 months (Jun, July and August) at the Ural Federal University of Yekaterinburg/Russia, the experimental results taken for a perfect day on 12 Jun 2019. The impact of different parameters on the productivity of freshwater has been investigated using the new improved solar still. Study results reveal that environmental factors such as the intensity of solar radiation, ambient temperature, relative humidity and wind speed have the greatest impact on freshwater productivity. The analyses of results show that the ratio of water productivity enhancement found to be about 161% than that of the conventional solar still over the long day period.

This work presents a study of the effect of annealing temperature on the optical and structural properties of WO₃ that has been deposited by Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) method at 300°C on the rules of glass and indicates the effect of annealing temperatures 350, 450 and 550°C for one hour on those properties. The results of X-Ray diffraction showed all the films prepared with the installation of multi-crystalline tetragonal and directional prevalent (010) for all models after annealing. The annealing led to an increase in the grain size. Full width at half maximum FWHM values of the (010) peaks of these films decreased from 1.492° to 1.064° with increasing annealing temperature, and the highest value of the specific surface area was 63 m²/gm. The natural structure of the WO₃ nanoparticles films were studied by using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), it revealed that the average grain size increased with increasing of annealing temperature from 46.57 to 485.1nm. The optical features of the films were studied by Photoluminescence PL, the results gave one emission peaks located at 437 nm, and there was a red shift when the annealing temperatures were increased.

In this study, a comparison was made to evaluate fuel properties and engine performance when using local gasoline fuel MU0 with two types of commercial fuel optimizer. MU1 (1/200 addition ratio of commercial additive U1 with local gasoline MU0), and MU2 (1/100 addition ratio of commercial additive U2 with local gasoline MU0) was investigated in addition to commercial enhanced gasoline MU3. Local gasoline MU0 has been adopted as a threshold for comparison. Performance tests conducted in a single-cylinder four stroke sparkignition engine using fuel samples (MU0, MU1, MU2, MU3) at engine speed range from 1200 to 2800 rpm with increment of 400 rpm and open throttle valve100% (WOT). The results showed an increased octane number and viscosity of fuel MU1 by about (3.49%, 16.92%) respectively, and reduction in the heating value by about 19.4%, with addition U1. Increase heating value and viscosity of fuel MU2 by about (1.68%, 22.31%), with addition U2. As well as, increase brake power by about (4%, 16%) at 2800 rpm with MU2 and MU3 respectively compared to local gasoline MU0. In addition, brake specific fuel consumption reduced with fuel MU3 and increased with (MU1, MU2). The brake thermal efficiency was enhanced with fuel MU1 and MU3 and the better improvement obtained for MU1 by about 22.47% at 2400 rpm.

Experimental Modal Analysis (EMA) is very helpful in engineering design and manufacturing of machine components. In this paper, modal parameters which are natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios are extracted for free-free boundary conditions circular shaft, using EMA, then two disks are added to this shaft as second case study. EMA has been verified as effective and accurate tool, despite of increasing geometrical complexity and nonlinear behaviour of the structure. The two well-known excitation techniques (i.e. impact hammer and shaker) are used for this purpose. For validation, natural frequencies and mode shapes are determined analytically and numerically by Finite Element Modelling (FEM) ANSYS 15 workbench software, and then compared with results obtained experimentally. Noticeable remarks about these approaches are listed. Coherence plots are compared between impact and shaker tests. Digital Signal Processing (DSP) settings like windows type and sample (record) time are compared. The recommended DSP settings mentioned in this work can be used as a general guidance for researchers and people who are working in modal analysis.

Microbial corrosion is studied and analyzed. Three metals were considered for the outgoing study, Aluminum, Al-7.975Si-3.45Mg alloy, Stainless Steel, AISI316, and Low Carbon Steel. The metals corrosion is considered by three types of water, distillated, tap, and lichen. Results of exposing the metal samples in three types for a specific time intervals were analyzed. Lichen water has shown the most corrosion effect due to Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB). Weight loss, corrosion potential and current were measured and results illustrated that Aluminum has the most MIC resistance, 1.509mpy, then, stainless steel,2.38 mpy came in second and Carbon Steel 3.38 mpy. It has been noticed the increasing in potential negativity and in current in lichen water opposing to tap and distillate water.

This paper focuses on assembly line balancing (ALB) problem which the objective is to maximize the assembly line efficiency. The problem solved using a greedy heuristic method. MATLAB Software is used to perform the proposed greedy heuristic method. Then, the proposed method is applied to a previous real life case problem that is found in literature for the cookers assembly line in the Light Industrial Company in Iraq. The results of the proposed method is compared with the performance of the company without applying any assembly line balancing method. The result of this paper is also compared with the results obtained from a previous work in the literature which is based on Shortest Operation Time (SOT) using the software named Quantitative Methods, Production and Operations Management (POM-QM). The outcomes of the research have shown that the greedy heuristic method is more efficient, where the efficiency increased from 78.24% before applying assembly line balancing and 81.64% for the previous work based on SOT method to 85.53% when applying the greedy heuristic method. The research has recommended that the decision maker in the company should follow the most appropriate method to achieve a high efficiency operations.

Radiant floor heating panels of a room with different locations is modeled by using CFD. All cases is simulate by employing k-ε equation turbulence model. After validation of code, average room air temperature, vertical air temperature difference and velocity of room air are used to predict the thermal comfort conditions in the occupied zone. Effect of indoor room air temperature and radiant floor heating panel locations on thermal conditions in occupied zone is studied. The results present that both the indoor room air temperature and radiant floor heating panels locations have effect on thermal comfort conditions and at low indoor temperature the radiant floor heating panel is insufficient to achieve thermal comfort conditions but can be reduced heating load.

Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD modeling study was carried out to investigate the effect of the pin fins arrangements over the flat plate heat sink. The pin fins were adopted with in-line array form over the surface of the heat sink with different parameters. The CFD domain was designed by the use of ANSYS FLUENT 2019 R1 commercial software. The Reynolds Average Naiver Stoke RANS turbulent model was used in this study to show accurately capture the effect of alternating acceleration and deceleration and consequent variations in the pressure field. The heat sink is in a rectangular shape with a rib length of 100mm and100mm. This CFD investigation included a simulation of the proposed heat sink under the forced convection with Reynolds number range of 2166.67 ∼ 19500 and subjected heat flux of 1000W/m². Pin fins diameters range were 3, 6 and 9mm while the fin lengths range were 5, 10 and 15mm under the same the heat flux and Reynolds number. The predicted results showed an augmentation in the Nusslte number values of the finned heat sink as compared to the flat one. Moreover, this enhancement was associated with the increase of the applied Reynolds number. It was found that the best thermal performance of the heat sink was conducted for the fin length of 15mm and fin diameter of 9mm.

This research presents an experimental and numerical analysis to examine the thermal loading of the exhaust manifold of a multi-cylinder gasoline engine operating under steady-state conditions. The local skin temperatures and surface heat fluxes variation are focused throughout the external surface of the exhaust manifold. A 3D modeling and simulation are employed in the numerical analysis using Solidworks software for modeling and ANSYS software for simulation. The generated numerical results are in good agreement with the measured exit gas temperatures and skin temperatures experimentally.

The effects caused by convection and radiation heat transfer on the distribution of temperature, airflow and heat transfer in a greenhouse containing a heated solid block are studied numerically. Differential governing equations of the system are analyzed by utilized the finite volume method and the coupling of pressure-velocity is handled by the algorithm of SIMPLER. The systems algebraic equations are resolved by the conjugated of the gradient method. The greenhouse is supposed of an aspect ratio of A = 1.5, and the numerical results are presented in terms of streamlines, isotherms and Nusselt number for the range of Rayleigh numbers between 10³ and 10⁶. For the case of inlet airflow, the mixed convection of the airflow of in a greenhouse formed by two walls lateral and a roof with two symmetrical slopes were studied. The heating conditions of the walls for the greenhouse was taken as (T_c for the floor and T_f for the roof, with T_c> T_f), with openings of the cold air inlet is left-walled and the outlet is so the symmetry of right walls. The Prandtl number is set at 0.702 (for the case of air). Several situations have been considered for Rayleigh number and solid block height at fixed Reynolds number at Re = 100. The results showed that the Rayleigh number has important effect on the performance of the flow and thermal structure. Also, the isotherms and current lines is effected by varying the solid block height. In addition the local and medium Nusselt number along the hot wall increased with increasing the Rayleigh number and solid block height.

The objective of this research is to explore experimentally the impact of using (Al+Al₂O₃/distilled water hybrid Nano fluid) as the working fluid on the thermal efficiency of the evacuated tube solar collector with inner cylindrical coil within the vertical tank. The nanoparticles volume fraction was 1,3 and 5 % with the( 50 nm) dimension of nanoparticles. The performance of the evacuated tube solar collector (ETSC) utilizing (Al+Al₂O₃) hybrid Nano fluid and water was compared to the flow rate within the coil ranged from 15, 30 and 45 l/h.rm². The results of the current research showed that the highest effectiveness of the solar collector 24.89% for mass flow rate of Nano fluid 45 l/hr.m² and nanoparticles volume fraction of 5% vol. Findings show that (Al+ Al₂O₃) hybrid nanofluids could be utilized in an ETSC as working liquids to absorb heat from solar radiation and effectively transform solar energy into thermal energy.

Due to the demand for transportation of masses and products in power stations, factories, and offshores, the overhead cranes are commonly used to do these tasks. It has necessary that, it should be safely, quickly and accurately as possible as without collision or highly swinging, or in other words saving time and reduce costs. If an operator runs manually the crane more time required, in addition many larger companies create automatized crane like a milling machine. Although, there are many researchers have suggested many controllers, this subject is still a challenge for the designer. The suddenly change of loads or the air streams or even the flexibility change of cable of cranes working in foundries may cause disturbance and variation in the control parameters. However, in this paper a new feedforward and feedback controller has designed to move the crane as fast as possible with small angle of oscillation firstly, then a Fuzzy logic controller has added to gather to the controller for enhancing the efficiency of the system. Finally, the MATLAB-Simulink models have been implemented for analysis and simulation of the suggested controller. The achieved results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method. Moreover, the proposed methods have robustness to cope with parameters variations.

Natural fiber reinforced bio-composites are taking a big role in various sections around the world such as industry, construction, and health section. In this study, a bio-composite material based on wheat starch matrix and natural wheat fibers is prepared. Five different specimens with following fiber contents 50,54.5,58.3,61.5, and 64.2% by weight are added to wheat starch matrix. Mechanical and physical tests are performed for different fiber weight contents. Charpy impact test results showed that impact energy is decreasing with increase in fiber content. Three-point deflection test data show that as higher fiber content as higher flexural stress is obtained. Shore D hardness test results show that the hardness values increase as fiber content increase. Water uptake test results showed that water absorption also decreases by increasing fiber content. An optical investigation is performed to calculate the average length and width of chopped fibers used as reinforcement. The average length and width of fibers were found to be 5.73mm and the average width is 0.38mm.

The influence of two different shapes impeller blades on performance of centrifugal water pump is experimentally investigated under different operational conditions. Test rig is designed and used to operate the required pump during different conditions. The centrifugal water pump is tested under different flow rate with two types of impellers each one consists different blades angle. The experimental results showed that the impeller blade different geometry could improve the water pump mechanical efficiency, the head, the power, and the volumetric efficiency by 11.7, 15.38, 24.2, and 12.9% respectively. The experimental results showed better centrifugal water pump performance when impeller blade with higher outlet angle is used.

The objectives of the experimental investigation, to survey existing parking system and select suitable lift mechanism when design components of lift. In the present research, the main concern is to study the efficient use of solar energy in vertical rotary car parking system and choose the optimal car parking with minimal available area. Present design depends on chain and sprocket mechanism for leading the parking prototype and motor for powering the system working with solar photovoltaic (PV). In this work, the prototype is tested and done analysing to promote the parking land at tricky places and convoluted trade places. The possibility of implementing the project inside Iraq is possible, relying on young Iraqi cadres. The model was programmed on a miniature rotary vertical position. The cost of implementing this project in Iraq is the most appropriate cost compared to neighbouring countries. This is in order to ensure the success of the project as a modern style of new technology to serve the citizens and add a civilized touch to the cities.

This paper presents a very accurate method for water temperature prediction of outlet water from counter flow of cooling tower. This method was derived from the method of [hc A/C_pm] which is called NTU (Number of Transfer Units). The effect of the water and air mass flow rate, wet bulb temperature of the inlet air, outlet water temperature, tower range, and temperature approach have been studied. The results of comparison between the presented and the NTU methods show a very good match when the outlet water temperature is between 29 and 45°C and a difference reaches to 7.23% between 26 and 28°C. Another very good match has been noticed when the air mass flow rate is between 15.6 and 16.5 kg/s with difference reaches to 2.5 % when the air mass flow rate is between 10 and 15 kg/s. The last very good match has been noticed when the water mass flow rate is between 17.5 and 19 kg/s with the difference reaches to 1.2% when the water mass flow rate is (10 - 17 kg/s).

The purpose of this work to estimate oil temperature of hydraulic circuit that leads to affect the efficiency of the system. An expert system is built depending on the available knowledge. This model is generated in a computer program named "Thermal Analysis of Hydraulic System (TAHS)". The program is used to calculate partial power losses at different components of hydraulic system (pump, motor, valves, cylinder, pipe and fittings). The expert system is capable to estimate oil temperature and power loss with different types of (pumps, oils, circuits and actuator dimension). The chosen experimental conditions are oil flow rate, setting pressure, ambient temperature and duty time. The model is validated experimentally and with other works. The results show an acceptable agreement with average deviation about 2.6% & 6.4% respectively.

This work represents a finite element analysis of free vibration of isotropic plates with different cutout shapes, areas, locations and aspect ratios. Modal analysis was carried out using the ANSYS APDL software to evaluate the fundamental frequencies. ANSYS model was validated in the first stage and showed good agreement with the selected literature works. Furthermore, the selected cutout parameters were investigated to assess which parameter is more effective on the frequency. It is found that these parameters was overlapping, therefore Design of Experiments was conducted. Results revealed that the aspect ratio of the cutouts is the most significant factor on the fundamental frequency.

The numerical analysis is accomplished to simulate the heat transfer in double tube heat exchanger with and without porous media by utilizing ANSYS FLUENT 14.1. A geometry system is used to predict the heat transfers and pressure drop characteristics of the flow. Alumina (2.5mm diameter) as a porous media were added in to: inner tube (IP), outer tube (OP) and both tube of heat exchanger (IOP) were tested with the variation of hot and cold fluid inlet temperature, mass flow rate ratio (mr) to evaluate their influence on effectiveness of heat exchanger, Nusselt number, number of heat transfer unit. The evaluating has been performed in the steady-state. Water was used as a working fluid in a double tube heat exchanger. The study was conducted at the hot and cold water mass flow rates between ( 0.0166 - 0.0833kg / s), ( 0.05-0.116 kg/s) respectively. The inlet temperatures of cold and hot water were (20, 25 °C), (47, 55 °C) respectively. Noted from results that adding pad of porous increases effectiveness of the heat exchanger and the increasing rate of transferring heat as mass flow rate ratio increases and the highest value are obtained when alumina is in double pipe. Effectiveness decreases with increase in mass flow rate ratio but increases when using alumina as a porous media and the better value is obtained when alumina is in IOP, IP, OP and NP respectively. Effectiveness increased as the NTU increases.

The objective of present work is to study the effect of electrophoretic deposition (EPD) parameters (voltage, time and concentration) using DC current based on the thickness, porosity and coating characterizations of YSZ layer on Ti-6Al-4V alloy substrate. The Taguchi approach was used in order to determine the optimal conditions for EPD and different criteria were applied for the deposit of biochemical coatings. Yttria stabilized zirconia powder (YSZ) was deposited on Ti-6Al-4V alloy substrate by electrophoresis using ethanol as a solvent under DC, to improve the quality of alloy surface and meet the requirements of biological orthopedic application activity. Ethanol was used as solvent to precipitate chitosan and YSZ on the alloy substrate. The composition of the surface and the cross section of coatings have been described by this electrode-enabled cathodic deposition for characterization. Many tests and inspections; zeta potential, water contact angle, XRD, SEM and optical microscopes were used to characterize surface morphology of YSZ layer. Optimum conditions for deposition of YSZ layer were used at 40 volt, 2 min and 1g / l for suspension being at room temperature. The contact angles values of coatings were changed between hydrophilic 67.489°C and 35.914°C Suitable percentages of porosity with pores size of 56.601-83.505 μm were obtained.

In this study, microstructure and phase transformation of ferritic stainless steel plate 405 using austenitic stainless steel 309-16L electrode was explained. Shielded Metal Arc Welding SMAW was used. Optical microscopy OM and scanning electron microscopy SEM were conducted to evaluate the morphology and structure of weld metal and heat-affected zone. X-ray diffraction also used to determine the crystal structure that developed during welding of bcc crystal structure and fcc crystal structure. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy EDS was used to evaluate the chemistry of the element. Microhardness was conducted in this research to determine the effect of alloying element on the mechanical properties of the joint.

Commercial chitosan (CH) was compositing with nanosilica prepared by the sol-gel method and was applied as an adsorbent for removal of Methyl-Orange (MO) dye from wastewater. Chitosan-Silica (CHS) was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and BET. The adsorption capacity of MO on CHS reached maximum 7.0mg.g⁻¹ on pH range 2.5 to 5, at equilibrium time 20 min. The effects of parameters, such as contact time, the adsorbent dosage of adsorbent, initial dye concentration on the removal of MO dye were examined. In general, the short time of MO dye removal, high adsorption capacity high, and dispensability in water, easy to remove by filtration suggests that CHS possesses high potential application for removal of MO from water, and can be considered as an eco-friendly adsorbent in water treatment processes.

Many researches have been done to obtain the factors that affect the value of the natural frequency for composite shell. The free vibration of composite spherical shell cap under impact loading is investigated in this study. The analysis is carried out theoretically using the higher-order shear deformation theory for composite spherical shell under impact loading, the results obtained was compared with numerical analysis using APDL program in the ANSYS software and experimentally using the hummer impact testing system and sigview program. The effects of radius of curvature, Thickness and boundary conditions (built in, quarter built in (arc), simply supported) on the basic frequency of orthotropic composite spherical shell cap have been investigated. The results show the dynamic characteristic it must be seen the rate of decreasing or increasing in the natural frequency of the composite material to take into consideration the effect of duration of impact loading on the dynamic properties of spherical composite shell. Selective composite material and its composition are 50% (0-90) woven fiber glass and 50% polyester resin.

An ultra-wideband (UWB) medical radar has been designed for cardiovascular imaging instead of the X-ray angiography. The aim of this work is to obtain a medical image for human body tissue with all its layers (especially for heart and blood vessels) and to decrease the X-ray biological side effects on the patients, doctors and medical staff during the operation. The elimination of these effects represents the main objective of this paper. This mission can be achieved by using two different types of antennas (transceivers). The first antenna is placed around the human body and the other one is a micro-strip antenna which is inserted to the blood vessel in front of the guide wire of catheterizing angiography. As a result, the distance between two antennas will be measured by calculating the time of arrival (TOA) and propagation direction (θ). On the other hand, TOA and θ will depend on the ultra-wideband frequency, shape and other specifications. This distance between the antennas includes the human tissue with its different layers, where each layer has certain dielectric properties enabling us to recognise the tissue type. The required equations and the proposed radar simulation, as well as the output UWB signal were presented in this study. Also, the experiments for image improvement have been applied by improving the blood dielectric properties to enhance the cardiovascular image.

Wireless power transfer (WPT) in medical implanted devices (MIDs) has received significant interest from both academic and the medical industry. These systems have suffered from battery-life that must be charged or replaced. Also, some implant devices are large, leading them to be uncomfortable. In addition, the device may interact with internal tissues, which may lead to reactions that affect the patient. This paper aims to produce a small MID operated by WPT to transmit vital signs (i.e., temperature) to an external station to ensure that the device does not affect the patient's body. The proposed system used a flat spiral coil as a transmitter and a multi-layer copper wire coil as the receiver coil. The transmitter circuit was implanted inside a rabbit's body. The temperature of the rabbit was sent using the nRF24L01 transceiver to the external monitoring station. The system reached an efficiency and power of 23.37% and 1.98 W respectively on 50 Ω load resistors. The proposed system was acceptable due to the small size of the coil, which provides a sufficient reception at a distance of 3 cm, exceeding the required power to operate the MID (i.e., 73 mW) and send data correctly.

Voice control is one of the easiest means of interacting with machines, as no extra effort is required to generate a control signal. In addition, voice control is more intuitive than other control methods. Many studies use voice recognition to control medical devices and hand prostheses in real-time, but its use has some limitations. Furthermore, some studies take advantage of inertial measurement of the body organ to control the hand prostheses. By reviewing the advantages and limitations for each control method faces, a new synchronised control system proposed, that combines voice recognition and inertial measurement based on three combination strategies to render the prosthetic hand more dexterous, feasible, and easy to use. Five participants tested the control system based on the combination strategies to perform simple and complex prosthetic hand movements. The results showed that voice recognition had about 99% accuracy and rapid response time. Moreover, the inertial measurement control system improved the accuracy of the system, increased the degrees of freedom, and made the use of the prosthetic hand easier and more feasible.

There is an important requirement for additional cost-effective solutions for the supervision/monitoring of a patient's tests during and after surgery or old patient as whenever the patient is at home or in the hospital. Advanced sensors combined with wireless communication can provide reduced expenses, improved observance, and higher life quality for the patient. In this paper, the Prototype will be developed for initial control of the basic vital functions of the patient's body, whether patients of old age or even patients who are in hospital. This prototype is designed in a way to be effective and suitable for mobility because it is lightweight and can be carried by humans' arm. Wireless communication using technology for 433 MHz through the product of HC-12 has many advantages including the distance up to 1000 meters as a wireless transmission range and several channels of 433.4 - 473 MHz, up to 100 communication channels. This prototype is developed, designed and tested with the primary version of a biomedical detector network for the long run wireless hospital and home care. The sensor network comprised of four completely different sensors and was tested in exceedingly hospital surroundings.

One of the damaging diseases among people in the world is skin cancer. Skin cancer leftovers an important scientific, clinical and public task. Swarm intelligence techniques (SITs) are new, improved and modern methods for optimization algorithms. Failure of detection in skin cancer images can be seen in SITs. This work proposes an efficient image and examines for some samples in this disease. The study presents a simple technique for a pre-processing and an automatic detection of SITs to make the needed analysis. This paper estimated all these various models using the PH², Dermis, ISIC (2016, 2017, 2018) segmentation challenge dataset. The input images are improved for better processing than, the lesion sampling is segmented from the improved image by using Otsu thresholding and median filter operations. In the earlier studies, skin cancer is analyzed by means of several optimization algorithms. Now, the outcomes of the above algorithms were compared with the dice coefficient and it was demonstrated that the value of 97.35% which is nearer to manual segmentation. The accuracy the value of 98.58% when used for solving the same problem. To this end, a somewhat comprehensive analysis was showed to compare the effectiveness of many parameters' combinations.

A wheelchair control system based on Gyroscope of wearable tool can serve the disabled, especially in helping them move freely. The recent evolution of new technology means that unassisted, free movement has become possible. For this purpose, human–machine interface hands-free command of an electric-powered wheelchair can be achieved. In this paper, an electroencephalogram instrument, namely the EMOTIV Insight, was implemented in a human–computer interface to acquire the user's head motion signals. The system can be operated based on the user's head motions to carry out motion orders and control the motor of the wheelchair. The proposed system consists of an EMOTIV Insight brain-based gyroscope to sense head tilt, a DC motor driver to control wheelchair speed and directions, an eclectic-powered wheelchair, microcontroller, and laptop. We implemented the system in practice and tested it on smooth and rough surfaces in indoor/outdoor settings. The experimental results were greatly encouraging: disabled users were able to drive the wheelchair without any limitations. We obtained a significant average response time of 2 seconds. In addition, the system had accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 99%, 99.16%, and 98.83%, respectively.

The capsule endoscopy device is one of the most important devices that have been invented recently because of its importance in facilitating the process of imaging the digestive system. The process of developing and improving the transmitter in the capsule is one of the most important things to improve images and accelerate the process of imaging. Microstrip antenna will be used because it has several benefits such as small size, ease of manufacture and low cost. In this paper, the microstrip antenna was designed with ultra-wideband technology (UWB) by using fractal geometry. The proposed antenna has a return loss of -25.1 at 5.45 GHz and VSWR of 1.13. Also, the radiation patterns are Omni-directional radiations over the UWB bandwidth.

Daily, the Internet of things is becoming increasingly popular in the field of remote monitoring as well as the increasing number of patients with cardiac pacemakers, especially those who need a pacemaker. In this research, a new method of monitoring ECG has been developed for patients who are implanting pacemakers. the develop system is the ability to transfer of the display screen that exist in the special website (www.thinger.io) by using the Wi-Fi protocol, Also, helping them to transmit their data over long distances and different places in real time depending on Internet objects (IoT). The system helps to transfer the ECG, temperature and the detector of magnetic field across the website to solve the problem of the inability of the doctor to monitor the patient from home continuously, as well as in the case of a doctor in another country. In the end of paper the system will be reliable to display ECG data with 70 beats, temperature with 37.12c and warning in the form of light if a magnetic field comes near the system, which can help facilitate patient follow up after implantation of the pacemaker.

Many wearables or portable medical devices have limited battery energy. Such batteries cannot operate for a long time and require recharging or periodic replacement. A piezoelectric transducer (PZT), ultrasonic sensor (USS), and magnetic resonator coupling (MRC) are potential technologies for solving this problem, being promising technologies that can be used to generate free power for low-power medical applications. The USS and MRC optimize transfer power, efficiency, and distance between the transmitter and receiver. These three technologies can generate power to wearable and implantable medical devices (IMDs). To validate the proposed PZT, USS, and MRC, we supplied electromyography (EMG) sensor, a heart rate sensor, and oxygen saturation (SpO2) sensor with adequate power to measure the subject's muscle activity, heart rate (beats per minute, bpm), and SpO2 rate, respectively. The proposed system consists of four parts: power system, measurement part, wireless transmitter, and monitoring part. We found that 5 V could be used for charging 0.25, 0.33, 0.5, and 1 Farad supercapacitors based on the PZT at duration. Furthermore, the 0.25 F supercapacitor was fully charged in 41 min; compared with previous closed-circuit studies, it achieved high power of 197 μW at resistive load 15 kΩ. In addition, USS-based transfer efficiencies and powers could be used with 1, 4, and 8 F supercapacitors. The system had transfer efficiency and power of 69.4% and 0.318 mW, respectively, at 4 cm when 4 F was adopted. Furthermore, the MRC system had transfer efficiency and power of 21.14% and 2.079 W, respectively, at 7 cm at resistive load 70 Ω. Our results show that the PZT, MRC, and USS in the present study outperformed previous works in terms of power generation, transfer power, and efficiency.

Sudden cardiac arrest is a situation in which the heart stop pumping the blood. Ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia are the major causes that lead to cardiac arrest. To treat sudden cardiac, a defibrillator device is used to return the heart to its normal sinus rhythm. There are several types of defibrillator, such as the manual type, which has many disadvantages since it requires the physician's instruction to determine the patient state and the amount of joule required; therefore, it is preferable to use auto defibrillator. In this paper propose to design a flyback converter which is the basic part of the defibrillator with a controller in feedback which can make a comparison between normal and abnormal ECG signals and give appropriate decision to defibrillator, simultaneously, the source of ECG signals will be taken from Physio bank database, then processed in Matlab for removing different types of noise and get a peak of signal, heart rate, in order to determine the patient state and required level of the shock. This design has accuracy 95 % with an error detection rate 5%.

A first-aid system is proposed for monitoring elderly patients who risk falling based on fall detection system (FDs) and for providing the first aid kit from an emergency call centre (ECC) to them by using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). In previous studies, the measurement accuracy of falls and heart rate was not sufficiently accurate. In addition, determination of UAV delivery time is also crucial and can save lives. In this work, the proposed system aims to determine patient falls and accurately measure heart rate and reduce UAV delivery time to patients. The FDs was practically implemented based on heartbeat and accelerometer sensors, a microcontroller, a GSM module, and GPS. While, a UAV, a first aid kit, and Smartphone were adopted in an ECC. Falls were accurately detected based on elderly fall detection (EFD) algorithm. The result showed that the proposed FDs was succeeded in monitoring elderly patients' vital signs with a fall detection accuracy of 99.11%. In addition, the UAV succeeded in all missions and arrived at the patient's locations before the ambulance in urban areas, with an average time saving of 1.75 min. The proposed elderly first aid system outperformed previous systems presented in terms of fall detection and UAV arrival time.

Wearable devices used to monitor patients are classified as part of mobile health, one of the branches of e-health. They are widely used to monitor the vital signs of patients outside of the health institutions environment. The aim of this paper is to design a device that can be worn at low cost and of small size to provide comfort to the patient. The accuracy of this device should be high compared to the benchmark. Also, this study takes into account real-time remote monitoring based on the wireless sensor network and cloud computing where cloud computing is integrated with the Internet of Things to solve the problem of the flow of the huge amount of data. The Wearable Remote Vital Signs Monitoring System (WRVSMS) was manufactured by a printed circuit board, where the ESP01, MAX30100, NTC, OLED, and Li-ion battery were used. The WRVSMS was connected to the cloud server via the HTTP protocol where the data was stored and analysed. The WRVSMS works on basis the combining data of vital signs through which the stakeholders to whom the alert is sent will be assigned based on the patient's case where the alert will be sent, which is short message to the stakeholders that are important in rescuing the patient when the patient's vital signs are outside threshold. The results showed that the device is 99.37% accurate and statistical analysis was performed to test the error.

Systematic self-skin check-ups for patients have been exposed to reduce the deepness of skin lesions at the time of analysis and simplify a lower hazard of stages of skin cancer when joined with normal visits with a doctor of medicine. Images of skin lesions are also taken with a camera or introduced from public databases. Loading investigational outcomes within a robust databases set-up, which is broadly maintained by study tools, affords supplementary-edibility and agrees various examination tools to the admission databases in the same effective style, because of above-mentioned hurdles, the automation of lesion border detection in dermoscopy are required. To solve this problem, this paper developed ABCDE skin lesions boundary technique with a healthy control pointer function, which is based on colony bees' scheme (ABC method). The estimated performance parameters and calculation times are equivalent or improved than above-mentioned approaches. This all-ABCDE application is planned to be informal navigate for the end user, which is imperious for the final democratization of such medical diagnostic classifications. The resulting segmentations that can be used as an input to test the skin lesions are benign, suspicions and melanoma classification system.

Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) is useful for many applications like industrial, home, military and medical applications, so one of main application is temperature control of A proposed controller combines the advantages of controller structure and fuzzy inference for air heater temperature control applications. The input variables of the PDFLC-SSO are error and change of error, while its output is the control signal. PDFLC-SSO has seven membership functions. These functions are triangular shaped. Centroid method (CM) is selected for the defuzzification process. The universe of discourse range is used from (-1 to 1) for each input and output. Temperature heater model was utilized to test the controller; the gain factors was tuned using trial and error method and SSO algorithm to reach the optimum response with minimum settling time, minimum peak overshoot and minimum Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE). Carried out simulations showed an average improvement in measurements using ITAE. ITAE is 7.46% for a constant set-value using PDFLC-SSO, while it is 9.55 for a constant set-value using PDFLC.

Respiratory rate is considered as an important factor in analyzing disease disorders, such as sleeping disorders and other respiratory illness. Researchers have considered the detection of respiration presence, however, calculating the respiration rate as an assessment factor to the respiratory disorders was not fully utilized. According to that, detecting the abnormality in the respiration rate will not be possible due to ignoring this important parameter. In this paper, developing a virtual instrument in laboratory virtual instrument engineering workbench (LabVIEW) by using an accelerometer sensor was mandatory. Accelerometer sensors are attached to the chest and abdominal wall to collect the respiration data while breathing. Then, without losing the measured signals, a converter is used to achieve a measured waveform from the collected signals, and by using a threshold level detector, the abnormality for each case can be detected and saved with the measured data on an Excel sheet. The proposed system provides the possibility of observing the breathing rate by monitoring the patients continuously for long time and concerns to the patient recording comfort with data storing possibility and with the possibility of calculating the breath to breath interval.

Recently, there is a huge amount of data accessible in the field of medicine that enables physicians diagnose diseases when analyzed. Data mining technology can be used to obtain knowledge from these medical data in order to make disease prediction accurate and easier. In this study, cardiotocography (CTG) data is analyzed using an integrated Naive Bayesian classifier nbc with firefly algorithm. Firefly algorithm is suggested to find the most relevant subset of features, which maximize the performance accuracy of nbc and minimize the time required for classification process. It was discovered that the nbc was capable of defining the Normal, Suspicious and Pathological state of the type of the CTG data with very good classification accuracy. the proposed method achieved accuracy with (86.547%).

Sleep disorders are common health issues that can affect the multiple aspects of life. Sleep apnea (SA) is the most common sleep disorder, and it is described as a reduction or cessation of airflow to the lungs during sleep. This disorder is usually diagnosed and tested using polysomnography (PSG) in a special laboratory. However, this method is costly, inconvenient, time consuming, often causes anxiety for the patient, and the equipment cannot be moved from the lab. There are several methods suggested to address these shortcomings, including testing and analysis at the patient's home and the sleep laboratory, by using sensors to detect physiological signals that can be automatically analysed based on specific algorithms. The purpose of this study was to explore the previous works related to SA in such a way that highlights the methods of detection or diagnoses that use different sensors. The researcher aimed to adopt algorithms and make a comparison between those works to explain the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of SA detection and prediction. This review was conducted to provide information for those researchers who want to implement algorithms for detection and predication of sleep apnea event (SAE). Limitations and challenges are also discussed.

One of the major challenges frequently encountered by blind people is an inability to determine their location accurately in unfamiliar outdoor and indoor environments. Localization accuracy in indoor environments and energy consumption are two of the major problems facing the localization systems. Numerous outdoor/indoor localization methods have been proposed with a view to solving this problem. A review of the published research, giving an overview of recent developments and applications of pervasive localization systems for blind people, is presented in this paper. In addition, the review highlights a number of experiments involving the deployment and operation of localization systems. The research considered in this review includes current prototypes, experimental studies, and employed algorithms over the period from 2014 to 2019. The paper identifies 29 articles describing 29 different systems which aim to improve the lifestyle of blind people. For each system, the type of implementation, type of wireless network, and employed algorithms are detailed and their problems, solutions, limitations, and gaps are highlighted. A new system is proposed to tackle the shortcomings of the existing solutions found in previous work. Thus, an integrated easy, flexible, wearable, low power consumption, and high localization accuracy system can be obtained.

An efficiency of cochlea has a significant contribution in a quality of human hearing and in a language development of newborn. The efficiency of cochlea clinically measured using Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission (DPOAE). The measurement mainly restricted by acoustic interferences that disrupt response estimation. The disrupted estimation gives rise to repetition in measurement for many times or probably inaccurate efficiency assessment. In this study, investigation of cochlea response estimation was considered based on signal processing (SP), which was regarded as preliminary step toward interference reduction. An in-vivo measurement was performed on a left ear of 36 years old female with normal hearing, where cochlea stimulation and response recording was conducted using personal computer sound card in conjunction of sensitive probe system of ER-10C. The response signals were recorded and then analyzed off-line using SP of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Band Pass-Finite Impulse Response (BP-FIR) filter. Results show that DPOAE frequency components can be extracted using proposed SP method at interference-free situation, where BP-FIR parameters of bandwidth 50Hz-200Hz and order 32-2048 have to be adjusted based on stimulation parameters. The findings dedicate useful investigated parameters for real-time implementation, and for further SP development at interference situation.

An ultrasound elastography introduced to differentiate hard tumor inclusion embedded in soft tissue background based on similarity measurement of before and after deformation. In this study, freehand elastography has considered to localize hard inclusion embedded in soft tissue of phantom breast, where deformation generated by applying gentile compression using probe physical surface of ultrasound machine. Radiofrequency data of before and after deformation acquired and then processed off-line. A non-ability of refinement operation to regularize displacement estimation outliers at correlation window length of 2λ is addressed, where a multilevel processing algorithm has proposed to reinforce refinement operation by producing smooth elastography. In the first level of the processing, displacement field has estimated at correlation window length of 3λ, where global stretching as re-correlation operation and refinement operation as spatial regulation are included. While at second level, production of displacement estimation outliers at correlation window length of 2λ are regularized based on replacement of estimated cells with that interpolated one at first level. Results show an ability of multilevel algorithm to cope the issues that encountered previously proposed algorithm of refinement on estimation outlier free displacement field at an axial resolution of 2λ, and produces differential strain field.

With the advent of the housing problem in Kut city, many residents have resorted to set up informal housing scheme to achieve the need for housing. This has a significant urban, environmental and social impact on those residents. This research focuses on the impact of unplanned growth of urban areas on the environmental behavior. The phenomenon of random or informal housing is one of the most negative urban phenomena facing larger cities because of the burden on the processes of economic and social development. In Kut city, there are a lot of scattered areas such as Al-Hakim1, Al-Hakim2, Al-Jawadeen neighborhood, etc. Most of these areas were agricultural, areas for military use and vacant lands then they were encroached upon by the indiscriminate residential encroachment which has a negative impact on them. GIS is used to study the temporal and spatial changes of this phenomenon from 2005 to 2017 and to estimate the percentage of change of each period and the disparity in the areas of random overtaking between other areas.

Gypseous soils classified as the most difficult soil due to their complex and unexpected behaviour. Gypseous soils around the world, formed mainly in arid and semi-arid lands. In Iraq, gypsum soil covers 20-30% of total area of Iraq specifically, in western, south and southern west areas. For the soil engineer, it is of great importance to know properties of soil before designing and building any structure. Since the gypseous soil can collapse when the water run through, therefore, many Iraqi researchers have worked out to find the best methods to improve this kind of soil. This paper summarizes most of these studies and present chemical and physical treatment applied to gypsum soils in Iraq to improve bearing capacity of gypsum soils and reduce settlement and collapsibility, improve the Bearing capacity in present study improved AL Fallujah Gypseous soaked soil after using geogrid increase the Bearing capacity about (51)%.

Finite element modeling is used for tracking the flexural response of built-up reinforced concrete beams under the influence of dominant flexural loading. ABAQUS finite element analysis program was used toward this goal, due to its superior capability to represent the mechanical properties of concrete including compressive and tensile strength in strain hardening and softening behaviors; and the features related to steel reinforcement rebar. This study is based on the comparison between the theoretical analysis by the finite element method and the experimental results. The experimental program consists of casting and testing six rectangular cross-sections of simply supported reinforced concrete beams. Two beams are cast as a reference which fully Conventional Concrete (CC) and Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC), the rest four were built-up beams made by the combination of two types of concrete in one element. The study deals with, the load which caused a first crack, ultimate carrying capacity, load and deflection behavior at mid-span of beams, cracks patterns, and damage index of the examined beams. Good agreement was gained with the available experimental results that show the effectiveness of the finite element method for simulating the flexural performance of beams.

WMA is a new technology, which is based on reduced temperature for mixing, and compaction of asphalt mixture, like any pavement material, testing the compatibility of this technology with domestically obtainable material is essential. The objective of the current research is to assist Iraqi establishments in addressing the issues related to resistance to rutting when adopting this technology. An intensive study on the performance of WMA mixtures with local materials was carried out. Job mix formulas with 12.5 mm and 25 mm aggregate size were chosen for HMA and WMA. One WMA technology was used which is an organic additive; two additives were used Asphaltan A® and Asphaltan B®. All the mixture types are testes and compared with each other. The rutting sensitivity of the mixtures is evaluated using Wheel Track test. From the results, for surface mixtures, rut depth is directly proportional to WMA additive content. For base mixtures, more Asphaltan A® leads to more rut depth, but more Asphaltan B® leads to less rut depth. Permanent deformation results of all mixtures, WMA and HMA mixtures are within the acceptable criteria.

The housing sector needs start adopting effective strategies to develop the housing system and increase its resilience of economic crises. The concept of resilience as a comprehensive term for planning strategies provides assistance to help cities develop their capacity to meet challenges in meeting housing needs. Over the coming decades, capacity building will be needed for more resilience in cities developing strategies to deal with crises and shocks and developing their housing system. The research attempts to shed light on the concept "the resilience of the housing system" and how to achieve it as a new method to address the housing deficient. The research found that comprehensive resilience strategies are more capable of creating a dynamic and interactive housing system among its components to address the imbalances that accompanied the housing system in Iraq in the previous period, the research aims at developing housing strategies to increase the resilience of the housing system of Baghdad governorate through quantitative analysis of the housing reality of the study area and identify the strategies necessary to increase the resilience of the housing system and develop its capacity to meet future housing needs.

The present study is investigated about effect of glass waste as powder as partial replacement of cement in some properties of concrete. These properties included compressive strength, splitting and flexural tensile strengths, impact resistance and bond strength. The effect of glass as powder was examined by compared to control specimens without glass powder replacement. Three percentage were tested: 0%(control), 10 and 15%. Results showed that using glass powder improved properties of concrete under different type of loading. Compressive strength increased by 26.34% and 22% when compared it with control mix for 10% and 15% glass powder, respectively. While splitting tensile strength increased by 23.5% and 28.7% more than control mix for 10% and 15% glass powder, respectively. And modulus of rupture increased by 17% and 10% for 10% and 15% glass powder, respectively. The impact resistance of mixes 10% and 15% of glass powder were increased by 14.3% and 4.76 % in compression with control mix, respectively. Finally glass powder also improve bond strength where the ultimate bond strength increased by 4.7% and 6.2% for 10% and 15% glass powder respectively. Then the utilization of waste glass as powder in concrete reduced amount of cement and improved its resistance to load.

Objective: The aim of this work is to the relation between age, and gender and choosing a certain mode of transport to travel between two main Iraqi cites.

Methods: a statistical method, T-test, is used to distinguish between these parameters.

Data: Infield survey data was collected using questionnaire.

Results: the results indicate that passengers are differentiated in terms of age, and gender. For instance

1-As age of male traveler increased, participants were more likely to travel by train than other mode of transport.

2-As age of female traveler increased, participants were more likely to travel by small vehicles than other mode of transport.

Shear tab connections are some of the most and simplest connections are used on steel constriction. The behavior of shear tabs under conventional loads are studied, but, the behavior of shear tabs become complex under companied loads axial and shear forces and moment. The connection should be sufficient ductile rotation to resist the unexpected force when the structures are exposed such as earthquake or wind load. The aim of this study is tested six steel portal frames. Three specimens are tested under horizontal cyclic load-quasi static load and other three specimens are verified under inclined cyclic load – quasi-static load. The connections of specimens are developed by using composites steel bolt/rubber are instead of conventional steel bolts for bolted the shear tab connections at the web of the beam. The composite steel bolts/rubber with different diameters are made of steel bolts covered by rubber taken from the old and wasted tires. Enhanced in the steel connections were cleared by increasing the resistance of these steel frames during the test as well as the tests are investigated that the effect of the inclined cyclic load is more influential than horizontal cyclic load.

Permanent deformation (rutting) of asphalt pavements has a major impact on the service life of pavements. Rutting reduces the performance of the pavement and produces serious hazards for highway users. Due to the axle loads incensement, and high local summer temperature, rutting became the major distress in flexible pavements for many countries. Recently, thin asphalt overlay (TAO) is recommended as a significant remedy technique for deteriorated pavements. Aggregates are one of the main structure materials asphalt paving mixtures, whereas, aggregate properties remarkably effected on the asphalt pavements performance. Aggregate gradation is representing the significant feature of aggregates that affecting permanent deformation of traditional hot mix asphalt (HMA) thick pavement layers. The aim of this study is to examine the influence of aggregate gradation differences on rutting features of modified TAO mixtures that comprising waste polymers. The evaluation process included the preparation of polymer modified asphalt (PMA) comprising two types of additives, namely, Crumb Rubber Modifier (CRM) and Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE). CRM and LDPE in the form of fines that have a particle size under 250 um were used as additives to liquid neat asphalt, individually and collectively by weight of virgin asphalt; i.e., PMA included 15.0% of CRM and (2.5. %, 5.0%, 7.5% and 10.0% of LDPE. Three types of aggregate gradations were used, i.e. 12.5, 9.5 and 4.75mm, Nominal maximum aggregate size, (NMAS). The Superpave mix design system was adopted in volumetric proportioning of prepared mixtures, while Wheel Tracking (WT) test was used to determine the rut depth characteristics for prepared mixtures. about 30 asphalt concrete specimens were prepared to forecast the TAO behavior concerning permanent deformation for wearing course type III A and B according to State Corporation of Roads and Bridges in Iraq, while for 4.75mm, NMAS (sand asphalt layer) an abroad specification was used. Results demonstrated that the aggregate gradation plays a vital role in increasing permanent deformation for several type of TAO mixtures. Also, the addition of CRM by 15% to the neat asphalt led to an increase in the resistance of the mixture to permanent deformation. Moreover, PMA with LDPE became hardener (higher viscosity) which led to increase binder stiffness, whereas a consequent is stiffening the mixture. Therefore, optimizing aggregate gradation with PMA including waste polymers can limited the rutting occurrence distinguishably

The random errors of differential Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are statistically identifiable by an uncertainty component for each coordinate axis at each observed station. Literature reflects a noticeable correlation between stations' geo-location and the uncertainty components. In this study, the multi-temporal correlation between uncertainty components in easting and northing was confirmed with moderate correlation coefficients of R²=0.68 and 0.59 respectively. However, a low R² of 0.38 was obtained for the elevation component. Quantified uncertainties were mapped using first-order polynomial, quadratic polynomial, and kriging. The first-order polynomial revealed a slightly higher residual level than the quadratic polynomial. However, they both performed correspondingly for the validation points, whereas Kriging showed a clear case of an over-fitting. Therefore, the first-order polynomial was considered as a suitable scheme. Geo-statistical analysis of Easting and Northing components showed that the uncertainty is not uniform over the study area. It also showed that although the uncertainty is not purely continuous, it has a significant continuity. A geo-location based uncertainty map layers were produced based on the geo-statistical analysis result. The map concluded two layers represent the resultant, and the resultant orientation. Results represent an example of the possibilities to produce meaningful maps of uncertainties.

Last decades cities were rapidly growing and continuously changes, the growth of population was increased and life conditions changes. Urban formation for cities changes accordingly, which includes land uses, the geometry of buildings, the heights and density for the built area changes. There is a research gap in studying the effect of high commercial buildings on microclimate for hot climate cities, which represented the research problem. To solve this problem research studied the effect of high commercial buildings on microclimate for Baghdad city, as an example for hot climate city comparing to original residential buildings land use, by using ENVIMET 4.4.2 software and analyze results. The result showed that high commercial buildings contributed in rising average air temperature as compared to residential buildings especially at night time. Also it decreased relative humidity during the day and night periods. While the wind speed increased its rates and the average mean radiant temperatures at night decreased.

The screw piles application is constantly increasing due to their high efficiency and numerous advantages. Screw piles are supplying stability against compression, overturning moment, uplift tension, and horizontal loads. This investigation presents a set of model experiments performed on single screw pile embedded in soft clay soil over laying a sandy soil loaded in compression, at a constant strain rate. The sandy layer 20 cm thick was compacted in a test container of 30 cm diameter into four sublayers to attain a relative density of 70%. The 30 cm thick soft clay layer with Cu (undrained shear strength) 30 kPa was compacted in six sublayers on the sandy bottom layer. Three different pile length (30, 35 and 40 cm), single and double helix and pile without helix, (3D and 4D) helix diameter, (3 and 5) cm spacing between helix plate are used in this study. The experiment results showed that, the screw piles settlement for piles embedded in soft clay soil overlaying a sandy soil layer decreases (59-182)% with increasing depth of embedment in the sandy layer L/D from 35 to 40, number and diameter of helix those provide anchorage against settlement. The deeper screw piles with higher L/D ratios showed compressive capacity (24-55) times greater than the shallower piles (screw pile embedded in soft clay). In addition, screw piles demonstrated resistance to the applied compressive forces (9-16) times more than ordinary piles. The compressive force increases with rising number and diameters of helix plates.

The importance of green areas is to provide a quiet, comfortable, and unpolluted atmosphere. The increase populations of urban cities and the changes of life style is a main problem over a limited water supply and thus overloading the environment. The evolution of modern technologies for saving water is becoming serious to achieve growth in the economy. Sprinkler irrigation is one of the most water efficient irrigation systems. It conserves water, saves money, and reduces problems caused by traditional irrigation ways. Little has been written in Iraq about using underground lawn irrigation system and the proper usage for green areas as to lower cost and system efficiency.

The present research will use the neighborhood 405 in the city of Baghdad, as a case study, to explore the importance of using the new irrigation system, and the common mistakes and practices in designing and installation of these underground irrigation systems. The research find that the irregular distribution of sprinklers and inconsistent spacing, maintenance, which leads to many dry areas.

The mass uses of new and proper underground irrigation system will lead to greener grass, healthier plants, good environment, lower manual labour, and less water usage than the typical watering by hand.

The financing of the construction company plays an important role in determining the efficiency and value of the contracts enters by the company, determining the level of performance of the company, and controls how to maintain the leveling of the financial management of projects correctly.

This research aims to study the reality of the construction companies, their financing (self or public) and its role for the work progress, the level of performance, the number of projects under implementation. A comparison made between Public and self-financing, based on a questionnaire of field information prepared for this purpose and collected from the professionals in those companies. The paper discussed the factors that lead to support the financing by privatization of companies in the construction sector.

The research found that the weakness of financing reflected negatively on the performance of construction companies in general and self-financing companies in particular. Progress work may not be achieved or actually stop in conditions of economic and financial crises, and its poor impact on the performance of workers in these companies will be due to lack or failure of financial funding. The research proposed a privatization of construction companies in order to sustain the work and success.

Truth and purity are an important concept in modern architectural design, as it is considered one of the significant concepts in architectural discourse. In many literatures, the significance of creative meanings can be added by the structure to the general formation through honesty and truth that resulted from the use of construction in an expressive way to achieve visual tracking of the correct paths of force transmission in the components of the construction formation, and deepen the aesthetic meanings that can be added by the construction. Thus, linking the character of creative construction truth to the constructive integrity The research problem lies in the lack of knowledge in studying the aspects of constructive truth and its range of effect on the architectural creativity sides in general and for the local architecture in particular, therefore, the research aims at clarifying the relationship between the concept of structural truth in all its intellectual and formal dimensions which affect the achieving of the construction creativity and thus the creativity of the apparent architectural production. It also discusses the creativity in architectural productions through studying the creativity sides that can be reached through the constructive truth vocabulary and items in the contemporary Iraqi architecture applications. Also and identifying the possibilities of interdependence between structural truth and structural creativity. The other aim is to analyse constructional applications that integrated with the design of the building in order to establish the fundamentals of creative architectural decision-making. In its methodology, the research methodology depends on comparison analysis style through the creating of a theoretical framework that starts from the mentioned above knowledge rule and applying it to a group of local examples to get some indicators that explain the role of structural honesty in the local architectural results.

In the late twentieth century, boldness was used in architectural expression associated with construction materials and used within a creative context that expresses the sense and imagination and emotion, It exhibits the behaviour of living beings, reacts to environmental conditions using sensation and arousal of emotion, achieving aesthetic in the distinctive architectural output with the help of computer software and nanomaterials to mimic the shapes and functions of living organisms, embodied in a new generation characterized by contemporary. The research tended to build a knowledge framework that includes nanomaterials, their types and characteristics, and to clarify the concept of dynamism, also included a number of previous studies to find the research problem which was identified by (the lack of theoretical propositions of the impact of nanomaterials in achieving the dynamic potential because of its characteristics, objectives and mechanisms to achieve dynamism in contemporary production) and determine the hypotheses of the research, and extracts vocabulary of the theoretical framework and applied to global projects, the most important item is the mechanisms that included (interaction, adaptation, transformation, movement, information processing using computer software) and architectural characteristics that gave diverse architectural production to a achieves a dynamic contemporary architecture.

In the present investigation, twenty examples of soils were taken from numerous locales from Baghdad governorate. These samples were gathered from numerous spots. These examples were put away for one month under ordinary research center conditions. This time is important to get a radiological equilibrating to the examples, before tallying the movement of normal radioactive material for the examples. There are six radionuclides were showed up in soils tests: (Bi-214, Ra-226, TI-208, Bi-212, Pb-212, K-40), these radionuclides included; two radionuclides (Bi-214, Ra-226) have a place with the U-238 arrangement, three radionuclides (TI-208, Bi-212, Pb-212) have a place with Th-232 series and one is the common radionuclide K-40, the most minimal normal explicit exercises of the radionuclides in all examples utilizing NaI(Tl) finder was Tl-208 and equivalent to (0.735Bq/kg) however the most astounding explicit exercises of the radionuclides in all examples was K-40 and equivalent to (21.276 Bq/kg). The outside portion of the nature radioactivity for all Baghdad soils was 0.325 mSv.y-1 is very low contrasted and as far as possible1 mSv.y-1 UNSCEAR.

Atmospheric correction is a main problem in visible or near-infrared remote sensing images since the existence of the atmosphere continuously influences the radiation from the ground to the sensor. Hence, atmospheric correction is necessary. Remotely sensed imagery has noise affected by atmospheric particles that can unclear the image and make quantitative analysis unreliable. The aim of this research is to evaluate atmospheric correction methods for remotely sensed imagery using ENVI software to get accurate results. In this research, three methods of atmospheric correction have been selected depend on the essential parameters whether from the image or field for hyperspectral imagery by using ENVI software. These methods include: IAR Reflectance, Flat field correction, and Empirical Line Correction. The results showed the corrected images from three methods give better interpretation of Z-profile than original image which helps to determine the absorption feature and increase the possibility to get a good result after processing. IAR Reflectance method gives easier spectral curve to be interpreted when comparison between radiance spectrum and reflectance spectra than other correction methods.

The gypsum is considering one of the problematic soils due to the dissolution of gypsum that occurs when water table or rainfall fluctuates and/or infiltrates into gypseous soils. This paper studies the effect of the emulsified rubber (SPR) material on (shear parameters C & ϕ) the cohesion and the internal friction angle of the gypsum soil. The direct shear test was performed on gypseous soil with different SPR percentages (2, 4, 6 and 8%). The natural gypseous soil was 18.95. The shear strength parameters of the treated soil by SPR are higher than the natural gypseous soil due to the increasing in the cohesion due to increase the shear strength of gypseous soil. The best percentage of SPR to treatment and improve the mechanics of gypseous soil is 2% SPR to be 23.5.

Researches on the effect of waste recycling in the concrete industry are increasing due to its low cost as well as considering it as a significant method for protecting the environment by minimizing solid waste. This research evaluates the possibility of using concrete waste as partial replacement with coarse aggregate in Papercrete, and its effect on some concrete properties which include compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and heating resistance. Wasted paper used in this study as an additional material with three various ratios (5%, 10% and 15% by weight of cement) was mixed with concrete which have 0, 10%, 20% and 30% of concrete waste as a partial replacement of the coarse aggregate to produce twelve concrete mixtures. As compared with the plain mixture, it was found that workability decreasing with the increasing of both wasted paper and wasted concrete content. The study illustrated that the optimum percentage of adding wasted paper and wasted concrete replacement are 5% and 10% respectively, due to increasing in both compressive and tensile strength by 11.99% and 13.54% respectively compared with the plain mix. The residual strength of concrete after heat exposure was affected significantly by the increasing of wasted paper content.

Earth units compressed and stabilized are friendly construction materials and sustainable from point of view of efficiency in using energy and lowering cost. However, it has lower properties and strength when compared with fired clay brick and concrete. The possibility of producing earth units compressed from soil stabilized with cement and pozzolana were investigated in this study. Soil samples were extracted from a pit at depth 1m under topsoil from Al-Zaafarania region in Baghdad. Results of the testing soils showed that the bulk density, moisture content, specific gravity and plasticity index performed satisfactory and suitable to produce such like soil units. Different percentage of cement and silica fume as a stabilizer. Soil units compressed with 20 N/mm² pressed by a hydraulic loading machine. The unit's strength significantly increase with increasing silica fumes content, decreasing the absorption water rate, and raises density of units.

The corrosion is a serious problem of construction projects that affect structural durability. The effect of corroded stirrups at the behaviour of reinforced concrete beams especially on ultimate shear strength and ductility was investigated in this study. Eight specimens of reinforced concrete beams were tested with four-point loading until failure. The dimensions of the specimen were 150 mm wide, 200 mm high and 1200 mm long. Six specimens were accelerated through an electrochemical process. The main variables of this study were the stirrups diameter and corrosion level. The results concluded that the stiffness and strength reduced in corroded beams when compere with control specimens. This reduction exhibited to increase with the level of mass loss in stirrups and a smaller diameter of stirrups. In addition to that, the ductility index trended to reduce from 118% to 68% for groups A (Ø6 @ 200 mm c/c); while from 68% to 35% for group B (Ø8 @ 150 mm c/c) which indicates that brittleness of beams raised. At high corrosion level, failure modes may change from shear-compression failure to rupture of stirrups.

To study the nonlinear response of corner beam-column junctions with inclusion of the effect of construction joint between the column and the beam cast at different times and subjected to cyclic and repeated loads, a computer program of three dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis, written by Al-Shaarbaf[1], (P3DNFEA)has been extended to account for the effect of construction joints on the behavior and to deal with concrete behavior under cyclic loads.

The 20-node isoperimetric brick elements have been used to model the concrete, while the reinforcing bars are modeled as axial members embedded within the brick elements. A nonlinear cyclic behavior model for concrete is developed in uniaxial and multiaxial states of stress. Also, a nonlinear cyclic behavior model for reinforcing bars is presented.

In completion, the behavior of concrete under cyclic loads is simulated by an elasto-plastic work hardening model followed by a perfectly plastic response. In tension, affixed smeared crack modeled has been used to simulate the behavior of concrete with a tension-stiffening model to represent the retained post-cracking tensile stresses in concrete. Closing and reopening of cracks during cyclic loading has been taken into consideration.

The nonlinear equations of equilibrium have been saved using an incremental-iterative technique based on the modified Newton-Raphson method. The convergence of the solution was controlled by a force convergence criterion. The numerical integration has been conducted by using 27-point Gaussian rule.

To represent the shear transfer between two concretes cast at different times, 20-noded interface layer brick elements are used with Fronteddu's and Millard's models to represent the aggregate interlock and the dowel stiffness, respectively.

Comparison between the results obtained from the finite elements and the available experimental results is made for a corner beam-column junction with inclusion of the effect of a construction joint. Good agreement is obtained. The maximum difference in ultimate load is 3.9%.

A parametric study dealing with construction joint is presented by taking various conditions of the junction. These include the axial load on the column, strength of concrete in the second cast.

This paper shows how the inclination angle affects the stiffness and strength of RC columns. Experimental work of two scaled-down vertical columns with a length of 1000 and 1250mm was achieved to provide data for subsequent validation of analytical and numerical finite element solutions. The analytical solution is based on current design assumptions while the numerical solution adopts a sophisticated FE simulation with three-dimensional elements for the concrete mass and link element for the rebars. The rebars are assumed to be fully bonded in the FE model. Hooke's law and Damaged Plasticity models are respectively used to simulate the elastic and inelastic behavior of the concrete, whereas the elastic perfectly plastic model is proposed for the rebars' behavior. Subsequently, the validated FE model is used to investigate the response of two inclined columns with a length of 1000mm and 1250mm. Three inclination angles of 5°, 7.5° and 10° are considered for each length. FE results indicate that column inclination reduces its axial stiffness and strength. A strength reduction ratio of about 0.8% up to 3.4% is noted for inclination angles of 5° to 10°. It is also noted that the longer column is more sensitive to the inclination angles.

This study illustrates the numerical investigations of the performance of steel fiber reinforced concrete tapered deep beams under static loading nature. Three simply supported specimens (two tapered members and the last is prismatic one) were selected from the experimental work of previous study carried by the authors. The selected specimens included a member having steel fiber and without vertical and horizontal reinforcement and another member having steel fibers without horizontal reinforcement. The third selected specimen having vertical and horizontal reinforcement and excluding steel fibers. On the other hand three other parametric studies were adopted using the FEA. Finite element analysis software (ABAQUS) investigate the effect of steel fiber ratio, a/d ratio and type of loading. On the other hand, three other parametric studies are adopted using finite element analysis (FEA). ABAQUS software was used to investigate the effect of steel fiber ratio, a/d ratio and type of loading.

fracture due to brittleness of asphalt concrete mixtures at low and/or intermediate temperatures is considered as the main unsightly distresses of pavements. A dependable value for fracture properties of AC mixtures is required which is considered as a significant design parameter. The aim of this research is to investigate the contribution of different variables on the fracture properties; fracture energy and fracture toughness using semi-circular bending (SCB) test. Routine tests were achieved as Marshall Test, where the optimum asphalt content (OAC) was 5.2% with air voids 4%. At this OAC, the number of blows (B) was lowered from 75 to 50 to assess the increase in the air voids on the fracture properties. Three variables were adopted to evaluate the fracture properties; temperature (0, 10 and 20°C), loading rate (0.25, 0.5, and 1 in/min) and compaction effort (50 and 75 blow). The results showed that, a fracture energy (Gf) trend to increase due to increasing in energy effort, loading rate, and temperature. Regarding fracture toughness (Kj), it increased with an increase energy effort and loading rate. On the other hand, the fracture toughness shows a different trend in terms of the changing in temperature where it decreased when the temperature raised from 0 to 20°C. Furthermore, a good correlation between the adopted variables and fracture properties were found through statistical models, where the correlation coefficients R² for all models were greater than 0.90.

This research includes the use of aerial photos that taken by metric camera for the constructing 3D digital models, because of these models have developed significantly and increase demands to meet the requirements of several applications. The credibility of these models is essentially depending on the methods of data processing, tools that adopted for solution and quality of data. Whereas in this research automatic method was utilized for data processing, the 3D coordinates identification and extraction of the 3D model. Several software's can be utilized for data processing and the 3D coordinates identification such as Agisoft Photoscan software. To examine the accuracy and the reliability of the results of this software for precise 3D modeling applications, the results were evaluated based on statistical methods. To achieve this aim, The study was done in Baghdad / Salhiyah Residential Complex using data collected by an airborne metric camera with 911.82 m height of flying. To evaluating the final accuracy of a 3D digital model, an evaluation process were done based on the height of some different buildings distributed in the study area was implemented. Whereas the final accuracy of the 3D model based on the root mean square error (RMSE) was equal to (0.277m).

Systematic studies have been conducted in the present work to develop a methodology for evaluation of the environmental sensitivity areas to desertification. The area selected for the study is the Maysan Governorate which is located in the southern eastern part of Iraq. The methodology involves use of an integrated approach comprised of data generated from remote sensing assisted by population data, climatic factors, field survey and available previous studies. All data were classified and integrated in GIS environments to develop a model using a mathematical overlapping weights. This model is theoretically based on the relationship between a number of indicators directly related to the effect of desertification, namely Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized difference Water index (NDWI), Salinity Index (SI), Eolin Mapping Index (EMI), population data and climate factors. Weights have been giving by expert's scientists for each indicator and within the class-specific index and classes with the help of ArcGIS and the Raster Calculator toolbox. Thus, a possible map of sensitivity areas to desertification in Maysan provenance desertification was obtained. Based on the analysis of this map the entire area divided into five possible sensitive grades, which are highly sensitive, high, moderate, low and very low. It is noted that the area affected or highly sensitive to desertification is located in the north and west of the study area due to the presence of sand dunes and salinity, while desertification decreases towards the city center because of the increase in rainfall and abundant vegetation.

An earthquake is a natural phenomenon and natural catastrophe. It can cause massive damage and losses of life. Future prediction of natural catastrophes such as earthquakes can minimize their risks and save people lives and properties. GIS can be very essential for predicting and estimating a future earthquake. Thus, this study is dedicated to predict the locations of future earthquakes in the eastern part of Iraq using GIS techniques. The study involves establishing a GIS database (DB) of the previous earthquake in the period (1985 - 2015), identifying the parameters that a map layers of all parameters (factors) which are responsible on occurring earthquakes, and using GIS techniques to identify and predict the locations of the future earthquakes.

This research is accomplished through a number of essential stages. These are data gathering, data processing and data analyzing. The gathered data among the period of the study (from 1985 to 2015) was classified into three stages ((1985-1995), (1996-2005), and (2006 to 2015) to distinguish a fine details of past earthquakes easily and precisely. The results show that GIS is a powerful tool that can provide an accurate prediction of upcoming natural phenomena such as earthquakes. This can evaluate earthquake hazards and raise the awareness of the government to save people's lives, properties and infrastructures against the possible future earthquakes and the accuracy assessment processes reveals that about 80% of coming quakes happened where they expected (very close to the prediction seismic line).

Failure of different buildings built in the regions of gypsums soils in Iraq, particularly in the last three decades lead to find strategic projects to solve this problem. for this purpose, selected regions of gypsums soils in Iraq to study and find conclusions of gypsum. The investigational work includes testing of collapse soil before and after mixing gypsum soil with deferent percentage of eggshells powder (4%,8%,12%, 16% and 24%) and the cruelty the collapse potential classification. the soil before mixing is considered as Severe trouble, while after mixing the soil become no problem at 16% of eggshells powder.

Most of the Islamic schools were characterized by distinctive features, which formed a certain pattern, on space organization (building layout and spaces arrangement) and spaces relationships, as a reflection of compatibility with learning system throughout history. On the other hand, a set of characteristics of contemporary schools, both at the intellectual", social and physical level, emerged as a "self-organizing learning environment. The research hypotheses, that there is compatibility in the spatial characteristics of the learning environment of the Islamic schools with the characteristics of the contemporary learning environment, especially with the self-organizing learning environment. The research problem identifies as"The need to determine the compatibility levels in learning environment between Islamic and contemporary schools". The evaluation methodology was adopted by applying the characteristics of the contemporary learning environment like Openness and Connectivity on samples of Islamic schools, after analyzing the results, and determining the conclusions. The most important of these is that the contemporary ideas in learning, especially those related to the physical environment, have already been achieved in the old Islamic schools and their historical and intellectual origins are realized by modernity and modernity.

The success of any pavement system is depending on the strength of the subgrade layer that represents a foundation on which unbound and surface course layers are placed. The strength of the subgrade layer is often defined in terms of a subgrade reaction modulus (Ks) which is typically obtained from the static plate load test (PLT). The PLT test is known to be laborious, time-consuming and relatively expensive, therefore several alternative methodologies for predicting (Ks) are required. The objective of this research is developing a 3D-finite element model using Plaxis 3D software to simulate the plate load tests, and comparing the finite element results with those obtained from experimental tests. Twenty-seven plate load tests were carried out on three different types of subgrade soils. The soils collected from different sites in Kerbala city and tested under static load under three degrees of compaction. The experimental results were verified numerically using the finite element method. In the numerical simulation, the Mohr-Coulomb model was used to represent the behavior of soil. The numerical and experimental results were analyzed and compared. The results showed a good agreement with experimental work, also showed the possibility of using Plaxis 3D in the simulation of the static plate load test.

This study is concerning the decolorization of direct blue dye by electrochemical oxidation technique. Laboratory testing was performed using graphite and stainless steel plates as the anode and cathode, respectively. The tests were performed using synthetic wastewater instead of real textile wastewater. The effect of operational factors (pH, dye initial concentration, the concentration of electrolyte, electrical supply voltage and run duration) were determined to study the efficiency of electrochemical oxidation for the removal of direct blue dye. The results have revealed that the maximum efficiency of direct blue removal was 98% under the optimum factors (pH of 2, dye initial concentration of 100 mg/L, NaCl of 500 mg/L and 5 V voltage).

In this research two differences geometries of geopolymer lightweight concrete masonry units (GPLWCMUs) were produced. According to the Iraqi Standard No.1077/1987, the GPLWCMUs type I are classified as solid masonry units class A, that are used both in the interior and exterior walls which exposed to calamity effects. As concerned to GPLWCMUs type II, they are classified as hollow masonry units class B, which can be used in the constructions above ground level but not exposed to calamity effects. The density for the two types were 1575, 1350 kg/m³ respectively, whereas water absorption and compressive strength for the two types ranged from 6-7.5%, and 13 MPa and 5 MPa. As a result: the two GPLWCMUs can be classified as lightweight units because they complain the Iraqi Standard No. 1129 for the year 1990.

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) have witnessed rapid developments in the field of online post-processing services and the abundance of continuously operating reference stations (CORS), which reflected on facilitating the tasks of surveyors, engineers and geoscientists. However, the sufficient time for observations to achieve a certain level of accuracy is still one of the main concerns for researchers and specialists. In this study, the geometry of a short-sides triangle has been employed to estimate the sufficient observing times of GNSS receivers throughout the online processing services. The short-sides triangle vertices were observed for 24 hours and partitioned into shorter periods of time, then GPS and GLONASS have been processed as well as GPS alone after filtering out the GLONASS observables. Datasets have been processed using online post-processing services, i.e. AUSPOS and CSRS-PPP. A number of propagation error models have been applied to investigate the station accuracy behaviour. the results have revealed that RMS errors of 1 cm can be achieved after two hours for horizontal component and three hours for the vertical component. Furthermore, including GLONASS satellites is playing a role to enhance accuracy especially in short observation times.

Contemporary trends in the design of passenger terminals have been linked to the concept of sustainability in terms of its endeavor to upgrade in order to suit the requirements of the current era, namely the integration of environmental, social and economic aspects that apply the principles of sustainability in the planning, design and operation of its various spaces, this is highlighted by the previous studies, although the introduction of them in most cases is general and implicit, and selectively in adopting and treating some aspects and not knowing how to apply in local experiences so far, the research problem was determined by the incomprehensiveness of knowledge on the dimensions of sustainability (environmental, social and economic) in the design or various treatments of airport terminals and ways of applying them in local reality, the main objective is to introduce this knowledge in a more comprehensive and clear manner, and to provide the possibility to achieve it locally, achieving this goal has necessitated the adoption of a descriptive-analytical approach to the studies and practical projects to build a comprehensive theoretical framework that defines the various dimensions of sustainable passenger terminals. To be applied at selected local case study in the form of an evaluation study of the reality situation, leading to the identification of conclusions and recommendations.

Numerous regions in the city of Baghdad experience the congestion and traffic problems. The study area is located at Karkh side in Baghdad City. The geographical area situated among several streets; 14th July Street (section in Ring road No. 1), Demishq Street, Mansure Street and 14th Ramadan Street. The main intersections in these streets are; Shaljya Intersection, Demishq Intersection, Dilal Intersection, Gailani intersection, and Topji Intersection. The proposed road starts from the Gailani intersection and jointed with 14th July Street (Ring road No. 1) with length (1.9 Km). The study area is facing a low level of service during traffic congestion resulting from an inefficient and poor road network. The main purpose is to study constructing a new road to reduce the environmental and congestion impacts on the transportation system at selected roads. The percentages of expected generated traffic that will be serviced in the suggested rout are 23% and 52 % from the peak hourly volume counting in location 1 (Shaljya Intersection). On the other hand, at location 2 (Demishq Intersection), the percentages of generated traffic transported to the suggested rout are 22% and 23%. By using Highway Capacity Manual (HCM), the required lanes for the suggested road are 3 lanes for each direction. According to findings, construction of the suggested road is important to improve the road network in term the traffic and reduction the vehicle emissions at present routs.

In highway design, subgrade strength is mostly affected in pavement layers' thickness. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) is one of the simple testing methods that is commonly used to determine the strength of unbounded paving materials; i.e., subgrade, subbase, and base course materials of highways and airfield pavement. In-situ CBR test is intended to determine the static properties of unbound pavement layers represented by bearing capacity of subgrade soils without requiring the digging of test pits. The in-situ CBR test is laborious, time-consuming, and relatively expensive, therefore an alternative methodology is proposed for correlating CBR value with physical properties of subgrade soils such as field density and moisture content. Three testing methods were used: in-situ CBR test, sand replacement method for determining the field density and moisture content of granular soils and clayey soils, respectively. Selected types of soils were nominated from the local area having soil's type of A-l-b, A-3, and A-6-7. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate bearing resistance of subgrade soils depending on water content and dry density obtained from field density tests. The results of two statistical models indicated that both field density and water content correlate well with the bearing ratio for various subgrade soils.

This study shows, how to linked GPS, RS, LiDAR and GIS mapping facilities of urban distribute network, positioning of the water projects and the storage water reservoirs for the water supply systems, with consideration of the earth's surface properties, land-use change and ownership. Moreover, the use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) with Remote Sensing imagery in surveying, modernizing and developing Baghdad city complex water supply network is discussed. The data of land-use and current water supply system was generated using the Quick Bird Satellite Image (0.6m resolution data, 2015) with a map of the city of Baghdad at scale 1:25000 and field update survey. The necessary water supply system maps and data were collected from the Mayoralty of Baghdad (MoB). The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and the contour map were generated from the LiDAR point cloud. All these techniques and geospatial data were mapped and analyzed in ArcGIS 10.2.2 software. The outputs of the study were the water distribution network with the position of projects, reservoirs, pipelines, etc. The interpretation of the geospatial database with analytical tools allowed the water distribution network to be planned more economically and effectively.

This research is a field study of international cities that hosted various events of which (Sports, Exhibitions, Scientific, Cultural) and other events, these positive impacts on the city driven by such hosts were identified. The research goal was to support hosting events to improve the hostess city and to draw future plans for further developments and to invest event's hosting to strengthen the city's value according to a strategic vision that looks for the future the most important conclusions are Entering events hosting is a part of urban development strategies and The most important recommendations are coordination between hosting event activities and its facilities with the infrastructure structure of the host city, its future vision and to mix event executing projects in the city's structure, The field's study axis has been presented to a group of academic judges (college professors) to evaluate the field study, Seventy-one academic Ph.D holders and those who work on the same major have participated in the results of the field's study, as they have the needed knowledge, experience, expertise and specialization in this field were decision-makers seeks their help to make the right choices.

The construction sector in Iraq has faced many challenges. One of the major challenges is the lack of productivity of laborers who are working construction sites. Although research studies have been conducted to investigate, explore, and identify factors influencing labor productivity in the Middle-east region, the lack of such research studies to address these challenges in Iraq. This motivates the researcher to explore and identify the key factors affecting labor productivity in construction sites across different organizational structures (Matrix, Projectized, and functional). A survey questionnaire has been conducted using Delphi technique in order to achieve a concrete and reliable view of the major factors influencing labor productivity in Iraq. Twenty-four experts from different construction sectors have participated in Delphi rounds. In addition, a total of 110 factors affecting labor productivity is considered in this study. The main findings of this study show a correlation between some of the identified factors and characteristics of the organizational structures. The poor communication and management of the construction site, lack of communication and coordination between construction parties, size and arrangement of the construction crew, on-time payment, and motivational program factors were found to be highly correlated with the characteristics of the selected organizational structures. Also, the study shows that explosive remnants and dangerous construction sites due to terrorist attacks are very influential factors on labor productivity.

This research deals with green concrete which is defined as environmental-friendly material that contains the waste material, and its production does not cause environmental pollution. Also, it has high performance and life sustainability. In this investigation, the effect of the curing period on the properties of green concrete made with different percentages of fly ash and recycled coarse aggregate has been studied. Nine mixtures with varying percentages of replacement of fly ash (25% and 50%) and recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) (25% and 50%) were prepared. In addition to the control mixture with 100% ordinary Portland cement and 100% normal coarse aggregate to compare the results. The standard concrete cylinders (150 x 300 mm) and cubes (150 x150 x150 mm) were prepared and tested at different ages (7, 14, 28, and 60 days) to get the compressive strength, splitting strength, and modulus of elasticity. The results showed that no noticeable effect on the cementing efficiency of fly ash if its replacement ratio has no more than 50% of cement, as well as, recycled coarse aggregate has no significant effect on concrete strengths when the replacement ratio of natural aggregate less than 50%.

Since the design is less clear for the design idea during the night time, so, it is possible to enhance and activate the facades of that building at night using the attraction and excitement element, such as artificial lighting, and then building additional effects or hiding certain parts of the building. The search is limited to artificial lighting which is supported on the principle of stereoscopic deletion and addition in displaying the architectural facades in general. These visual forms are the result of the addition of a visible and intangible virtual stereoscopic interface, and thus, the addition to the building or deletion of part of it can be achieved, in addition to the formation of many interpretations of the building during the age of the individual. This could lead to the diversity and attraction of attention and staying away from boredom and thus increase interaction between the receiver and the building at night. Hence, the objective of the research was to increase the efficiency between the receiver and the building through the multiple interpretive readings of the architectural facade. Based on this, the research problem has emerged (the limits of the effectiveness of the facades lighting for the receiver in terms of multiple interpretations through light and shadow, and project it on virtual areas). A set of previous studies have been listed and then a cognitive framework has been built based on practical application. The results have been revealed that photo exhibiting illumination is better than video and flash exhibition which are accompanied by sound effects that create a kind of confusion, lack of clarity and loss the privacy of the building. The research also found that a large number of multi interpretations using deletion and shadow drilling, resulting from reading the architectural facade at night, does not affect its design during the day.

In this study properties of cement mortar containing sawdust have been studied. Different percentages of sawdust have been used as (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%) of the total volume of dry contents. Sawdust used has been collected as a by-product of carpentry factories and has been used in three ways: first pure sawdust second treated with hypochlorite without washing and the third is treated with hypochlorite and washed with water and dried. Compressive strength test has been performed at 7 days and 28 days, while flexural strength, dry density and absorption have been performed at 28 days. The results showed an enhancement of compressive strength, decrease in dry density and absorption for the mortar containing treated and washed sawdust with the increase of sawdust content in the mixture.

The problem of local scouring around circular bridge pier has been studied numerically by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) using Flow-3D model to represent the evolution of local scour and the maximum depth of the scour hole which is important in the bridge pier design. The aim of this study is to verify the ability of the numerical simulation model Flow-3D to accurately simulate and predict the scour depth around the bridge pier. This verification is conducted by comparison the numerical results with Melville laboratory experimental model. The maximum scours depth around the circular pier obtained from numerical results after 30 min is 3.6 cm, while the scouring depth obtained from Melville model is 4 cm. According to these results, the error rate ratio between the numerical and experimental models is close to 10%. The results showed a good validation with experimental results. Finally, the proposed Flow-3D model considered an effective tool in predicting and simulating the scour depth around bridge pier and considered an economic method to predict potential results.

The benefits of providing sufficient parking spaces in a particular place return to the whole city, not just the intended place. Estimation of the required parking demand must rely on rates and models produced from the local studies, according to the local conditions, transportation habits, and law. This research is interested in educational sites (universities and colleges) in Iraq and works to establish a reliable reference to determine the required parking supply for them. Four educational sites in Baghdad city were selected to develop parking generation rates and models, besides two other sites were also chosen to verify the developed rates and models. Data collection was conducted using interviews and field surveys. Two kinds of data are collected, the first is about site characteristics, employees, and population, and the second is about the parked car accumulation, of three days, during two periods (am and pm). And then all the collected data were analyzed, and by using several different variables many parking generation rates and models were produced. The Data analysis and model production was done by using (SPSS) computer program. The research adopted the American Institute of transportation engineers (ITE) procedure as the main work reference. The results of the study can be used as guidance for the local government agencies to determine the required amount of parking spaces for educational sites.

The metropolitan cities especially the residential areas in the centers of the old cities suffer from several problems that reflect their urban pathology. These problems have clearly affected the quality of urban life and hence the satisfaction levels of inhabitants. Accordingly, the current research attempt to identify the most important indicators that deal with the concept of urban quality related to the living in old residential areas. In addition, the research evaluates the extent of application of these indicators on the study area to reach a remedy using the most recent trends concerning the planning side and scientific means as a practical application. The adopted study area is a part of the important historical areas of Baghdad (capital of Iraq) and is part of its historical center. A questionnaire-based field survey has been conducted to collect residents' opinions and satisfaction levels regarding a variety of urban living indicators. The exploratory and descriptive analyses of the responses reflected the overall dissatisfaction of the residents. In addition, the study has examined the extent to which smart urban quality characteristics are achieved in the study area. The results revealed that most of these indicators are weakly verified.

Cities have been at the center of initiatives to integrate culture into sustainable planning since the beginning of the new millennium. the culture, which is an invaluable tool, has been ignored in the three-pillar sustainability model. In recent years, the role of culture in sustainability or sustainable development has emerged and contexts and the rise of the "four pillars" model of sustainability in a number of countries. Paper seeks to integrate the concept of culture in the models of planning in general and urban planning in particular, which emerge as effective ways to move towards a society that embodies the values of its citizens and takes into account the cultural heritage of the region through the analysis of the urban planning project of the city of Nasiriyah as a city of culture and the impact of this planning on the site of the archaeological city of Ur in terms of sustainability and development. The main conclusion is the follow this type of planning knowledge and practice as being the most appropriate and effective for the planning process under the type of local authorities and democratic practices, i.e. dealing with the planning problem as a unique and special case to use it.

The current study highlighted the violations and the steady depletion of, and agricultural and green areas in and around cities, which is an accurate scientific research problem that affects the future perspectives of these areas, their production and their consequences for the life of cities and their vital surroundings. This research took Baghdad city as a model of this critical phenomenon in order to study the reality of these regions, the size of violations, and to set a future concept and strategy, in addition to the proper treatment that preserves the assets of this great wealth, It was one of the most important conclusions Urban planning disruption of Baghdad city formations, One of the most important recommendations, Scaling Baghdad city demographically and expanded spatially.

The purpose of the research is to look after establishing an appropriate solution for the problems in Iraqi construction projects which have been affected in the last years. It aims to evaluate the problems and then fix and/or at least mitigate them properly. It takes a construction project in the petroleum industry as a case study so that it can identify the realistic causes of project problems. In regard to research methodology, this research remarks on the root causes of project delay in the previous studies in Iraq, Oman and Qatar that is realised as a secondary data. Also, primary data is conducted to collect up to date information by using questionnaire. It exposes the main problems in Iraqi construction projects which are project delay, change in design, plan, scope and specifications and project cost overrun. The root cause of project delay is to accept the lowest bidding prices from the contractors and financial difficulty from the contractors. To improve the project management implementation that may require applying one of the project management methodologies in Iraqi construction projects. This research recommends applying PMBoK because it could deal with the project schedule which is the important thing recently and with cost, quality, communication and stakeholder.

This study investigates the overall response of traditional bridge decks in Iraq under real earthquake excitation already happened in the area. The bridge deck under investigation is of Al Bathah overpass expressway located in the south of Iraq at Al Nasiriya city. Al Bathah Bridge deck is a composite simply supported consist of seven built-up steel girders and reinforced concrete slab. Three-dimensional finite element models of composite simply supported bridge deck was created using CSI Bridge and ABAQUS software. Time history analysis conducted using the Halabja earthquake hit the Iraq-Iran border on 12 Nov. 2017. The finding of this study revealed that the typical bridge deck in Iraq will fail to withstand the transverse earthquake excitation under intensity already happened. The connection epoxy layers between the elastomeric bearing pads and girders will fail due to the excessive transverse displacement at bearings. Consequently, the girders slip from their position and the deck will fail.

This paper analyses the role of the symbol considered as an effective tool used in strengthening the properties of façades in architecture and urbanism. The symbol always considers as one of the most important metaphors used in defining the local identity, in Iraq, the identity of architecture and urbanism has deteriorated and been disordered after 2003 when different trends used in shaping the façades. Due to this continuous deterioration, problems of forming identity of Iraqi architecture and urbanism have been grown with no considerations or restrictions. The research problem thus can be outlined: How have Iraqi architects dealt with the tasks of designing façades during the processes of formation, modification and decoration? Baghdad has selected as a case study to examine a set of samples of Governmental Buildings' façades. The analysis has adopted a questionnaire technique to find out which factors have involved in the impact on the process of the metaphor of used symbols. The examination spans form the 1970s-2019. The results have shown that the use of the intellectual structure of the symbol has been very limited in the formations of the Governmental Buildings' façades.

In this research, a numerical simulation was conducted to study the behavior of the scouring pattern and the effect of spacing between bridge piers at specified hydraulic conditions such as velocity, depth of flow, and the sediment effective diameter. Moreover, the cross-section shape of piers and their effect on the scouring depth around bridge piers was studied, using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), ANSYS (Fluent) software. A comparison of the simulation results obtained with previous laboratory investigations was done to verify the validity of the numerical model. Generally, the scour pattern using the CFD software gave good agreement with the experimental study. A reversed proportion between scour depth and the spacing between piers were noticed, as pier spacing increase the scour depths decrease, for the spacing ratios were 2, 3.5, 4.6, 5.5, and the maximum scour depths were 32, 34, 37, 50 mm respectively. The results show that the minimum scouring depth happened with triangle-noise pier, then with oblong pier, and the maximum was with pier having a circular section. Moreover, results show that the maximum scouring depths at the center pier are 22, 29, and 36 mm for these shapes respectively.

Based on the need of light weight concrete used in the bridge construction to reduce loadings on foundation and in the same time maintain enough strength to resist the stresses developed from the structure. Incorporation of recycled rubber from scrap tires in concrete as a partial replacement of course aggregate in production of new type of recycled aggregate lightweight concrete has provided many beneficial effects to both concrete and environments. Many properties of tire rubber concrete are improved compared with normal concrete. However, disadvantage such as reduction in rubber concrete strengths have limited the application of rubber concrete drastically. Therefore, this study presents a new method on producing rubber concrete with comparable compressive strength to Normal concrete strength (without rubber aggregate) by adding Nano silica as a partial replacement of binder (cement). The experimental program includes Four mixes, with one ratio of rubber (10 %,) as a partial replacement of course aggregate by weigh and, one of them is the reference rubberized concrete mix (without NS) and the other three is with three different ratios of Nano silica (0.5%, 1% and 1.5%) from the weight of cement. The experimental program also includes 36 samples were prepared and tested as 6 cubes for compression strength test, three of them in age of 7 days and the other three in age 28 days, and 3 prisms for flexural strength test. The data that obtained from the experimental program indicates that the compression and flexural strength properties of the rubber concrete increases nonlinearly with the increase of Nano silica ratio. The comparison between reference rubber concrete samples (without Nano silica) and other rubber concrete samples (with Nano silica), showed that the compression strength of rubber concrete in age of 7 days increases about (15%, 28% and 43%) for Nano silica (NS) ratio of (0.5%, 1% and 1.5%) respectively The increase in flexural strength was less but still obvious which is about(9%, 15% and 26%) for Nano silica (NS) ratio of (0.5%, 1% and 1.5%) respectively as well. The ultimate strength results of rubberized concrete with NS that obtained from the experimental work was with highest ratio of NS 1.5%.

The widespread use of vehicle has led to new problems in the city because of the need for these vehicles in the organization of movement and parking, especially in areas characterized by increased congestion in the morning and evening peak, which is one of the problems of the great urban growth that hit the city of Baghdad. Accordingly, this study dealt with identifying the traditional and intelligent organizational means to regulate traffic, and the most important specifications and requirements for their distribution within cities. An applied case study of Maysaloun intersection in Al-Ghadeer municipality in Baghdad city was studied for identifying the streets that suffer from the lack of traditional organizational means and the imbalance in their spatial distribution. Through field surveys of the study area, it was noted that the streets suffer from congestion in the morning and evening rush hours resulting from a spatial distribution deficit and a large deficit in the number of traffic signs that have a significant role in regulating traffic and traffic management. Service levels as a street condition were compared with US HCM standards using the HCS2010 program. It was found that all streets of the study area with a service level (LOS) are lower than level (C) and therefore this condition is met by the applicability of Variable message sign (VMS). Finally, a digital photo map using a satellite image of the study area has been prepared as a proposal showing the streets where the requirements for the deployment of intelligent signs (VMS) and basic traffic signs are available to regulate and control the traffic movement and to fill the deficit and imbalance in the number and spatial distribution.

Tectonics is one of the most essential topics in architectural theory that refers to various qualities of architecture. It resembles the integration of structure and construction, the application of technical aspects, and the attention to detail creativity in a harmonious and systematic way that reflects the cultural and aesthetic qualities, and relates to different aspects of skills, methods, materials and proportions. With the introduction of the computer into the architectural design process, theories of architecture became more influenced by the possibilities of this tool. Classical tectonics had included digital aids to create a new version of tectonics known as Digital tectonics, which is an integrated process that resembles a new way of thinking about architecture to easily define the dynamic state of digital production. The paper aims to explore the connotation of tectonics (the classical and the digital) in architectural theory and its role as an art of construction and artistic design.

Recently, the differences in land surface temperature (LST) between urban and rural areas became more evident causing the formation of Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI). The research aims to investigate the current intensity of Baghdad SUHI and determines its growing state over time. It also aims to identify the causes of this phenomenon. To find out Baghdad SUHI, the maps of LST and land use classes were assessed. This assessment was conducted by using remote sensing techniques which include the processing of Landsat 8 images in GIS ArcMap. The satellite image was acquired in July 2018. LST map was obtained by processing thermal band 10, while the land use map was identified by using the maximum likelihood classification of optical bands 1-7 of the satellite image. The results show that the maximum LST difference between Baghdad soil and built-up areas and Baghdad vegetated and water areas was about 17C°. Compared with the results of previous studies, it was found that Baghdad SUHI had significantly increased over time. The research also identified SUHI causes which include the gradual loss of vegetated and water areas, the low albedo materials, the modern grid pattern and the increase of anthropogenic heat release.

Interventions in the urban environment at the local and global level, have led the urban designer to use ecological principles in urban space design and economy with resources and energies, to minimize the negative impact on the urban environment and to explore how the signature of the urban space elements should harmonized and formed, to suit the local character. The problem of the research is the lack of a clear perception of the common characteristics of the urban ecological environment. Thus, the goal of the research is to reveal the characteristics of urban ecological environments and ecological design principles, which gain it these qualities. Therefor there is an imposition of a number of ecological characteristics, necessary to achieve the ecological structure of the urban environment. So that the research methodology represented in, the theoretical presentation of the urban ecology concept and the extraction of the theoretical framework were at several levels. Which in turn contain a set of concepts and indicators related to urban ecological characteristics, on which the elected examples were measured and that led to reach the conclusions.

In the present study, the chemical analysis, related to heavy metals (Pb, Ni, Zn, Mn, and Fe) which considered the main source of pollution in soils that come from several sources, was carried out near a three fuel stations to reveal their effect on heavy metals in the nearby soils. Samples were collected from soils which are near to three Fuel stations in Al Hilla city, as a case study, it was found that the concentrations of these metals are all below the value that should be available in average shale, except that for Pb. The average concentration of metals in samples was Pb (25.47 ppm), Ni (86.65 ppm), Zn (84.38 ppm), Mn (96.71 ppm), and Fe (112.38 ppm), and a statistical analysis is done for these results to find correlations coefficients among studied elements, and the results suggested that the fuel station may compromise the nearby soils by increasing Pb concentrations in them.

Urban sprawl in Iraqi cities and the dynamics of changes in their urban centers has led to accumulating changes that embody in forms that lacking most of their historical planning, architectural, and traditional identity. Building on such nature, allows for preserving references to mark the process of urban malleability within historical city centers, which serve the paths of growth and sustainable development at all scales and levels. Henceforth, the paper hopes to address a comprehensive theoretical framework of urban malleability and how to influence and guide urban malleability to maintain and improve present forms or develop new forms starting with the goals and principles of urban sustainability. This paper builds on recent studies of urban malleability for spaces, infrastructure, and building materials, reshaping them with a new vision that elevates cities towards sustainable perspective, then investigate and evaluating the proposed project for developing city center of Karbala, as local example, according to the concluded indicators of the framework. Furthermore, solutions are proposed to improve modern designs including; recognize the integration reorganization, restructuring and revival to upgrade the historical centers towards competitiveness; consolidating the strategies, components and systems of urban malleability to make a sustainable place within the city centers, adapting to changing conditions, and achieving human harmony.

Remotely sensed imagery identifying as the best type of data has information throughout the world. The imagery has a importance information, since it can show up-date-to day information, and provide a truly information. Different kinds of classifiers have been used to perform that. However, there is no once test for Land cover and Land use in Hilla city. The study aims to create land use classification by making a comparison between different algorithms in Hilla city, Babylon, Iraq. The WorldView-2 imagery is used to perform the per-processing, analysing of our comparison. Under the steps of pre-processing, the several corrections were made and performed on the imagery. For processing stages, two approaches were used; (1) Support Vector Machine and (2) Maximum Likelihood. The result reveals, that the Support Vector Machine method has the most significant of overall accuracy equal to 94.48% with kappa coefficient equal to 0.90, and these values much better and higher than those of Maximum Likelihood algorithm in estimating and extracting of Land cover/Land use. Therefore, this algorithm has been suggested to be applied as an optimal classifier for extraction of land use maps due to its higher accuracy and better consistency within the study area.

A society in crisis presents both a challenge and an opportunity, that's why the sustainability of communities finds itself today forced to represents an integral challenge to the economy, the institutions, and the values of its society. At the same time, it provides an opportunity for changing structures that no longer work particularly for the needs of the most excluded and poorest who are often marginalized. Another manifestation of crisis is the emergence of desolated urban built environment, a phenomenon linked to a breakdown in ingredients of life as well as rules of human, social behaviors. This research aims to clear out the causes of the Deterioration in the physical urban environment of the city, and present the experiment of the development of the City of Baghdad to some local communities as a way of achieving upgrading urban built environment to these local communities with a view to sustaining socially. In order to create sustaining communities, the solution lies in the uses of the participatory urban appraisal methodology, Finally, the research has attain conclusion that; Since urban development has always been a key aspect of local community cooperation to achieve Qualitative upgrading, the urban appraisal methodology for completion upgrading urban built environment for sustaining community should diagnose the variables of many aspects: political, economical, social, technological, and ecological and taking them into consideration in the development urban projects to show a model capable to repeat in futuristic projects.

The composite concrete structure by adopting varied concrete characteristics that are systematized in the layered method, described (hybrid), the principal purpose for utilizing the hybrid mixture is to enhance the load-carrying function for the segment. Hybrid concrete sections maintain high compressive strength, ductile, high absorption energy and high tensile strength, these properties can be performed by installing two or more various types or strengths of mixture layers collectively so that every layer is employed to its best benefit. The results of (flexural, shear and torsion tests) on hybrid prism composed of two layers of different types of concrete are presented and discussed with the effect of different parameters and variables. Normal concrete layer combined with a layer of (high or ultra-high-strength concrete) with the effect of fiber. The purposes of the present investigation are: find the engineering properties of three concrete types, the effect of hybrid concrete with different concrete types at different layers of prisms with different parameters and variables tested under three types of testing (flexural, shear and torsion tests).

The connections between concrete layers of different ages may occur in a wide range of situations, from structures rehabilitation and repairs to the construction of new buildings. This research represented an experimental study of shear forces across the joint between different concretes forming a composite action. To better understand the bond mechanism at the interface between different concrete types and old and new concrete surfaces. Overlaid specimens were fabricated to measure shear bond strength at different ages. Different parameters and a significant influence on the bond strength will be presented to evaluate the shear capacity at the interface including (the shear force for three types of the concrete cast at the same time, the shear force for three types of the concrete cast at a different time and study the effect of steel fiber on bonding mechanism). The experimental work was verified with numerical analysis carried out using ANSYS software. The general behavior of the finite element models shows a proved compatibility with the experimental test results.

Joints in construction are finishing casting points in the placing of a concrete process, and these are needed in various constructions because it is impossible to install concrete in an individual connected procedure. The quantity of mixture that can be installed at a whole time is administered by the batching and mixing ability and by the strength of the formwork. A qualified joint in construction must afford sufficient continuity in shear and flexural completed the interface. In this investigation, the influence of position and character of joints in construction on the achievement of concrete components is laboratory examined with the impact of steel fiber. Prism with dimensions of (100*100*400mm) was used. The factors examined are the position of the joints in construction (at mid-span or at the third point of the prism), construction joints type (horizontal, inclined, and vertical joints).

The attack of sulphate for concrete is one of the structural problems facing concrete works and has aroused the interest of researchers after the impact of this problem has appeared on many of the facilities. There are two sources of sulfur salts that attack the concrete which are external and internal, the external ones are found in the ground and surface water or the soil surrounding the concrete, the interior is within the structures of internal materials in concrete, such as aggregates, cement, water and additives. The presence of sulphate salts at high rates negatively affects the hardened cement paste due to the formation of additional quantities of Ettrengite where a large volume increase in the hardened cement paste leads to internal stresses causing cracks in the concrete mass affecting the resistance. The performance of concrete exposed to the attack of sulfur is divided into several different phenomena, such as concrete properties, absorption, and permeability. In the current investigation study, the impact of "saltwater" and "freshwater" on the characteristics of concrete (compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength) are examined. Concrete cubes, prisms and cylinders were cast with normal concrete mix design were estimated. Different proportions of salt like (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50) grams/liter of water were examined. The concrete cubes, prisms, and cylinders were cured for 3, 7, 14 and 28 days with different salt proportions.

A nonlinear finite element (FEM) three-dimensional model introduced in this investigation well qualified for the examination of different reinforced concrete (RC) slabs till to failure. Three-dimensional isoperimetric quadratic elements with 20-node used to simulate the concrete, while an embedded within the concrete element of one-dimensional axial members applied to simulate the reinforcing bars. Carbon fiber reinforcement laminates were simulate as element externally attached to the brick element. During the loading process, there is an ideal bond connecting the concrete and reinforcing bars in the analysis. Hardening model of elasto-plastic work using to emulate the performance of concrete in compression then it followed by response with a completely plastic and finally is discontinue at the inception of crushing. Two crack patterns with (fixed orthogonal and a smeared crack model) with a tension-stiffening design has been adopted to simulate the concrete in tension with the incorporation of retained tensile stress of post-cracking models and due to cracking a shear retention design that remodel the rigidity of shear modulus. The Modified-Newton Raphson methods including an incremental-iterative technique used for solving the nonlinear equations of equilibrium. A force convergence criterion used to control the convergence of the solution. Integration rule with 27-Gaussian quadrature used as numerical integration in this analysis. The acquire results from the FE analysis are the slabs load-deflection response and stress distribution with numerous parametric investigations to examine the impact of some significant FE and material parameters. In overall, sufficient compromise between the FE solutions and the laboratory results has been achieved.

The research deals with the concept of vertical Farming as one of the modern concepts that emerged with the sustainable cities trends, because of limited green areas, increasing population and the lack of necessary ingredients for horizontal urban agriculture (water-energy-land), and the use of land for more profitable purposes such as commercial, residential or administrative use. Thus, the research problem emerged for the cognitive need to explore the importance and advantage of vertical Farming over horizontal Farming and the possibilities of achieving sustainable cities. The hypothesis of the research states that vertical Farming in its various forms is an essential part of sustainable city components for its social, economic advantages in general and environmental advantages in particular. Therefore, the research aims to define the possibilities of vertical Farming as an essential component of the urban context, in addition to achieving sustainable cities, and the results of their application by default to achieve environmental sustainability at the urban level in the city of Baghdad within a commercial street.

Since the foundation stone was laid in 1986, Geomatics is a qualitative leap not only for survey science but also for other sciences, including Archeology. Which led to the emergence of new species, including cyber archeology, that simulates cyberspace's archaeological reality, so shade the light on a lot of information that was previously difficult to imagine before.

Alongside, the action archeology, means interaction with the challenges facing the modern world through archaeology by rebuilding the past, intends to solve the problems of the present. In this context, we will use Geomatics techniques to analyse an ancient Mesopotamian cities, for example Babylon, which considered by archaeologists the world's finest urban city, almost 1,500 years, The aim is to discover human behavior in order to find out why the sustainable of city has been so long.

The construction and maintenance processes of asphalt pavements require many raw materials, high financial cost, and high energy. The sustainability strategy in pavement construction is the use of recycled and waste materials due to significant savings in material, cost, and energy as well as improving the environment through solid waste disposal. The aim of this research is to study the effect of reusing the reclaimed asphalt pavement and crumb-rubber to improve the tensile strength and durability of asphalt mixture as a sustainable method which can be used in construction of surface layer. In this study one proportion of reclaimed asphalt pavement RAP (25%) was used by weight of mixture with virgin and modified asphalt binders. The modified asphalt binders were prepared in three proportions of crumb-rubber (5, 10, and 15%) % by weight of the virgin binder. Many experimental tests were conducted on the modified and recycled mixtures such as Marshall stability and flow, indirect tensile strength and moisture damage induce. The results indicated that the adding of RAP material resulted in slightly improve in the strength and durability, while the adding of crumb-rubber as a modifier for asphalt binder with RAP material has given impressive results in improving the stability, tensile strength, and resistance to moisture damage.

A comparison between three direct shear test specimens of (push-off shear specimens, FIP shear test, and inverted "L" shape shear failure plane) was investigated experimentally and numerically and cast using normal, high and ultra-high-strength concrete with the effect of steel fiber. This paper presents which shear strength analysis settings in which testing operation and arrangement of mold can be performed by the simplest and at the same rate guarantees stable and steady results. Many variables were chosen to investigate its impact on shear test and behavior. These variables are grade of concrete, steel fiber volume fraction, method of testing, type of loading and size of shear failure plane area. A comparison between experimental work and the finite element method offers a powerful and generic tool for studying the behavior of many structures by ANSYS program which can represent many structures. It was found that the inclusion of steel fiber enhances the ultimate shear capacity of the concrete compared to plain concrete and leads to ductile failure method, higher ultimate strength in addition to much enhanced integrity of structure.

The purposes of the study are assessing the current level of service (LOS) at the 14^th-Ramadhan signalized intersection in CBD area of Al-Mansoor district in Baghdad city and increasing the improvement of the traffic operation system by investigating appropriate proposals to increase the traffic capacity of this facility. Data of traffic flow collected using Tally mark method by many observers. Evaluation of the current intersection is to be taken in consideration using HCS Technique (2010), also existing and proposal layouts are displayed using AutoCAD (2017). The results showed that the selected traffic facility are currently suffered from serious lowering in service level causing forced conditions (LOS "F"). Thus, most important considerations should be considered for developing in the LOS by proposing many solutions. In summary, the study is proposed to execute the overpass structure (Grade Separation Bridge) along 14th-Ramadhan street from southbound to northbound directions and vice versa (two lanes in each direction) considering the third proposal (P3). By using HCS2010, the LOS will be changed from F to B assuming that it is expected to continue at higher traffic performance for approximately at least 15 year later

SIFCON is featured construction material has a high strength in addition to large ductility making it convenient for special structural applications. However, the SIFCON unit weight is higher than fibre reinforced concrete due to the heavy weight of the high steel fibre content. This paper aims to investigate the flexural behaviour of Modified Weight Slurry Infiltrated Fibre Concrete (MWSIFCON) by using combination of different types of fibres which are micro steel fibres, macro hooked end steel fibres and polypropylene fibres. For this purpose, 21 prisms and 84 cubes are casted. The volumetric ratios (7%, 4% and 3%) for micro steel fibres, macro hooked end steel fibres and polypropylene fibres respectively are used of each type alone for the purpose of comparison. Moreover, hybrid fibres from combination of two types of these fibres using 50% from ratios above of each type are used to investigate the flexure behaviour of prisms. The other related properties for resulted SIFCON are studied from cube tests. The results indicate that SIFCON of combination macro hook end steel fibres with polypropylene fibres gives a good density for SIFCON with 18.66 KN/m³ and performed adequate flexure strength with 8.09 MPa. Also, it has kindly reduced in the water absorption of SIFCON.

Sunscreens play an important role as exterior solar shading devices that block a certain amount of the sun radiation from entering the building. Thereby, they improve indoor environmental qualities by reducing heat gain, controlling glare and decreasing contrast ratios leading to increased human comfort, satisfaction and productivity. In University of Baghdad campus design, Gropius's main aim was "Let climate control dominate the university architectural motif". Sunscreens were thus essential features and functional both from the practical point of view to protect windows, and as a prominent design element of sculptural quality. The campus, over the past decades, was subjected to many changes and new buildings were added to the master plan. Sunscreens were imposed on the new buildings' elevations as unifying design elements without considering the climatic and orientation aspects, causing excessive heat gain in interior spaces. The paper aims to explore and evaluate the efficiency of sunscreens in University of Baghdad campus, in both the original and new buildings, to determine the optimal building orientation and the effective sunscreen design that improves the passive energy performance of the buildings.

Hit Citadel is a historic fortress that has witnessed a distinctive urban development. Like many old citadels in the Middle East, the basic features are included, but not limited to, a fort with an organic zigzag street network, a scattered distribution of open spaces, a compact built-up area, a recognized socio-commercial form, and a peripheral area of military and industrial uses. The evolution of these features was constant and survived largely intact until the early of the 20^th century when modern planning practices were adopted in the site. The citadel form thus, has influenced by two types of urban growth: organic and planned. Taking this distinction as a start point, this paper investigates the development of Historic Hit Citadel and seeks to answer the question of; how this urban form was evolved. The main purpose of this paper is to derive a schematic model that represents the Iraqi fortresses. Morphological methods were used to study the patterns of growth formations and transformations. Results have shown that the deriving model is describing the character of Hit Citadel; however, further efforts need to be spent in effective comparisons with the other Iraqi fortresses for the sake of robust results and representativeness.

The construction projects are usually related to complexity, and great overlap between project activates. Many parties contribute to achieve the objectives, differences in objectives among stakeholders are the main cause for the emergence of claims that may lead to disputes. the issue of claims and disputes remains one of the most important factors that hinder the scheduling of construction projects. However, this paper presents an overview about the nature and causes of claims in addition to disputes resolution. four government institutions were investigated as a case study in construction projects and conflict resolution methods in Iraq. These institutions are Health, Education, Planning, and Local governments in the provinces. The statistical analysis was used as a tool in this study, the result showed that 88.57% of Iraqi construction projects suffer from time extension claims, and Public holidays and religious events was the common cause of emergence of claims.