Table of contents

Preface

The 1st International Conference on Mechanical Electronic and Biosystem Engineering (MEBSE 2018) was held on 15-16 December 2018 in Bogor, Indonesia, one of the most popular tourist destinations in Indonesia. MEBSE 2018 was organized by Malaysian Society of Instrumentation and Control Technology (MSICT), School of Mechatronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), and Technopreneur At UniMAP Sdn. Bhd (TUSB).

The MEBSE 2018 aims to provide a platform for participants from the diverse field of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Biosystem Engineering backgrounds to exchange ideas and findings to promote cooperation, networking as well as knowledge sharing in both engineering practice and research in higher education. The conference includes the fields of Mechatronics, Ergonomics and Biomedical Engineering, Fluid Thermal and Energy Conversion, Postharvest, Food and Biosystem Engineering, Network, Data and Automation, Non-Destructive Evaluation and Remote Sensing. The conference received more than 100 papers from Malaysia, Indonesia and other countries over the world. After a rigorous peer-review process, 89 papers were accepted. The accepted papers that focused on theory, applications, design and experimental studies relevant to mechanical, mechatronics, and biosystem engineering field were invited to present in this conference.

I wish to record my gratitude to all reviewers, both local and international, for their time and effort in reviewing the papers. Their feedback to the authors has been excellent and useful to ensure the high quality of papers for the conferences. My sincere thanks also go to all sponsors for their generosity. Last but not least, I would like to thank also the organizing committee members for their hard work, cooperation and suggestions in ensuring the success of this conference.

Ir. Dr. Zuradzman Mohamad Razlan

Head Editor

MEBSE 2018

Photograph available in this PDF.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

This paper is presented to document a development process of automated system for the spray-painting process and for the purpose of advantage of implementation of automation to the production line instead of manual spray process and know-how of thickness control when applying three spray guns compared to single gun as normally implemented in automated spraying system. Three spraying could reduce the process time to spray the workpieces, in this case, is airplane wing's parts built from composite material. But these three guns automations system comes with challenging tasks in order to find an even thickness of overlapping spray pattern coming from these three separated guns. Ultimately, various studies on atomization parameters and other factors resulted in successful mass production.

A high-performance UWB array antenna to identify a tumor in a human brain phantom using confocal microwave imaging technique is presented. The antenna operated within the ultra-wideband (UWB) from 1.2 GHz to 10.8 GHz. Its high gains of between 5.2 dB and 14.5 dB and compact 90 mm × 45 mm size enabled its functionality and eased its integration into the microwave imaging system. Besides developing UWB array antenna as the sensor, a low-cost human head phantom represented by tissue simulating liquid as layers of skin, fat, skull, and brain are also developed. The antenna transmits the signal through the head phantom from 9 different points and receives the scattered waves under two different conditions; in the presence and absence of the tumor. The recorded scattering parameters are further processed in an improved delay and sum imaging algorithm using Matrix Laboratory software to generate an accurate image. The produced image indicated the presence of the tumor with an error of less than 2 cm.

Cervical cancer and the prediction of clinical outcome are among the most important emerging applications of gene expression microarray technology with feature sequencing of microRNA. By using reliable and dependable classification of machine learning algorithms available for microarray gene expression profiling data is the key in order to develop the most suitable and possible predictive model to be used by patient. In this paper, two-machine learning algorithms have been used which are Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Forests (RF) for the predictive models of cervical cancer. We identify and evaluate the performance of these two algorithms in order to know which algorithm has better performance. In this study, 714 features and 58 samples are used to develop predictive model for cervical cancer and our computational results show that RF algorithm outperform SVM algorithm with the accuracy of 94.21%. Our data also underline the importance of variables, which give the significant role in predicting the occurrence of cervical cancer.

Electromyography is a study of muscle function through the analysis of electrical signals emanated during muscular and muscle contractions. In the post-stroke rehabilitation process, monitoring of muscle activity is very important to know the developments of muscle strength. EMG signals, which produced by muscle activity have information such as muscle contractions, muscle strength and muscle weakness. Rehabilitation process that takes a long period of time can cause muscle fatigue, and the rehabilitation becomes inefficient. The objective of this research is to analyze the muscle fatigue during arm movements by using EMG signals. In this study, deltoid and biceps are monitored by using EMG and the signal are analyzed by using MATLAB. Five healthy subjects are selected to perform the rehabilitation in the experiments. Functional and fundamental movements are used in the data collections. The mean as a feature from a frequency domain is proposed to be used in the analysis. The results show that the signal contractions from deltoid and biceps muscles decreased constantly by the time. In the process of rehabilitation, the stroke sufferers should not do the exercise in a long period of time.

This study proposed an extended multiple ant-colony system for vehicle routing problem with time windows (K-MACS VRPTW) in delivery cases considering by the temperature sensitive and perishable products (TSPPs) of strawberries. K-MACS VRPTW is organize with K-Means to partitioning, and MACS, a hierarchy of two artificial ant colonies with objective function to minimizes vehicles used and the transportation times. The designed model is concerning to obtain optimal shipment of box reefer vehicle both Colt-L300 and colt diesel-double (CDD) delivery routes and the unviolated trips time of distribution-center about 8 and 12 working hours. The parameters was the calculation shortest distances of clustering in Euclidean and optimal routing in Haversine. Experimental results was better than the single MACS-VRPTW solution, that is savings costs as diminish the vehicles used by 5 instead 4 vehicles with shorter total distance and quicker travel time. The trials of the assigned feasible routes is using Voyager, the free navigation mobile apps with API Google direction service for optimization, was found a better nodes sequences of routes mapping.

One of the most significant current discussions in image processing is a document analysis. Now, many types of document database were established in order to address the issue of binarization effectiveness. In this paper, a comprehensive review of the document database was presented. Review based on an image from Document Image Binarization Contest (DIBCO) from 2013 to 2017 which consists of handwritten and printed image. The best algorithm for each year is discussed and analyzed. Based on the results, the technique using background estimation and stroke edges is better performance for the overall database. Besides, the method using the combination of Laplacian operator and canny edge detection also shows the successful result, especially in the printed image. Implications of the review give the direction for future binarization approach developments.

Malaria is a plasmodium parasite disease that affects millions of people in the world every year. Hence, early detection tests are needed to prevent the malaria parasites spread throughout the body. For centuries, manual microscopic blood test remains as the most common method that still being used for malaria detection. However, this procedure contains the probability of miscalculation of parasites due to human error. Computerized system is recognized as a quick and easy ways to analyze a lot of blood samples images by providing direct visualization on the computer screen without the need to examine under the microscope. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze different colour components for improving the parasites counting performance based on thick blood smear images. In this study, five different colour spaces namely YCbCr, RGB, CMY, HSV and HSL have been analyzed and eight colour components which are Y, Cb, R, G, C, M, S and L have been extracted in order to determine which colour component is the best for malaria parasites counting. Overall, experimental results indicate that segmentation using Y component of YCbCr proved to be the best with average counting accuracy of 98.48% for 100 images of malaria thick blood smear.

The uncontrolled development of abnormal white blood cells (blast) in bone marrow is the starting point where leukaemia cancer begins. It does not die like it should. Instead, it goes on dividing and crowding out the healthy blood cells, making it difficult for these healthy bloods to function normally. The diagnosis process from haematologist consumes a lot of time. Therefore, a good segmentation procedure is necessary in order to successfully identify and diagnose leukaemia cells automatically from blood sample images. This paper proposes segmentation procedures which consist of contrast enhancement, extraction of hue component information, as well as segmentation based on Otsu's thresholding and watershed technique. The experimental results shows that the proposed segmentation procedure has successfully segmented 200 images consisting of acute and chronic leukaemia with average accuracy, sensitivity and specificity obtained of 98.90%, 82.14% and 99.49%, respectively. The result of segmentation performance achieved shows the significant of this approach. Based on results obtained, this segmentation technique is applicable to segment both acute and chronic leukaemia images with good segmentation performance.

Disease diagnosis based on retinal image analysis is very popular in order to detect a few critical diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, high blood pressure, cancer and glaucoma. The important part in the retinal is a blood vessel. Besides, the blood vessel study plays an important part in different medical areas such as ophthalmology, oncology, and neurosurgery. The significance of the vessel analysis was helped by the continuous overview in clinical studies of new medical technologies intended for improving the visualization of vessels. In this paper, a new blood vessel detection based on a combination of Kirsch's templates and Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) was proposed. The main objective of this study is to improve the detection result of FCM and achieved more effective performance compared to the Kirsch's templates result. The proposed method experimented on 20 images is utilized namely from Digital Retina Images for Vessel Extraction (DRIVE) dataset. The resulting images are compared with the benchmark images based on a few image quality assessment (IQA) such as accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. The total average of accuracy is 92.64%, while sensitivity and specificity got 95.73% and 60.45% respectively.

Current advancement in orchard farming has results in ultra-high density planting of harumanis mango trees under greenhouse production system. The innovative approach in monitoring the nutrient status is deemed necessary to manage the growth of the trees. Sufficient application of nutrient especially nitrogen will exhibit healthy green color on the leaf while deficiency in nitrogen will result in poor leaf color. The level of greenness in the leaf will indicate the overall healthiness of the plant. There are very limited studies that indicate the growth of harumanis leaves at discrete time interval during it developmental stage. The objective of this research is to study the growth development of harumanis leaves by using SPAD meter and area meter at vegetative stage. SPAD reading were taken from the leaves at the age of 2^nd to 7^th week by using a Minolta SPAD-502 meter. Leaves were sampled from 32 trees and statistical analysis was conducted to determine the relationship of age to the growth of the leaves for its area expansion and the SPAD reading. The result for SPAD reading of the leaves shows significant increase with the growing period while leaves area shows less significance different during the growing period. This study concluded that SPAD meter can be used as a reliable tool to indicate the growth of the leaves instead of the leaf area measurement.

Human ability to make a decision and recognize pattern are based on their intelligence level and experience. This ability makes the driver alert and knows what they need to do at certain situations. This paper aims to study human behavior while driving the vehicle at the desired path. Certain criteria subjects are selected with the purpose to study their driving pattern. The subjects must own a driving license and driving experience less than 10 years. The subject then drives the vehicle at the designed paths, which is straight and right turn. The drive pattern for the subjects shows a similar pattern but different characteristics. The experiments used to create a fuzzy controller that imitate human behavior while controlling the steering wheel. The steering wheel angle, position, heading and speed of the vehicle are recorded during the experiments. This paper only focus on the analysis of human behaviour based on steering wheel angle recorded.

This paper presents a document binarization approach to the document image. Thousands of historical documents usually hold important information within them. It is usually stored in the national archives and library around the globe waiting to be scanned to retrieve the content it holds. However, many environmental factors, improper handling, and the poor quality of the materials used in the document creation cause it to suffer a high degree of degradation of various types. In order to retrieve the content of the degraded historical document, a binarization approach on document images must be applied. The processes of the binarization separate pixel value of an input image into two values which is white as the background and black as foreground text. The proposed system consists of three parts. In the first part, the image pre-processing operation is done before the binarization process to enhance image quality. In this part, Contrast Stretching and Mean Filter is applied onto the image to remove noise on the image. The second part will be to apply the binarization algorithm on the document image that has undergone an image pre-processing operation. By applying the Fuzzy C-Means algorithm to the document images, the images will be converted to a binary image and divided into two components, which is text and background. The last step of the proposed method will be performing the Deghost operation to remove "ghost" entities that may have appeared on the document image. The method will undergo imaging quality analysis, such as PSNR, Accuracy, and F-measure to determine the effectiveness of the proposed method. The experimental results on H-DIBCO 2013 dataset show the robustness, reliability, and efficiency in the proposed approach.

Overvoltage happens in a condition where the voltage is increased and exceed its design limit. This situation may lead to harmful damage to machines or related equipment that connected to the system. Overvoltage can exist in a form of transient, voltage spike or permanent, depending on its duration. Types of overvoltage consist of lightning overvoltage and switching overvoltage. Overvoltage that caused by lightning is considerate as natural phenomena, while switching overvoltage exists from the system itself, either by the interruption of faults or inappropriate connection of circuit breaker contacts. This paper is discussed about overvoltage phenomenon including causes and effects of overvoltage and overvoltage protection towards power system.

A comparison on classification accuracy and morphological features selection between stepwise discriminant function analysis (DFA) and enter all variables DFA were made for classification of Malaysian rice seed varieties namely MR297, MR263, MR284, MR219 and a group of weedy rice. Eighteen morphological features were used for the discriminant analysis. The classification accuracies of MR297 and MR263 against weedy rice group were maintained at 99.1% and 98.9% respectively, either using stepwise DFA or normal DFA. The classification accuracy for MR284 decrease from 95.0% to 93.7% using stepwise DFA with the reduction to five morphological features selected in the analysis. However for MR219, the classification accuracy increased by 0.3% using optimized features in stepwise DFA. Thus it can be concluded the optimization of morphological features through stepwise DFA classification does not necessarily increase the accuracy for discriminating weedy rice and Malaysian rice seed varieties.

Network monitoring system consists of large data streams, distributed architecture, and multiple computers that are geographically located all over the world caused a difficulty to detect abnormalities in the system. In addition, when handling network traffic, the data in network is fast incoming and requires an online learning where immediately response and predict the pattern of network traffic for classification once there is an event or request occur. Therefore, this paper aims to develop an effective and efficient network anomaly detection system by using distributed online averaged one dependence estimator (DOAODE) classification algorithm for multi-class network data to overcome these issues. The finding of DOAODE algorithm for multi-class classification is high in accuracy with average 83% and fast to train the network traffic recorded less than ten seconds and takes shorter time when the number of nodes increases.

In this paper, a novel method to reduce the number of EEG channels for a Motor Imagery-based Brain Computer Interfaced (BCI) system without compromising its performance is proposed. By reducing the number of EEG channels, the number of features can be reduced and this has to be achieved without sacrificing the classification accuracy and computational time of the BCI. EEG signals were recorded from 10 subjects using a 19-channel EEG amplifier. Higuchi Fractal features were extracted from the recorded signals and modelled using Neural Networks (NN). A simple statistical analysis based on standard deviation was then used for the channel reduction process. The classification accuracy of the NN model formulated with the 19 channels features were compared to that of the model with features selected using statistical method. From the results it was observed that using this approach, the number of EEG channels can be reduced up to 30% without sacrificing its classification performance.

In recent years, in the quest for cost-effective operations, slower than expected chicken growth has become a big issue for the poultry farmers in Malaysia. To be profitable, the chickens need to reach 1.8kg in only 38 days from hatching. At present, the farmers manually check the weight of chickens twice a day, in the morning and evening, to monitor the growth rate of chickens. However, the workers in such farms do not weigh the chickens according to an established SOP, which in turn results in inaccurate growth-rate data obtained. This paper describes the development of an automated chicken weighing system using wireless sensor network (WSN) for poultry farmers to replace the manual approach. The weighing scales are equipped with wireless data transfer system to enable automatic data transfer to the Cloud using a Wi-Fi module. The data collected are then compared to the expected growth rates and used to monitor of the growth rate of chickens. The proposed growth rate monitoring system enables them the daily monitoring of the chicken development rate and enables the rectification of problems as soon as any discrepancies are detected. Problems such as insufficient or poor distribution of feed and the occurrence of disease can be rectified at an early stage.

UWB array antenna with high gain is proposed. The 4 × 1 array antenna consists of four identical copper circular patches are appropriately connected using quarter-wavelength transformer transmission line. The array elements and its feed network are properly optimized to have a high gain performance over wide range bandwidth frequencies. New additional flat reflector with distance of 20 mm enhances the proposed antenna gain. UWB antenna performance with reflector is better than UWB antenna without reflector structure. Antenna with reflector recorded wider operated bandwidth; 1.9GHz-10.6GHz with higher gain ranged from 3.5dB until 14.2dB compared with without reflector antenna operated from 2.2GHz to 10.6GHz with lower gain ranges of 1.9dB to 9.8dB. The reflector structure enhanced the antenna gain by 50% where the average gain throughout operated frequency for antenna with reflector and antenna without reflector is 10.2dB and 6.8dB respectively. Dimensions of 80 mm × 45 mm is considered as small UWB array antenna. The high gain and wide operator bandwidth of proposed antenna finds it very suitable to be integrated in human brain microwave imaging system due to ability of the wide signal with high energy penetrating human head structure.

Localisation is essential for autonomous mobile robot system enabling it to locate itself within its environment. One method to perform localisation is to use scan matching with iteration closest point (ICP) algorithm. However, typical ICP may be prone to inaccuracies in localisation and mapping due to problems associated with laser range data limitation such as overshoot data and blank data. This paper presents the improvement to the above problem by the inclusion of a threshold to the KNN scan matching algorithm during iteration process. The threshold is a percentage of nearest point of incoming input with respected to reference point. Threshold values of 0%, 70% and 90% were tested, and improvements of the classification performance were observed with the increase in the threshold values, with the latter achieving 100% accuracy. This work shows that the use of threshold in scan matching may improve the accuracy of local map classification.

A Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol plays a significant role in enhancing the performances of Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). This technology is commonly implemented IEEE 802.15.4 standard that works under CSMA/CA protocol. In addition, WBAN deals with probability of high traffic occurrence due to collection bulk of medical data that are generated from several bio-sensors through a continuous monitoring of patient's health. This phenomenon could result to congestion in the network which may lead to increment in delay and packet loss that could collapse the network. The increment in these two performances could lead to wrongly diagnosed of the diseases as well as late in medical help. Hence, the proposed mechanism aimed to reduce the delay through fragmenting the packets by decrementing the slot time in MAC 802.15.4 protocol under different number of number nodes with constant packet size and bit rate. The performances of the proposed mechanism are measured in terms of delay and packet loss by using OMNeT++ simulator tool. Based on the collected results, the proposed mechanism has shown a promising result in reducing the delay which means that it has improved the network performance of WBAN.

Control Path Management is an important component in the Distributed SDN Controller, and plays a key role in Software Defined Networking (SDN). Testbed simulations are done with an implementation of several controllers are deployed to improve the scalability and reliability of the control plane framework by employed network clustering into several subdomains with separate controllers. This paper investigates the deployment of distributed SDN controller but logically centralized systems for decouples control plane using Distributed Traffic Engineering mechanism. The results obtained show that the proposed mechanism can achieve controller load balancing with better performance.

One method that has been used on additive manufacturing process is fused deposition modelling (FDM). This method employs material extrusion in the form of filament to build a product. Several materials have been developed as the filament, each with its own mechanical, chemical, and thermal properties. Certain FDM machines are capable to print filaments from different materials. Although, each materials require different printing parameters. Consequently, different geometrical and mechanical properties from same design may be produced from their different printing parameters. Therefore, in order to obtain the characteristic of FDM machine output on multi-material, a comparative study is conducted. Lattice structures constructed from 3D CAD model with difference in pore configuration are printed by different filament materials on same FDM machine. We investigate the geometrical and mechanical properties of the structure, especially on the capability of the lattice structure to bear compressive load. There are 42-53% of pore dimension difference between the printed structure and the design despite material variation is used for each pore configuration.

Utilization of agricultural machinery recently becoming big issue to increase agriculture production in Indonesia. In these couple years Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture massively granted agricultural machineries to the farmers for increasing rice production. Considering that farmer's paddy field are scattered in villages area, it can be happening that agricultural machinery in one village may overutilize where the other still underutilize. The objective of this research is to design an online application for agricultural machinery service for optimizing the utilization of agricultural machinery. The application was developed under Android operating system which is commonly used for mobile phone. The method of this research was following System Development Life Cycle which include investigation, system analysis, design, implementation, installation and testing steps. There are three sub systems in this application i.e. system for operator, machinery provider and machinery user. The application contains several functions such as machinery data management, order management and machinery services scheduling. In the user application, detail data such as field location, type of machinery, order time, and supporting map of the location can be input and read by the machinery provider easily. The application was tested under several Android operating systems and the results showed that the application can run satisfactorily.

This paper proposes high gain ultra-wide band (UWB) reflector array antenna for human brain tumor detection using specific absorption rate (SAR) technique in microwave detection system. Introduction of copper reflector with ideal distance contribute in increasing the proposed antenna gain. High gain antenna is essential in human microwave detection system for penetrating the multilayer structures by enhancing the focus of the electromagnetic energy into the desired structure. The antenna with reflector recorded wider bandwidth; 1.6 GHz-10.8 GHz associated with higher gain ranged from 3.2 dB until 14.1 dB compared with antenna without reflector operated from 2.2 GHz to 10.8 GHz with lower gain ranges of 2.1 dB to 10.2 dB. The antenna is successfully detecting human brain tumor based on SAR technique. Amount of energy or gain produced by the antenna which being absorbed by the human brain indicated the present of tumor inside. Human brain with tumor absorbed more energy and recorded higher SAR value compared to human brain without tumor. In this paper, human head phantom associated with tumor recorded SAR value of 2.53 W/kg and 2.51 W/kg for simulated and measured respectively meanwhile head phantom without tumor stated SAR value of 1.06 W/kg for simulated and 1.05 W/kg for measured. The biggest different in SAR value according to area precisely determine the location of the tumor in the brain which in this case position 5 (tumor location) resulted biggest SAR different value of 1.47 W/Kg for simulated and 1.46 W/Kg for measured.

At this time matoa fruits are sold without grading them first so high and low quality fruits are mixed. In addition to not having SNI, there is also no standard method for grading according to standardization of fresh horticultural products. Related to this issue, digital image processing can be used as an alternative method for grading. The purpose of this study were to study quality parameters and to develop quality evaluation method for yellow type matoa using digital image processing. Manual measurement using weight as quality parameter of 203 yellow matoa produced three categories of quality classes namely A, B and C. Image processing algorithm was then developed to replace the manual measurement by estimating the weight using projected area of fruits image and to measure skin color of the fruits. The overall accuracy of quality evaluation based on weight using developed algorithm was 73.89%. For quality evaluation based on visual parameter or skin color represented by red and blue color ratio (R/B), and hue and value (H/V) color ratio, it was found possible to classify the fruits into three quality classes namely class 1 (brown to yellow-brown), class 2 (yellow), and class 3 (yellow-green to green) with overall accuracy of 74.38%. Finally, using combination of those two parameters (i.e. area and skin color) nine new quality classes, namely A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, B3, C1, C2, and C3 classes were obtained with overall accuracy of 52.71%.

A new design of compact Super Wideband (SWB) antenna for performance comparison between in free space and in plain water is presented in this paper. The proposed antenna consists of basic circular patch as radiating element associated with partial ground and a zinc reflector to realize high gain and wide bandwidth. Dimension of 20 mm × 30 mm made the proposed antenna as a compact antenna. The significant feature of this design is the cautious manufacturing of the feed line with additional of two microstrip lines between the patch and the feed line known as stepped transmission line that altering the capacitance between the radiating element and the ground plane. The patch is directly connected with SMA connector using 50 Ohm mirostrip feed line through side feeding and deploy the air gap stacked. The antenna exhibit high performance in free space indicated by operated frequency ranged from 4.3 GHz until more than 15 GHz (<-10dB) with maximum gain of 9.79 dB. On the other hand, plain water medium degraded the antenna performance yet still within acceptance limit associated with resonant frequency ranged from 4.7 GHz until more than 15 GHz (<-6dB) and 2.2 dB for the maximum gain. The results reflect the reliability of the SWB antenna operated within liquid medium for various related applications especially for biomedical related applications such as microwave imaging for cancer detection.

Image enhancement is an important topic in image analysis in order to help humans and computer vision algorithms to obtain an accuracy information for analysis. The visual quality and certain image properties, such as brightness, contrast, signal to noise ratio, resolution, edge sharpness, and colour accuracy were improved through the enhancement process. The goal of image enhancement is to improve the quality of an image to become more suitable for a particular application. Till today, numerous image enhancement methods have been proposed for various applications and efforts have been directed to further increase the quality of the enhancement results and minimize the computational complexity and memory usage. In this paper, an image enhancement method based on Discrete Cosine Transforms (DCT) and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) was studied. This paper presents an exhaustive review of these studies and suggests a direction for future developments of image enhancement methods. Each method shows the owned advantages and drawbacks. In future, this work will give the direction to other researchers in order to propose new advanced enhancement techniques.

The proliferation and advancement in network technologies has brought unprecedented opportunities towards the development of Software Defined Network (SDN) which presents an alternative network architecture that separates data forwarding and control functions to simplify global network management. As SDN is developed to handle large-scale network, addressing network dynamics such as link failure remains challenging. Link failure in SDN could still cause major performance disruption which can lead to severe performance degradation for underlying applications. Therefore, this paper analyses several link failure circumstances in SDN and show how it reacts to such situations. As SDN decouples data and control planes, routing algorithm is determined by its controller. In this paper, routing algorithm is used to control the behaviour of the network traffic when one or more links are disconnected. Ryu controller which is one of the open controllers in SDN, acts as a brain to adapt how traffic is controlled for the whole network. Performance of SDN in different network topologies is compared in terms of throughput and Round-Trip-Time (RTT) which shows desirable SDN performance.

This study aimed at designing a method to determine color level of corn leave and to estimate chlorophyll content using mobile phone cameras. The image of the leafs are captured with hand phone camera, and then the R, G, B color components are extracted. Four levels of color levels were used as those of leaf color card issued by IRRI. As for the natural light compensation, the colors of the Indonesian national inhabitant ID card were used as color references. The leafs were placed on the ID card, captured together, and then the leaf color level is determined by the variation of the grey levels of the leaves and the color references. The chlorophyll content were measured with SPAD chlorophyll meter. The average accuracy of leaf color prediction were 81.48% for sweet corn and 76.82% for hybrid corn under various field luminance, while the accuracy were 94.45% under a fixed 1500 lux luminance. The accuracy of chlorophyll prediction was very low with and R2 = 0.4762 for sweet corn and R2 = 0.5284 with national ID card references for hybrid corn. This low results were relatively contrast with the prediction from manual measurement of leaf color level, where the correlation coefficients were R2 = 0.8466 for sweet corn and R2 = 0.8506 for hybrid corn.

The technology of reading human mental states is a leading innovation in the biomedical engineering field. EEG signal processing is going to help us to explore the uniqueness of brain signal that carries thousands of information in human being. The aim of this study is to analyze brain signal features between pleasure and displeasure mental state. Brainwaves is divided into 5 sub frequency bands namely alpha (8 – 13 Hz), beta (13 – 30 Hz), gamma (30 – 100 Hz), theta (4 – 8 Hz) and delta (1 – 4 Hz). However, in this study, alpha and beta waves were analyzed to investigate the mental states. Twenty subjects were recruited from undergraduate engineering student's education background in UniMAP with age ranging between 19 to 23 years old. The subject must be healthy and right-handed. The subject was required to view a series of pleasure and displeasure images for 10 minutes and take rest for 30 seconds between pleasure and displeasure view. Truscan EEG device (Deymed Diagnostic, Alien Technic, Czech Republic) with 19 channels were used to acquire EEG data with frequency sampling of 1024 Hz and impedance is kept below 5 kΩ. A bandpass filter was used to extract alpha and beta waves. The signal was segmented and PSD value using Welch and Burg method was calculated for both mental states. 7 statistical features (mean, mode, median, variance, standard deviation, minimum and maximum) were obtained from PSD value and used as an input for the classifier. K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) were used to classify into two mental states. As a result, Welch method gives the highest classification accuracy which is 99.3 % for alpha waves followed by 97.5 % for beta waves from channel F4. It can be concluded that alpha waves are the most potential waves to be used in order to differentiate pleasure and displeasure features.

Biometric technology has swiftly emerged as a go-to solution for improving cyber security especially in financial fraud and security threats. EEG based-authentication is best of security in cyber security application as it is unique and cannot be replicated. The aim of this study is to investigate the possibility of adopting imaginary or non-imaginary task for human authentication. In this study, twenty subjects were recruited from undergraduate students with age ranging from 19 to 30 years old. The subject must be healthy and right-handed. The subjects were required to perform non-imaginary task (left hand or right hand movement) and imaginary task (just need to imagine the movement of left hand or right hand). Duration for each task is 1 minute and take rest for 1 minute between the tasks. Truscan EEG device (Deymed Diagnostic, Alien Technic, Czech Republic) with 19 channels were used to collect EEG data with 1024 Hz frequency sampling and the impedance is kept below 5 kOhm. Bandpass filter was used in pre-processing to extract alpha (8-13Hz) and beta (14-30Hz) waves. The signal was segmented and the power spectral density were calculated by Welch's method and Burg's method. The statistical features (mean, median, mode, variance, standard deviation, minimum and maximum) were obtained from PSD were used as input of classifier. K-nearest neighbour classifier (KNN) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) were applied for classification. In conclusion, Welch method gives the highest classification accuracy which is 98% for beta waves from channel C4 with the K-nearest neighbour classifier. Imaginary task shows the higher classification accuracy which is 98.03% instead of non-imaginary task which is 94.95%. Thus, imaginary task is more suitable for authentication.

Electroencephalograph (EEG) is an electrical field that generated by our brain incessantly. The EEG signal released by the brain is different when a people is performing different activities in their daily life. And such EEG signals consist complicated information that can be interpreted. The aims of this study is to analyse the specific EEG channels of a user when they are performing a typing task with laptop. Meanwhile, this research also aimed to verify the performance of the different sub frequency band which is alpha and beta to recognize the specified tasks. The frequency sampling was set at 1024 Hz and the impedance was kept below 5k ohm of each channels. The Truscan EEG (Deymed, Diagnostic, Czech Republic) device consists of 19 channels and only selected channels which is F3 and F4 is filtered through butterworth bandpass filter (1Hz-80Hz) in the pre-processing stage. Power Spectra Density was calculated by using Welch and Burg Method to extract the features from filtered data. K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN) classifier and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) were used in classification. It is found that the combination of channel F3 and F4 for Alpha frequency using Welch method gives the highest accuracy which is 98.45%.

Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a signal contains information of brain activities. Nowadays, many types of research regarding EEG have been done such as neuromarketing. The human brain is very complicated but it contains a lot of information. EEG signal is a non-stationary signal, it changes over time and it also depends on human's emotion, thinking and activities. Due to the uniqueness of the EEG signal, the EEG signal has the potential to be used in the human authentication system. In this paper, an imaginary task and a non-imaginary task were studied to find out which type of task is possible to be used in authentication system. In preliminary study, five subjects were volunteered and performed the motor imagery and motor execution tasks. EEGO^TM sports device (ANT Neuro, Enschede, Netherlands) with 32 channels was used to record the EEG signal and the sampling frequency is set to 512 Hz. The EEG signal was analysed by using EEG signal processing namely pre-processing, feature extraction and classification. Power line interference was removed by using a notch filter. Daubechies 8 wavelet family with 5^th level decomposition has been applied to remove baseline wander noise. The performance of non-linear features such as Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD), Hurst Exponent and Entropy were examined. Random forest gives good classification accuracy for imaginary task and non-imaginary task which are 83.53% and 87.06% respectively, thus, it shows non-linear features is possible to be employed in biometric identification.

Methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) are two main greenhouse gasses emitted from paddy irrigated paddy fields. Their fluxes are commonly affected by water managements in the fields. However, the main problem in the study of greenhouse gas emissions in paddy fields is the instrumentation for measuring emissions. Measurements of greenhouse gas emissions are costly and complicated. The current study proposes estimating method to quantify greenhouse gas emissions by an artificial neural network (ANN) model. They are estimated based on easily measurable parameters such as soil moisture, soil temperature, soil electrical conductivity (EC), soil redox potential (Eh) and soil pH. The model was verified based on field experiments that were conducted in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia during 26 March – 24 June 2015. Here, three regimes of water management, i.e. continuous flooded (FL), moderate (MR) and dry (DR) regimes, were performed in the field. The DR regime released the lowest total greenhouse gas emissions; however, it reduced grain yield by 58% and 12% compared to the FL and MR regimes respectively. The developed model showed high accuracies for both greenhouse gasses estimation where the coefficients of determination (R²) values were 0.84 and 0.76 for CH₄ and N₂O prediction respectively.

The application of password usage in databased user authentication method is unsafe, due to higher chance of off-line guessing attacks. Hackers are able to save our personal information and can detect them until the perfect match is acquired. Thus, the aim of this research is to examine EEG signals during typing task from three engineering students (right handed) with age of between 19 to 23 years old to identify the regular human typing pattern to differentiate between one user to another. All the subjects were asked to perform three times typing tasks for 5 minutes with rest in between for 30 seconds. The subjects were required to rest before and after performing the typing tasks for one minute. Truscan EEG device (Deymed Diagnostic, Alien Technic, Czech Republic) with frequency sampling of 1024 Hz and 19 channels was used. This study applied Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) notch filter to remove 50Hz powerline artefacts and proposed the implementation of nonlinear features such as Distribution Entropy (DistEn) and Approximate Entropy (ApEn). The features were extracted from channels F3 and F4. The extracted entropies features vector are used as an input to k-Nearest Neighbour (kNN) classifier. As a conclusion, the kNN and LDA classifier giving promising accuracy which are 82.22% (F3), 88.52% (F4), 94.81% (F3 and F4) and 80.37% (F3), 81.48% (F4), 89.63% (F3 and F4) respectively.

Visible light communication (VLC) technology offers unregulated, unlicensed and huge bandwidth to meet the growing demand in future indoor communication system. One of the major challenge in VLC system is in improving transmission speed with optimize the bandwidth capacity. The method to improve spectral usage is using advanced modulation formats such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). In this work, a new approach for modulation technique based on multiband OFDM has been developed which capable to improve the spectral efficiency and optimize the data rate. A proposed technique is then adapted in OCDMA-VLC environment to analyse the reliability of the proposed scheme in high capacity network. Different selection of parameter values such as bit rates, number of bands and effective received power will have different effect on the system performance. Numerical result shown that the catenated-OFDM outperforms conventional OFDM by five times spectral efficiency improvement and eight times spectral efficiency improvement at their five and eight number of bands respectively. It is also shown that the proposed catenated-OFDM design is working well even at very high bit rate of 15 Gbps. Moreover, there are enhancement in receiver sensitivity with 7.3 dB power penalty compared to previous work.

Acceleration of mechanization is one of the effective methods to increase farming productivity. Mechanization status in Indonesian agriculture is not sufficient yet and the current objectives of mechanization is in the stage of intensification of production and relocation of manual labor from farming activities. However, mechanization should also support farm management to become industrialized to increase farm household welfare. By use of ICT technologies equipped on the advanced machinery can also contribute to optimize the effect of using machinery and maximize productivity in their activities as well as proper maintenance of the machine.

Demands for localization system has been growing rapidly in the last several years both for an outdoor and indoor area. In conjunction with this, the capability and reliability of this system to precisely locate and track objects of interest for the indoor area has catered researchers and study on how to do so. One of the major ideas on making it more advance is by incorporating the use of wireless devices into the system. There are numbers of issues that could interrupt the efficiency and success of the system. One of the main problems is the signal loss mainly caused by the attenuation of the signal as they propagate through from the transmitter to the receiver. These attenuations are mostly due to the surface types the signal are traveling on and the objects that are in the Line of Sight in between the transmitter and receiver. In order to ensure the most reliable and efficient wireless connection between transmitter and receiver, a propagation study on the signal is needed for us to analyze and find the best way to trade off the signal attenuation based on the environment surrounding the system. By doing so, a thorough system that has models that can work efficiently even if we are to consider the attenuation factors. The system consists of nodes installed inside the research institute that acts as both transmitter and receivers. The transmitter and receiver will then process the signal that will then determine their location. The receiver is connected to the laptop in order to get a real-time reading so that we will be able to locate the transmitter. A networked of nodes are installed inside the research institute for experiment and the layout of the research is conferred for future references. Data from the experiment are then analyzed and a model for the signal propagation alongside the research institute is created. This model will be able to apprehend the signal attenuation despite the surrounding environment such as furniture and walls. A completed asset tracking system with models of signal attenuation will be built in the future for a more efficient signal transmission.

SDN is the new network technology. Although SDN still new, it is inseparable from the issue of a link failure. By using SDN, link failure scenario can be simulated and collection of data can be analysed. Before creating link failure scenario, several topologies were needed to show similarities with traditional network. There are many topologies that can be created by using SDN because SDN already provide virtual network devices. Each network device will be build inside virtual network topology. With use of desired topology then link failure scenario can be implemented. SDN also need a controller that acts a "brain" to the network. The controller will be provide a routing algorithm to control the behaviour of the network when one or more links become fail to connect with host or controller. One of suitable controller was Ryu which can adapt to any traffic handler and already provide application resemble to network behavior. All software components will be simulated inside Mininet emulator, one of realistic virtual network application.

Beyond 4G, communication systems will be highly flexible and more congested. This is because of the increased demand for wireless applications, such as machine type communications (MTC) aside from the cellular mobile communications. Hence the need for the next generation, 5G, becomes essential. In the 4G systems, the cyclic-prefix orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CP-OFDM) has been adopted as a modulation technique. However, CP-OFDM suffers from the spectrum waste problem, because of the high out of band (OOB) emission. Thus, not all frequency spectrums will be useful. On the other hand, the required, increased demand, for high data rate motivated the industry to find another candidate as a modulation technique to be adopted in the next generation. Different candidates have been introduced; the Filter Bank Multi-Carrier (FBMC) is one of the promising candidates for that job. In this paper, we will show that the FBMC can be employed in 5G communication systems and can exploit almost, all, the advantages of the previous, CP-OFDM, system with little increment in the complexity, such as the implementation of multiple input-multiple output (MIMO) antenna diversity, and the high throughput with noteworthy mobility speeds.

Recycled high-density polyethylene reinforced with bamboo filler were compounded with twin-screw extruder and injection molding process. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of different chemical treatment with different concentration for bamboo filler reinforced with recycled high-density polyethylene composites via injection molding. The fillers were reinforced with plastic for different concentration of sodium hydroxide and acetic acid at 2.5 %, 5.0 % and 7.5 %. Mechanical measurements will show the presence of different chemical treatment with different concentration insignificantly effect in the composites tensile properties and also impact properties. The result of the mechanical analysis carried out showed that the presence of natural filler in composites will improve the properties of the material.

In this paper, the study on path loss of cellular communication is conducted by experiment and simulation on three different communication modules at rural area. This three-communication module will have different carrier frequency to determine the effect of doppler shift to communication path loss of moving vehicle. To enhance the accuracy of these studies, both simulation and experiment output will be compared. Simulation studies will be based on proposed modified path loss model. For the experimental portion, the Path Loss will be determined based on two things: the measured received power on communication modules antenna and transmit power from base station. From this experiment, the best selection of communication module by considering the fading effect from doppler shift is selected to be used in connected car.

In this paper, the study on path loss and delay of cellular communication is conducted by considering doppler shift fading effect, shadowing effect and handover session in urban area. The experiment will consist observation on three different wireless communication module. This three-wireless module will have different carrier frequency and radio interface technologies to determine the effect of doppler shift to communication path loss and handover delay of a moving vehicle. The path loss of a moving vehicle will be determined based on measured received power on communication modules antenna and transmit power from base station. Handover delay that experienced by a moving vehicle will be measured based on data transmission latency during communication session transferring from previous cell network area that pass by the vehicle to a new cell network area. From this experiment, the best selection of wireless communication module by considering doppler shift effect and handover delay in urban area is determined as suited module to be use on connected car system.

To prevent the decrease of vegetable production during the rainy season in a tropical region, it is important that cultivation is carried out in greenhouses. However, air temperature inside the greenhouse tends to be very high during the daytime in clear days. To overcome these problems, root zone cooling system has been developed as an energy efficient cooling system for tropical greenhouses. In this paper, performances of the root zone cooling system for tropical greenhouse are described. The application of the root zone cooling system for plant production in tropical greenhouses is still very potential to be developed. This is because the most significant temperature influencing plant growth of some plants was the root-zone temperature. It is important to evaluate the application of root zone cooling in tropical greenhouse for protected plant production in the tropics. It has been shown that CFD simulations analysis are able to visualize the temperature distribution in a tropical greenhouse equipped during root zone cooling. This has a positive potential for improving performance analysis, design, construction with more careful attention to environmental climate factors, type of screen, dimensions, arrangement of plant layout, and types of plants produced.

Drying is an important process in the production of high quality of white pepper commodities that have a high economic value. The objective of this study was to investigate the drying process and the quality of white pepper after spouted bed drying with microwave preheating treatment based on quality parameters of total oil content and microbial contamination. The results of the study indicated that the drying process of spouted bed was able to reduce the moisture content of pepper on average by 59.94% d.b. for 31 minutes on treatment of non-preheating, 60.38% d.b. for 37 minutes on treatment of preheating of 320 watts, and 59.35% d.b. for 32 minutes at treatment of preheating of 640 watts. The initial white pepper seeds that was boiling and soaking for 3 days had a total microbial contents of 2.5 × 10⁷ CFU/g. Total microbial of white pepper after spouted bed drying process without preheating was 1.54 × 10⁵ CFU/g, while the total microbes of white pepper with preheating treatment of 320 and 640 watts were 3.0 × 10⁴ and 6.0 × 10³ CFU/g, respectively. Oil content in all treatments was not significantly different. Oil content obtained in the treatment of non-preheating, preheating of 320 watts and preheating of 640 watts were 2.88%, 3.21% and 2.86%, respectively. It can be concluded that, in all treatments, the amount of moisture reduction and the drying time were relatively similar. However, preheating treatment can reduce microbial content to the IPC quality standard.

Pineapple which is one of the perishable commodities with high water content about 90.73% in 100 gr of fresh material. Thermal pasteurization has a weakness that can degrade the quality of fruit juice products. In contrast, non thermal processes have expectations which is don't make decreasing quality of the product. One of the non-thermal pasteurization type called Pulsed Electric Field (PEF). Nowadays, PEF system have two type batch and continous, which respectively used in this research is PEF continous system. This study uses research methods group random design (GRD) with two factorial that voltage (20, 30 and 40 kV) and frequency (10, 20, 30 and 40 kHz). Based on these studies it is known that the voltage and frequency is significantly different to the value of Total Plate Count (TPC), and absorbance. However there aren't significantly different with the pH, vitamin C, viscosity, total dissolved solid (TDS), total sugar and color. The treatment based on the microbial test are at a voltage of 40 kV and a frequency of 40 kHz which can reduce bacteria significantly 1.01x10³ cfu/mL or 0.94 by log cycle with the effectiveness of microbial death by 88.5%. The treatment based on the microbial test are at a voltage of 40 kV and a frequency of 30 kHz which The result indicates that physical and chemical characteristic of pineapple juice become 3.98 of pH, total dissolved solid (TDS) of 6.25 °brix, total sugar of 14.75 % viscosity of 3 cp, vitamin C of 7.6 mg/100ml, absorbance of 0.67, color on the brightness (L^*) value of 24.05, redness (a^*) of 6.35, and yellowish (b^*) of 7.5. This result shows that PEF continuous respectively work system to pasteurize the pineapple juice.

A simulation on semi-glazed flat plate solar collectors under natural convection mode used for green bell pepper drying has been conducted. The solar collector has a 60% glazed area which was installed to the drying chamber with a 45o slope. The simulation consisted of the heating and drying process. For the heating process, a semi-empirical model of the buoyancy effect and heat balance was proposed. To determine the constants of the model, the non-linear least square method based on the experimental data of irradiation, ambient air temperature and the drying chamber temperature for no-load operation was used. Furthermore, for the drying process simulation was carried out based on the mass and energy balance of the product and the drying air as well as the drying characteristics of green bell pepper. The simulation results showed that in clear weather conditions, the temperature and air flow rate produced by the collector can be used to dry a stack of ten trays within effective time less than 20.6 hours or equal to less than three days sunshine.

The distribution of the liquid and gas flows in multi-pass channel that illustrate a compact evaporator for air-conditioning system was experimentally studies. The dividing header are design horizontal with a square cross section of 20mm x 20mm and length is 290mm, also ten curve multi-pass channel with length of 300mm each connected between the circle cross section 50mm combination tank. The distance between the dividing header and combing tank were 120mm. The test was conduct under uniform backpressure conditions; additionally, the working fluid used was water and air. This experiment conducted to examine the influence of inlet-flow at the header entrance (stratified flow and annular-mist flow) under uniform backpressure condition to improve the uniform of the water distribution inside every curve channels. It was found that the inlet-flow condition at the entrance header has relatively influence the water distribution. By comparison between two flow conditions, great value of uniformity for water distribution in each channel is improved under annular-mist flow condition.

Analysis of the relation between propulsion angle and thrust generation of SEA-EYE was presented and discussed with three different angles of the boat propeller. The results of this analysis has been decided to solve the problem of the study. Features of SEA-EYE boat and the boat has been analysed in the Ansys Workbench (Fluid Flow CFX). The resulting decision was presented in the form of diagrams, tables and graphs. The results for the three boat propeller angle is almost close to perfect, but the final decision was made after carefully researched and as far as possible.

UWB array antenna with the high enhancement of gain is proposed. New additional flat reflector with a distance of 20 mm enhances the proposed antenna gain. UWB antenna performance with reflector is better than UWB antenna without reflector structure. Antenna with reflector recorded wider operating bandwidth; 1.9GHz-10.6GHz with higher gain ranged from 3.5dB until 14.2dB compared with without reflector antenna operated from 2.2GHz to 10.6GHz with lower gain ranges of 1.9dB to 9.8dB. The reflector structure enhanced the antenna gain by 50% where the average gain throughout operating frequency for an antenna with reflector and antenna without a reflector is 10.2dB and 6.8dB respectively.

In this article, the influence of deionized water and Al₂O₃/deionized water nanofluid to cooling battery ambient temperature is shown in figure 1. The battery temperature is observed to be decrease as the Al₂O₃/deionized water nanofluids volume concentration and high flow rate is incremented. The Al₂O₃/deionized water nanofluid exhibits enhancement as compared to deionized water under laminar flow conditions. The 0.60 vol. % concentration of Al₂O₃ with 10g surfactant and 1 L/min flow rate gives the highest heat transfer rate value among all with 65 % higher as compared to deionized water at laminar flow was observed. It has been observed that 24 hr of ultra-sonication was the best duration in the presence of a surfactant, where it gives the best stability and improved thermal conductivity, this improvement is due to decrease of aggregates within nanoparticle.

In this study, the main focus is to investigate the thrust generation of various propeller blade width-spans with the relation of mouth-ring application. By using the parameter, the thrust was calculated based on the value of velocity, voltage and rpm. The testing was performed in two condition that is with mouth-ring and without mouth-ring and 2 size of propeller been tested in this experiment. The application of mouth-ring is based on the gap between the wall of mouth-ring and the blade tip. There are 3 size of gap; 10mm, 8mm and 5mm. The result shows that 10mm mouth-ring have better thrust generation other than two gap. In addition, if compare to with and without mouth-ring, the application of mouth-ring also has proved it has a better thrust. Furthermore, the application of mouth-ring is evaluating to be good base on this study.

UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) can be described as aircraft that do not need any presence of pilots inside it. Basically, UAV is come out in a small aircraft so that the aircraft can be easily controlled by the people from afar[1]. The UAV's motor support bar length control systems are the UAV's control systems that move according to the variable arm length movement and also a constant revolution of the propeller speeds. The purpose of the study is to run the dynamic analysis at the UAV's motor support bar length control systems and also to enhance the UAV's mathematical modelling by using the SOLIDWORKS^® software which involved in using both CAD and CAE systems[2]. The detailed design is used SOLIDWORKS^® software to conduct the static and dynamic analysis of UAV's motor support bar length control systems. The design is restricted to the arm due to the critical part that has the highest vibration at the UAV's motor support bar length control systems. The results that obtain from the study from the static and dynamic analysis are the displacement of the motor, Von Misses stress of the arm, and also the resonance frequency that will give the modes shape to the systems.

Hybrid solar-type rack dryers are modified to improve efficiency and to save the drying energy. Modifications are made to the main components, namely; furnace and heat exchanger. The dimension of dryer was 1.8 m length, 0.7 m width and 1.8 m high. The dryer was equipped by 22 racks with dimension of 0.5 m x 0.65m. The furnace was modified to a cylindrical shape instead of rectangular shape and was designed with optimization of heat utilization and comfortable to be operated. To reduce heat loss, the wall of furnace was designed contact directly the drying room. The furnace material was iron galvanized plate with a thickness of 2 mm. The foregoing design of heat exchanger was tube bank type with horizontal fins attached on tubes. In this research, the adoption of vertical fins has enlarged the heat transfer area and increase the effectiveness of heat exchanger. The smoke flow from the combustion chamber of furnace was directed at the opposite side of the ambient air inlet for drying, so that smoke does not enter the drying chamber.

Coconut shell as an organic residue that could be re-utilized to charcoal raw material through carbonization or pyrolysis process. Kiln is a thermally insulated chamber that produces enough temperatures to complete some process such as carbonization. This study aimed to conduct a performance test of modification drum kiln with vertical partition for coconut shell carbonization. These partitions were added in order to limit the direct contact between coconut shells and husk, thus the temperature inside each chamber can be easier to maintain. The data obtained with placing the thermocouple in five places, while also measure wind velocity, relative humidity and environment. The drum kiln has 6 main components, which are pyrolysis main chamber, initial combustion chamber, air inlet, chimney, unloading and vertical partition. Optimum performance of kiln with vertical partition was in average temperature of 295.67 °C, maximum temperature 531.33 °C, charcoal yield 21.67 - 26.80%, carbonization time 78.33 minute and calorific value of 7, 505.33 kcal/kg. Vertical partition able to limit and control kiln temperature also increased pyrolysis rate as well as charcoal yield.

At present, the development of autonomous vehicle has altered the outlook of modern transportation worldwide. The state-of-the-art vehicular communication for transportation system is advancing, especially in vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communication. An effective communication between vehicle and infrastructure has become a significant part of autonomous transportation criteria. The necessity for high quality of service communication inspire for good planning and preparation in communication process. Per se, this paper proposes vegetation attenuation models for advance planning of communication process between vehicle to infrastructure, defined mainly by plants, trees and vegetation along the roadways in Malaysia. The channel measurement performed in Universiti Malaysia Perlis test-bed having large tall trees and low shrubs along the routes resulted in several interesting results which would shape the planning of CAV communication. It is observed that communication close to low plantation or shrub requires high power consumption as the range is significantly reduced. It is also learned that certain types of plantations allows for different level of signal attenuation depending on the antenna heights. The research also found out that the attenuation profile follows strictly the log normal distribution and as such certain planning could be made to reshape the communication process to cater for this.

Biomass pellet or pellets are bio solid fuel made from compacted sawdust and other bio waste. Pelletized processes consist of three major unit operations, i.e. drying, size reduction (grinding), and densification. Increasing biomass density needs a machine, to produce pellet with best quality. Pellet mill or pelletization machine in Indonesia still expensive because due to import duties, difficult maintenance process, and suitable for small and medium enterprise or industry. The purpose of this study was to design a prototype pellet mill integrated size reduction that encompasses size reduction as well as extrusion using the fixed dies type pelletizing method, and fabricated using locally available construction materials. Main features of the machine are hopper, gearbox, electric motor (2.23 kW, 1 phase, 3 hp rating), axial shaft, roller, and fixed dies. Material used in this research was A.mangium bark and the results of this study indicated the pellet mill has been able to produce pellets with a throughput capacity of 7.70 kg/h, with rotation speed 68.98 rpm, and load of machine range 0.44-0.51 kW.

Exergy analysis is useful to evaluate the effectiveness of energy conversion process. This study is aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of oil palm empty fruit bunch conversion by pyrolysis process using the exergy analysis compared to the theoritical of the cellulose pyrolysis. The effect of pyrolysis temperature was evaluated based on the amount of selected syngas produced. The results show that Increasing the temperature of pyrolysis from 473 K until 723 K will increase the concentration of H₂ and CH₄, but it will reduce the concentration of CO. Based on exergy efficiency, the optimum composition of gases that can be produced in the pyrolysis process of 1 mol cellulose are 3 mol of H₂, 5 mol of CO, and 1 mol of CH₄ at a temperature of 723K. The maximum amount of exergy efficiency is 96.33% in the reaction 2. Based on Gibbs free energy, the maximum value of hydrogen will be produced start at temperature 628K.

This study examined the utilization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) strap waste as fibers to reinforce the concrete. The fibers were obtained by simply cutting the strap. An investigation was carried out on 7 batches containing PET waste fibers as a volumetric fraction of concrete. The parameters were the fibers fraction ratio ranging from (0-0.5) % and aspect ratio (2.5 and 3). Compressive strength, slump test, and splitting tensile strength were the test supplied to concrete. The test results indicate that the PET fibers improve the splitting tensile strength and slightly decrease the compressive strength and workability. So that, the concrete produced can be used in paving, industrial flooring, precast concrete, and shotcrete. Furthermore, a way to reuse plastic waste will be utilized to contribute to saving the environment.

MOFs have considered as promising materials for CO2 adsorption due to their excellent chemical stability, large pore volume, and high surface area. In this study, MOF-199 has been synthesized using the solvent-thermal method with focusing on the significant parameters that affecting the structure of the MOF-199 (solvent, synthesis time, and temperature). Produced MOF-199 samples were characterized by electron scan microscope, X-ray diffraction, and microporosimetric analysis. High crystallinity degree and high surface area were found at 1:1 of the H2O: C2H5OH (within the solvents range from 1:1 to 1:2 ratios), whereas the changing of the synthesis duration from 18 to 48 h, and synthesis temperatures from 40 to 140 °C have revealed that the best synthesis conditions are 100 °C for 48 h. The appropriate activation condition has been determined to be 60 °C for 16 h. For CO2 adsorption isotherms on MOF-199 were at a temperature (36, 40, 60, and 70) °C and pressure range (0-5) bar using a volumetric technique. Temkin, Freundlic and Langmuir isotherm models have been used to analyze the equilibrium data. This research presents the effect of significant parameters on the synthesis of MOF-199 to understand their influence on the formation of MOF structures and the CO2 adsorption capacities.

The present work involves study of some new 1,3-oxazepine and diazepines derivatives by cycloaddition reaction between Schiff s bases and (Succinic imide, phthalic imide, and 3-nitophthalic) anhydride with dry benzene as a solvent. Oxazepine and diazepines derivatives from 4-chloro-6-nitrobenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine were synthesized. These derivatives were synthesized by the reaction of Schiff base with different anhydrides in presence of dry benzene. The starting material was 4-Chloro-6-nitro 2-aminobenzothiazole which prepared from 2-Chloro -4-nitroaniline and ammonium thiocyanate with presence of bromine and sodium acetate. The prepared compounds have been characterized by melting points and some physical properties besides the FT-IR,H-NMR spectra. The purity for these compounds was checked by TLC.

Nanostructure Fe/Mn as a binary oxide with 1:1 molar ratio has successfully synthesized by oxidation raw materials and co-precipitation process. The synthesized Fe/Mn was characterized by N₂ adsorption, Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD).The synthesized Fe/Mn demonstrated poorly crystalline structure as an effective mesopores material with high surface area 403.6165 m²/g and average diameter of particles about 55.66 nm.

Consuming of by product materials in build manufacture such as making of hot asphalt mixtures introduces worthy interest on the way of ecological, economic standpoint. Accordingly, in this experimenter research, it was scrupulous for using Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) in state traditional metal filler in hot asphalt mixtures. The mechanical characteristic was rating by lineal Marshall Stability & Indirect Tensile Strength tests. However, moisture harm and long-range aging were investigated by locate Index of retained Strength (IRS) & Mean Marshall Stability Ratio (MMSR), respectively. The empirical outcomes have presented a considerable refinement in the mechanical properties and a fundamental promotion in durability of the generated mixtures i.e. Asphalt Concrete Mixtures with GGBFS as a mineral filler (GGBFSAC) in rapprochement with the control mixtures that were infectious by ordinary Portland cement (OPC) as a mineral filler (OPCAC). As an outcome of this research, GGBFS can be united in state classical mineral filler in asphalt concrete mixtures especially in region where there is large GGBFS waste.

The Fe₆₀(CoO)₄₀ nanostructured alloys have been prepared from pure iron and cobalt oxide powders by mechanical alloying technique within a high energy planetary ball-mill. Morphology, microstructural and magnetic properties of this powder were investigated by a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The effect of time of milling on magnetic behaviour of Fe(CoO) nanostructured composite has been investigated. Apparition of new phase polycrystalline sample having a size in the range of 12 and 26 nm, it is confirmed by X-ray diffraction testing. The enhanced magnetic properties and structural behaviour of the nanoparticle are due by the diminution of size of crystallite. After 40 hours of milling, the appearance of spinel structure of CoFe2O4. The reduction in particle size leads to a significant increase in magnetic hardening, the coercive field at room temperature increases from 6 Oe to 208 Oe

Abstract. In this work, the structural properties of the monocrystalline vanadium pentoxide have been presented. Vanadium pentoxide (V₂O₅) films were deposited by using a DC reactive magnetron sputtering system at working pressure of 8.5x10^-2mbar. The sputtered vanadium atoms were sputtered and oxidized in presence O₂:Ar gas mixture by (5/95,10/90,15/85,20/80,30/70,50/50). Employment of magnetron results in the formation of V₂O₅ in the final samples according to the XRD analysis, increase the roughness and hence surface area of the produced V₂O₅nanostructures. The results of X-rays are shown to us, the deposited films were formed by nanoparticles with average grain size in the range of (52.11nm to 98.03) nm and roughness Ave (nm) in the range of (1.04nm to 8.88nm). The deposited films are identified to be polycrystalline nature with a cubic structure along ((001), (111)) and ((200)) orientation also MonoV2O5, Cub VO were found as deposited. The texture of the films was observed using SEM and AFM, it was observed that the grain size was increased with increased the O₂ percentage. These improvements in the structural properties of the produced vanadium pentoxide make these nanostructures good candidates for specific applications, such as photo detectors, solar cells, electro chromic smart window and gas sensor.

Nanoparticles of metal oxide have great potential in the photocatalytic system for removal of heavy metals in wastewater. The usage of titanium dioxide (TiO2) as photocatalyst has gained much attention because of its unique properties compared to others metal oxide. The usage of activated carbon (AC) as adsorbent from agricultural wastes such as coconut shell, cotton stalks and rice husk (RH) has recently used nowadays due to it is characteristic and low cost. Besides, it can reduce the abundant of wastes from open burning occurs and also can minimizing air pollution. The combination of photocatalyst-absorption process has been introduced in photocatalytic activity via dip-coating techniques without involving the filtration process. This technique has seeking more attention of researchers for removal of heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), chromium Cr) and copper (Cu) in industrial wastewater treatment.

Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) nanocomposite films were utilized for different applications, such as packaging, drug recover and other applications. The incorporation of plasticizer into polymer nanocomposites modifies some of their functional and physical properties, such as increasing flexibility, moisture sensitivity, in addition to other functional properties. However, the effects of Polyethylen glycol (PEG) and sesame oil (SO) on selected physical properties (moisture content (MC), contact angle (CA) and water vapor permeability (WVP)) of PLA)/HNTs bionanocomposite films were examined. The plasticized PLA/HNTs (5 wt % HNTs loading) bionanocomposite films were prepared using the solution casting method at room temperature. The concentrations of each plasticizer that used indivisually were (0, 10, 20 and 30 wt %). Results show that the increasing of PEG content led to increase in moisture content and water vapor permeability and decrease in contact angle of the films. On the contrary, the increasing of SO levels led to decrease in moisture content and water vapor permeability and increase in contact angle of the films. Differences in measured physical properties of films with plasticizer type and concentration may be attributed to differences in the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of the plasticizers. SO was the plasticizer that showed the most interested effect (low moisture content and water vapor permeability) on PLA/HNTs films for food packaging applications compared to PEG.

Slow release fertilizer (SRF) that consist of rice straw (RS) and urea coated with natural rubber (NR) and salt abbreviated as RS/Urea beads coated with NR/salt composites were prepared. RS was sieved in two different sizes which were 500 μm and 1 mm. Both of the RS sizes were treated with sodium hydroxide to expand the fibre capacity in order to store more urea. The RS/urea beads were then coated with NR/salt composite. Two concentrations of the salts prepared which were 5 % and 10 % towards the weight of the NR while 0 % salt act as a control. The role of salt is to introduce pore to the NR which allow urea to pass through its coating when soaked in the water. All SRF samples were analysed using FTIR and UV-Vis technique.

Recycled high-density polyethylene and high-density polyethylene reinforced with bamboo filler were compounded with twin-screw extruder and injection molding process. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of different loading of bamboo filler reinforced with recycled high-density polyethylene composites via injection molding. The fillers loading were reinforced with plastic for different loading which is 0 wt.%, 5 wt.%, 10 wt.%, 15 wt.% and 20 wt.% for two different matrixes, which is recycled high-density polyethylene and high-density polyethylene. Mechanical measurements will show the presence of different loading filler will insignificantly effect in the composites tensile strength and also impact. The result of the mechanical analysis carried out showed that the presence of natural filler in composites will improve the properties of the material.

Water content in soil or generally known as soil moisture plays an important role in plant growth. In moving towards a better farm management in precision agriculture concept, it is vital to maintain the uniform growth of plants by preserving the same amount of moisture in the soil. In this study, spatial distribution analysis of soil moisture content was conducted to observe the variability of topsoil and subsoil. A total of 80 soil samples were collected randomly and analysed using the gravimetric method. The data were used to produce soil moisture distribution maps using ArcGIS software. The results show subsoil layer has higher moisture content compared to the topsoil layer with a mean value of 26.17% and 22.84%, respectively. Even though the maps revealed two different patterns of moisture content, both layers fall in high moisture class (21.01% – 28%) with less variation. Thus, this indicates both layers have sufficient amount of moisture content for mango growth and irrigation water supply was adequate.

MM is a model that describes the rate of reaction of product ethylene towards the substrate concentration and MMC is an enzymatic kinetics model to see the effect of the increase of O₂ on the rate of reaction. The objective of the study was to estimate ethylene production rate in bananas by applying the Michaelis-Menten enzymatic kinetics equation. Barangan Banana with harvest age 11 and 10 weeks were measured respiration rate with continuous gas analyzer in temperature 10, 20, and 28 °C with 3 replications along measurement of ethylene production rate using ethylene meter obtained from a closed system method and represented by Michael-Menten equation. The temperature dependence was represented base on Arrhenius law. The model parameters (Km_C2H4 dan r_{C2H4 max}) are calculated using Lineweaver-Burk linier graph method. MM and MMC applications can be used to estimate ethylene production rate of Barangan banana. MM equation resulted that 11-week harvest age obtaining R² was higher than 10 weeks 0.95 while the 10-week harvested R² 0.94. MMC equation, the 11-week harvest age R² 0.95 was higher compared to 10 weeks R² 0.94. It could be predicted that MM and MMC equations can predicted the rate of ethylene production of Barangan banana

Papaya Calina (Carica Papaya L) is one of the favorite fruits. The thin skin and soft flesh of the papaya, easily cause the damaged of papaya mainly due to mechanical damage at the distribution process. The distribution of papaya generally carried out in bulk and arranged on the vehicles without packaging. Improvements in packaging for distribution that combined with retail packaging will reduce mechanical damage and increase consumer appeal. The research objective is to design retail and distribution packaging. Retail packaging is designed for individual fruits made from polypropylene plastic bags and corrugated board. Distribution packaging are made from corrugated board. The weight of papaya is selected in the range of 700 g -1000 g with a diameter of 90.5 mm - 110 mm and a length of 225 mm -240 mm. Based on these data, retail packaging is designed in the form of fruit units of 250x125x 250 mm for plastic bags and 90x90x140 for corrugated. The distribution packaging is designed with half telescopic container type using the flute BC with two different positions, both of vertical and horizontal positions. The packaging with the horizontal position contains of 4 fruit per packaging, the dimensions are 410x250x115 mm (KS1) and for vertical contains of 6 fruit per packaging with dimensions 330x230x70 mm (KS2). Corrugated board packaging dimensions is designed by considering the efficiency of pallets or generally vehicles that used in product distribution. The efficiency of the packaging that arranged on the pallet with the size of 1200x1100 mm are 85.41% for KS1 and pallet with the size of 1067x1067are 80% for KS2, while for M5 vehicle with the size of 2200 x 1585 mm the efficiency is 82.56% for KS1 and M2vehicle with the size 2630x1460 mm the efficiency is 90,92% for KS2.

Breadfruit is one alternative carbohydrate source in Indonesia. However, breadfruit is seasonal and climacteric crops; it should be processed immediately to produce flour. Native breadfruit flour has many limitations since it is difficult to be solubilized and swollen in cold water. The flour is modified physically by pregelatinization to improve its properties. Pragelatinized breadfruit flour can be used as instant food, porridge, and baby food. This research is aimed to investigate the effect of slurry concentration (20 and 30%) of native breadfruit flour and rotational speeds (4, 6 and 8 rpm) of double drum drier to the chemical composition and physico-chemical properties of the pregelatinized flours. The results showed that pregelatinization did not influence to the chemical composition. Pregelatinization of the flour improved the water solubility and swelling power on room (30°C) and hot (70°C) solutions, reduced the freeze-thaw stability, caused partial gelatinization which is monitored by losing the birefringence of starch granule, and darkened the flour. The pregelatinization also reduced the gelatinization temperature and had low final viscosity. Low concentration of slurry and low rotation speed of drum increased the gelatinized part of the flour, which is influenced to the cold and hot water solubility.

Mung bean seeds decreased their viability very fast during storage, especially in tropical area without proper packaging. The purpose of this study is to observethe decrease in viability of mung bean seeds during storage and to build a mathematical model for shelf life prediction. Dried mung bean seeds were vacuum packed and stored in Accelerated Shelf-life Testing chamber at five different temperatures of 30° C, 35° C, 40° C, 45° C, 50° C with approximately 80% in relative humidity, to facilitate rapid deterioration with different rate of physical and chemical change in the seed. The results show that there was an increase in moisture content and the germination decreased in different rates. Changes in values for some parametersof the seeds affected the viabilty of the seeds during rapid deterioration. The value of constant (k)for viability decreasing was calculated and used to build the mathematical model for predicting the shelf life of mung bean seeds during storage at any temperature. Using the developed model, it was observed that the shelf life of the Sriti variety of mung bean seeds in vacuum packaging could maintain 90% of germination level for 421 days or 14.3 months if stored at 20 °C, and for 173.37 days or 5.78 months if stored at 25 °C.

Production of paddy seed in seed industry involves several different functions and operations of seed production machinery. Maintenance of those machinery has a fundamental role in the production system through its impact on productivity as well as cost management. This paper will discuss the case study on analysis of possible cost reduction on maintenance of paddy seed production machinery through changes from the current practiced corrective maintenance system into preventive maintenance system. The study was mainly based on twenty four years of company's maintenance records of its seed production machinery which covered the failures history and actions undertaken. The methods were including the identification of critical components using Equipment Criticality Rating (ECR) and optimization of replacement schedule of critical components. The results indicated that eleven (11) components out of total 294 components in 8 specific machines have been identified as having considerable criticality rating and the changes from corrective maintenance system into preventive maintenance system may reduce about 39.4% of direct machinery maintenance cost.

Aloe vera-based edible film usually has weak structure, thus it has low strength. Incorporation of shellac resin and gelatine/guar gum might create composite edible film with preferable properties. This research aimed to synthesis edible film of aloe vera gel that was incorporated with shellac resin and gelatine or and guar gum. The initial concentration of shellac resin was kept constant at 6% w/w; meanwhile the initial concentrations of gelatine were 4% and 6% w/w and of guar gum were 1% and 2% w/w. The ratio between SHGE/SHGG and aloe vera gel in the suspension (ALSHGE/ALSHGG) was 1:1. The suspension was kept in the fridge for 4 days and the film was prepared from this suspension at day 0, 2 and 4. The suspension was characterized in terms of its viscosity, sedimentation and microbial activity during storage. The film was characterized in terms of its thickness, solubility, moisture content and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR). The results showed that ALSHGE and ALSHGG suspension were pseudoplastic, depending on their concentrations, with sedimentation occurred in ALSHGG suspension after 4 days. Microbial growth in the suspension was inevitable in both concentrations of ALSHGG, but there was no microbial growth observed in both concentrations of ALSHGE. After 20 g of suspension was casted into film, ALSHGE4% and 6% resulted in thicker films, with lower moisture content, than ALSHGG1% and 2%. These could be the reason for high solubility of ALSHGG films. The WVTR of the films varied, independent of storage time of the suspension, with the least WVTR was observed in the film from ALSHGE.

Java Preanger Arabica coffee is a plantation crop with 2-3 months harvest period annually, therefore the storage system is required to keep the product available throughout the year. Postharvest handling, storage, and packaging particularly are the main factors to be considered so that the coffee beans can be stored for a long time. Hermetic packaging is identified as an effective and safe technology to preserve the quality of grain during storage. Specialty coffee beans cannot be accepted if the total quality value is below 80 according the SCAA protocol, therefore an estimation of the coffee beans shelf life is required. The objective of this research was to analyze and compare the difference between the quality changes of Preanger Arabica Coffee during storage period using hermetic packaging and non-hermetic packaging, and to estimate the shelf life of dried coffee beans based on taste value using ASLT (Accelerated Shelf-Life Testing) method by using Arrhenius approach. Storage simulation was conducted within temperature range of 40°C, 50°C, and 60°C, with 80% relative humidity using both hermetic and non-hermetic packaging. The degradation of quality rate (K value) which was obtained based on the simulation results, was used to predict coffee beans shelf-life by putting it on Arrhenius equation. Coffee packaged with hermetic plastic has a slower rate of quality decline compared to coffee packed with non-hermetic plastic. The predicted shelf-life of coffee beans with hermetic and non-hermetic packaging were 232 days and 45 days (10°C), 113 days and 26 days (15°C), and 57 days and 16 days (20°C), 29 days and 10 days (25°C) respectively.

The present study is to evaluate the performance of steel reinforcement under NaCl concentration chloride exposure. The loss of weight, yield stress and ultimate stress were tested to evaluate the performance of steel reinforcement before and after exposure. The exposure was also repeated under a variable temperature of (50, 60 and 70 C⁰). The steel was treated to improve its properties by using hardening in the oxy-acetylene torch, epoxy coating and aluminium spread coating. Results showed that the reduction in reinforcement properties was reduced significantly by using the hardening method and the maximum reduction in the performance of steel reinforcement was in the higher temperature chloride exposure. The increasing of concentration (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 NaCl %) was due to high corrosion in steel wire. The results showed that the treatment of reinforcement was significantly improved.

This study is designed a new development and integration for the solar hybrid system connected to an inverter air conditioning system. This experimental system will provide an essential addition to the renewable energy future. The device is supplying the same cooling load with significantly less electricity demand. Apparatus system has the solar unit and solar collector with DC compressor that was used to compress the refrigerant in an air conditioning system, and that will effectively reduce the air conditioning electricity consumption. The solar collector unit is installed between the compressor and condenser, which provide part of compression pressure and heating by further superheating the refrigerant. The higher pressure and more substantial temperature difference enhance the condensation process in the condenser, resulting in the high-pressure liquid refrigerant. This configuration realty reduces energy consumption by reducing the load on the electric compressor.

This study revealed the behaviour of sunflower husk (SFH) and durian leaves (DL) as an adsorbent that could treat the aqueous solution to be free of heavy metal ions. The batch method was utilized. The influence of pH, contact time and initial metal concentration were described. The impact of pH on the uptake levels of the metal particles by both selected adsorbents were delineated between pH 4 to pH11. It was observed that the best value of pH for copper and zinc removal was 8 in case of SFH and it was 9 for DL. The process tends to be rapid the initial 10 minutes for SFH and 5 minutes for DL and an equilibrium time of two hours was needed for the copper and zinc particles adsorption onto SFH and an equilibrium time of one hour was needed for the copper and zinc adsorption onto DL. The Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models are used to decide the adsorption parameters. The Freundlich isotherm model tends to fit the equilibrium data better than Langmuir isotherm model. The outcomes demonstrated that SFH and DL hold great potential to be utilized as low cost dry biomass adsorbent in the order SFH < DL.

Here, the growth of Cu₂O flowers on a glass substrate were successfully fabricated using one-step chemical bath deposition method at low growth temperature. These flowers were grown on ITO seed layers that were prepared on glass substrate by magnetron-frequency RF sputtering. The structure and surface morphology of the products of Cu₂O flowers were characterized in detail using X-ray diffraction and microscopy of field emission scanning electron. Optical properties were examined through the ultraviolet/visible spectro-scopy. The results showed that the Cu₂O flowers were uniformly formed on ITO seeds-coated glass substrate, grow in the cubic structure with film preferential (111) plane orientation, high transmittance, and good crystallinity. The value of band gap is approximately 2.53 eV. This study helps to be the basis for more research on the growth of Cu2O at low-temperature and low cost-effective substrate.

To study ionizing radiation (IR) effects on biological systems there several techniques are used to identify molecular features of IR exposure, urinary detection of 8-ohdG by ELISA as a marker of DNA oxidative stress is one of the techniques was used in this research, when IR absorbs in a cell so that causing DNA damage and releases 8-ohdG through correction damage. The detection of XRCC1 expression by QRT- PCR is else technique in this study. The genotoxic of IR can be observed even at a low doses 5cGy, According to RPC (Radiation Protection Center) limited place in Baghdad as a source of low-dose IR( Europium 152) before it is removed, some of workers and slums are exposed to low dose of γ-rays ( 5cGy to 10 cGy ). The study groups included the (G1)fifty workers in metal melting are working closely with ( IR source), (G2)twenty five individuals from slums near the IR source, and(G3) twenty five volunteers individuals of male in different age, didn't exposure to diagnostic x-ray examination or other radiotherapy. Peripheral blood are collected and urine from all individuals. The results indicate that the level of 8-OHDG factor in workers higher than slums individuals and negatively related with XRCC1 expression, also the expression of XRCC1 decreased in individuals exposed for more than 5cGy, and increasing in slums exposed to 5cGy. The low dose of γ-rays causing genotoxic effects due to a combination of DNA-damaging effects and reduced capacity of DNA repair.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of death worldwide. Among multiple cardiovascular risk factors, such as age, blood pressure, diabetes, smoking and hyperlipidemia, hyperhomocysteinemia has recently emerged to have an important role in increasing risk of CVD by impairing oxidative stress-induced endothelial dysfunction and inducing atherothrombosis. However, the association between high circulating level of homocysteine and increasing the risk of CVD in human remains controversial and has not been consistently observed. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between serum total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations with increased risk of CAD in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) in Kurdish population. In addition, correlations of classical risk factors including hypertension, smoking, diabetes and hyperlipidemia with hyperhomocysteinemia in MI patients were studied. Its role in in development of CVD could be pivotal. METHODS: In a case-control study, a total of 74 patients (51 male; 23 female; aged 22-80 years) who had diagnosed with acute CAD on angiography were enrolled in this study and 74 gender and age matched non-CAD individuals were included as the control group. The serum tHcy level was measured by enzymatic immunoassay. Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) was defined as Hcy>15 µmol/l. RESULTS: the mean ± standard deviation (SD) of serum total homocysteine (tHcy) level in acute myocardial infarction patients was 22.8 ± 1.30 µmol/l, which was significantly higher compared to that of control group being 15.1 ± 1.33 µmol/l (P < 0.001), indicating that a high homocysteine level may promote pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. 51 (68.9%) MI cases had hyperhomocysteinemia; of these 35 MI patients (47.3%) had mild hyperhomocysteinemia (15-30µmol/L), and 16 MI patients (21.6%) had moderate levels of hyperhomocysteinemia (30-100 µmol/L). No significant correlation between tHcy levels and MI risk factors such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus, was observed. The tHcy levels were significantly higher in smoker patients than in non-smokers. CONCLUSIONS: These findings confirm that in patients with acute myocardial infarction, elevated homocysteine levels are associated with development of MI independent of other risk factors. A strong association between elevated levels of serum tHcy in MI patients was observed in Kurdish population. This study concludes that Hcy is considered as a strong emerging cardiovascular risk factor for development of myocardial infarction. Moreover, the measurement of Homocysteine levels might act as a surrogate laboratory marker and as one of the effective ways to diagnose patients with myocardial infarction in hospitals.

This research is based on the idea to combine efforts on promoting jatropha oil as one of renewable and green energy resources, and efforts to help "house hold oil stove industries" continuing their production even-though more people change kerosene to LPG as their main fuel for cooking. Regarding the idea, this research aims to modify oil stove which has been sold in the market, which was designed for kerosene fuel, to be able to use with jatropha oil and other oil as its fuel in the good performance. Two approach methods based on the physical oil characteristic has been done. They were modification of wick material, and "oil pre-heating system" implementation. The result shows that no wick material having good performance when implemented for jatropha oil usage due to its high viscosity. Original wick has best performance compare to modified wicks. By using original wick, implementation of oil pre heating system has been successfully increasing fuel rate combustion from 0.43 kg/h to 0.63 kg/h, and increasing the total system efficiency from 9.54% to 16.1%.

Information about rice productivity is one of the references for government to maintain food availability. With remote sensing technology, rice productivity can be known faster. This research was conducted using UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) and Sentinel-2 Satellite. Sentinel-2 NDVI which has a low resolution with high resolution UAV images, both variables have similarity values and regression reaches 0.8. NDVI are grouped into 8 classes using k-means clustering based on the similarity of the waveforms of each data retrieval point. Based on characteristic of k-means classes, field which has earlier planting times and the location closer to the water source, allowing a higher paddy productivity. Further analysis was also carried out to get the best period to estimate paddy productivity using Sentinel-2 imagery. Sentinel-2 was chosen because it has a distance between data as far as 5 days, allowing it to be more accurate. The best time is obtained at 63 DAP (Days After Planting), which is when NDVI reaches its maximum state. The estimation model of rice productivity based on UAV has a high coefficient of determination compared to Sentinel-2 so that the relationship between maximum NDVI UAV and rice productivity is better than Sentinel-2.

Internal content is one of the important quality criteria in fruit. Quantitative analysis is carried out by using a chemical method. This process is destructive, high cost and time consuming, thus not suitable for real-time measurement. The objective of this study was to evaluate the possibility of the use of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy as a rapid method of predicting the internal quantitative quality of persimmon fruit such as solid soluble content (SSC), vitamin C, total acid and firmness. The spectra pre-processing and Partial Least Square (PLS) method were utilized to develop a calibration model. The result showed that the best calibration model was SSC with (MSC) multiplicative scatter correction and 17 PLS factors; vitamin C with MSC and 16 PLS factors; total acid with MSC and 12 PLS factors; firmness with n01 (normalization between 0-1) and 12 PLS factors. This study demonstrated the possibility the use of NIR spectroscopy for rapid and non-destructive measurement of SSC and firmness contents in astringent persimmon. The low accuracy in predicting vitamin C and total acid was obtained due to a limitation of those the contents in persimmon.

The objective of this study was to develop the calibration model for predicting the patchouli alcohol in patchouli oil by portable Near Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Patchouli oil samples were obtained from different origin in Indonesia. Portable NIR spectrometer with wavelength of 760-1050nm was used to collect the spectra of the patchouli oils. The calibration model was developed by partial least square regression (PLS). The best model for predicting patchouli alcohol content is y = 0.7209x + 8.2804 with r = 0.86, SEC = 2.04%, SEP = 2.16%, CV = 7.6, RPD = 1.8.

The aim the study was to analyze the effect of temperature storage of garlic seeds including weight loss, sprouting and damage during the storage period. The samples of Garlic seeds are local varieties, cv. Lumbu Hijau and cv. Lumbu Kuning were collected from the farmers in Temanggung Regency. The experiments were set at two different temperature conditions, i.e. 5°C and room temperature (29-31°C) as a control. The relative humidity (RH) of storage conditions was 50-70% for cold storage and 70-80% for storage in room temperature. The amout of sampel used was about 47-68 tubers (500 g) for cv. Lumbu Hijau and around 24-32 tubers (500 gr) for cv. Lumbu Kuning, were placed in cold storage at different temperatures and in dark. The period of storage was design for 5 months. All experiments were carried out in three replications. The results showed that the decrease in weight loss for garlic stored at storage temperatures of 5°C and room temperature were 10.48 and 7.46 % for cv. Lumbu Hijau and 15.03 and 11.38 % cv. Lumbu Kuning, respectively. The higest sprouting percentage was found for those seeds garlic cv. Lumbu Kuning at 5°C, i. e, 22.22 %. The highest percentage of damage after 5 months of storage was found in the seeds of garlic cv. Lumbu Hijau stored at room temperature were 2.30 % and cv. Lumbu Kuning at 5°C were 19.04 %.