Table of contents

Physico-chemical effects in the aqueous medium that arise in the ultrasonic field contribute to a change in the deposition rate of the coagulated slurry. An indispensable condition for the development of the process is the ultrasonic field in the cavitation regime. There is a change in the potentials of the medium. Experimental studies of the influence of ultrasonic vibrations on the processes of coagulation of suspended solids in the purification of water by physical methods expand their field of use, which is topical. The purpose of the work is conducting experiments on the effect of ultrasound on the deposition of suspended solids and determining the efficiency of the process assigned to the dose of the coagulant, with finding the numerical values of the constants of the theoretical equation. The condition of the experiment is the effect of ultrasound on the water with clay substances before the introduction of the coagulant. The magnetostriction method with the help of an ultrasonic generator of batch production was used to obtain ultrasonic oscillations. When sampling and performing analyzes, standard techniques were used. The concentration of clay particles in water was estimated using a photoelectrocolorimeter. As a result of the studies, data were obtained that allow to determine the increase in the sedimentation efficiency of suspended particles assigned to the coagulant dose, depending on the time of ultrasonic treatment. Experiments have confirmed the relationship between the effect of precipitation in the coagulation process, the dose of coagulant and the time of scoring. As studies have shown, an increase in the duration of ultrasound treatment causes a decrease in the administered doses of the coagulant.

Ultrasonic vibrations are widely used in various industries and production: in metallurgy, in the chemical and food industries, in mechanical engineering, and in medicine. This is due to the physicochemical changes in the substance when superimposed sound fields. Cavitation in the ultrasonic field causes dispersion and emulsification of certain substances, promotes coagulation and degassing, affects the processes of crystallization and dissolution, it is known that ultrasonic vibrations cause a variety of chemical transformations of the substance, including oxidation, reduction, polymerization and depolymerization reactions. The researchers find the explanation of these phenomena in the diverse effect of cavitation on matter: shock waves, micro streams, acoustic wind. The experiments were carried out in a liquid medium (un-distilled water). The volume of the experimental test was 10 dm3. To obtain ultrasonic vibrations, the method of magnetostriction was used, the principle of which is to convert electric oscillations into mechanical ones. To assess the cavitation regime, the level of cavitation was recorded in two stages: the degree of erosion of the artificial obstacle, the measurement of the intensity of the cavitation noise in the volume

The present article reveals the results of the fulfilled research on increase in frost resistance of a ceramic brick from clay raw materials of the Atyukhtinsky field by means of semi dry molding. Based on the analysis of published sourses, it has been established, that the most effective way to increase frost resistance of ceramic brick is an injection of different structuring additives into clay mass, which provide obtaining necessary characteristics of the porous structure of the material – a high content of reserve pores in the brick. In the function of an additive we have tested calcium-containing secondary products – wastes, extracted during the production of phosphate mineral fertilizers. The carried out researches demonstrate that the injunction of calcium-containing additive into clay mass with preliminary plastic preparation and following granulation leads to formation of optimal porous structure of ceramic brick and, consequently, to increase in frost resistance.

The modifying additive effect on the porous properties, when examining the sample, was defined by the fact that due to the additive injunction volumes of total and opened porosity in burnt ceramic samples increased. The additive did not affect significantly on capillary and closed porosity. The amount of reserve porosity of burnt ceramic samples increased 2 times with using of waste products. Because of this, frost resistance increased from 4 cycles (samples made from pure clay raw material) to 152 cycles (samples with additive). X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the rise in crystal phases content (anorthite and helenite) is an increase cause of strength of samples containing the additive.

It should be mentioned that the injunction of the additive in the already prepared molding powder, made according to the traditional technology (drying of the raw material and its grinding less than 3 mm) did not lead to a significant change in physico-mechanical indices of samples. In has been determined that the significant increase of frost resistance occurs only when injecting the additive during preliminary plastic preparation of clay mass with the following granulation – a little dried raw clay material ground less that 1 mm, mixed with the additive, after that grains 15mm in diameter were extracted from wetted mass and then ground less that 3mm.

In such a manner, the use of the modified calcium-containing additive in the molding batch composition and thereby achieved characteristics of the received products confirm the fundamental possibility of producing lining frost resisting ceramic brick of semi dry molding, as is evidenced by the results of carried out researches and pilot-scale tests.

We consider a second-order differential equation containing a derivative of a fractional order (the Bagley-Torvik equation) in which the order of the derivative is in the range from 1 to 2 and is not known in advance. This model is used to describe oscillation processes in a viscoelastic medium. To study the equation, we use the Laplace transform, which allows us to obtain in an explicit form the image of the solution of the corresponding Cauchy problem. Numerical solutions are constructed for different values of the parameter.

On the basis of the solution obtained, a numerical technique is proposed for parametric identification of an unknown order of a fractional derivative from the available experimental data. On the range of possible values of the parameter, the least-squares deviation function is determined. The minimum of this function determines the desired value of the parameter.

The approbation of the developed technique on experimental data for polymer concrete samples was carried out, the fractional derivative parameter in the model was determined, the theoretical and experimental curves were compared, the accuracy of the parametric identification and the adequacy of the technique were established.

In modern construction field there is a constant need in new high-performance materials, that's why the manufacturing companies constantly release new high-tech materials on the market. An important factor is the cost of construction materials: if earlier construction firms mostly preferred foreign producers, taking into account the significant growth of the European and American currencies rate they increasingly use the domestic producers products today. In the choice of material construction companies have high requirement on the durability, reliability, ease of installation, products cost-effectiveness. Speaking about exposed panels they also have demands to a high resistance to aggressive climatic conditions. The features of such modern construction materials as metal-ceramic panels "Hardwall" by «Bautrade» are examined in this article; and especially we study their advantages over other analogues of this product on the market. The purpose of our study is to confirm the high technical characteristics of the metal-ceramic panels "Hardwall". During the testing according to GOST 18124-2012 methodic we got some results of tests in which we determine the ultimate bending strength at the universal electromechanical machine «Instorn 3382» made for measuring the tensile strength, bending, peeling. These results provide us with a loss strength percent of the metal-ceramic panels. In addition, we made the frost-resistance tests. After the tests, all samples showed a satisfactory value, specified in GOST 18124-2012. And also a comparison of the ultimate bending strength test results of the samples tested for frost-resistance and samples not tested for frost-resistance was made. Thus, the panels have all the necessary properties: they are resistant to aggressive environmental influences, to impact loads and chemical influences. Also, the panels can resist to high temperature differences. Nowadays metal-ceramic panels "Hardwall" are one of the most sought decoration materials, the safety and quality of which are confirmed by a number of laboratory tests.

To the best knowledge available today, the creep of concrete is understood as slow plastic deformation caused by continuous external factors. Changes occurring in the structure of concrete are however not discussed. Creep as a phenomenon is typically perceived "in purity", in an invariable and favorable environment. Evolution of creep deformations thus has a fading character and usually goes along with consolidation of concrete. It is only under loads near the threshold of concrete's long-term strength that micro-destructions tend to grow during the first phase following application of the load. Creep phenomenon is researched «in pure form», i.e. in constant favorable external conditions. Developing of creep deformations has fading character and accompanied by seal of concrete. In real exploitation conditions of constructions appears changes in temperature and humidity, influencing on development of creep deformation. Alternate freezing and thawing of concrete, which most affects durability, causes in unloaded concrete significant extension deformations. Deformation development under the joint action of loads and alternate freezing and thawingalmost was not researched. In the article presented results of concrete deformation research, differing by frost resistance, under loads in the range from 0.2 to 0.7 of prismatic strength. Obtained results allows reasonable take stress value in consideration with expected deformations in the process of operation.

Vietnam is one of the leading rice exporters in the world. Popularly, as other rice producing countries, rice husks from rice processing in this nation are used widely not only in electricity generation and silicon making but also one kind of raw material for various building materials production. This article presents a reusing waste method of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) in Vietnam to improve the behavior of hydrotechnical concrete (HTC), one of the most significant building materials.

In this study, RHA plays a role as a highly active fine mineral additives, containing 88.42% amorphous SiO₂ oxide in component. The combination of RHA and superplasticizer ACE 388 as mineral additives is able to modify the concrete structure. Not only the compressive strength of hydrotechnical concrete at the age of 28 days increase 7.39% (from 11.71 to 19.1%), but also its water resistance rises up to 50% (from the point of 25%) due to compaction of the structure.

The experimental results of permeability of chloride-ion according to standard ASTM C1202-97 (American) show that the HTC patterns containing 10% and 20% RHA by mass of the binder have the average value of electrical energy, respectively 351.18 C and 297 C. While other control samples without RHA have the average value of electrical energy of 1013.22 C. In comparison to the American Concrete Association classification table, these chlorine-ion permeability values of samples HTC-10 and HTC-20 are, precisely, at low level. Therefore, hydraulic concrete, using modified structure from mineral additives of superplasticizer ACE 388 and RHA, is appropriate building material for construction of irrigation works and hydroelectric projects in Vietnam.

It is shown by researches, made in Russia and abroad, that carbonic primary nanomaterials increase indexes of physic-mechanical properties of oil bitumen and building materials on its basis. Considerable technological problem, which restrains both theoretical knowledge development and practical realization of volumetrical materials nanomodification technology, is the absence of efficient way of carbonic primary nanomaterials distribution in the volume of oil bitumen. The results of realization of the way of combining mentioned nanomaterials with bitumen melt through inclusion of precursor compatible with all the components (oil bitumen and nanomaterials) are discussed in the work. Distribution of carbon primary nanomaterials in the carrier-medium is conducted with ultrasonic dispersion. In this research, studying of primary nanomaterials distribution was conducted with application of laser diffractometry, colorimetry, and calculation of disperse system range was conducted with application of Smolukhovskiy's theory. Kinetic parameters of disperse composition change are found out in process of precursor preparation the same as in process of its storing in normal conditions. According to the mentioned dependences optimal dispersion regimes were defined, which provide high aggregational and sedimentational resistance of precursor of carbonic primary nanomaterials.

The present work provides the results of a study of the effect of thermally activated brown coal fly ash from the coal basin in Podmoskovye, microsilica, Crimean shell rock flour and quartz flour on the rheological and physical and mechanical properties of the model system (of the cement mixture) in order to select the most effective mineral components for cement materials for 3D-printing. Optimization of the structure in order to form a dense and tight structure of high-quality concrete on cement binders can be carried out by introducing fine mineral additives of different material composition. In the presence of polycarboxylate plasticizers, such additives allow to regulate the mobility of cement systems at constant W/C ratio. At the same time, the increase in strength characteristics can be achieved both by introducing reaction active additives (microsilica, fly ash, shell rock flour) and components that perform the structural and topological function (shell rock flour, quartz flour). The effectiveness of regional mineral additives for use in cement systems is presented.

The standard determination of frost resistance requires a long period of the test duration, especially for self-compacting concrete characterized by high performance properties. Self-compacting concrete has low water-cement ratio and, as a result, high density, strength and frost resistance, low water permeability and reduced capillary porosity. In this paper is considered a rapid evaluation of frost resistance using the method of dilatometric analysis of the structure. It is based on the dependence of frost resistance of the concrete samples on the characteristics of pore space during only one cycle of freezing and thawing. The dilatometric method is associated with the measurement of deformations of a dry and water-saturated concrete sample caused by the change in temperature, humidity, structure, and also the phase composition of the material. The study of behavior of the concrete under freezing to identify the nature of the occurrence of degradation was conducted. The three-stage water saturation of the concrete samples to determine the content of the different groups of porosity was used. The pore volume of each of the three groups was determined by weighting after each stage of saturation and expressed as a fraction of the volume of concrete. The measurement results of different groups of porosity is: P₁=5.3%; P₂ = 3.8%; P₃=2.0%; P_t = 11.1%. Frost resistance of concrete is function of porosity (P₂) and according to this parameter it can be estimated of 300 cycles.

Large size ceramic masonry products manufactured by forming and firing fusible clays are widely used. Their structure is presented with honeycomb porous walls which improve their thermal insulation performance. The movement of the thermal flow in this case is carried out by the maximum path from the inner to the outer surface. It leads to decrease the equivalent thermal insulation performance. The void ratio of this type of products is more than 50% and the density with voids is from 600 up to 800 kg/m³. Voids in ceramic hollow products are filled with masonry mortar and it leads to decrease their thermal properties. In this paper the research of modified raw clay by alumina-silica hollow microspheres as pore forming agent is presented. The optimal composition and manufacturing technology of the product was established by applying mathematical experiment planning method. The obtained composite included microspheres with bulk density of 360 kg/m³ as a filler and raw clay with a true specific gravity of 2500 kg/m³ as a binder. The technology of manufacturing consisted of mixing thoroughly dry powdered clay with hollow microspheres with addition of water until a homogeneous mass, forming in the mold at the required pressure, release from the mold and firing with appropriate temperatures. The structure factor of strength and the structure factor of thermal conductivity as criteria for optimization of the properties were chosen. Effect of moisture on the thermal conductivity, sorption, vapor permeability, water absorption and adsorption rate were investigated. It was found that the thermal conductivity decreases with the use of alumina-silica hollow microspheres for every percent of the moisture content, which is significantly less than the similar ceramic materials. The obtained material has contact structure with a partial filling of intergranular space and it is associated with the firing character of its production. The way of optimization the material structure is to improve the packing density of the microspheres by controlling their size distribution and providing a thin uniform dispensing of the clay mass over the entire volume of composite.

Vacuum insulated panels are becoming more and more common in building practices. Therefore, environmental analysis through vacuum insulated panels lifecycle and environmentally reasoned choice of components for their production are currently important. Rigorous research inn area of vacuum insulated panels development were conducted by such organizations as Brunel University London, Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg, FHBB Muttenz, TU München, Bayerisches Zentrum für Angewandte Energieforschung e.V., Ift Rosenheim, NIPTIS named after S.S. Ataev, etc. In Russian Federation the environmental analysis through vacuum insulated panels lifecycle was barely paid attention to, although there are interesting suggestions concerning utilization of different raw materials.

The goal of this research is to study the possibilities of vacuum insulated panels production projects in Russian Federation and their environmental assessment.

Such methods as ecoindicator-99, environmental restrictions and gross energy were used in environmental analysis through vacuum insulated panels lifecycle. The main method of lifecycle analysis is an integrated accounting of environmental criteria in accordance with the ISO 14000 international standard. In particular, the most important indicators of such account are greenhouse-warming potential (kg CO₂-equivalent), ozone layer depletion potential (kg CFC-11-equivalent), acidification potential (kg SO₂-equivalent), photooxidants generation potential (kg ethylene-equivalent, eutrophication potential (kg PO₄²-equivalent), primary power consumption from renewable and exhaustible sources. The choice of environmentally preferable components suggests using qualimetry methods.

Results of the research confirm that environmental pressure of vacuum insulated panels functional unit (1 m²) through its lifecycle are compatible with pressure of other heat-insulating materials (like glass-wool). When examining different indexes of the ecoindicator-99 system, environmental impacts are almost identical. The attribute «human health» of vacuum insulated panels is a bit inferior to that of glass-wool and the attribute «resources consumption» are that many superior than that of alternative fibrose heat-insulation. In general, results of the research show wide horizons of vacuum insulated panels utilization in modern building construction from the environmental point of view, while there is a range of technological problems to be solved.

As a conclusion to the research, we suggest environmentally preferable constructive solutions with the utilization of vacuum insulated panels. Those solutions provide lowering the environmental impact and cost of vacuum heat-insulation systems, alternate solutions for joints due to utilization of back-up insulated systems and different heat-insulation materials, as well as protecting panels from depressurization by integrating them into building envelope.

The article summarizes the prerequisites for the improvement of translucent structures in terms of energy conservation. It is noted that there is a high potential of application of vacuum glazed units. On the basis of EN 673 and the application of numerical methods, a research was made to calculate the theoretical thermal resistance on the pillars and between them, and a thermal resistance of a central part of a vacuum glazed unit taking into account a heterogeneity. To compare with theoretical values, experimental laboratory examinations on a model vacuum glazed unit and a conventional single-chamber glazed unit were conducted using methods of GOST 26602.1-99. The data obtained from measuring sensors of temperature and thermal flux was processed using thermal imaging. The areas of pillars influence and the given resistance of the central part of the vacuum glazed unit were calculated. The results obtained from practical and theoretical studies showed high convergence. The accuracy of the experiment is confirmed by taking simultaneous measurements of the vacuum, and the conventional single-chamber glazed unit. It should be noted that confirmed high thermal qualities of vacuum glazed units can be compared with the required heat conductance values of Moscow for non-translucent wall constructions. A brief economic analysis is done to determine the practicability of application of vacuum glazed units.

The actual question of the production of porous aggregates for lightweight concrete is to increase their resource base through the use of materials of anthropogenic origin. While porous aggregates should be obtained taking into account the reduction of energy consumption, while addressing issues of disposal of industrial wastes.

The purpose of this study - obtaining foam-glass-crystal porous aggregates for lightweight concrete, according to the technology of low-temperature foaming. The object of study was industrial waste production in Central Kazakhstan that contains silica and aluminosilicate components as the main component (slags, ashes of thermal power plants, tailings).

The results of experimental investigations showed the possibility of obtaining foam-glass-crystal porous aggregates for lightweight concrete based on two-component and multicomponent mixtures composed of one kind of man-made materials, their mixtures in different ratios, and corrective additives. The paper discusses the two stage technology for obtaining foam-glass-crystal porous aggregates for lightweight concrete based on powder method, and includes two main stages: obtaining of will stekloagregat in terms of low-temperature synthesis and preparation of the foaming mixture of glass powder with blowing agent, conducting a foaming process obtaining a final aggregate. The processes of formation of structure occur at lower temperatures (not above 900⁰C) compared with the process of obtaining foam glass and expanded clay with a significant reduction in the overall time of the technological process, which significantly reduces the energy consumption.

The resulting porous aggregates are characterized by high physical and mechanical properties: density 200-220 kg/m³; strength of 3.1-4.0 MPa; water absorption of 1-2%. Samples of lightweight aggregates are characterized by a high degree of homogeneity of the pore structure and is preferred for strength and conductivity pore sizes up to 1.2 mm and interporous partitions is 50 microns.

Confirmed that the obtained porous fillers for light concrete unlike traditional fillers (agloporit, expanded clay), can withstand higher loads without degradation due to the presence of the crystal structure of interporous partitions. The material has a low water absorption compared to concrete block, that indicates the ability to maintain their thermal performance over time, and has virtually unlimited lifespan. For production of porous aggregate for lightweight concrete can be used in conventional industrial heating equipment used in the manufacture of bricks and ceramics.

The results for obtaining foam glass crystal materials from industrial waste, allow us to conclude on the possibility of developing technological schemes for the production of porous aggregates with high physical and technical properties.

Established in principle the possibility of using technogenic waste of the industry, that allows us to solve the environmental problems of waste disposal and to expand the raw material base for the production of porous aggregates for lightweight concrete.

Approximately 20 percent of the territory of Russian Federation is located in the Arctic, there resides about 1.5 million people and about 30 large and medium sized cities are located. Another significant factor is the concentration in the territories north of the 67th parallel of a large number of developed and promising mineral deposits: oil and gas among them. In connection with the extraction and processing of natural resources, it is necessary to develop construction technologies in conditions of extremely low natural temperatures and permafrost. Construction in such regions is becoming one of the priorities of modern technological development, which provides for the creation of special construction systems oriented to the construction of high-risk facilities in the Arctic Circle. Such facilities include sea oil ships, oil and gas platforms, equipment for transportation of petroleum products, gas reduction units, and oil refining plants. In each of the above listed objects, it is necessary to correctly choose the insulation, which will ensure a high thermal insulation ability, and also be fireproof and durable. The research methodology outlined in the article is based on the method of mathematical planning of the experiment and statistical processing of its results with subsequent analytical optimization. Engineering interpretation of the results allowed to form a nomogram for the selection of technological parameters. The decisions, which became the subject of discussion in the article, are relevant for any region in which oil and gas production on the sea shelf and, especially, in severe climatic conditions develops.

Today one of the Federal programs implemented in Russia at the state level, is a program of energy conservation and energy efficiency to reduce the specific consumption of fuel and energy resources. In developed countries, private landlords are using almost 30% of all generated power, i.e. almost as much as industry and more than all transport combined. About 80% of the energy consumed goes to space heating, but much of it is often wasted due to a mismatch of home insulation with the adopted standards. Thus, a rational choice of insulating material is one of the most important tasks to reduce heat losses in residential buildings. There is a wide variety of building insulation materials available for purchase. For heat insulation of external walls of residential buildings are most often used single-piece insulation materials – batts, blankets, panels. Their essential advantage in comparison with loose-fill materials, such as crushed expanded polystyrene, expanded vermiculite, claydite, are the simplicity and speed of installation, acceleration of construction works and improvement of their quality. Autoclaved aerated concrete blocks are used traditional for thermal walls insulation, they does not rot, does not burn, does not emit toxic substances during operation, has an average water vapor permeability and, therefore, well regulates the humidity in the room. However, the masonry of aerated concrete blocks has a significant disadvantage – a large average density. Alternatively, the modern industry offers a wide range of synthetic insulating materials, the most popular are fiberglass, mineral (rock or slag) wool, plastic or natural fibers, polystyrene, polyisocyanurate, polyurethane foam boards. As well become increasingly popular natural materials such as cellulose, peat blocks, cork, fiberboard, insulation from flax or hemp fibers. All of these materials have their advantages and disadvantages, so the task of choosing the optimal variant is complex and requires special methods to eliminate the subjectivity of evaluation. The article describes the approach to selecting the best option of building insulation material from the available options by the set of its quantitative and qualitative characteristics. It is proposed to carry out the evaluation of options and selection of the best option based on the analytic hierarchy process. The article presents the results of the selection of the most appropriate thermal insulation material for residential buildings.

The industry produces a large number of concrete pumps of different projects with a wide range of characteristics. Relevant is the problem of selecting the concrete with the required characteristics. The Construction Department of the Kaliningrad State Technical University has conducted studies of the characteristics of stationary concrete pumps. The main steps in the selection of concrete pump have been validated: plotting the pressure generated by a pump, from its feeding; the construction of the dependence of hydraulic losses in the hose from the flow of the mixture; determining characteristics of the concrete mixture; determining the operating point of the pump unit; verify the adequacy of the supply of the concrete pump. The dependence of the pressure generated by the investigated concrete pump may be divided into 3 sections: the horizontal line segment, the parabola, the sloping line. The empirical relationship for hydraulic losses was used. It is shown how the characteristics of the studied concrete mixtures affect the operating point. Concrete mixtures were divided into two sets. The decrease in the average size of the filler leads to an increase in productivity of concrete pump. The growth of cement per 1 m³ of concrete mix leads to a decrease in performance of the pump. The proposed algorithm allows calculate the necessary characteristics for selection of the concrete pump under given conditions of construction.

The paper suggests a solution of the actual problem of processing polymeric municipal waste in building materials with a high complex of decorative and operational properties. The work is aimed at studying the processes of structure formation and hardening in the system "multicomponent thermoplastic binder - mineral filler" in the manufacture of polymer concrete products for construction purposes. During the research methods of infrared spectroscopy, differential thermal analysis, standard methods for determining the structure and properties of building products were used. As a result of the research, compositions of a complex thermoplastic binder including polymeric consumption waste (PET, PP) are proposed taking into account the volumes of their sampling at the waste sorting stations. An additive - a compatibilizer based on an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer with grafted reactive polar acrylate and epoxy groups, is also included. It was found that the introduction of a compatibilizer promotes the activation of the physicochemical interaction between the components of the polymer binder and between the polymer matrix and the mineral surface of the fillers. There was also an increase in the density and strength of the resulting artificial stone. The optimal content of the additive in an amount of 5% of the total mass of the complex binder was experimentally determined. With the introduction of a compatibilizer in smaller amounts, the effect of strengthening the flexural strength decreases, and when more compatibilizers are introduced, the strength of the products remains the same at bending, and the compressive strength decreases. Mechanisms of interphase interactions are proposed, taking into account the chemical-mineralogical composition of mineral fillers (based on carbonates and aluminosilicates). The possibility of participation of epoxide and acrylate functional groups in the formation of intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonds with the formation of polyassociates was established. The revealed patterns of interaction make it possible to ensure the compatibility of weakly polar PET with other multitonnage thermoplastics, as well as compatibility of the complex polymer binder with mineral fillers. The management of the processes of structure formation in the studied systems makes it possible to obtain high decorative and operational parameters of the construction products.

The issues addressed included questions and prospects for use of the hydrocarbonic and fluorinated film-forming foamers for fire suppression of emergency passages and the fires of oil products in tanks at supply of foam from long distance. The results of the experiment show that hydrocarbonic foams with increase in falling height cause strong decrease in efficiency of fire suppression. The blow of foam about a surface conducts to partial immersions in oil product that leads to foam pollution by fuel. It is shown that using hydrocarbonic foamers with growth of total head from 5 to 15 cm a particular expense size and optimum intensity 2 times increase. While the fluorinated foams show increase inefficiency of fire suppression by increase in total head which is explained by superficial activity - aqueous solutions of film-forming foamers have positive value of spreading coefficient. The higher the drainage is, the stronger the foam and hydrocarbon surface hit that leads to the accelerated release of solution from foamy films more strongly and promotes fast foam spreading. Experiments confirm expert's opinion about low efficiency of the foams, received their hydrocarbonic foamers when giving with compact streams on long distance. Therefore, replacing of fluorinated film-forming foamers with hydrocarbonic ones, which decay after application well, is premature.

Meeting strict requirements to the production technology is the necessary condition for manufacturing quality compound materials on the base of carbon fibre T-700 and epoxy binder. Non-optimum operating conditions inevitably lead to depreciation of quality of finished goods, a large number of complaints of defected goods and waste. Using the method of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the thermal properties of prepregs and finished goods on their base have been researched. From the results of DSC-analysis the conclusion has been made regarding the quality of obtained prepregs. The optimum conditions for curing have been set as follows: temperature 150°C, curing time – 20 min, along with that, the finished goods have second order transition temperature equal to 102°C. It has been shown that such operating conditions as temperature and time have significant impact on strength properties of composite, including bending strength.

Nowadays, modification is one of the most effective methods of enhancing quality of building compound materials and broadening the scope of their application. Polyvinylchloride (PVC) linoleum is manufactured and used massively in construction industry. The plasticizer EDOS is applied as one of the components of this composite material, it represents the mixture of derivatives of 1,3-dioxane distinguished from other traditional plasticizing agents by its lower cost and toxicity. At the same time, this plasticizer, due to its lower heat stability and higher fugitiveness, requires incorporation of special types of modifying additives into the linoleum composition. Those additives reduce its migration from flooring material during its production and maintenance. In this view, reactive compounds with epoxy and cyclocarbonate groups able to form hydrogen and chemical bonds with the EDOS plasticizer are of certain interest. The authors proposed the method of modification of PVC-compound materials by application of epoxidized soybean oil with conversion of epoxy groups in a modifier (%) 53, 75 and 90. For analysis the authors have chosen cyclocarbonate Laprolat-83 of domestic industrial manufacturing. Using the standard and advanced high-information physical and chemical methods, the authors have researched the properties of epoxidized soybean oil, the processes of migration of the plasticizer EDOS from PVC-paste and PVC-linoleum, miscibility of plasticizer with modifying agent. The composition formulation has been optimized. The implemented research has resulted in reducing migration of volatile substances from PVC-paste and linoleum, achievement of additional flexibilizing effect, enhancing modulus of elasticity and wearing property, shrinkage reduction and improvement of sanitary and hygienic properties of linoleum.

The limited choice of construction materials under the extreme conditions of the Russian Arctic and the necessity to solve the ecological problems after the intense development of territories in the USSR raise the issue of utilizing the unnecessary dwelling and industrial buildings and using the obtained wastes. The most widespread material is reinforced concrete. The authors propose using concrete with angular aggregate made of crushed concrete. Based on the properties analysis and the technology of producing and processing both materials, the authors regard the possibility and area of their application. The aim of the research was to prove the possibility of using the construction materials based on utilization of the secondary raw materials – crushed reinforced concrete – under the extreme conditions of the Russian Arctic and to define the spheres of application. The main method was comparing the experience of using crushed concrete on the continent and in the Arctic. The possibility is studied to use the crushed concrete for low-burden foundations and basements, and as coarse aggregate for concrete when erecting buildings, constructions, and motor roads in the Russian Arctic. The crushed concrete and the concrete with aggregate made of crushed concrete can be used in the Russian Arctic provided certain conditions are observed related to the volume of the crushed concrete in the mix and the maturing of concrete under positive temperatures till the critical strength is achieved.

The paper considers a model of heterogeneous reinforced fiber foam concrete, given the bimodule in the elastic formulation. Based on the proposed model the analysis of stress-strain state of an I-beam of reinforced fiber foam concrete, arbitrarily supported and loaded arbitrarily. The dependence of maximum stress on the number of rods and their location in the compressed and stretched zones. The neutral line does not coincide with the main central axis in the bimodule materials, then the values of the maximum normal stresses also vary depending on the elastic moduli relations for tension and compression. This allows us to reasonably regulate the structural features of beams when the properties of fibrous concrete are taking into account. The value of the maximum normal stresses is compared with and without the bimodule material of the beam, from which it follows that the design load capacity of the beam increases with the bimodulity of the material taken into account. The magnitude of the maximum normal stresses in reinforced beams made of concrete of a cohesive structure with allowance for bimodulity was numerically investigated. It has been established that the normal tensile stress arising in a fiber-reinforced concrete beam is higher than in a beam of concrete of a fused structure by 42%. The value of the normal compressive stress is lower by an average of 38%.

The main limitation of the construction of high rockfill dams with a reinforced concrete face is the inevitability of high tensile stresses in the face due to deformations of the dumped rockfill. Modern means of "struggle" consist in face reinforcement, in the face cut by deformation seams, in placing of the "sliding seam" on the border of the screen with the sub-screen zone, but all of them are associated with a significant increase in the cost of the dam. The article presents the results of experimental work on the creation of a special material based on a quarry stone, called stone-concrete, which makes it possible to create a harder, in comparison with the stone outline, base for a reinforced concrete face. The technology of creating such material in the construction of dams consists of watering a layer of crush-stone or gravel-pebbly with a height of up to 0.6 m with a cement-sand mix of a specially selected composition in order to create a uniform conglomerate with predetermined properties.

Investigation and involvement in the production of new, earlier not used manufacturing waste and consumption is the current task directly associated with preservation of natural resources and protection of biosphere from pollution. To such waste, we refer dispersed waste of metalworking formed while cutting of metals, operation of crushing machines, etc. The purpose of this work is to study the composition and properties of waste from hydro-abrasion (waterjet) cutting of metals and estimation of their use in the production of building materials. They are related to V class of hazard the conditions of their formation are such that no new compounds arise complicating their possible application. The essence of the process of waterjet cutting, mechanism of waste formation, substance composition and volumes of waste accumulation at the enterprises, current situation in the sphere of their utilization is described. The composition and properties of the abrasive applied – garnet sand composed mainly of ferrous-aluminium garnet – almandite – one of the most hard and durable of known useful minerals. A complex investigation of waste from waterjet cutting was carried out: the average and bulk density, granulometric composition, chemical composition were determined, the electron microscopic study of various waste fractions was performed. It was found that in the process of cutting, the destruction of abrasive particles occurs, the size and shape of granules changes as well as the nature of their surface, a large amount of dust fraction appears, where particles of cut metal fall. At the same time, in the process of sand particles destruction, new abrasive faces arise, and their recycling is possible. It was established that waste of waterjet cutting of metals present very small, practically uniform heavy sands with high content of dust fraction, in the chemical composition of which prevail ferric oxides, silicon and aluminium oxides. Such characteristic of waste allowed mark possible ways of their application: 1) in the production of pottery work as inert additives and flux-additives, 2) in the production of Portland cement as corrective iron-containing additive and component of raw mix for high ferriferous cements; 3) as a filling agent in mortars, including special mortars, 4) as a pigment for voluminous painting of building materials, etc. Positive results have been obtained on the use of waste from waterjet cutting in the production of ceramics. A raw mix consisted by 50% (by mass) of montmorillonite clay and by 50% of waste from waterjet cutting of steel. After burning at 900° C, physical mechanical properties of samples have been determined. The results obtained permitted to make the conclusion about the possibility of using these waste as the poly-functional additive in the manufacture of ceramics.

The article considers the issues related to the principles of building information models from laser method. Optical images of the speckle structures are recorded and subjected to statistical processing based on the analysis of the intensity of illumination of discrete points of the studied surfaces. The information thus obtained, saved and interpreted in the article as "phase portrait" of the system under study at a given time. The set thus obtained data is presented in the article as "phase space" of the system under study. On this basis to create an information model that is used in the form of "snapshots" of the state of (ID) in the studied points in time. The parameters of the investigated textures are recorded as statistical data and further formalized.

The construction industry requires the emergence of new promising technologies. This stimulates the creation of modern building materials, which have an expanded set of functional properties. Such materials ensure ecological compatibility of the rooms of constructed buildings and structures. One of the main sources of air pollution is building materials, structures and products. They account for up to 80% of the chemicals found in the air of the rooms in operation. The development of materials capable of absorbing toxic substances is a promising direction in the construction industry. Absorption of toxic products from the air can be achieved by the use of effective, obtainable sorbents. Among such sorbents is a group of natural zeolite-containing minerals. The article presents the results of a study to determine the activity and sorption capacity of modified zeolites of the Hotynets deposit, bentonites of the Tarasovskoye deposit. A comparative evaluation of the ways of sorbent activation is given. The mineralogical and chemical composition of the investigated zeolites, the results of the action of a low-temperature nonequilibrium plasma on the structure of natural aluminosilicates are presented. As a result of the action of a low-temperature nonequilibrium plasma, the sorption capacity of both zeolites and bentonites increased. Modification of low-temperature non-equilibrium plasma maximizes the efficiency of natural zeolite-containing rocks, which makes it possible to expand their functional capabilities. The use of low-temperature nonequilibrium plasma is an economically and environmentally beneficial method.

The article presents the results of computational studies of the radiation changes in serpentinite concretes of "dry" radiation shield of the Water-Water Energetic Reactor (WWER/VVER) type of nuclear power plants built in the Russian Federation and other countries. The research was carried out in connection with the increase in radiation loads on the concrete of the "dry" protection of modern nuclear power plants, and also in connection with the possible use in "dry" protection of the modern nuclear power plants of concretes with serpentinite aggregates which mineral composition and structure differ from the composition and structure of the previously used serpentinites. The calculation studies were performed using the developed and experimentally tested methods for the analytical determination of radiation and thermal changes in concretes and their components. It was found out that the relative number of displaced by irradiation atoms from 0.026 to 0.1, degree of perfection of the crystal structure of serpentinite minerals, availability of impurities in serpentinite minerals (magnetite, chlorite, olivine, pyroxenes, hornblende, brucite, magnesite, calcite, dolomite, ankerit, mica, feldspar in quantity from 0 to 40%, medium mineral grain size in the range of 0.0001 cm up to 0.02 cm influence on the radiation changes in the volume and strength of serpentinite concretes. There was also performed comparison of radiation and thermal changes. The research has showed that the lowest radiation changes will occur in the serpentinite concrete with aggregates consisting only of serpentine, especially with imperfect structure. The availability and quantity of magnetite, chlorite, calcite, brucite, feldspars and mica show insignificant influence on the radiation changes. The presence of dolomite, magnesite, ankerite and especially olivine, hornblende, pyroxenes with an increase in their volume content, as well as growth in the size of grains of minerals, the radiation changes in serpentinite concretes may grow up to 2-4 times. By increasing the duration of exploitation and power capacity of the reactor, as well as by extending the service life of a nuclear power plant, the radiation changes in the serpentinite concretes of "dry" radiation shield may grow up to 6-12 times.

Currently, ordinary cement concrete uses external curing. For high-strength or high-performance concrete, implementing external curing is difficult and inefficient. In these types of concrete, the rather large cement content and low water-binder ratio form very dense cement paste. Thus, not only the autogenous shrinkage of concrete is increased, but the effectiveness of external curing is also reduced. To ensure the quality of the concrete, Internal Curing (IC) has been proposed. With IC, water is generally supplied via internal reservoirs such as saturated lightweight aggregates and superabsorbent polymers. The volume of internal water, which is not part of the volume of the mixing water, cures the concrete from the inside.

This paper presents our results of theoretical research and calculations on water movement in internally cured concrete. The efficacy of internal curing depends on parameters such as the volume of internal curing water, the structure of the porous system in lightweight aggregates and cement matrix, curing temperatures. To demonstrate those factors' dependence on water displacement, we set up a theoretical function through a model that, based on the law of fluid flow and the system's law of capillary attraction, connects the capillary in lightweight aggregates with the capillary in the cement stone. From the empirical relationship of hydrated thermal of cement and porosity ratio in concrete, we make preliminary calculations of the water movement distance in internally cured and differently aged concrete. These analyses show the feasibility and effects of internal curing.

Self-Compacting Lightweight Aggregate Concrete (SCLC) is a new building material in Vietnam. The lightweight aggregates (keramsite) produced from expanded clay or slate is used for the SCLC. If dry Keramsite is used in making the concrete mixture, it will partly absorb water from the cement paste, which causes the slump loss of concrete mixture, increasing shrinkage of cement matrix in the concrete. With regard to Self-Compacting Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete (SCLC), the cement content used is significant, the ratio of Water to Binder is rather low, and the structure of cement paste is very dense. This does not only increase the autogenous shrinkage of concrete but also have influence on the effectiveness of external curing. Taking advantage of the special structure of Lightweight aggregate as Keramsite, internal curing can be performed in order to improve the quality of SCLC by wetting Keramsite before mixing with suitable water absorption.

This paper presents some research results about SCLC, the incorporation of internal curing with other measures such as the use of dispersal fiber reinforcement, viscous stabilizing admixtures in order to restrain the segregation level of lightweight aggregates, reducing shrinkage and improving mechanical-physical properties of SCLC in the hot-humid climate condition of Vietnam. The research results show that, from selected materials, lightweight concretes with unit weight of 1600 - 1800 kg/m³, compressive strength of 30 - 35 MPa, good workability, capable of self-compacting can be manufactured. The use of pre-wetted lightweight aggregate with suitable humidity for producing SCLC will result in better effectiveness than the use of dry lightweight aggregate, as in reducing restraining shrinkage, improving the strength for SCLC.

Modern rates of construction stimulate ceramic-bricks factories to increase volume and variety of their production. At the same time, price of production should not exceed a certain limit. It can be reached by technological process optimization and with using waste of nearby industrial plants. Last time, brick factories try to use solid waste as filler. For regional production, it can be final product of coal combustion from Kazan CHP (Combined heat and power plant). The successful experience of foreign companies in furnace-waste recycling and the production of ceramic products from them, allow us to hope in acceptable results.

The purpose of work was modeling composition of ceramic charge for Shelangovsk brick factory using Kazan TPP furnace-waste as filler. As experiment, to composition of clay gross products and working charge (75% clay + 15% sand + 10% buckwheat husks) of the Shelangovsk plant were added 10, 15, 20 and 25 percent of waste dopant. After molding of ceramic small brick, samples were fired at T = 980°C and then the end products were tested for strength.

The results showed that addition 10, 15 and 20 percent of ash to working charge are consistently increases the strength of ceramic products in compression tests. According to the requirements of GOST (USSR Standard-Setting Authority) 530-95 for brick and ceramic stones, received products on compression match by brand not lower than M 100; by bend - not lower than M 300. The furnace-waste additive is not so effective with working natural clay. To determine specificity of reactions between waste and charge minerals was used X-ray analysis. Results are showed that ash and slag waste behaves as active fillers and forming new mineral phases.

Thus, the use of ash and slag wastes of Kazan CHP as fillers for ceramic charge improves to physical and mechanical characteristics of wall bricks. At the same time, the ash-and-slag additive actively participates in mineral formation and increasing the amount of crystallization contacts in the resulting ceramic products.

The results of experimental studies to determine the possibility of organizing the carbonate hardening of the dolomitic binder resulting from calcination of dolomite are presented. The optimum temperature of calcination of this type of raw material for obtaining a dolomitic binder with a high reactivity is established. The physicomechanical characteristics of the test samples that have been hardening in the medium ofhigh carbon dioxide concentration are determined. A forecast regarding the possibility of applying the results obtained in the production of building materials and carbonization hardening productsis made.

Wood is a material that forms a surface layer of coke when burning. Properties of the coke layer significantly impact the fire resistance of structures due to the change of the structure working section reduction rate. This paper discusses the research of how the wood surface layer modifiers influence the structure and properties of the coke layer formed with thermal decomposition of wood. As modifiers have been used phosphorus flame-retardants. To evaluate how the modifiers influence the coke layer formation process, the source and modified samples of pine have been analyzed before and after thermal decomposition using the element analysis, electron microscopy, and adsorption. Thermal analysis has been accomplished using the thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermogravimetry (DTG), and differential scanning calorimetry. To evaluate the fire protection efficiency of the modified wood, fire tests have been accomplished. Such tests were tests to determine the magnitude of weight loss during combustion, flame spread index and the coefficient of smoke-ability. Based on the acquired data, it was identified that when the modifiers are used, and these modifiers enter into efficient superficial chemical reaction with wood under mild conditions, the thermal decomposition occurred under mild conditions - the first stage of thermal decomposition transits to the lower temperatures zone. This reduces the thermal effect of thermal decomposition reaction. There is a decrease in weight loss during thermal decomposition. This results in formation of the strong and structured, thermally stable surface, which is less adsorption ability, specific surface area and porosity reduction. This explains high rate of fire protection and low smoke-generating capacities.

An innovative use of wood structures is the creation of high-rise buildings. This is a promising direction in construction in many countries: USA, Australia, Canada, England, etc. Wood (timber) is a material created by nature. Energy consumption for creation of wood structures is a lot smaller in comparison with polymer, glass, or aluminum structures. This causes the economic and energy efficiency of wood building materials. The research has identified the nature of modifiers and the surface modification conditions in thin surface layers (0.5-1 mm). This is important, since this approach does not lead to increase of the weight of the structure, which is very important in conditions of high-rise construction. Mechanism and kinetics research allowed to select the efficient modifiers. Element analysis and infrared spectroscopy was used in the research to evaluate the effectiveness of wood modifying. Influence of the surface layer structure on the modification have been analyzed using the chemical thermodynamics, adsorption, and electron microscopy methods. For research samples we used the pine, which widely used in construction, and samples taken from the memorial wooden architecture, which allow you to assess the durability of structures. It was determined that the most efficient in surface thin layer modification are the esters of phosphorous and phosphinic acids. Wood structures modified wood had group I fire protection efficiency (loss of weight during the fire protection efficiency test was 5 - 9.5 %). Biostability has been analyzed in Severtsev Institution of RAS RF. Results have demonstrated that the wood structures materials analyzed are biologically stable.

In this article the results of the research of structure, shrinkage and physical and mechanical properties of concrete obtained from dry mixes based on aluminate cements for self-leveling floors are presented. The significant part of the cost of finishing works is the cost of mounting of the floors, as the quality of the floors determines not only the aesthetic comfort, but also the functionality of the room. The floors (especially, the floors of industrial, sports and so on buildings) must have the different properties: high strength and abrasion resistance, absolute resistance to cracking, dustless, hygienic etc. The main question of possibility of obtaining non-shrinking aluminate concrete is connected with the creation of ettringite using aluminate cement, gypsum and modern superplasticizers. Studies of free shrinkage of complex binder showed that binder could be classified as binder with compensated shrinkage. Cracking resistance of the composition is provided by the fact that the vast expansion in the initial stage of curing and shrinkage of the final stage is in 5...10 times lower than these values for gypsum and Portland cement. The problem of cracking resistance of thin-film coatings of cement compositions can be solved by binders with controlled shrinkage (expandable binders, whose shrinkage is compensated by the expansion). Resistance to cracking would be higher in the case when expansion and shrinkage are close not only in size, but also in the development time. The composition of dry mix for non-shrinking aluminate concrete consists of aluminate cement, gypsum, polycarboxylate superplasticizer and fractioned fine fillers. For experimental verification of the component composition of binder and the type of gypsum studies were conducted in a wide range of ratio of the components at a fixed value of the plasticity of the mixture. The structure of examined concrete is dense and has compensated shrinkage. Physical and mechanical properties of concrete are high enough and suited to the requirements of Russian construction norms (GOST).

In their genesis, rocks accumulate their energy potential – free energy of rock-forming minerals and the rock in general that is an important criterion of raw material genetic classification for construction materials production. The free energy value for the macrostate of a substance (rock) is atomization energy. The critical surface tension value can be used as an energy characteristic for destroyed rock in a finely dispersed state. If condensed phase surfaces carry no significant electrostatic charge, then main surface forces that determine the interaction between solids are dispersion ones evaluated by the Hamaker constant value. These energy parameters can enable forecasting various physical and mechanical properties of minerals and rocks and thereby increase the efficiency of construction materials production where synthesis is based on the complete rock destruction. Since compared chemical compositions of minerals forming rocks revealed a predominant silicon dioxide content in them, the aim of this paper was to establish a possible relationship between the silicon dioxide content and energy characteristics for finely dispersed rock systems of various genetic types. The selected objects of research were different genesis rocks typically used in the construction materials industry and quartz as a main rock-forming mineral. Test samples of rocks in a finely dispersed state were obtained by dry milling. It is established that an increase in silicon dioxide content in the limestone – quartz series leads to higher atomization energy, specific mass atomization energy and free surface energy with intensified dispersion interaction between particles evaluated by an increase in the Hamaker constant.

Concrete is the most popular material in construction industry. Recycling of waste and their application in the construction industry are the main purpose in the world economy. The concrete working in dry and hot climate are exposed to high temperatures in the summer. The temperature can increase up to 50 °C while the relative humidity drops to 10-15% and lower. Climatic conditions lead to decrease the performance properties (strength and modulus of elasticity). The basic tasks of region with dry and hot climate are improve resistance and efficiency of concrete. An extreme daily change in temperature, low humidity, soil salinity are the main cause of erosion of concrete. One of the way of optimizing of cracking resistance of the concrete is to increase the amount of cementitious components. The dependencies of experiment with similar climatic conditions based on sulfate resistant cement were conducted. The results of experiment show that the optimal content of materials in concrete included 530 kg of cement; 833 kg of quartz sand; 873 kg of coarse aggregate; 1.5 liters of plasticizer and 176 liters of water. The designed mixture had the following characteristics: the density 2414 kg/m3, the compressive strength in 28-day at the range of 47 MPa, water permeability - W4, with water cement ratio equal to 0.34.

The practice of building in difficult geological and hydrogeological conditions found wide use grout mixes used to fill old mine workings or large underground cavities. However, the traditional oil well cementing cementing solutions causes a large flow rate of the solution in the absorbing horizons and its erosion under the influence of the tributaries of the water. A problem arises, which is associated with insufficient provision of guaranteed strength and durability fixed soil or structures, as well as in environmental and health safety used injectable compositions. A promising direction in the construction material science is the approach to the directed structure formation of composites that are initiated by the introduction of nanomodifiers, having ultra-small dimensions in super small quantities.

The aim of this work is to develop new cement compositions with improved processing characteristics, based on the comparison of the effect of additives aluminosilicate nanotubes (ANT) and boehmite on the structure formation of cement composites. The main components of the composite solution were: bentonite Π2T₂A, ANT, bemit, cement and liquid glass.

Performed x - ray phase analysis of boehmite and ANT. Studied the structure formation of composite systems. It is established that the highest rate of structure formation is achieved at a concentration of boehmite 0.208% by weight of cement. Relative to the control sample, the rate of structure formation increases 1.3 times. With the introduction of additives ANT the greatest strength of the composite solutions was achieved with the introduction of 0.125% by weight of cement. It was found that cement compositions based on ANT after 28 days of storage the strength of the compositions is increased almost 2 times compared to the composite solution with additives boehmite. It is established that a promising direction for obtaining of composite systems is the modification due to the introduction of environmentally friendly aluminosilicate nanotubes based on natural mineral.

Problem urgency. According to the World Heart Federation prolonged exposure to pollutants of the air environment has negative effect on the cardiovascular system. Up to the present moment the question of the negative impact of fine dust on the cardiovascular system is studied insufficiently, there is no enough data about the risk to the health of workers in the construction industry during long contact with it.

Purpose. To assess the risk of occurrence and development of the cardiovascular system disease under the impact of fine dust in the construction industry.

Object of research: constructions of ground and underground types, undergoing reconstruction.

Subject of research: impact of working zone air fine dust on the cardiovascular system of the worker in the construction industry.

Methods. Sampling of air was carried out by automatic measurements of concentrations of fine particles PM2.5; PM10 in the studied objects working zone air by using a combined semiautomatic dust meter OPMN-10.0: the average concentrations for each operation (working zone) and time-weighted average concentration were defined. The risk of occurrence and development of cardiovascular pathology was determined on the basis of evolutionary modeling.

Results. Based on the established exposure of fine dust there is a possibility to determine the forecast the negative impact of harmful factors on the expected period of employment duration. Determined the relationship between the risk value of occurrence and development of cardiovascular system diseases in contact with fine dust and the employment duration and the value of the maximum permissible concentration for surface and underground facilities.

Conclusions. On the basis of the results of the obtained dependence was developed the scheme of the rapid assessment of risk of occurrence and development of cardiovascular system diseases to workers of facilities of surface and underground types when exposed to fine dust.

One of the most important problems of humanity nowadays is environmental pollution, which affects human health and life. There are nearly 50 million tons of emissions (ashslag wastes) realized in the environment per year, which indicates a physical contamination of nature and deterioration of the ecological situation on Earth. The processing and further use of emissions is a solution that can significantly reduce negative impact from industrial activity on the environment. The use of ash and slag emissions occupies one of the leading positions in this case. Recycled waste can considerably reduce the use of natural raw materials in construction industry. Ash-slag wastes, in contrast to natural ash, are not depleted, but on the contrary, their number increases every year, which in turn creates the prospects for their study and use. Replacement of material components with secondary waste will help to solve the problem of processing emissions, reduce the consumption of natural resources and contribute to introduction of new construction materials based on ash and slag waste. The appearance of such product can solve the problem of shortage of building materials in some regions of Russia (Altai and Primorsky territory). The paper is concerned with the results of complex processing of ash-slag wastes, description of products received by adding the components of such wastes, spheres of application, analysis of obtained characteristics, and comparison of the new product with the concrete without components based on waste.

The article presents the results of studying the problem of the accumulation and utilization of concrete scrap. It is noted that during the implementation of comprehensive programs, including the renovation of housing, a significant amount of concrete scrap has already been accumulated, and will continue to accumulate and its utilization is necessary now, and from 2020 will become mandatory. The study of methods of concrete scrap utilization provided an opportunity to justify the appropriateness of its use as a component of building materials. The theoretical foundations for the production of composite facing materials using ground concrete scrap are based on the applied aspects of the methodology of creating new building (composite) materials, the main positions of which were formulated by the scientists of the Moscow State University of Civil Engineering. This methodology has been tested in the development of compositions and technologies of acoustic and some types of heat-insulating materials: foamed gypsum and mineral wool products of a combined structure. The results of scientific research on the development of compositions of composite material based on finegrained waste scrap concrete, mineral binder and linear polymers (with branching radicals) hardened as a result of chemical interaction with concrete components are presented. Polyurethane derivatives hardened as a result of reactions with water in the presence of catalysts with or without exposure to temperature were used as a polymeric component. The target of the research is the creation of scientific foundations of energy-saving technology of facing products based on concrete scrap. To achieve this target, it is necessary to solve the next tasks: - with the use of the foundations of the methodology for the creation of new building (composite) materials, to develop formulations and technological parameters for the creation of facade products with increased elasticity; - identify specific types of polymer compositions satisfying the conditions of curing and exploitation, elastic lining materials.

Polymer concrete is widely used in economic activities and construction. They consist of a polymer resin (polyester, phenol-formaldehyde, epoxy, etc.) and various fillers, the content of which can reach 85%. Many industrial wastes according to their physical and chemical properties can be used as substitutes for traditional materials in construction. One of such waste is the carbonate-containing saturation precipitate, which is formed during the production of sugar from sugar beet (CCP). The possibility of using CCP as filler for polymer concrete is investigated in the paper. Experimental samples with different contents of thermally modified precipitate and quartz sand were made. It is shown that when the precipitate is added to the mixture in an amount of up to 20%, the results of the compressive and flexural strength measurements do not differ from those samples which are made on the basis of quartz sand. Then the strength begins to decrease, and after 28% becomes lower than the control samples. Therefore, we came to conclusion that 15–20% of the precipitate to the mixture should be considered a rational amount of the additive.

The density of the experimental samples increases insignificantly with the addition of modified CCP due to the more intensive chemical interaction of the resin with carbon in the CCP composition when using pure quartz sand is used.

Utilization of industrial wastes in great volume is one of the basic strategies of industrialized countries [1]. Such by-products of metallurgical industry as blast furnace slag are widely used in construction when production of cement-based materials. The studies related to synthesis of free-of-cement binders, using a blast furnace slag as a basic binding component are also carried out. However, significant variability in composition and properties as well as insufficient knowledge explains a limited application of blast furnace slag as independent binding component. That is also is relevant to alkali activated free-of-cement binders. In framework of this study the aspects of strength characteristics formation in alkali-activated binders based on blast furnace slag taking into account the parameters of alkaline activation and curing conditions. The concentration of alkaline agent was determined to be effects differently in the studied slags. Positive effect on structure and strength formation in the binder during thermal curing was observed.

Autoclave aerated concrete is state of art high-performance construction material due to unique combination of thermal and strength characteristics achieved by cellular structure, in general. In this paper effect of dispersity and reactivity of gas forming Al-component on carrying out of such important processes as forming of optimal pore structure providing reduced density and required compressive strength in aerated concrete. The results of kinetics of gas evolution in different alkali media in the binder under temperature and effect of Al-component were obtained. Volume of gas evolution was measured with gasometric method. This method is based on variation of volume of hydrogen evolution caused by reaction between Al-component and Ca(OH)₂. According to experimental and calculated data it is reasonable to use polydispersed Al-component containing nanoparticles. It allows realization gradual gas evolution, directed formation of required shape and size of pores in cellular structure leading to reduction in density by up 16% and reducing in water absorption capacity by 41% as well as increasing of compressive strength by 28% and increasing of humidity resistance.

Polystyrene concrete blocks are effective structural and thermal insulating wall material, but the matrix structure of the clinker reduces thermal properties, and long hardening of the cement leads to a long cycle of their manufacture. To solve these problems is propose to use instead of the cement composite binder with liquid glass and cullet, which has low thermal conductivity like a material in amorphous phase. The high electrical conductivity of liquid glass makes it efficient to use the method of electric heating. Electric heating and self-compacting energy of polystyrene granules allow to accelerate the hardening of the compound, to increase the strength of the structure, to reduce the technological cycle and energy intensity of the production. In this case the absence of prolonged high temperature treatment allows to efficiently recycle waste glass as a main component of the mixture, improving the properties of the product and reducing its cost

The increasing demand for decorative materials among architects and designers has led to the development of various new building materials. The combination of types of functional significance was the reason for the creation of light transmitting concretes (known as LiTraCon), which are combined the light-transmitting and constructive functions. Such concrete can be used in the decorative finishing of internal surfaces and the creation of decorative products. The most common technology for obtaining light transmitting concrete based on the process of introducing oriented light-conducting fibers into the concrete mixture. This technology is complex and labor-intensive, which leads to increased cost of the material. The usage of translucent compounds instead of light transmitting fibers can enhance the mechanical properties of the material. The polymer resins introduced in the composition at formation of material interact with concrete mix and form a dense contact zone between the layers of the solidified compound and concrete. Also, introduction of composition of mechanically and chemically activated crushed concrete fines and silica fume to the complex binder could lead to further decreasing of the cost of light transmitting concrete and to improve the process of hardening of concrete mix without loss of the physical properties. Developed light transmitting concrete works as two-layered system, both components of it has similar stress and bending strength, with a dense contact zone between layers. Aforementioned complex binder was chosen to form a concrete matrix and various types of acrylic-based and epoxy-based resins were chosen to form a translucent layer. To find out the influence of admixtures on the properties of light transmitting concrete, the experimental study of physical and mechanical properties and structure of the material were conducted. The influence of type and specific surface of crushed concrete fines and silica fume on the structure and quality of decorative surface was examined. The compressive strength of concrete and adhesion between layers of concrete and translucent compound were found using the standard testing methods. The structure of concrete was examined using the methods of electron microscopy and X-ray analysis. The study of the properties of concrete shows that developed material has a compressive strength of 30 Mpa, strong adhesion of layers (destruction of material due tests goes through the matrix of concrete) and sufficient light transmitting ability.

Base rock selection is one of the major stages in the roofing granule process that determines profitability of the business and quality of the product. Detailed geological exploration, laboratory evaluations, and marketing considerations take place before the plant location receives an approval. A number of recommendations for choosing the proper base rock, based mainly on experience, have been developed by manufacturers over the last 50 years. The roofing granule industry developed the base rock tests to control quality of rock. However, the available information don't conform to some significant aspects of the rock specification. Additional research has to be done prior to geologic investigation in order to reduce the number of samples to be analyzed, time and cost of the deposits exploration.

It was developed methods for study of change clay rocks mineral phase composition at kiln process. The object of study was clay feed which is used to produce of ceramic materials. The main method of investigation was X-ray diffraction analysis. An additional method was synchronous thermal analysis (STA).

At work was used X-ray diffractometer Shimadzu XRD-7000S (Japan) with a high-temperature furnace. Such equipment allows carrying out research of samples composition from 25°C to 1200°C. Experimentally established optimal temperatures of research: 20, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150 and 1200°C. Data at these temperatures were processed in the DIFFRAC.EVA software. The result was quantitative information and graphs of the change in clay phase mineral composition during (burning?) firing process. At the same time was a studied quantitative change of the amorphous phase at different temperatures.

The STA was used as an additional method of investigation. Sample analysis was carried on Netzsch STA 449 F3 Jupiter device (Germany), which allowing measurements of mass changes and thermal effects at temperatures up to 1200°C. We fixed changes using thermogravimetric measurements (TG) and curves of differential thermal analysis (DTA).

The integration of methods allowed to obtain obtaining important information about the qualitative and quantitative changes of clays samples composition during firing process. Also results of our study showed reactions of minerals transformation due exothermic and endothermic processes. The overall result is a diagram of phase and quantitative transformations of minerals at temperatures from 20 to 1200°C including amorphous phase.

Improving a soil is a process of increasing its physical/mechanical properties without changing its natural structure. Improvement is reached by means of the knitted materials, or other methods when strong connection between soil particles is established. The main reason of designing cement-soil columns is to improve properties of local soils (such as strength and stiffness) by mixing them with various cementing materials. Cement and calcium are the most commonly used binders. However, new research undertaken worldwide proves that apart from these materials, also gypsum or fly ashes can also be successfully implemented. As the Deep Soil Mixing is still being under development, anticipating mechanical properties of columns in particular soils and the usage of cementing materials in formed columns is very difficult and often inappropriate to predict. That is why a research is carried out in order to find out what binders and mixing technology should be used. The paper presents several results of the testing procedures related to soil-cement quality and internal capacity of Deep Soil Mixing columns. Presented results concerning capacity testing of laboratory samples and laboratory procedures on various categories of samples were picked from R&D and consulting works offered by Wroclaw University of Science and Technology (WrUST). The work contains two independent groups of analyses. The first one comprises results coming from the previous laboratory research undertaken at the University. This is just a small part of huge investigation which is aimed at boosting the knowledge of possible implementation of fly ashes into the DSM columns. The second part contains results of specimen prepared by the author for the purpose of MSc Diploma Work.

Self-compacting compositions of fine-grained concrete for filling the joints of the precast-monolithic reinforced concrete frame of multi-storey buildings have been developed. Glenium®51 and Glenium SKY® 505 superplasticizers, and fine-grained river quartz sand with a bulk module of 1.2 were used to prepare the compositions. A part of quartz sand was ground to a specific surface of 100 m² / kg. The binder was a Portland Cement CEMI 42.5B with a specific surface area of 360 m² / kg. The spreading of the mixture in the Hagerman cone was 240-270 mm. The self-compacting mixtures compositions containing 1.5% superplasticizers from the mass of cement have an increased fluidity and the ability to freely penetrate holes with a diameter of up to 4 mm. The water-cement ratio when using the superplasticizer Glenium®51 was 0.34, and with Glenium SKY® 505 0.36, respectively. Modified compositions are characterized by low early strength. On the third day of hardening under normal conditions, the strength of the samples was about 30% in comparison with the compressive strength after 28 days. It was found that with moderate heating at a temperature of 30-40 ° C during the first three days, the early strength can be significantly increased. The compressive strength of the self-compacting composition with the Glenium® 51 additive at the content of the ground quartz filler of 15.6% at the age of 28 and 150 days gets strength of 54 and 90 MPa, respectively. The developed compositions of fine-grained concrete with superplasticizer Glenium®SKY 505 have passed the test for the ability to keep steel reinforcement from corrosion. Self-compacting fine-grained concrete with the Glenium®SKY 505 additive is used to fill the joints of reinforced concrete structures of a prefabricated-monolithic frame of a multi-storey building in winter with the use of moderate heating.

Durability of building materials, as a vital parameter affecting the lifetime of structures, is related to their resistance to harmful effects of the external environment. This article is aimed at studying the changes in the properties of frequently used building materials after being exposed for four years to weathering in the conditions of Prague, Czech Republic. The selected materials were sandstone, normal strength concrete, fired clay brick and autoclaved aerated concrete. Their resistance to weathering was assessed using the measurement of basic physical properties, mechanical properties and water vapour diffusion parameters.

In this research were developed heat-insulating magnesia compositions with technogenic fillers. A comparative analysis of the structures formed by different methods shows the high porosity of the compositions using a foaming agent, polystyrene pellets. Here was shown the expediency of obtaining porous compositions based on mixed magnesia binders with the addition of wastes of enrichment of skarn-magnetite ores (up to 30 %). The efficiency of the heat-shielding properties of materials is ensured by the creation of a highly porous combined structure by optimizing the formulation of the molding masses and by rational combination of various techniques of porosity. Effect of porosity methods on magnesia compositions structure was investigated. The conditions for formation of combined structures due to combination of cellular, granular and fibrous porosity were determined. Combined structures of various compositions based on technogenic fillers are characterized by porosity of 75 – 90%, density of 150 – 400 kg/m³ and coefficient of thermal conductivity of 0.04 – 0.08 W/(m °C). Methods for preparing molding mixtures have been developed based on the primary contact of the components forming the matrix stability and providing a stable highly porous structure of the compositions.It is revealed that the magnesian compositions are distinguished by increased technology, ensuring the greatest strength of the porous materials.

The construction industry has experienced the hugest number of changes during all century's history. Today in construction there is a huge set of scientific completions and innovative solutions that many times increase quality of works and process reliability of construction in general. This publication is devoted to an innovative element for strengthening building constructions and elements - to high-strength composite materials. Due to inevitable exhaustion of natural resources and increase in energy cost in the world the process of composite materials production in industrial is becoming more relevant, important and popular, such as fibreglass, basaltplastic, carbonoplastic. These composite materials possess sufficient characteristics on reliability, durability, profitability and that is the most important - environmental friendliness in comparison with the metal reinforcing elements. It is important that source replenishment of raw materials in modern production is possible due to processing of secondary raw materials and technogenic waste. Experience of using composite materials during strengthening building constructions, the comparative analysis from the point of ecology production and using materials, advantages of composite materials is reflected in this publication. The purpose of this publication is to show validity of using composite materials for strengthening building constructions from the point of view of reliability, profitability and also environmental friendliness in comparison with other reinforcing elements.

The purpose of obtaining effective building materials of high-density and high-durability is coupled with the development of implementation of different test-proven methods of modification of such materials on different levels, micro- and nanostructural included. Of late, of much significance is the application of finely-disperse ingredients in admixture compositions such as limestone filler produced from local raw resources and is considered to be one of the cheapest and best mechanical properties modifier, chemically and electrically relatively almost neutral. An efficiency of limestone filler to fine-grained carbonate concrete (FGCC) is proven in tests data obtained. Limestone filler in combination with superplasticizer enhances crack-resistance and reduces creep deformations thereby making FGCC the most effective and utilized. Besides, knowledge of the stress-strain distribution in concrete with limestone fine-grained additives under compression is crucial for the design of certain kinds of reinforced concrete structures, such as shells, membranes and domes. The latter preferably should be manufactured with addition of both limestone filler and superplasticizer which reveals synergetic effect and leads to narrowing boundaries of crack initiating stresses and strength in compression. An additional study must be performed as to replace superplasticizer with more progressive hyperplasticizer.

The research aims to develop a subminiature transducer for electrical steel investigation. The research topic is considered relevant due to the need for evaluation and forecasting of safe operating life of electric steel products. The authors determined the capability to study steel characteristics at different depths based on variations of eddy-current transducer amplitude at the steel-dielectric boundary. A subminiature transformer-type transducer was designed, which enables to perform local investigations of ferromagnetic materials using eddy-current method based on local studies of the steel electrical conductivity. Having the designed transducer as a basis, a hardware-software complex was built to perform experimental studies of steel at the interface boundary. A system was developed for automated transducer relocation above the studied object at a specified velocity. Test results are reported for a specimen with continuous and discrete measurements taken at different frequencies. Response dependence of eddy-current transducer was found to demonstrate non-linear behavior at steel to dielectric transition. The effect of gap between the eddy-current transducer and the test object is investigated.

A good and durable interlayer bond is crucial for the long service life of asphalt pavements. In order to determine the shear stiffness at the interface between two asphalt layers, a new apparatus for cyclic testing of the interlayer bond (CTIB) in double-layered asphalt specimens has been developed. An extensive testing procedure has been created to take into account all the parameters that influence the interlayer bond, namely the interactions of repeated traffic loading, acceleration and braking processes as well as temperature. Numerous experimental tests have been carried out under sinusoidal repeated shear loading conditions at varying frequencies and temperatures under different normal stresses. A comparison between the average shear stiffness values at 200 g/m², 300 g/m² and 400 g/m² of C60BP1-S bitumen emulsion applied on the underlying layer's surface with different degrees of contamination has been made. Furthermore, in order to examine only the effect of adhesion, without having aggregate interlocking and friction at the interface, both layer's surfaces have been finely polished before applying the tack coat at the interface.

For many years, fine sands from deposits along several rivers in Vietnam were not effectively exploited for manufacturing of building materials, especially for concrete products. It is caused by limitation in standard specification and lack of strong technical support. This study aims to expand application of the river's fine sand in producing ready mix concrete. In this research, we investigate the effect of the Hong river's and the Lo river's sands with fineness modulus from 1.0 to 2.5. Experimental results show that when fineness modulus of sand decreases, both water demand and segregation of fresh concrete are increased. The increments can be cut down by increasing water-reducing admixture dosage and using an adequate compaction regime. Decreasing maximum coarse aggregate size from 40 mm to 10 mm also reduces segregation. Variation of mortar excessive coefficient from 1.25 to 1.76 has limited effect on compressive strength. Meanwhile, increasing the sand to aggregate ratio dramatically reduces slump of fresh concrete, especially when fine sands were used. Fitting equations between cement to water ratio and compressive strength were studied. The results show that the cement to water ratio of concrete using finer sand needs to be increased to maintain compressive strength.

This paper presents analysis of Ultrasonic tomography as a n acoustic method for testing concrete. It includes description of theory, measuring equipment, advantages and difficulties which can occur during investigation. The whole content of study part is preceded by a deep survey of the literature. The experimental part consist of description of a study, photos, results and conclusions.

Utilisation of waste industrial products together with the modification and replacement of tradition binders represent an important discipline within the new material design. Since lime plasters are not suitable for many applications due to the poor durability and resistance against environmental deterioration and cement sometimes cannot be used because of its incompatibility with the historical buildings, the application of pozzolan admixtures poses an efficient way for plaster improvements. Moreover, in terms of the sustainable development, the utilisation of various environmentally friendly materials as a lime replacement represents an important advance for the low-carbon industry. On this account, the fly ash generated during wood combustion in a biomass power plant is employed as a promising pozzolanic material for the modification of lime plasters. Within the experimental investigations of the composed plasters with lime replacement up to 50 mass% the influence of waste wood fly ash (WWFA) on the basic material characteristics, mechanical and hygric properties is analysed. Experimental results show that WWFA dosage up to 50 mass% significantly improved the compressive and flexural strength while liquid transport properties were maintained on the same level. Therefore, the modified lime-pozzolan plasters reveal a good potential for the application in surface layer of buildings.

Wide distribution of gypsum materials and products, that contributes mainly to their good consumer properties and capacity of forming the most comfortable environment requires the increase in their technical parameters, mainly of mechanical and operational ones. Modern studies of gypsum bindings focus mostly on higher strength, water resistance, lower density and longer life. Existing method of improving the properties of gypsum bindings consists in wide use of mineral and organic modifiers capable of influencing various formation layers of gypsum stone structure. Multilayer reinforcement of composites can form the structure for modified stone of enhanced crack resistance. Reinforcement at atomic-molecular level is the most attractive, as most of known methods of modification with carbonic fullerenes complicate the technology, increase labor and energy expenditures, and, as a result, the price of articles. Reinforced dihydrate calcium sulphate contributes to stronger structure of composite high-strength bindings and improving their mechanical properties, which is achievable through the use of a mineral modifying complex and selecting of a grain composition.

Studies were made to understand how reinforcing mineral complex influences physical-mechanical properties of gypsum composite. It should be mentioned that samples based on gypsum binary mixture of optimum granulometry with an additive are stronger than gypsum mixes without additives. Use of mineral modifier contributes to changing in crystal morphology and forming stronger structure of gypsum stone, and this is confirmed by microstructural analysis of reinforced composite. Results obtained prove that modified gypsum composites may be used in making gypsum materials and articles of high strength.

The attention of leading scientists in the field of materials science is paid to the influence of moisture on the properties of disperse systems.

It is noted that when the dispersed system is found for a long time in conditions of high humidity, moisture, after the formation of adsorption layers of maximum thickness, gradually accumulates in the gaps between the grains and is retained there by surface tension forces. It is established that the shrinkage of concrete products with a decrease in humidity at the time of its structure formation occurs due to an increase in the capillary contraction forces with a decrease in the thickness of the water interlayers.

The introduction of the carbonate component into the composition of raw mixtures of composite products leads to changes in the character of the process of structure formation in gypsum systems, which requires the optimization of curing conditions. However, the issues of the effect of environmental humidity on the hydration of composite astringents based on semi-aquatic gypsum and carbonate additives, as well as on the formation and hardening of composites based on them, remain insufficiently studied.

The paper presents the results of studying the dependence of the processes of structure formation in gypsum and composite gypsum-lime binders. The effect of curing modes and forced carbonization on the strength of composites obtained on the basis of a gypsum binder and a modifying additive is shown.

The research used high-strength gypsum GVVS-16 of the Samara gypsum plant for samples obtained by injection molding technology. As an additive, the lime was used for the Uglovsky limestone plant in the Novgorod region. Samples were kept for 7, 14 and 28 days in air-dry and wet conditions. In addition, the samples were exposed to carbon dioxide for 6 days at a temperature of (20 ± 2) ° C. A comparative analysis of the obtained materials on the strength and density was carried out according to the results of testing the samples by standard methods. Based on the results of the studies, the influence of the material composition of the modified astringent, the regimes of hardening and saturation with carbon dioxide on the process of structure formation and the physical and mechanical characteristics of gypsum materials was established.

Thus, when modern modifying complexes are introduced into the gypsum binder, it is necessary to establish the optimum moisture regime. It should promote hardening of the material and reducing deformations in the structure of the hardening stone. The results of the studies show the combined effects of the addition of calcium hydroxide, forced carbonization, and optimal conditions for hardening.

Optimal conditions of hardening contribute to the formation of a more dense structure of gypsum stone. Consequently, the physical and mechanical properties of the modified composite structure increase, the durability of the materials being designed.

The authors offer the use of environmentally friendly waste of mining plants located in the Arkhangelsk region as a binder to create a thermal insulation construction composite based on basalt fibers. This waste is the saponite-containing material (SCM) recovered from recycle water suspension produced during the enrichment of kimberlite ores from the diamond deposit named after M V Lomonosov (Arkhangelsk region). The SCM has binding properties and they depend on its dimensional characteristics and reach optimum values at an average particle size within 1-2 µm. The test samples of composites obtained at 105 ⁰C with the SCM content varying in the range from 7.5% to 25% and the test samples of composites obtained as a result of thermal modification at up to 1200 ⁰C with the SCM content varying in the range from 15 to 25%, were made under laboratory conditions. The raw mix for thermal insulation composite production contained the SCM as a binder with an average particle size of 1-2 µm, and basalt fibers with an average diameter of 3-6 µm as fibrous filler. Thermal modification of samples was carried out at a temperature up to 1200 ⁰C according to the temperature-time mode used in expanded clay production. As a result of tests, it was found that the composite thermal insulation capacity decreases and compressive strength increases with an increase in the SCM content. Additionally it was noted that thermal modification of thermal insulation composites considerably increases their compressive strength without any impact on the heat transfer coefficient. Thus, it is possible to obtain materials with the specified performance such as the heat transfer coefficient and compressive strength by regulating a percentage ratio of components of the thermal insulation composite based on basalt fibers – the saponite-containing material. Additionally, thermal modification of the studied composite makes it possible to increase considerably compressive strength without changing its heat transfer coefficient. The obtained thermal insulation construction composite is environmentally safe and can withstand high temperatures without breakdown. The SCM will promote the effective solution of environmental problems associated with the development of the diamond deposit named after M V Lomonosov.

This paper presents analysis of non-destructive testing used for determining characteristic and physical properties of a concrete. It includes described methods of 8 groups with its description and advantages and limitations. The whole content of study part is based on literature. The experimental part presents testing with use of ultrasonic tomography method.

The article describes the new method for producing the asphalt concrete mixture, which has high strength characteristics, minimal water saturation. An attempt was made to theoretically substantiate the mechanism of hardening of the material. Asphalt concrete is a typical dispersed-filled composite material in which mineral particles of different dispersity are used as a filler, and the matrix is a binder-bitumen. To obtain a high-quality composite, it is necessary to ensure continuity of the material matrix. However, the formulations of asphalt-concrete mixtures used do not satisfy this requirement. This is due, on the one hand, to economic considerations, on the other hand, to a decrease in the strength of the material. The proposed method allows to solve this problem. The main consumer of bitumen in the asphalt mix is the smallest filler particles – mineral powder, which consumes up to 95 % of the binder. It is proposed to introduce a binder into the mineral powder by the granulation method by pelletizing. When the material moves in a rotating granulator, two types of forces act on the material particles: tearing off, caused by dynamic factors, and restraining forces caused by intermolecular interaction. Their combined effect makes it possible to form an ordered structure of the material with the finest interlayer layers of the binder between the solid particles realizing the nanoeffect. The structure thus obtained forms a continuous matrix of composite material with a minimum content of bitumen and strength indicators, several times higher than the requirements of GOST. The presence of a continuous matrix minimizes the water saturation of asphalt concrete, ensuring high durability of the road surface. The properties of the binder in the interlayers between the particles of the mineral powder differ significantly from the properties of the bulk bitumen, which prevents it from extruding at an elevated temperature from the structure of the material under the action of external transport loads, resulting in a consequent brittle failure. From the standpoint of the mechanics of a continuous medium, the stress state in liquid interlayers is represented by a set of spherical and deviator tensors, which made it possible to describe the mechanism of hardening of the material. The results of experimental studies are presented, which confirm the possibility of obtaining a qualitatively new asphalt-concrete mixture with characteristics that are substantially higher than the requirements of GOST, which is a worthy alternative to the traditional method of obtaining the material.

Materials on the basis of the magnesian binding substances possess a number of positive characteristics that increases interest in them. Their main shortcoming is low water resistance. Due to input of natural mineral additive of hongurin, the water resistance of a magnesian stone increases. The influence of this additive on the main properties magnesian binding and a stone on its basis is considered in this article. Optimum concentration of a grouting fluid – magnesium chloride solution is also defined. It is defined that input of a natural hongurin to structure of magnesian binding promotes formation of a dense, strong and waterproof magnesian stone.

The article considers the opportunity of utilizing sludge wastes, generated at the vanadic pentoxide and ferrovanadium alloys production cycle, in walling ceramics production. The considered materials belong to polymineral systems in their chemical and mineral composition, and contain the crystalline phases – calcium carbonate and sulphate, and the iron-containing components – hematite, wustite, the sulphate form of hydrated calcium sulfoferrite and the residual amount of lime. The metal oxides are contained in the amorphized state. The ferriferrous concentrate sludge, added to the raw mix, due to the high content of iron compounds in it, demonstrates mineralizing and fluxing properties. At baking the raw mix, containing limestone-gypseous composition, the processes of intensive release of such gases as CO₂ and water vapor is observed, as the products of carbonate and sulphate components. The adding of sludge materials to the raw mix composition results in the alteration of the color of the obtained samples from red-brown to black-brown. The adding of sludge to the raw charge of ceramic brick in amount of 3–5% of weight doesn't impair its physical and mechanical characteristics. The increase of its content to 30% causes the porous structure formation and reduces the density and strength characteristics of materials. The obtained wall ceramic products can be used as structural and heat-insulating materials for making enclosing structures and interior partitions.

The piper observes experience of warm-mixture asphalt application. Ability of temperature decreasing realizes using chemical additive DAD-TA. Influence of the DAT-TA additive on organic binder properties is provided. Experimental results shows high mechanical characteristics and durability of the asphalt concrete preparing and compacting at low temperature comparing traditional hot asphalt mixtures. Information of warm asphalt mixture industrial application is provided, including work performance at low temperature. Economical and environmental effects of DAD-TA application are estimated.

Within the model of the mechanics of contact interaction and on the basis of the experimental data there has been examined a number of tasks that allow us to determine the dependence of the wear resistance of composite materials from changes in their structural parameters. The solutions presented in integral form include both geometric parameters of hardened areas and tribological properties of the materials. Using these solutions, the structure of cement compositions was optimized by application of the numerical experiment and response surface methodology. Optimum parameters of the wear surface for the production of high-abrasion-resistance materials were found which agree with the results of experimental data.

The essence of the work lies in the theoretical analysis of the influence of size distribution of nanoparticles in polymer nanocomposites on the glass transition temperature Tg and coefficient of thermal expansion CTE. Both of these characteristics are important for building materials containing polymers. If the values of these characteristics exceed the allowable value, the material will soften and you should not alter its size.

Methods: used the Poisson distribution applied to the radius of the nanoparticles. The analysis is performed at the expected mean values of 5 and 10 nm. As object of research used in the cured epoxy resin filled with nanoparticles of SiO2. The surface modified nanoparticles grafted polar groups possessing a dipole-dipole interaction and hydrogen bonds. The analysis is based on previously obtained relationships connecting the Tg and CTE with a set of atomic physical constants. This set depends on the chemical structure of the repeating unit of the polymer or molecular fragment of a polymer network. Among these constants, Van-der-Waals volume and the energy of the dispersion interaction of each atom, as well as energy dipole-dipole interaction or hydrogen bonds to polar groups.

The results of the study: they consist in the fact that the dependencies of Tg and CTE on the expected mean radius of nanoparticles are obtained. Considered part of the epoxy resin will be cured with usual methylhydrophthalic anhydride and another part of the epoxy resin will be cured with anhydride-modifier. The formulas for quantitative assessment of the values of Tg and CTE for such copolymer structures are obtained. The greatest increase in Tg of 430 to 465 K was observed when reducing the radius of the nanoparticles from 8 to 3 nm at the mean expected value of 5 nm. This is true when chemical interaction between the epoxy resin and anhydride-modifier takes place. The magnitude of the CTE increases from 1.95×10-4 up to 2.05×10-4 by increasing mean radius of nanoparticles from 3 to 7 nm.

Conclusions: The expression for the theoretical estimation of Tg value of nanocomposites was modified in order to account for the polydispersity of nanoparticles. The theoretical estimation shows that the influence of the size distribution of the silica nanoparticles on the both of Tg and CTE values of the epoxy/silica nanocomposite can be quite considerable. The most significant effect will be achieved at the conditions, when nanoparticles play the role of multifunctional curing agent.

The article presents the results of the study of the influence of Silverbond quartz flour of grades 15 and 20 on the physical and mechanical and operational characteristics of self-compacting concretes (SCC) in its partial replacement of portland cement, as well as the research of the possibility of using steel fibers of various types and in different dosages to improve the physical and mechanical and operational characteristics of SCC with quartz flour.