Table of contents

1. Introduction

The title of the conference: International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering Technologies The date of the conference: 23-24th April 2019 The location of the conference: University of Kufa, Al-Najaf, Iraq Abbreviation of title of the conference: ICCEET 2019 ICCEET was established at the University of Kufa with the aim of promoting the acquisition and transfer of civil and environmental engineering technologies for advancing research, design, and construction practices that can be utilised for improving the quality of life for all people in our territory. ICCEET is going to bring people from different marbles in civil & environmental engineering and merge them in one forum. In ICCEET, you'll find a wide range of disciplines to include all fields of civil and environmental engineering including construction, modern GIS, geotechnical, structural, environmental, water resources, and transportation where it hoped that useful discussions and collaborations can be instigated.

List of Scientific committee members are present in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

In the last twenty years, civil engineering industry has been improved significantly due to the expanded use of technology and innovations in project management. This progress represented as a challenge to universities to provide competence engineers with the right capabilities to be fit in the new job requirements and able to lead this industry to the new era. As this problem considered a global issue, it has a particular situation in Iraq. This resulted from the sharp change in the Iraqi construction industry after recent political change in 2003. This study aims to investigate the current industry expectation from graduated civil engineers and compare it with actual competences that engineers learned from their study in Iraqi universities. This research implements both a qualitative and quantitative approach to collect valuable and reliable data. This has been achieved by sending an online questionnaire to senior engineers working for both public and private organizations. In addition, another set of questions send to students to evaluate their knowledge to identify the gap. This study identified a considerable gap between current civil engineering education and industry expectation, which mainly resulted in project management skills. This gap needs to be addressed in the near future to make sure that Iraqi civil engineers maintain their chances to get hired from foreign companies and be able to lead the Iraqi construction industry to the global market.

Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) represent as one of the most concrete progressive development so that it can be improved the strength, durability, reliability, and resilience of the concrete structures. The availability of local materials play the main role in the major step in making the economic mix jobs by saving their materials and effort and decrease the concrete cost. So in this paper, the parameters including the curing regimes, of sand gradation, binder type, and content, and steel fiber content were investigated to show their effect on concrete's compressive strength. The obtained results showed that the curing regime that consists of 5 days (2 days at 60°, 3 days at 80°) given the highest strength than other curing regimes. Finer sand, Silica Fume, steel fibers cause a considerable increasing in compression strength. Various relationship were obtained illustrating the effect of studied parameters with concrete strength.

The cationic polyelectrolyte is commonly adopted as a coagulant aid to reinforce the function of coagulant agent in industrial and municipal purposes; As a result, ferric chloride could be considered as the major chemical coagulant and Cationic Poly Electrolyte CPE as the coagulant aid. A set of examinations were implemented to minimize the amounts of both ferric chloride and CPE and to increase the removal efficiencies for the contaminants concentrations such as turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) originated in grey wastewater so as to reuse these water for irrigation purposes. The combination of ferric chloride and cationic polyelectrolyte was found to improve the results for pollutants removal efficiency (Turbidity, TSS, TDS, and COD), by (97.5%, 91%, 88% 75%) respectively. The predicted results from artificial neural network (ANN) approach versus that observed from the experimental study for COD, TDS, TSS and turbidity removal showed an acceptable agreement for all models. All the parameters had a value of R² of (0.9972, 0.9993, 0.9992, 0.9985) respectively

The purpose of this research was to determine the suitable location of wind power plants in Khorasan Razavi province according to the climate criteria and conditions (wind speed, prevailing wind speed, pressure and temperature), geography (elevation, slope), socioeconomic factors (distance, distance from the cities and distance from the villages), environmental factors (distance from protected areas, land use and distance from the river) and geology (distance from faults). The process has been carried out in the geographical information system environment using the analytical hierarchical process. Based on the role and effect of these factors, a map of the Effective Factors was prepared in ArcGIS10.6 environments. The weight of the criteria was determined by the Analytical Hierarchy Process Analysis (AHP) method in the EC2000 software environment. The ArcGIS10.6 software was used for spatial modelling, analysis and overlaying the different layers. The final map of suitable wind power plants was carried out in four different classes (very suitable, suitable, somewhat suitable and unsuitable). The results showed that 10.37% (1239871 ha) of the area was identified as very suitable for construction, including areas in the northwest of the province (around Sabzevar) and relatively slightly in the southeast (around Taibad) and eastern area (around Sarakhs). The results also showed that the GIS, as a decision support system in building a power plant, can be used to prepare data and prioritize experts' models and opinions regarding various factors in choosing the appropriate location for an effective wind power plant.

The research seeks to explain the dimensions of development in cities according to the foundations and mechanisms of knowledge capital, especially urban capital, which contributes to enhancing the characteristics that create successful knowledge cities and support their strategies. A local case study was conducted to determine the potential of applying knowledge-based urban development strategies, and in accordance with the specific analytical framework for the characteristics and indicators of knowledge cities. The analytical framework for knowledge cities indicators will be adopted as a baseline for the analysis of the characteristics of the cluster and diversity. Two basic studies included: the structural plan for Babil province ( five phases prepared between 2009 and 2010), and the master plan for Hila 2006. A survey method applied to collect the required, and use the latest available statistics about the city. The master plan of the city was analyzed, updated for specific indicators through GIS method. Opportunities for development of two axes were developed in the center of the northern and southern university. Implementation of the cluster strategy. In the center of the ancient city of Babylon, with knowledge gathering support strategy, and knowledge capital indicators are monitored according to the framework tested to determine the course of the three strategies.

Strength enhancement in cold asphalt emulsion mixtures (CAEMs) is continuing and reliant on the rate at which curing proceeds. The initial life strength is low and exhibits a challenge in asphalt pavement design. The solution can be made through subjecting the specimens to accelerate laboratory curing for achieving practical conditions. Kind of mineral filler, asphalt emulsion type, curing time and temperature, and moisture content is five major factors in early age advancement of designing properties. By studying these factors, there is a requisite to build up a curing system that simulates as reasonably as actual conceivable conditions of pavement during early life. This study examines the requirement for speeded curing strength that is reasonable by concentrate distinctive curing protocols and the impact on mechanical properties of cold asphalt emulsion mixes. The experimental configuration is cautiously chosen so as to the curing conditions incorporate protocols which are trailed by various literary works and furthermore circumstances that are required for simulating different times and temperatures. The examination incorporates both cement kiln dust (CKD) and limestone mineral filler (LMF) as a filler to be utilized in the blends. One of the findings of this study is, the inclusion of (CKD) leads to strong results better than those of lime stone mineral filler mixes.

This paper presents the behavior of the helical reinforced concrete columns (HCC) subjected to horizontal 2D seismic motion excitation combined with the static axial load. Helical concrete columns are new types of elements which arose in the new twisted buildings, providing a special geometry by twisting the top section by an angle (ϕ), furthermore, offsetting the top section by a considerable distance respecting to the bottom section. In order to study seismic behavior of the HCC under a seismic load of the short period using finite element software, numerical simulation is carried out in this paper using ANSYS V 18.1 software. A brief comparison of the HCC behavior was made between different cases of conventional reinforcement in the longitudinal and transverse directions, as well as the different twisting angles (ϕ) of column sections. The comparison illustrated that all columns response with giving the same mode shapes of vibration in the modal analysis with different values of natural frequencies and relative amplitude deformations. However, the difference be very noticeable when changing the section size of the columns comparably with changing the twisting angles of the section, where increasing the section size of HCC from 250 mm to 400 mm cause increase the natural frequency by 55.4% for second mode shape, while it cause decreasing the relative amplitude response of HCC by 52.5% for sixth mode shape. The transient analysis of the six types of HCC excited by horizontal 2D seismic motion indicates the tendency of HCC to increase its responses, like twisting and buckling deformations. The deform shape-time history of 6 HCC demonstrated that with increasing (shear stress path section distance) S of HCC column which depends up on (ϕ value), the top section would have less stresses.

This paper presents an experimental investigation to study the behavior of Vierendeel Truss used instead of bearing wall in precast construction. The experimental program contains casting and testing (8) R.C wall panels specimens with opening with right angle corner, the dimension of the opening (300*350*75) mm which it is length, width, and thickness. The dimension of the R.C wall panel specimens was (1000*750*75) mm which they are length, width and thickness, respectively and all the specimens contain cantilever portion (100*60*75) mm length width and thickness respectively. In this study the main variable is the type of concrete and the compressive strength. The wall panel specimens were tested with uniformly distributed load with an eccentricity of (67.5) mm. The specimens were simply supported to represent the supports of the truss. The wall panels were divided into (2) groups, the first group is reactive powder concrete with (4) specimens and the second group is high strength self-compacted concrete with (4) specimens. The failure load, load – deflection curves crack pattern was studied. All the panels were deflected in single curvature in the vertical direction of loading. Opening causes concentrated stress at the corners of opening and initiated the cracks and failure.

Last decades witnessed rise in global average temperature for cities, consequently with the problem of rising needs for energy results from the growth of populations in cities. Recent studies concentrated on degree days method to calculate energy consumption for buildings, the main problem of this research is the role of cooling degree days on determining insulation of buildings envelope in a hot climate and for Iraqi cities as an example. The research aims to determine insulation of buildings envelope according to cooling degree days which reduce energy consumption; the results showed that there were differences in cooling degree days for main Iraqis cities, and there was an effect of buildings envelope insulation on cooling energy lost, the insulation for walls reduced consumption energy by 70-80%. Also, the insulation for ceiling reduced consumption energy by 65%, as compared to the same building materials without insulation.

This paper present the development on compressive strength of fly ash geopolymer paste under effectiveness of nano-silica and micro steel fiber. Twelve geopolymer paste mixes under two series, the first series with replacement (0% to 1.4%) by increment (0.2%) of binder by nano-silica and using the optimum concentration of nano silica in second series with addition (0.5% to 2%) by increment (0.5%) of micro steel fiber. The mixes were using fly ash as binder with Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions as the alkali activators. (Na2SiO3 to NaOH) ratio was (2.0) with molarity of sodium hydroxide (10 M), and the specimens cured under room temperature (35 ± 2)°c. Results Show that the compressive strength of fly ash geopolymer paste can be improved as high as 76.5MPa at 28 days by add 0.8% nano silica and 1% micro steel fiber which were the optimum proportion that caused noteworthy improvement of compressive strength.

Accelerate the drainage process and consolidate saturated clay soils is important to achieve stability of the construction. Vertical drains, with a suitable grid and depth, the result of shortening the path of water flow inside the soil and soil consolidation rate increases from several years to several months. Sombar earth dam, a case study, in Gholaman village in North Khorasan province, Iran, is used to provide agricultural and drinking water in the area. The recent paper shows a comparison between the results of Sombar dam stability with vertical drains of two different materials using the Mohr-Coulomb model with the aid of GeoStudio 2012 computer software. The drains materials are sand and geotextile and the investigated parameters are permeability ratio (ky/kx), drains geometry and time of the dam construction. The results are presented as ratios, settlement ratio (SSAND/SGEOTEX) and safety factor ratio (FSSAND/FSGEOTEXT). The results revealed that there are clear increases in the consolidation settlement ratio, but, slightly increase in safety factors ratio using sand drains comparing to the geotextile. The ky/kx has a clear effect on settlement and factor of safety in sand drains.

Transportation industry is basically a service sector component. It is a great importance for traffic engineers and planners to understand and evaluate the quality of service provided by transport facilities. Highway Capacity Manual (HCM), with all its revisions since 1950, is the pioneer document in this area. It quantifies the concept of capacity for a transport facility and lays the foundations for estimating the level of service (LOS) being provided by that facility to its users. This study is an engineering project management. It is about evaluation and improving multi-lane highways in Iraq. The research study was conducted on one main multi-lane airport highway in Baghdad, including: Al- Dora intersection to Al- Rashid interchanges, where this highway is considered as a major highway with high traffic volume in Iraq. HCS-2010 program software was used to evaluate and improve the level of service and traffic conditions for the highway for existing conditions (year of the study-2018) and short-term conditions (2023). The evaluation shows that all segments are operating at LOS E or LOS F for existing conditions, short-term conditions. The segments that operated at LOS E or LOS F for existing, short-term and mid-term conditions improvements are suggested by modifying the geometric and traffic conditions and changing the highway to a freeway facility; in order to operate at better LOS. A management flow diagram was prepared for decision makers to be a guide for future planning programs.

Punching shear is the most important problem in flat slabs, which usually required reducing the self-weight of the slab. A lightweight concrete as well as the bubble deck technology were used to allow for lighter self-weight of the structure. This study aims to investigate the use of lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) with the bubble deck technology in flat slab. The behavior of two- way LWAC voided slab (with and without shear reinforcement) under punching shear effect with respect to solid normal weight and solid LWAC specimen were studded. The behavior of six specimens having the same dimensions, slab thickness and flexural steel reinforcement were studded. The main changed variables were concrete type, percent of void and punching shear reinforcement existence. The results show that the load carrying capacity for light weight aggregate concrete voided slab without shear reinforcement decreased by (60%, 53%) with respect to solid normal weight and solid LWAC slabs without shear reinforcement respectively. In addition, the load carrying capacity for LWAC voided slab with shear reinforcement decrease by (67%, 47%) with respect to solid normal weight, solid LWAC slabs with shear reinforcement respectively. Also, for lightweight aggregate concrete, solid and voided slab, shear reinforcement existence did not significantly increase the slab capacity for punching shear. But cause a reduction in maximum deflection with respect to slabs without shear reinforcement.

Cold bitumen Emulsion Mixture (CBEM) is a mixing of aggregate with emulsion of asphalt that is blended at room temperature. It has many environmental and economic advantages. But, the lower performance and high water sensitivity of CBEMs at early stages needs more investigation. This is the principal purpose of this research, which aims to use CBEMs as a structural binder layer after improving the mechanical properties by adding Ground-Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS). In this research the mineral filler is only materials passing (sieve No.200) replaced with (GGBS) by percentages (2, 4, 6, and 8) by total weight of aggregate with 2% of ordinary Portland cement(OPC) to enhance the mechanical properties of CBEMs and then the optimum content of GGBS was chosen based on Indirect Tensile Strength test (ITS) results. The optimum content of (GGBS) was 6% which improved significantly ITS value to more than (149%) in comparison with the control mixtures in which the mineral filler is only materials passing sieve No.200.(at age 28days). As for the other laboratory tests that represented of Marshall Stability (M.S) test and index of retained strength (IRS) test, the experimental results were very encouraging, the value of M.S of mixtures with optimum content of GGBS increased about 220% and IRS was increased about 335% in comparison with the control mixtures. Accordingly, this search has exhibited much enhanced CBEMs with GGBS in addition to the economic and ecological advantages.

The main goal of this research paper is to investigate the response of the RC rectangular columns under loading simultaneously exposed to fire by using experimental study. The number of test columns were seventeenth columns. The dimension for these columns was 1600mm for length and 150mmx150mm for the cross-section. The columns were tested under axial load with two different types of eccentricity 60 mm 100mm, while the third type of loading is tested as a beam. The eccentric compression load was applied by using top and bottom cap with a column bracket. The eccentric load was applied simultaneously with fire. The test was performed under a high temperature of (400°C, 600°C, and 900°C) on the side of a compression face. At each temperature burning, cooling by two techniques of cooling, and normal cooling (by open air) and fast cooling (by direct water). The experimental results show decreasing in ultimate load capacity with increasing of temperature burning, ultimate load, load-deflection curve, strain profile, neutral axis, moment-curvature, and ductility.

The study investigates the performance of chitosan as a coagulant towards a treatment of synthetic wastewater by combined process of coagulation–flocculation followed by granular filtration. In this study, chitosan used due to some novel characteristics of coagulants such as non-toxic, ecosystem appropriate characteristic, biodegradability, etc. The optimum conditions for this study were at 40 mg/l of chitosan, 5 mg/l of dye, the reduction percentage is further than 98.5%, 92.5% and 94.2% for color, turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD) individually. In conclusion, chitosan is an effective coagulant, which can be used to remove certain pollutants with a high percentage from textile wastewater.

Dynamic loads highly influence soil properties and may cause real damage to structures and buildings. This article reports the experimental results from 24 tests to study the settlement of flexible and rigid raft foundation with different embedment depth rested on dense sandy soil. A small scale building model of dimension 200*200 mm and 320 mm in height was performed with reinforced concrete raft foundation of 10 mm thickness for flexible raft and 23 mm for rigid raft, The shaking table technique was used to simulate the seismic effect, the shaker was sat to give three different excitation frequencies 1,2,and3 Hz and displacement amplitude equal to 13 mm, the foundation was placed at four different embedment depths (0,0.25B=50mm,0.5B=100mm, and B=200mm), where B is the raft side length. The results of the tests indicate that the foundation embedment have a positive effect for its ability to minimize the settlement for both flexible and rigid raft foundation and for all the excitation frequencies.

In this paper, a conflicts-based technique, using an index measure is introduced to assess traffic safety at intersections. The technique helps in identifying sites most probable to profit from safety improvement as an alternative to crashes-based analyses. As a case study, the analysis and measure of safety for 11 four-leg signalized intersections at different sites in Baghdad city, have been done independently using direct methods based on crash rate and indirect methods based on the level of conflict risk measures. A comparison is achieved between the two methods and their outputs. The study results imply that a developed method of conflicts index of signalized intersections (CISI) (based on traffic conflict frequency and severity) could serve as a viable way of measuring the safety performance of signalized intersection at urban area. CISI can be established for existing conditions at intersections as well as in evaluating different design alternatives to more accurate safety comparison and better decision-making. Application of direct and indirect method results in identifying the same sites to profit from safety improvement. In addition, the research demonstrates a promising application of CISI in; relative comparison of conflict risk at various intersections and estimating conflict risk after potential countermeasures for before-after assessment of traffic safety at intersections.

In this paper, a comprehensive state-of-the-art study regarding the mechanism and enhancement of self-repair in asphalt pavement is presented. The review starts with defining the self-repair phenomenon as a natural property in asphalt materials that is associated with other properties such as the viscoelastic response. The difference between self-repair and the viscoelastic response is also presented. In addition, the factors influencing the self-repair mechanism (positively and negatively) are investigated. However, some of these factors remain vague and need to be investigated further. Furthermore, two enhancing self-repair processes, which are extrinsic technologies such as induction heating and encapsulated rejuvenators, are presented as alternative preventive maintenance applied to asphalt pavement. In conclusion, the self-repair could be achieved in an economic way in countries with hot climates, such as Iraq where temperature plays a significant positive role in enhancing the asphalt repair if enough rest period is provided, without the need to other extrinsic technologies to be applied.

The present work, aims to improve the properties of fresh and hardened self-compact mortar (SCM) containing hybrid Polypropylene-carbon fiber. The hybrid fiber added as a percentage 0.1%, 0.5% and 1% by volume of self-compact mortar, five different mixture of 100-0%, 70-30%, 50-50%, 30-70% and 0-100% for every fibers ratios (Polypropylene to carbon). The effect of hybrid fiber on some physical and mechanical properties of (SCM) was also investigated as a compressive strength and modulus of rupture, which was examined at ages of 28 days. Results showed that the best added of hybrid fiber (50 P.P-50 C.F) % increased compressive strength with ratio 32%, so increased modulus of rupture for self-compact mortar with ratio 130% at hybrid fiber (0 P.P-100 C.F) %, also indicated that the added improve hard characteristic and decrease of fresh characteristic as a flow time, mini slump flow and specific gravity, when the volume fraction 0.5% and 1% for all hybrid fiber exceeded the limits of the standard because the largest flow time is 11 seconds.

Expansive soils exist in many regions over the world including Iraq. Expansive or swelling soil contains minerals that are capable to absorb water easily causing an increase in its volume. In this research, an expansive soil that exists in some locations in the province of Karbala in Iraq was used. Limited data is available to investigate the effect of cement dust on engineering properties of expansive soils. For this purpose, samples have been prepared by mixing the expansive soil with different percentages of cement dust. The samples have been subjected to cycles of wetting and drying to investigate the swelling behaviour. Soil samples that are used were compacted at the optimum moisture content. Five different percentages of cement dust content are used in this study include: 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20%. Fundamental tests for all soil samples. It is concluded that the addition of cement dust to the expansive soils is successful method to improve their properties such as decreasing the consistency limits, increasing the maximum dry density corresponding to lower optimum water content, decreasing the swelling pressure and swelling potential.

The technique of replacing the cement with other alternative materials focus on the production of materials with similar performance and reduced environmental impacts relative to traditional cement. The main aim of this study is to investigate the effect of replacing the cement content with high volume of GGBS and PFA on the mechanical performance of cement mortar. Three mixtures were prepared with different percentages of GGBS and PFA (40%, 60% and 80%) as replacement of cement along with other mixture that made with 100% cement as a control mixture. In order to evaluate the performance of the cement mortars, compressive strength test after 7, 14 and 28 days of curing was used. The results indicated that after 7 days of curing, the increase of GGBS and PFA contents caused a reduction in the compressive strength in comparison with the control mixture. After 28 days of curing, the results indicated that the mixture incorporated 80% GGBS and PFA has higher compressive strength relative to the control mixture. Such findings will significantly contribute in reducing the cost of the produced mortar by reducing the amount of used cement and this consequently reduce the cement demands/manufacturing. Less production of cement will reduce the CO₂ emissions of the cement industry.

This study aims to provide an overview of the current status of solid waste in Thi-Qar governorate by a case study of five cities in this governorate. The five cities are namely: Al-Nassriya, Al-Shatra, Al-Rifai, Suk Al-Shoyokh, and Al-Chibayish. In general, the results revealed that the average generation rate of domestic solid waste was 0.85 Kg/capita/day in the study area. The organic waste was found the major components of municipal waste and it exceeded 60% of waste composition. All dumping sites in the aforementioned cities are uncontrolled dumpsite, their design not suitable, and do not work according to proper operating standards. There are no landfills or dumping sites specified for disposal the non-municipal waste. The investigations showed the presence of potential health risks and negative environmental aspects of solid waste handling in Thi-Qar governorate due to improper handling of collection, transfer, and disposal of solid waste. Thus, developing a master plan for integrated solid waste management is prerequisite to overcome the difficulties solid waste management sector in Thi-Qar governorate.

This study investigates the influence of the current density on both removal of reactive black 5 dye (RB5) from water and energy consumption using aluminium-based electrocoagulation (EC) reactor. The influence of the current density was investigated by electrolysing coloured water samples containing 25 mg/l of RB5 for 60 min at three different current densities (1, 2, and 3 mA/cm2). While the initial pH, distance between electrodes, flow rate, and initial temperature of water were kept constant at 5, 4 mm, 1 L/h, and 20 ± 10C, respectively. The obtained results showed that both the removal of RB5 dye and energy consumption increased with the increase of the applied current density. For example, it has been found that the removal RB5 and the power consumption increased from about 95% to 99.5%, and the power consumption increased from 4.3 to 10.4 kWh/m3 as the current density increased from 1 to 3 mA/cm2, respectively.

Identifying safe routes for the pipelines that transport Oil and Gas (O&G) products is a challenging topic in the current environment; particularly in the insure countries. Because the relevant data about the probability and severity levels of the Risk Factors (RFs) that affect the safety of these pipelines are rare. Which makes the existing risk assessment tools ineffective to analyse these RFs and identify safe route for these pipelines. Hence, this paper aims to develop a risk assessment tool that can identify safe routes for the new O&G pipelines in Iraq in a systematic way using the following steps. Firstly, an industry-wide questionnaire survey was conducted to gather the data about the probability and severity levels of the RFs in such projects in Iraq. Secondly, the Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) in MATLAB was used to analyse and rank the RFs. Because the FIS can reduce the uncertainty in risk analysis, which results from the lack of data and the biasness of stakeholder's judgments about the RFs. Thirdly, the existing information from the new pipelines projects were analysed to identify the potential RFs in the proposed routes for these projects. As the O&G pipeline network in Iraq is above-the-ground, this paper focused on the RFs that affect this type of pipelines. Fourthly, the safest route for the new pipeline was identified by optimising the risk index value for each route. While, the route that has less value of risk index is the safest route. This paper analysed the five routes that were suggested to build a new gas export pipeline in Waist in Iraq. The pipeline will transport the extracted gas from Badra filed to the shipping points in Iraq. It was found that route number 4 is the safest route for this pipeline.

Climate change has placed considerable pressure on the residential environment in different areas of the world. These issues have increased the motivation of researchers to analyse and forecast the changes in critical climatic factors, such as temperature, in order to offer valuable reference outcomes for management and planning in the future. This study set out to determine to what extent global warming would affect Columbia City, Missouri, USA. The Long Ashton Research Station Weather Generator (LARS-WG) model is used for downscaling daily maximum temperatures based on the SRA1B scenario. Seven General Circulation Models (GCMs) outputs are employed for three selected periods, 2011–2030, 2046–2065 and 2080-2099. The findings show that (1) statistical analysis confirmed the skill and reliability of the LARS-WG model to downscale maximum temperature time series; (2) the ensemble mean of seven GCMs exhibited an increasing based on yearly and monthly data for all periods compared with baseline period 1980-1999. The findings can contribute to a better understanding of the impacts of climate change on the urban environment and encourage planners and stakeholders to find the best solution for mitigation of these impacts.

Hybrid double skin tubular columns (DSTCs) are a composite members that consist of outer FRP tube and inner steel tube and concrete filled in between. These three materials combination in one element have several advantages do not found in common columns. The total 12 circular DSTCs were poured and tested under axial load. Every specimen is average of a pair of samples of the variables, diameter and thickness of steel tube, to investigate effect of inner steel tube void ratio on compression behavior of hybrid DSTC. The void ratio was defined as a ratio between the two inner steel and outer FRP tube diameter. The test results show that the stress-strain behavior of concrete material in the hybrid DSTCs has a better confined by two tubes. While the DSTC with small diameter has similar behavior to concrete filled FRP tube (CFFT). Thickness of inner steel tube is slightly effect on concrete stress inside DSTC.

This study was directed at Wasit Thermal Power Plant (WTPP) to determine the water quality status. Nine sampling stations established along the reach of Tigris River, the first station was 500m upstream (US) to WTPP and it was a reference station, the second station at WTPP and seven stations downstream (DS) to WTPP for collection of water samples. Water samples were prepared for their physico-chemical characteristics at all sampling stations were compared with the reference station. Sampling of all stations (downstream to WTPP) showed higher water pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) than that of sampling station upstream to WTPP and lower water dissolved oxygen (DO). The results showed increasing of pH, TDS, EC, and COD by 68%, 166%, 60% and 478% respectively, and decreasing the value of DO by 66% indicated that discharge from WTPP increased pollution load in river Tigris.

In this study, a mathematical model Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) has been used. Several physical and chemical parameters are chosen to calculate the water quality index as follows: temperature, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP). The results showed that all stations received a poor assessment of the water quality index, indicating that the water of the Tigris River is highly polluted for aquatic life due to discharging of poorly treated wastewater from Al Azziziyah Wastewater Treatment Plant (AWWTP).

This paper investigates the change in the natural frequency of whole building due to the increase or decrease of the number of floors of a steel building model. Five steel building models were adopted in the present study to investigate the natural frequency required to be identified in each model. The first model represents a one floor building model, the second building model contains two floors and so on. The first four models were subjected to further masses distributed upon four points within the last floor. Each model consists of the same structural details that are proposed in the other models such as details of the beams, columns and slabs. The herein parameters are the number of floors and the further added masses upon the models up to four floors. All models were analyzed using ANSYS software to identify the natural frequencies for the extracted modes of vibration about X, Y, and Z building axes. The study is aimed to produce a relationship between the change of floors number and the further mass addition in the field of structural frequency attenuation based on the indication of the first identified mode. Results show that higher masses required to be added to attenuate value of natural frequency for the one floor building model than the further masses required for building with two floors to achieve the same purpose. This relationship continues for the other models with higher number of floors but with less further required masses.

Pervious concrete (PC) was introduced as a solution for the runoff from rainfall. To insure high porosity, pervious concrete should contain limited quantities of fine aggregate, which adversely effects concrete mechanical properties. As an attempt to improve PC mechanical properties, fibers were added to concrete matrix. As PC is allows water to pass through it, metal fibers are uncourageous to be added to it. Plastic fibers were selected as an alternative to metal fibers to be added to PC. Concrete physical and mechanical properties were studied for mixtures containing different quantities of fibers. Tests results showed a slight improvement in concrete compressive strength (0.48% to 1.44%) as fibers were added. The addition of fibers improved splitting tensile strength by (6.36% to 27.67%). As adding fibers, concrete flexural strength increased by (11.37% to 24.17%) compared to the reference mixtures. of PC. Concrete physical properties (Density, Porosity and permeability) were also investigated. The addition of fibers to concrete has a slight effect on (density, porosity and permeability).

Alum sludge (AS) is one of the final products from water treatment processes. Handling and disposal of alum sludge has become one of the major economic and environmental concerns. An experimental investigation was examined to study the possible utilization of alum sludge as aggregate substitute in asphalt mixtures for pavement construction applications. Five asphalt mixtures containing various contents of the AS, 0% (reference mix), 30%, 50%, 70% and 100%, as a replacement to the fine aggregate were prepared in this study. The results conducted that alum sludge is a suitable material for producing asphalt mixes that contains of AS ranging from 30% to 50% as partial replacement for fine aggregates to achieve almost all the standard requirements for aggregates in asphalt mixtures..

Adding synthetic discrete fibers to unreinforced rigid pavements has been significantly increased during the last decades. Synthetic fibers improve flexural capacity, toughness, fatigue resistance, and durability, and reduce crack width. Most design methods of rigid pavements adopted modulus of rupture (i.e., flexural strength) as the primary parameter in the input design process. The elastic modulus of rupture, which has calculated depending on ASTM C78 formula does not reflect the benefits of the synthetic fiber. The effective modulus of rupture (MOR') has been proposed to quantify the added capacity of fibers over unreinforced concrete, which is calculated depending on the equivalent flexural strength. This study aimed to determine the flexural capacity of rigid pavement, which included filtrated polypropylene discrete fibers. The concept of the effective modulus of rupture was adopted to calculate the capacity of rigid pavements. Adding Polypropylene in concrete reduced the compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, elastic modulus of rupture, while improves effective modulus of rupture and flexural toughness.

The aim of this investigation, self-healing of cracks in concrete by using named Bacillus Subtilis bacteria isolated from agricultural soils and dry soil. Four concrete mixes include, one plain mix without bacteria, other mixes containing a different concentrations of bacteria 10 ³, 10⁶ and 10⁹ cell/ml respectively were prepared. Hardened properties of concrete water absorption, ultrasonic plus velocity, and compressive strength at 7, 28, 60 and 90 days. Also concrete specimens applied to load 10% of compressive strength at 28 days were studied. The result indicate there is decrease in water absorption of (15-38)%, as well as the decrease in the concrete specimens of loading 10% of compressive strength of (23- 41%) relative to control concrete. Increase in compressive resistance of concretes specimens of (6- 20)%, (6-17)%, (8-22)% and (7-20)% for ages 7, 28, 60 and 90 days respectively, concrete specimens loaded by 10% of compressive strength, increased by (25-34%) and (34-39%) for 60 and 90 days relative to control concrete . It was observed that the UPV test of concrete specimens was increased. Scanning Electron Micrographic gave an increased in density, deposition of calcite carbonates in the voids and closure of the crack by precipitation of calcium carbonate layers was observed.

The current study investigates the influence of the current density (CD) and electrodes gap (EG) on the removal of reactive red 120 dye (RR-120) from drinking water using electrocoagulation (EC) process. The influence of CD was studied by treating the dyed water at three different CDs (2, 4 and 6 mA/cm2). While the influence of EG was investigated at three EGs (5, 10, and 15 mm). The Results obtained showed that increasing the CD enhanced the removal of the dye. However, increasing the EG significantly decreased the dye removal efficiency. It was found that dye removal increased from 87% to 98%, as the CD increased from 2 to 6 mA/cm2, respectively. While increasing the EG from 5 to 15 mm decreased the dye removal from 96% to 80%, respectively.

The study focuses on using chitosan as a widely used coagulant (a biopolymer) to treat model textile wastewater containing an anionic dye (acid blue). Jar test experiments had been used in the coagulation-flocculation process. Acid Blue was selected as a model dye for testing chitosan's ability to treat model textile wastewater. Chitosan is found from chitin by deacetylation. The biopolymers, because of biodegradable properties, availability and low cost have been used as coagulants. The dosage impact, pH, settling time, decolorization and turbidity reduction of simulated textile wastewater were studied. Chitosan showed great performance to remove turbidity and color. The usage of chitosan as a primary coagulant would decrease the cost of wastewater treatment. Besides, it is eco-friendly coagulant without harmful impacts.

The type of stabilizer, heavy metal and soil can typically affect the strength and compressibility development in the treatment of contaminated soils. This is due to the difference in chemical reactions and interferences occurring among the stabilizers, metals, and clay minerals. A standard consolidation test using an oedometer was carried out to investigate the cement–lime induced changes in the compressibility of clay soils contaminated with either copper or zinc. In this study, laterite clay soil obtained from the hilly area at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia was used. Control samples of cement-and lime-stabilized soils without heavy metals were compared with the treated contaminated stabilized soil at various contaminants contents. Such percentage of contaminants means that the soil falls under industrially contaminated soil. To highlight the effect of the two heavy metals on the consolidation behavior of clay samples treated with cement and lime, a comparison has been made at a curing period of 7, 28, 100, and 200 days respectively. It was found that the interference of heavy metals during the process of hydration (cement and lime) contributed directly to the inhibition of the compression development of the tested soil samples. Therefore, it is crucial to identify the type of stabilizer, heavy metal, and soil involved to ensure successfully and remediate treatment.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of using the conventional (rectangular) shape of gabion weir in dissipating the energy of flow. For that a series of laboratory tests (25 experiments and 194 test runs) were conducted on the gabion weir by using of a laboratory flume of 12 m long by a cross section of 0.3 m width, and 0.5 m height to test five different lengths of the weir, (40 cm, 60 cm, 80 cm, 100 cm, and 120 cm), with five respective monosized samples of natural quarry gravel with diameters (9.5-14) mm, (14-19) mm, (19-25) mm, (25-37.5) mm, and (37.5-50) mm. The tests were conducted for a range of discharge (0.7-15.0) l/s. Dimensionless analysis was used to analyze the data by using Buckingham Pi-Theorem to find the relation between the difference in energy of gabion ends and the unit discharge. Beside, a comparison discharge was chosen to find the relation between the difference in energy of gabion ends and the other variables. Results of experiments showed that the difference in energy increase by increasing both the unit discharge and the length of the gabion weir and decrease by increasing the equivalent diameter of the gravel sample.

Fibrous concrete is an enhanced material by adding fibers to the ingredients of normal concrete. This addition improved some properties of the regular concrete, which are growing concrete ductility, decreasing concrete shrinkage, and raising concrete resistance to the dynamic attacks. The aim of this paper is more investigating the properties of fibrous concrete by finding out the effect of impact loading induced by a free fall ball on flexural capacity of fibrous concrete from one side, and finding out the importance of camber construction in reducing the influence of impact loading on the flexural capacity of concrete slabs from another side. For that purpose, three concrete slabs of (80X80X4) cm dimensions were dynamically and then statically loaded. The three specimens had the same steel fiber dosage of 0.5%, but they had different slab camber at the mid span where one specimen had no camber, the second specimen had 10 mm camber, and the third specimen had 20 mm camber. In addition to the difference in the slabs' camber, the three slabs were subjected to a different number of impacts and from various heights to get a better explanation. Tests results showed that presence of fibers and increasing slab camber caused an improvement in the specimen resistance to both of impact and flexural loads, decreased the specimen crack width and number, and provided a safer residence for tenants.

Lightweight concrete can significantly reduce a dead load of structural concrete elements compared to normal weight concrete. The reuse of construction and demolition wastes, especially crushed clay bricks, represents a major contribution to the environment. Due to the nature of clay bricks, it can be considered as source of fine and coarse aggregate to produce lightweight structural concrete. In this study, used three types of crushed clay brick as coarse aggregate for concrete aiming to produce structural lightweight concrete. Density, compressive and flexural strengths were tested. Results show that the 28-day air-dry density, compressive and flexural strengths values of the concrete made with Iso crushed brick were higher than that for concrete made with crushed Iranian and Nahrawan bricks. Results of 28 air-dry density and compressive strength show that the lightweight concretes used were complied with the requirements for lightweight structural concrete.

In this research, Nano-metakaolin was used to investigate the achievable prospects to enhance asphalt mixture properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding Nano-Metakaolin on the properties of asphalt mix and comparing it with the local and international requirements, besides identifying the optimum percent of NMK to be incorporated in the hot mix asphalt. As a modifier to the bitumen several percentages of Nano-Metakaolin was used i.e. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 20% by weight of bitumen. Modified asphalt binders were subjected to physical and conventional tests which were penetration, kinematic viscosity, softening point, and ductility. From these tests, optimum Nano-Metakaolin was 16%. After obtaining the optimum Nano-Metakaolin, two sets of asphalt concrete mixtures were prepared, the first was with the pure asphalt (control mixture) and the second was with the optimum Nano-Metakaolin i.e. 16% (modified mixes). The control and modified mixtures have been evaluated based on experimental tests, such as Marshall Stability (MS), Marshall flow, Marshall stiffness, Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) and Index of Retained Strength (IRS). The results for these tests indicated an improvement in the mechanical proprieties i.e. increased Marshall Stability, Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS), and index of retained strength. As a final result, the use of (16%) Nano-metakaolin by weight of asphalt enhanced asphalt concrete properties and produce durable mixtures for highway construction.

Sandwich Slab is a modern shape of structural construction. It contains a low density layer known as the core layer confined by two strong layers. In the present study, the two layers of light weight concrete [LWC] were tied together by a cage of steel reinforcement named as shear connectors, sandwiched between them a layer of polystyrene. The experimental investigation was conducted on six slabs. Two parameters were investigated (the steel area of the shear connectors which is depended on the number of W-Shaped shear connectors and the layout of W-shaped shear connectors). The main reason for using crushed bricks as a lightweight aggregate was to the benefit from the recycling broken bricks as a sustainability material. The slabs were tested as simply supported under two line loads. Continuous truss-shaped shear connecter showed better behaviour than discrete W-shapes shear connectors. Experimental test results indicated that the presence of discrete shear connectors at the ends of the specimens in distance of one-fourth of span had significant better performance than at the center of the specimence.

Each year large quantities of tire wastes are released to the environment in an undesirable way. Those waste materials cause many environmental and economic problems. This study introduces an attempt to improve Gypseous soil properties using rubber tires waste.

This paper presents an experimental study that explores the possibility of using rubber tires waste as an additive to improve the strength of gypseous soils. Different percentages of the waste material (2, 4, 6 and 8%) were mixed with the designated soil. The obtained results show that the angle of internal friction increases significantly with the addition of a different percentage of tire residues, unlike cohesion which was barely affected. In addition, the waste tires rubber minimizes the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content for this type of soil. The difference in optimum moisture content and maximum dry weight with the addition of waste fraction is linear.

This paper investigates the behaviour of reinforced concrete piers produced from four different concrete mixes. All samples have identical dimensions of 200 mm in width, 200 mm in depth, and 600 mm in length with a column cross-section of 200 × 300 mm and 200 mm in depth. The four various concrete mixes were: Normal concrete (NC), Green concrete (GC) which used a recycled aggregate with a replacement ratio of 50% instead of normal aggregate, GC in addition to 2% volumetric ratio of recycled steel fibre (TRSF) and high strength concrete mix at pier cap region (THSC). Experimental tests have been conducted to determine the behaviour of the piers in terms of first cracking loading, load failure, crack width and deflection. Results showed that the ultimate load value of GC was less than the NC pier by 2.41%. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in the ultimate load of TRSF pier by 4.76% as compared with GC pier because of the recycled steel fibre in the pier cap that affects positively on crack width. The results also showed that the use of HSC in the pier cap region improved the failure load by 29.7 % when compared with GC pier.

Piled raft is commonly used as foundation for high rise buildings. The design concept of piled raft foundation is to minimize the number of piles, and to utilize the entire bearing capacity. High axial stresses are therefore, concentrated at the region of connection between the piles and raft. Recently, an alternative technique is proposed to disconnect the piles from the raft in a so called unconnected piled raft foundation UCPR, in which a compacted soil layer (cushion) beneath the raft, is usually introduced. The piles of the new system are considered as reinforcement members for the subsoil. In the current study, the behavior of both connected and unconnected piled rafts systems has been studied experimentally. The effects of different factors, such as; the piles number and configuration, on the load settlement behaviour and pile load sharing are also investigated. The results indicate that when unconnected piles are used, the total settlement of the piled raft system is significantly reduced, and the pile load sharing considerably decrease, e.g., for piled raft with nine piles the total settlement has decreased by 35.6% and pile load sharing has decreased by 20.9%.

Increasing cost of erection and maintenance of modern structures becomes need new method of crack investigations before catastrophic failure is happened. A proposed technique for non-destructive inspection of crack in a structure is presented using standard Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method. The vibration properties, natural frequencies and mode shapes, of the structure are included in the non-destructive proposed technique. The new technique of crack inspection is verified in a steel clamped beam structural model. The crack position and size are considered and two cases of crack scenarios are adopted in this study. The crack is presented in the FE model as a reduction in the stiffness of specified elements. The dynamic analysis of the FE model is implemented using ANSYS-APDL software. The proposed technique includes a subroutine created by high technical level language in MATLAB software. This new technique exhibits robust and satisfactory performance of inspection the position and size of crack in the adopted structural model.

An experimental investigation of PVC-concrete columns is presented to assess the efficiency of using PVC tube for enhancing strength and ductility of PVC-concrete columns. Study was conducted to assess provided PVC casing confinement mechanism efficiency for enhancing strength and ductility of considered PVC- concrete columns. To investigate the composite mechanism and confining mechanism of the PVC tube, fabricated specimens are tested under uniaxial compression loading in two modes of load application; composite mode and confining mode. The results showed that the composite mode columns exhibit more strength improving than those of confining mode. The upgrading rate in sustained loading resistance of composite mode columns varied from 2.25 to 1.56, while it was 2.07 to 1.55 for confining mode columns. The same comparison is entirely reversed in scope of ductility, where confining mode columns exhibited more axial and lateral deformations than the corresponding composite mode columns. The results are normalized in term of radial stress (f_r) and concrete compressive strength (f'_e), determined enhanced confined concrete strength (f'_ee) could be used to predicate plastic capacity of columns of different mechanism.

This study aims to detect the mechanical properties of lightweight aggregate moderate strength concrete (LWAMSC) reinforced with single and hybrid fibers in various types and sizes. Moderate strength pumice lightweight aggregate concrete mix with compressive strength 40 MPa at 28 day age with silica fume and superplastizier was used. The fibers used include macro hooked steel fiber with aspect ratio 80, steel fiber with aspect ratio 60, and polypropylene fiber (P.P.F). Two groups of (LWAMSC) mixes were made with reference concrete mix (without fibers). The first group of mixes were substituted three (LWAMSC) mixes with different single fiber including, concrete mix reinforced with Polypropylene (P.P.F) about 0.75 % volume fraction (P1), concrete mix reinforced with macro hooked steel fiber type SF1 with volume fraction 0.75% mix (M1) and concrete mix reinforced with macro hooked steel fiber type SF1 volume fraction 1.5% mix (M2). The second group of fiber reinforcement (0.75% steel fiber type (SF1) + 0.75% steel fiber (SF2) mix (H1), (1% steel fiber (FS1)+ 0. 5% steel fiber type (SF2) mix (H2)),and finaly (1% steel fiber type (SF1)+0.5% PPF mix (H3)). Dry density, strengths of compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural of (LWAMSC) were examined. generally single and hybrid reinforcement fiber of (LWAMSC) show important increase at flexural strength and splitting tensile strength in comparison with reference concrete.The results also show that, the optimum added proportion of fiber steel type (SF1) was (1.0%) and with (0.5%) steel fiber type (SF2) that portion raised the strengths of compressive, flexural, and splitting tensile around (4.34%), (52.93%), and (297%) respectively comparison with control mixture.

This study aims to evaluate the performance of membrane bioreactor (MBR) followed by the membrane of reverse osmosis (RO) for textile wastewater treatment and reuse. Firstly, study of the effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and the concentration of mixed liquid suspended solids (MLSS) on the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand, colour and turbidity were achieved by MBR system. The results showed that the MBR technology became increasingly effective in the treatment of textile wastewater with increasing HRT and MLSS concentrations The highest removal efficiencies were 86.7%, 77.67% and 96.74% for COD, colour and turbidity, respectively when HRT = 2days, while the highest removal efficiencies were 88.34%, 83.7% and 97.9% when HRT = 2.5days. The second step was studying the effect of operating pressure and RO feed temperature on the removal efficiency of COD and colour of the RO system. MBR effluent has been treated with RO membrane to remove the remaining pollutants. The results showed that, the increasing of the pressure and decreasing of the temperature have a positive effect on removal efficiency. The maximum removal efficiencies obtained for COD and colour were 99.3% and 99.8% respectively at a pressure of 10 bar and 25 °C RO feed temperature.

The problem of ring foundation under uniform load or different point loads are a very common one in practice. The resulting independent degrees of freedom for thin depth ring members are the deflection and the twisting angle at any section in the ring. The governing equations for bending of ring members resting on Winkler foundation which derived by the previous researcher are solved in this research using finite differences. Also, finite element methods are used to model the problem by using two-dimensional and three-dimensional elements and spring elements to model the soil. The behaviour under point and distributed loads are investigated and compared with previous analytical results and good agreements were obtained. This study revealed that the maximum deflection decreased by 86% when the loading changed from point to uniformly distributed. Also, when the subgrade reaction was increased from (1.7 to 6 MPa), the maximum deflection decreased by 72% and the maximum moment decreased by 31%.

According to Rubber Manufacturer's Association, about 270 million waste tires are produced in United States each year. Also about 300 million scrap tires are stockpiled at the United States. Significant development in transportation and an enormous increment in the quantity of vehicles create various issues, for example, environmental contamination. Many research studies utilized scrap tires rubber in different types of concrete mixes such as normal concrete and self-compacting concrete to produce rubberized concrete and self-compacting rubberized concrete.

This review paper presents important results and conclusions that obtained from previous studies which used waste tires rubber as aggregates (fine and coarse aggregates). The results showed that the mechanical properties (compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength) decreased by adding rubber particles. Also the fresh properties negatively affected as rubber contain was increased but stay in the acceptable limits. The failure mode of concrete change from brittle to ductile by incorporating scrap tires rubber in concrete.

This study is intended to deal with twelve reinforced concrete beams cast into three categories of Concrete type with Normal, Self Compacted and High Strength Concrete. Two beams of each category have steel fibers and the other used as reference one. Test results are presented in graphs also listed in Tables. Test results indicated that, category of High Strength Concrete beams is the strongest category depending onto the ultimate load capacity and the highest stiffness, followed by the Self Compacted Concrete beams category then the Normal Strength Concrete beams category comes later, with an increase of about (3.6-5.3%). Increasing steel fibers contained in concrete beam section will rise the ultimate load capacity of fiberious concrete beam, an increase of about 36% has been obtained. Increasing steel fiber contained with increasing concrete compressive strength of the fiberious concrete section will help increasing the ultimate load capacity of beam, an increase of about 166% has been noted. Due to continuing in rising the steel fibers contained in fiberious concrete section, the rate of development of ultimate load capacity of the fiberious concrete beam will decrease.

Growing environmental pollution, rapid depletion of natural resources (virgin), need for larger areas of landfill and the increased cost of landfill are the factors that led to focus on the recycling of concrete and the demolition of waste in the new concrete. The principle of recycling for sustainable construction was adopted during the present study by recycling plastic and glass waste as an alternative to aggregates in concrete. Eight concrete mixes were tested, and production of green concrete with waste content of 35% and residual strength about 83% was achieved. The dynamic properties of green concrete under impact load were calculated. Dynamic properties are very useful in the design of civil structures exposed to impact loads such as a gas explosion, runways, etc. CEB-FIP Model code (2010) show the most inclusive forms for expecting the strain rate development of concrete. The dynamic of compressive and flexural calculated by CEB-FIP models under strain rates range 10⁻² and 10⁰. This range used to predict dynamic loads in structures of civil engineering within the quasi-static strain level.

Estimating of soil hydraulic conductivity was so important and essential parameter for designing systems. Hydraulic conductivity measurements need many activities beginning from extract samples. Therefore it is having been found costly and time-consuming. At the present time, geo-statistical ways were used to estimate the hydraulic conductivity on the basis of restricted data. The aim of this research is to characterize hydraulic conductivity for the upper zone of Iraqi aquifers using groundwater modelling system (GMS) software and to build two dimensions geo-statistical analysis model depending on the application of 868 wells.These wells were divided into 778 wells for building the model and 90 wells for the verification. The hydraulic conductivity parameter which was obtained from the geo-statistical analysis model results indicated that the best fitted theoretical model was the inverse distance weighted (IDW) model with a coefficient of determination (R² ) equal to 87.43% and root mean square error (RMSE) equal to 1.853. Also, by conducting many trails, it was found that the optimal distance range for estimating the hydraulic conductivity was 3800 to 5000 meters. A comparison between the kriging and IDW interpolation methods indicated that both methods could estimate the hydraulic conductivity with good accuracy and less error.

Cavities formation into soil media is a very common problem that occurs in the gypseous soils (in which the gypsum content equals 2% and more). The gypsum dissolves by water flow leaching and leaves cavities in different shapes and sizes. In slab on grade system, the American concrete institute (ACI 360) recommends, the concrete slab transforms the load to the ground by about less than 50% of the allowable bearing capacity thereof, but when the soil contains cavities and excavation, the concrete slab behavior will change. In order to investigate the changing in behavior, twelve concrete slabs were prepared and tested on a soil media contains cavities. The investigated parameters were: cavity depth, steel wire reinforcement existence, bearing load plate shapes, and the load distributed parallel or perpendicular to the cavity. From the experimental results, it has been concluded that, the plain and reinforced concrete slab capacity decreases by (30.7%) and (7.4%) when a cylindrical continuous cavity forms at (30% mm) depth from the soil surface. However, when the cavity forms at a distance equal to (15%) from the soil surface, the plain and reinforced concrete slab capacity reduced by (70%) and (61%) respectively.

In liquefying soils, Shallow foundations may experience a reduction in bearing capacity and increase in settlement and tilt due to seismic loading. Therefore, the buildings on shallow footings may settle and tilt excessively. In this paper, the bearing capacity and settlement of shallow foundation on liquefiable deposits has studied. The study includes a shaking table test, reviewing of theoretical equations (available in literature), which estimating settlement of shallow footings due to seismic loading, calibration, and verification of these equations with data from the shaking table test for improved soil by grouting and unimproved soil. It is important to note that the grouting materials used in this study are the CKD and Bentonite slurries. A modification to the seismic bearing capacity and settlement equations had been done to account for the liquefaction state. Good convergence has been gotten between predicted and measured settlement.

In this study, series of shaking table tests were carried out to investigate the effect of tunnel model depth and direction of ground acceleration on the ground surface settlement and the dynamic earth pressure on the tunnel wall. Box tunnel model is embedded in dry and saturated soil (Karbala Sand). It subjected to three input sinusoidal motions 0.05g, 0.1g, and 0.2g. Two relative densities were used, 30% for the upper layer and 70% for the lower layer. The results obtained indicate that the settlement of soil surface increases with an increase in ground acceleration. The increase in tunnel model depth leads to an increase in settlement especially at 0.2g earthquake loading (for saturated and dry soil). The change of direction of seismic loading leads to a small change in the settlement for dry soil. The results appear that dynamic earth pressure (DEP) was positive in dry soil and negative in saturated soil in all test. In saturated soil, the effect of direction of ground acceleration and depth of tunnel model on DEP in 0.2g is quite little.

This paper studies the behavior of bridges' superstructure under seismic action. The bridge under investigation is one of the typical bridges usually used in overpasses in Iraq, which is made of simply supported steel built up girders and reinforced concrete deck slab isolated from the substructure by elastomeric bearing pads. A three-dimensional finite element model was developed using CSI Bridge Software. Time history analysis was carried out using true-recorded earthquake took place in Iraq near the city of Halabja in 2017. The results of the analysis show that the displacements of the elastomeric bearing pads under transverse seismic loading are much higher than the permissible displacements' limit which will produce failure of these bearings and potential failure of the bridge superstructure.

This paper aims to examine the effect of partial replacement with crushed concrete as a recycled material to enhance the bearing capacity and to decrease the settlement of soft clay. To clarify the effect of scale factor, four cubic steel soil tank with four dimensions of (250 x 250 x 250) mm; (300 x 300 x 300) mm;(400 x 400 x 400) mm; and (500 x 500 x 500) mm are used to carry out the experimental works, by using a foursizes for each square and strip footings with varying the depth of replacement (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 width of square footing) and (0.33, 0.67 and 1 width of strip footing).The effect of replacement wasevaluated with regard to settlement control and bearing capacity. It is found from results of experimental works that a significant decreasing in settlement and increasing in bearing capacity of treated soil with increasing the depth of the partial replacement layer for both square and strip footing compared to untreated soil. The study also shows that the use of partial replacement layer with a depth of 0.4 B for strip footings results in reducing the settlements by an averaged percentage of 72 % and increasing the bearing capacity with an average of 96%. Also the results demonstrates that clear increasing in bearing capacity for all depth of replacement under square footing with indistinct in settlement

Weirs are considered important structures controlling flow conditions and measuring flow rates in open channels. Crump weir represent good solution tool to control flow depth in streams, especially where controlling fish zones is required. However, installing crump weirs in rivers and relatively wide streams may be accompanied with difficulty of controlling same water level over the entire weir crest length. This study aimed to modify the crest of crump weir to be V-shaped rather than normal crest. Four wooden crump weir models were adopted. Each of the four models had longitudinal equilateral triangle section with the same horizontal base length, L (78.5cm), width, W (29.5cm) and height, P (20cm), but they differ by the middle crest height, P' as (20, 17.5, 15 and 12 cm) according to models 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively.. The three v-shaped crested crumps and the normal crump were subjected to eight flow rates and five flow depths at steady state modular flow conditions. Data gathered were used to conclude a nonlinear multiple regression formula of discharge coefficient for the modified models tested. The formula concluded was calibrated and verified with very good determination factor (0.958). Effect of crest modification on water level was clear at relatively low flow rates and vice versa.

Fibre reinforced polymer laminates are commonly used for the retrofit of ailing reinforced concrete structures for both shear and flexure. Recent studies have been undertaken regarding bond behaviour, but these have not advanced significantly to apply in a general manner to FRP sheets. This paper presents the effect of the length/width ratio on the bond stress and strength between FRP laminates and concrete. The experimental and the theoretical study give the same effect of the length/width ratio. Experimental bond models were tested of 7 specimens with 3 bonding techniques and compared with predictions from finite element models. Mesh sensitivity studies were carried out for the FE modelling, and compatible crack patterns were observed between FE models and the experimental samples. The FE shows clearly the distribution of principal stress in the concrete and explains the failures observed in the experimental tests. This study shows that the width of CFRP sheet has more influence than the length. Also it can be concluded that increasing the CFRP sheet width leads to a propensity for concrete de-bonding. This also illustrates how existing expressions for bond strength match with the observed results. In general the results show that an increase in width provides more load capacity than a relative increase in length even some design methods do not interest to the effective of width/length sheet ratio.

Increase of traffic volumes at intersections is one of the significant reasons that cause congestion. The current study aims to analyze, assess and improve traffic performance of (Al-Safeena roundabout) and (Sayed Jawda intersection) in Kerbala city. In order to implement these goals, data of the traffic volume and geometric layout for (Al-Safeena roundabout) and (Sayed Jawda intersection) are manually collected. To achieve the traffic analysis process, (SIDRA version 7) traffic program was used. Al-Safeena intersection improved by adding a new lane for each approach, this reduce the delay times, fuel consumption, and stops. This process will reduce ratio of volume to capacity (v/c) to value 0.7 and the delay rate value to 15.3 sec and LOS to C. On other hand, traffic operation at Sayed Jawda intersection is relatively enhanced by dividing the width of approach to four lanes, however, level of service is not upgraded satisfactorily. Change Sayed Jawda intersection to roundabout reduces the value of v/c to 0.8, and the value of average delay to 24 sec and LOS C.

Castellated beams made by cutting web of hot rolled steel I-section in particular zigzag pattern and recollecting the two parts by welding, to form a castellated beam with hexagonal openings, or more increasing of section depth by placing expansion plates between these parts to fabricate castellated beam with octagonal openings. The main advantage of fabrication this type of beam is increasing section depth, which leads to improve its behavior compared with original beam. So as to use the castellated beams with expansion plates into its best advantages, the failure modes due to web opening need to be avoided. This paper aims to provide added strength of castellated beams with expansion plates by using two types of stiffeners (circular and octagonal ring) around octagonal web opening. This strengthening technique was suggested to reinforce web portion and avoid failure due to web-post buckling. Standard (IPE140) were chosen as a parent section for fabricating four specimens as well as original beam. The important observation through this study is that using ring stiffener leads to have significant effect on ultimate strength. In case of using circular ring stiffeners, the ultimate strength was increased up to (188%) compare with original beam. Whereas the increment in ultimate load at using octagonal ring stiffeners was reach to about (77.6%). Consequent, using circular ring stiffeners to reinforced this type of beams was more efficient than using octagonal ring stiffeners. It is worthwhile to mention that it can be used (37%) as additional steel material (Expansion plates and ring stiffeners) for increasing the load capacity of castellated beams up to (288%) relative to original beam.