Table of contents

Preface

The first International Conference on Advanced Material for Better Future (ICAMBF 2016) was held October 3-4^th, 2016 at Solo Paragon Hotel, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia. This conference is organized by Faculty of Mathematics & Natural Science, Sebelas Maret University.

ICAMBF 2016 aims to present research in a wide variety of scientific areas with a common interest in Advanced Material. The conferences gathered over 90 participants that get a platform to exchange idea and build new colleague over two days. It included plenary and parallel session. The scope of advanced material including Electronic Materials/Sensing, Nanotechnology/Inorganic Composite, Polymer Composite, Mechanical Engineering & Information Technology, Mettalurgy, Functional Materials, Drug & Biomaterial Technology.

We are pleased to our outstanding keynote speakers Prof. Santiago Gomez, Prof. Hanafi Ismail, Prof. Roger Narayan, Prof. Neng Sri Suharty, and other invited speakers for sharing the best knowledge in Advanced Material.

We also thanks to all researchers and student who participate in conference by submitting their papers to convey the current science discussed at ICAMBF 2016, all of the organizing committee wish you get awesome conference experience, and reviewers for their valuable revision of these papers.

Prof. Ari Handono Ramelan

Chairman of ICAMBF 2016

Dean of Faculty Mathematics & Natural Sciences

CONFERENCE COMMITTEE/ORGANIZER

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

The research aims to develop biodegradable composites as bio-based plastics from chitosan. The composites were prepared via solution casting method by introducing the maleic anhydride (MAH) as grafting agent and montmorillonite (MMt) as reinforcement. The grafting process of chitosan was conducted by varying concentrations of MAH which were 10, 20, and 30% w/w. It was observed that the chitosan-graft-maleic anhydride (Cs-g-MAH) containing 10% w/w of MAH increased its tensile strength by 70%. Reinforcement material was added to the Cs-g-MAH by varying MMt concentrations, e.g. 3, 6, 9 and 12% w/w. It was noted that the presence of 9% w/w of MMt in the Cs-g-MAH gave the best mechanical properties of the Cs-g-MAH/MMt composite.

One of the compounds found effication as an anticancer agent on cervical cancer is acetogenin, a polyketide compound that is abundant in Annona muricata L. leaves. This study has been done to examine polyketide derivatives was isolated from Annona muricata L. which has potency to induce apoptosis by p53 expression on hela cell line. An approach recently develop to overcome side effect of chemoterapeutic agent is used of combined chemoterapeutic agent, i.e doxorubicin. The determination of cytotoxic combination activity from polyketide derivative and doxorubicin was evaluated using MTT assay to obtain the value of CI (combination index). The expression of p53 profile was evaluated by immunohistochemistry on hela cell line. Data analysis showed that combination of polyketide derivative from Annona muricata L. (38,5 µg/ml) and doxorubicin with all of concentration performed synergistic effect on hela cell line with CI value from 0,33 – 0,65. The analysis on immucytochemistry showed that polyketide derivative from Annona muricata L. leaves could enhance p53 pathway significantly on hela cell line.

The research aims to examine the physicochemical properties of biosurfactant produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens. Biosurfactant was produced in whey tofu media containing 8 g/L nutrient broth and 5 g/L NaCl which was fermented for 2 days at room temperature. Biosurfactant was identified as rhamnolipids which had critical micelle concentration (CMC) value of 638 mg/L and surface tension of 54 mN/m. The biosurfactant had water in oil (w/o) emulsion type. The biosurfactant was able to decrease the interfacial tension more than 40% for emulsion of water with hexane, pentane, benzene, lubricants or kerosene. The stable emulsions were reached up to 30 days with the E24 value of about 50% when paraffin, toluene, lubricants or palm oil was used as an immiscible compound. Commercial surfactants, such as Triton X-100 and Tween-80 were investigated to compare their emulsification activities and emulsion stabilities with the produced biosurfactant.

Insulin resistance is caused by inability of target tissues to insulin response. Bay leaves (Eugenia polyantha Wight) fraction or extract have been used for the treatment of antidibetic mellitus type-2 resistance insulin (ADMRI) but it has low solubility and bioavailability. To overcome these problems, ethyl acetate fraction of bay leaves was formulated into self nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) using Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) as a carrier oil. This study aims to produce nanoherbal medicine, determine effect of nanoherbal preparation derived from bay leaves as an anti-ADMRI. The results showed that the optimum SNEDDS formula was tween 80 : PEG 400 : Virgin Coconut Oil (30% : 60% : 10%) in 5 mL. It has emulsification time 13.00 seconds with the average of droplet size value 84.5 nanometer and zeta potential value ± 0.2 mV. Morphological observation showed the nanoemulsion particles has spherical shaped and stable in different pH media. Hypoglycaemic effect of single dose metformin, SNEDDS, combination a-half dose of SNEEDS with metformin value is 28.3%; 15.6%; 34.6% respectively.

The immobilization of biosurfactant into activated allophane has been conducted with mass ratio of biosurfactant:allophane of 1:5; 1:7 and 1:10 and contact time of 24 and 48 h. The optimum condition for immobilization was reached when the mass ratio of biosurfactant: allophane of 1:10 with the contact time of 24 h was applied. The result yielded the immobilization product having the specific surface area of 82.42 m²/g and the surface acidity of 9.12 mmol/g. A better adsorbent has been produced. In respect to the activated allophane, there was a decreasing of specific surface area about 20% and increasing of surface acidity value about 120%.

The aim of this research was to optimize and determine an interaction of a binary/ternary mixture of hydrophobic-hydrophilic materials (H-HM) on the drug distribution, tablet characteristics, and drug release performance. The interactive mixture (IM) between carrier and H-HM was conducted using a carrier, Pruv and Cab-O-Sil as hydrophilic materials, magnesium stearate as a hydrophobic material, and a micronized nifedipine as a drug model. These interactions between binary and ternary mixtures of H-HM were assessed by a simplex centroid design (SCD) approach. The homogeneity of IM between drug and carrier was achieved at more time of mixing time. Unique effects and interactions of H-HM were observed on the drug distribution and drug release. Furthermore, the SCD had successfully determined the optimum design space of IM in the ternary mixture of H-HM.

Noni (Morindra citrifolia L.) is native to Indonesia which have medicinal properties. One of them as an antibacterial. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of isolates from the ethanol extract noni fruit to bacterial decay meat is Bacillus licheniformis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus alvei, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. The extraction process using the maceration method, and then made a partition by centrifugation ethyl acetate. Soluble part partition showed bacterial growth inhibition activity of the strong to very strong. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate soluble partition on preparative thin layer chromatography produced 5 isolates. Isolates obtained antibacterial activity test performed with a concentration of 20% and 30%. The results of antibacterial test against bacteria test isolates, showing isolates A can not inhibit the growth of bacteria, isolates B and C have medium activity and strong, isolates D and E isolates have activity against bacteria that were tested. MIC and MBC test results showed that the isolates B gives an inhibitory effect (bacteriostatic) against all bacteria. Content analysis of compounds by TLC using the reagents cerium (IV) sulfate indicates a phenol group. Isolates B contains a major compound which can be used as an antibacterial candidate in food preservation replace chemical preservatives.

ZnO nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by sol-gel method. According to unique structural and optical properties of ZnO semiconductor material, there are many potential important applications based on that material, including as an anti-reflection coating (ARC) in solar cells. Antireflective coatings (ARC) made of ZnO on top to improve the optical properties of the coating. TiO₂ layer have been coated on a ZnO nanoparticle layer. ZnO nanoparticle was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron Microscopy (SEM) and UV-Vis spectroscopy. ZnO annealed at a temperature of 600 °C have the greatest crystalinity and crystal size than that at a temperature of 400 °C and 500 °C. SEM images of ZnO shown agglomeration and grain size increases with increasing annealed temperature. While, the optical properties of ZnO increase with increasing annealed temperature. The optical transmittance spectra of the ZnO are shown that the increasing annealing temperature had effectively improved the optical transmittance of the films. While, reflectance (%R) properties shows that, the higher annealing temperature of ZnO preparations can decrease of %R value of ZnO thin layer. The difference properties of ZnO are due to differences of light scattering resulting from the crystal size effect. The ZnO prepared by annealed at 600 °C gain a good performance of the lowest reflectance value and highest size crystal. By the addition of ARC ZnO 600 °C we have been capable improve cell performance so that that cells achieve an efficiency of 0.27%.

Organic solar cells have been made using the material poly (3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT), [6, 6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), and Chlorophyll-a with blend metods. Active layer of P3HT:PCBM:Chlorophyll-a are deposited using spin coating with rotary speed of 2500 rpm for 10 seconds and subsequently heated at 100⁰C for 10 min. Mass of chlorophyll-a are 0.1 mg, 0.2 mg, and 0.3 mg. Thin layers are characterized by UV-Visible Spectrometer Lamda 25 for optical properties and Keithley 2602 for electrical properties. From the UV-Vis showed that absorbance of P3HT:PCBM:Chlorophyll-a are 400-614nm and 620-700 nm. Efficiency of P3HT:PCBM:Chlorophyll-a for mass chlorophyll 0.1 mg, 0.2 mg, and 0.3 mg are 2.68 x 10^-2 %, 3.93 x 10^-2 %, and 8.79 x 10^-2 % respectively.

The objective of this study is to detect glucose content in human blood serum using optical fiber grating with LED wavelength corresponding to the absorption of glucose content in blood serum. The testing used a UV-Vis spectrometer and Rays spectrometers, in which in the ray spectrometer it was used optical fiber biosensor using optical fiber grating. The result obtained is the typical peak of glucose absorption in UV-Vis at 581 nm wavelength and rays spectrometer on green LED at 514.2 nm wavelength with linear regression result by 0.97 and 0.94, respectively.

Thin films successfully grown on the substrate Pt / Si is thin films BT doping Strontium (BST) by Chemical Solution Deposition (CSD) method. The percentage of doping Sr material are 1%, 3%, and 5%. The BST thin layer was characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and the hysteresis curve testing by Sawyer tower methods. The diffraction angle (2θ) in the XRD curve shifts to the right (bigger) along with increasing doping mol % Sr. Lattice parameters BST using the refinement GSAS program showed that a thin layer of BST has a tetragonal structure. From SEM analysis, along with increasing variation mol % Sr doping does not affect the thickness, but affects the grain size of a thin layer. BST thin layer of a ferroelectric material which has been formed mark a hysteresis curve. The characterization results to show that a thin layer of BST has been deposited on the substrate Pt/Si.

This article reported combination of anthocyanin and synthetic dyes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) applications. This study aims was to improve the performance of DSSC by addition of synthetic dye into anthocyanin dye. Anthocyanin dye was extracted from red cabbage and synthetic dye was obtained from N719. We prepared anthocyanin and synthetic dyes at 2 different volume, anthocyanin dye at volume of 10 ml and combination dyes with anthocyanin and synthetic dyes at volume of 8 mL : 2 mL. The DSSCs were designed into sandwich structure on the fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates using TiO₂ electrode, carbon electrode, anthocyanin and synthetic dyes, and redox electrolyte. The absorption wavelength of anthocyanin dye of red cabbage was 450 nm – 580 nm, the combination of anthocyanin and synthetic dyes can increase the absorbance peak only. The IPCE characteristic with anthocyanin dye of red cabbage and combination dyes resulted quantum efficiency of 0.081% and 0.092% at wavelength maximum about 430 nm. The DSSC by anthocyanin dye of red cabbage achieved a conversion efficiency of 0.024%, while the DSSC by combination dyes achieved a conversion efficiency of 0.054%, combination dyes by addition synthetic dye into anthocyanin dye enhanced the conversion efficiency up to 125%.

The use of renewable materials as a constituent of a smart alternative energy such as the use of natural dyes for light harvesting needs to be developed. Synthesis of anatase titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and fabrication Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) using dye-based of anthocyanin from purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) as a photosensitizer had been done. Synthesis TiO₂ through sol-gel process with the addition of triblock copolymer Pluronic F127 template was controlled at pH 3 whereas calcination was carried out at a temperature of 500 °C, 550 °C and 600 °C. The obtained TiO₂ were analyzed by XRD, SAA, and SEM. The conclusion is anatase TiO₂ obtained until annealing up to 600 °C. Self-assembly Pluronic F127 triblock copolymer capable of restraining the growth of TiO₂ crystals. Retention growth of TiO₂ mesoporous produces material character that can be used as builders photoanode DSSC with natural sensitizer anthocyanin from purple sweet potatoes. Based on the analysis of X-ray diffraction patterns and surface area analyser, the higher the calcination temperature the greater the size of the anatase crystals is obtained, however, the smaller its surface area. Purple sweet potato anthocyanin's dyed on to TiO₂ was obtained a good enough performance for DSSC's and gain the optimum performance from DSSC's system built with mesoporous TiO₂ annealed 550 °C using flavylium form anthocyanin.

A fiber optic sensor is to detect the cholesterol content in blood serum-based biosensor using plastic optical fiber that has been designed. The fiber optic sensor designed with sensing area was a fiber optic grated by 5 scratches then given bending treatment by 5 cm. The first test was by UV-Vis spectrometer with linearity of 0.96. The second test was by light spectrometer with linearity in white LED of 0.94. Optical fiber sensors were made to work well on a range of blood serum concentration of 140 mg/dL to 250 mg/dL.

Evanescent wave field has been studied for the purpose of tailoring fiber sensor capable of detecting lindane concentration in a solution. The mounted fiber was optically polished such that part of the fiber clad is stripped off. To study the evanescent wave field absorption in lindane solution, the unclad fiber was immersed in the solution. Light coming out of the fiber was studied at different wavelength each for different lindane concentration. It was shown that evanescent wave field absorption is stronger at wavelength corresponding to lindane absorption band as has been shown from absorption studies lindane in UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer.

Adsorption of Procion Red MX 8B using chitosan dan chitosan-linked p-t-butylcalix[4]arene has been done. The research aimed to understand the adsorption of Procion Red MX 8B using chitosan p-t-butylcalix[4]arene compared to ordinary chitosan. The research was conducted in a batch process varying in pH, contact time and initial concentration of the Procion Red MX 8B. The amount of dye adsorbed was determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometer and the adsorben was characterized using FTIR and SEM-EDX spectrophotometer. The result showed that the optimum condition was achieved when the pH was set at 4, contact time 135 minutes and initial concentration at 200 ppm. The kinetic analysis showed that the adsorption followed Ho kinetic model and pseudo second order with the adsorption rate constant was 3.69×10^-3 g/mg.minute and 2.03×10^-3 g/mg.minute. The isotherm analysis showed that the adsorption process tend to occur following the Langmuir model with maximum capacity for chitosan and chitosan-linked p-t-butylcalix[4]arene 136.09 mg/g and 147.35 mg/g respectively. The adsorption energy of chitosan and chitosan-linked p-t-butylcalix[4]arene at 30.53 kJ/mole and 33.65 kJ/mole.

A patch repair material has been developed in the form of unsaturated polyester resin (UPR)-mortar. The performance and durability of this material are governed by its compatibility with the concrete being repaired. One of the compatibility issue that should be tackled is the dimensional compatibility as a result of differential shrinkage between the repair material and the concrete substrate. This research aims to evaluate such shrinkage related properties of UPR-mortar and to compare with those of other patch repair materials. The investigation includes the following aspects: free shrinkage, resistance to delamination and cracking. The results indicate that UPR-mortar poses a lower free shrinkage, lower risk of both delamination and cracking tendency in comparison to other repair materials.

Greywater discharged without any treatments into drainage channels or natural water bodies will lead to environmental degradation and health risk. Local macrophyte plants combined with natural materials of sand and gravel have been used in a system of constructed wetland for the treatment of the greywater. This paper presents the results of some studies of the system carried out in Indonesia, Thailand, and Costa Rica. The studies demonstrate the success of the constructed wetland systems in removing some pollutants of BOD, COD, TSS, pathogen, and detergent. The studies resulted in the treated water in a level of treatment that fulfils the requirement of the local standards for wastewater reuse as irrigation water, fishery, or other outdoor needs.

This study aims to evaluate the usage of teak sawdust and zeolite as an adsorbent of Cr(VI) ion; optimal composition ratio of the composite adsorbent; and the sensitivity of solid-phase spectrophotometry (SPS) as a method to determine the levels of Cr(VI) ion as an adsorption results of adsorbents. The adsorbent used were teak sawdust activated carbon and zeolite as a single and composite adsorbents. The teak sawdust carbonization using muffle furnace and then activated with H₃PO₄ 10% while the zeolite with H₂SO₄ 10%. The contacting process of the adsorbents with Cr(VI) was done by varying the compositions. Analysis of Cr(VI) level was done using SPS method. Characterization of adsorbent before and after being activated is done using a FTIR. The results showed that teak sawdust and zeolite can be used as adsorbents to adsorb Cr(VI) in the simulated liquid waste with the adsorption capacity 1.19 µg/g; the optimum composition ratio of teak sawdust activated carbon and zeolite was 75%:25% with the percentage of adsorption was 62.72%. Solid-phase spectrophotometry is a sensitive method to analyze the decreased levels of Cr(VI) as an adsorption results in µg/L level with the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.03 µg/L.

This research objectives to study post treatment on Ca-Mg-Al-Layered Double Hydroxide (Ca-Mg-Al-LDH) slurry which was prepared from brine water by cooling treatment. The cooling rate was varied from 1 to 3 °C/min by using stirring and without stirring, and the cooling time was done at 0, 30 minutes and 24 hours. The quantitative X-ray diffraction (QXRD) was employed on Ca-Mg-Al-LDH using Le Bail refinement method. The refinement results found another Mg-Al-LDH and Ca-Al-LDH phases, such as Mg(OH)₂, Al(OH)₃ and CaCO₃. The highest phase composition on material Ca-Mg-Al-LDH using Le Bail refinement was showed by Al(OH)₃.

One important thing to pay attention for detecting breast cancer is breast temperature changes. Indications symptoms of breast tissue abnormalities marked by a rise in temperature of the breast. Handycam in night vision mode interferences by external infrared can penetrate into the skin better and can make an infrared image becomes clearer. The program is capable to changing images from a camcorder into a night vision thermal image by breaking RGB into Grayscale matrix structure. The matrix rearranged in the new matrix with double data type so that it can be processed into contour color chart to differentiate the distribution of body temperature. In this program are also features of contrast scale setting of the image is processed so that the color can be set as desired. There was Also a contrast adjustment feature inverse scale that is useful to reverse the color scale so that colors can be changed opposite. There is improfile function used to retrieves the intensity values of pixels along a line what we want to show the distribution of intensity in a graph of relationship between the intensity and the pixel coordinates.

Chromium (Cr) concentration in water can be reduced by adsorption. This study aimed to determine the effect of Andisol soil composition/Bayat clay/husk ash, activation temperature and contact time of the adsorption capacity of Cr in the model solution; the optimum adsorption conditions and the effectiveness of ceramic filters and purifiers to reduce contaminant of Cr in the water. The mixture of Andisol soil, Bayat clay, and husk ash is used as adsorbent of metal ion of Cr(III) using batch method. The identification and characterisation of adsorbent was done with NaF test, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD). Cr metal concentrations were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Sorption isotherms determined by Freundlich equation and Langmuir. The optimum conditions of sorption were achieved at 150°C activation temperature, contact time of 30 minutes and a composition Andisol soil / Bayat clay / husk ash by comparison 80/10/10. The results show a ceramic filter effectively reduces total dissolved solids (TDS) and Chromium in the water with the percentage decrease respectively by 75.91% and 9.44%.

Direct Plastics are used for various human purposes, ranging from household to industry. Tableware and drink made of plastic is very practical to use, easy to clean, durable and cost far less than tableware made of the other material. However, must also be considered in terms of security in the use of plastic containers for food storage because there are adverse effects. There are seven types of plastic based material used, namely Polyethylene, Terephthalate, High Density Polyethylene, Polyvinyl Chloride or V/PVC, Low Density Polyethylene or LDPE, Polypropylene, Polystyrene, Plastics others including polycarbonate. Experts claims that the plastic code numbers 2, 4 and 5 are used for equipment safely eat/drink because it is more stable and safe if used correctly. In this study will analyze the relationship between the recent education, family income to perception and behavior in the use of plastics in food storage daily as one solution to healthy living. The population of this research is all the people in the Solo area particularly housewife and all the people in the productive age. Data were obtained through a survey with cluster random sampling method. Statistical method used is a parametric method and Chi Square test This method is used as an alternative method of parametric when some assumptions are not met. Based on the results of Chi Square test with α = 15% was concluded that recent education and income related to the behavior of people using plastic products as one of the solutions to Healthy Living.

The non-sulfide catalysts Co-Mo/USY were prepared with three different methods, i.e. co-impregnation and two sequential impregnation procedures. The phases of the synthesized materials and their composition were characterized with X-ray diffraction. Furthermore, the X-ray diffraction patterns were analyzed using Le Bail methods with Rietica software. Finally, an overview of the substitution effect of cobalt and molybdenum on the metal content and acidity of the catalyst were also investigated.

The road is an important infrastructure to support various economic development. By increasing the population, the constructions of road infrastructure are obviously required and cover more land use area, consequently narrowed the areas for water absorption into the land. Therefore, it is necessary to improve more environmentally friendly of road constructions, in this case is by using open graded asphalt. Open graded asphalt is the mixture of asphalt with low fine aggregate content to produce a high percentage of air voids, which expected to be able to absorb water into the land underneath. This observation uses laboratory experiment method. Materials that are used are natural gravel and the volcanic gravel, 60/70 asphalt penetration and stone dust filler. The tests performed for the samples are Marshall test, falling head water permeability, indirect tensile strength and unconfined compressive strength. The optimum bitumen content for each type of aggregate have been found to be 2.95% for natural gravel and 4.65% for volcanic gravel. Open graded asphalt porosity is 26.52% for natural gravel, whereas the volcanic gravel is 22.31%. The vertical and horizontal permeability for natural gravel are 1.25 cm/second and 0.92 cm/second, respectively. Whereas, for the volcanic gravel is 1.43 cm/second and 1.10 cm/second, respectively. Indirect tensile strength (ITS) value for natural gravel is 59.49 KPa whereas the volcanic gravel is 74.84 KPa. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) value for natural gravel is 1070.63 KPa, whereas the volcanic gravel is 1120.69 KPa. It is concluded that the open graded porous asphalt is only compatible for low volume traffic road and need improvement to be able to be used as standard road.

In this study, the effect of filler and heat treatment on the physical and mechanical properties of the brazed joint carbide tip and steel was investigated. Tip carbide YG6 and low carbon steel (SS400) is joining by torch brazing with two filler metals, silver, and copper filler. Heat treatment was performed in induction furnace. Microstructure and shear strength of the brazed joint have been investigated. Many silver filler layer are formed on the surface of the base metal rather then using copper filler. The highest shear strength is achieved using a silver filler metal at temperatur 725°C. The highest shear load is 18.62 kN.

Dasphalt is one alternative of bioasphalt, made from materials that can be renewed as a substitute for conventional asphalt. Dasphalt inspired from jabung made of damar resin, brick powder and wasted cooking oil. Jabung have the same character with conventional asphalt. Research has been conducted by the characteristics of jabung but there are still many shortcomings, softening point and ductility values are not qualify. In this research the brick powder will be replaced by fly ash, as fly ash has a finer grain so that it can become a better absorbent. The resin will act as a natural resin for dasphalt, wasted cooking oil will be a mixed solvent. Use of additional polymers latex, is expected to improve the elasticity of dasphalt in ductility test. The purpose of this study was to determine the nature of the modification dasphalt properties in accordance with the specifications of asphalt penetration test and find the optimal composition of dasphalt. This research method is done by direct testing in the laboratory. In the present study that became the basic composition of the resin is resin (100g pure resin+ 350g resin packaging or powder), fly ash (150g) and wasted cooking oil (205g) and latex were mixed at temperatures below 150°C. While variations of latex starting from 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%. Several asphalt characterization are performed include penetration tests, test softening point, ductility test, flash point test, specific gravity test, affinity test and solubility test. Dasphalt modification achieved optimum composition of resin (100g pure resin or resin chunk + 350Gr packaging), Fly Ash powder (150g), cooking oil (205g), and latex 4%, ductility increased from 63.5 cm to 119.5 cm, the value of the flash point was originally at temperature of 240°C to 260°C, dasphalt penetration from 68.2 dmm to 43 dmm, and the value of density decreases to 1.01 g/cm³ to 0.99 g/cm³. Dasphalt modifications meet some of the specifications and could be categorized as bitumen penetration 40.

The needs of petroleum asphalt as materials for pavement is very large, while the petroleum classified as natural resources that cannot be renewable. As a result of petroleum dwindling and prices tend to be more expensive. So that requiring other alternative materials as a substitute for conventional asphalt derived from biomass or often called bioasphalt. This study aims to know the volumetric and Marshall characteristics on Asphalt Cement ( AC ) using the Damar asphalt modification to substitute 60/70 penetration asphalt as a binder. The volumetric and Marshall characteristic are porosity, density, flow, stability, and Marshall quotient. The characteristic of asphalt concrete at optimum bitumen content are compared to the conditions from highway agency 1987 and the general specification of asphalt concrete Bina Marga 2010 the third revision. The research uses experimental method in the laboratory with the samples made using the dasphalt modification as binder and incorporating the aggregate gradation no. VII SNI 03-1737-1989. The research is using 15 samples divided into 5 contents of damar asphalt, they are 5%, 5,5%, 6%, 6,5%, dan 7%. Tests carried out using Marshall test equipment to get the value of flow and stability and then be searched the value of optimum damar asphalt content. The result of asphalt concrete analysis using dasphalt modification as binder gives the value of optimum dasphalt content at 5,242%. The most characteristics already met the requirements and specifications.

This research aims to predict the optimum surface orientation angles in solar panel installation to achieve maximum solar radiation. Incident solar radiation is calculated using koronakis mathematical model. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is used as computational method to find optimum angle orientation for solar panel installation in order to get maximum solar radiation. A series of simulation has been carried out to calculate solar radiation based on monthly, seasonally, semi-yearly and yearly period. South-facing was calculated also as comparison of proposed method. South-facing considers azimuth of 0°. Proposed method attains higher incident predictions than South-facing that recorded 2511.03 kWh/m²for monthly. It were about 2486.49 kWh/m², 2482.13 kWh/m²and 2367.68 kWh/m² for seasonally, semi-yearly and yearly. South-facing predicted approximately 2496.89 kWh/m², 2472.40 kWh/m², 2468.96 kWh/m², 2356.09 kWh/m²for monthly, seasonally, semi-yearly and yearly periods respectively. Semi-yearly is the best choice because it needs twice adjustments of solar panel in a year. Yet it considers inefficient to adjust solar panel position in every season or monthly with no significant solar radiation increase than semi-yearly and solar tracking device still considers costly in solar energy system. PSO was able to predict accurately with simple concept, easy and computationally efficient. It has been proven by finding the best fitness faster.

Road sector development policy in Bangka Belitung emphasis on equitable development, which is opening up new areas for industrial development zones of potential marine and coastal tourism, so that having an impact on the budget priority to build a new road. This led to a minimal budget provided for the maintenance of the existing road. This study aimed to evaluate the condition of the pavement both functionally and structurally, the growth of traffic density and the availability of existing road maintenance costs. Then, to analyze the influence of existing road conditions, traffic density and road maintenance costs to the type of road maintenance management. The results are compared with the results of the existing maintenance conducted by the Public Works Department of Bangka Belitung province. Evaluation of pavement conditions consists of visual assessment of pavement condition using IRI, pavement condition assessment functionally with deflection method using test data tool Benkelman Beam (BB) and the actual traffic load. IRI value, deflections and traffic growth gained from years 2011-2015 subsequently created regression models to obtain the relationship and the correlation coefficient. The analysis showed that using the same relative magnitude of the budget from 2011 to 2015, giving priority to the maintenance of the road with good conditions capable of providing the road with a steady state of 100%. Recommendations can be given that maintain the road with good conditions reflecting that preservation provide maximum results with the more efficient maintenance cost.

Rehabilitation and maintenance of road performed by technical agencies at the local government in Indonesia, are generally not based on the assessment of road conditions. The value of the structural and functional condition of the pavement is not counted on carefully. As a result, road rehabilitation and maintenance patterns tend to be similar, repetitive and improper. International Roughness Index (IRI) is a parameter for assessing the functional condition of the pavement while the Structural Number (SN) is a parameter for assessing the structural condition of the pavement. Measuring road conditions by using Roadroid applications on smartphones can provide an efficient way, scalable, and low cost to the highway authority to collect road condition data. This study was conducted to determine the conditions of the road both functionally and structurally. Results of research conducted, pavement functionally in a good condition with the acquisition of IRI value of less than 4. Structural pavement conditions indicate that the value of Structural Number Effective (SN_eff) is less than the value of the Structural Number Future (SN_f), thus the structural condition of the road segments has not been able to serve traffic with a design life of 20 years. Prediction of IRI value obtained to determine the type of road maintenance is functionally performed when the value of IRI exceeds the value of 4 with an overlay of material HRS WC 30 mm. Structurally road maintenance carried out various scenarios, the phased construction and direct construction. The type of material and thickness of pavement on a phased construction scenario for the design life of 15-20 years and direct construction gives better results than the phased construction scenarios for the design life of 5-20 years and 10-20 years.

Skin formation has become one of the problems in the thin wall ductile iron casting because it will reduce the mechanical properties of the materials. One of the solutions to reduce this skin formation is by using heat insulator to control the cooling rate. One of the insulators used for this purpose is ceramic fibre. In this research, the thickness of the ceramic fibre heat insulator used in the mould was varied, i.e. 50 mm on one side and 37.5 mm on the other side (A), no heat insulator (B), and 37.5 mm on both sides (C). After the casting process, the results were characterized in terms of metallography by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and tensile test for mechanical properties. The results showed that the skin thickness formed in A is 34.21 μm, 23.38 μm in B, and 27.78 μm in C. The nodule count in A is 541.98 nodule/mm² (84.7%) with an average diameter of 15.14 μm, 590 nodule/mm² (86.7%) with an average diameter of 13.18 μm in B, and 549.73 nodule/mm2 (87.2%) with an average diameter of 13.95 μm in C. The average ultimate tensile strength for A was 399 MPa, B was 314 MPa, and C was 415 MPa. Microstructural examination under SEM showed that the materials have a ductile fracture with matrix full of ferrite.

The IRI (International Roughness Index) is a road roughness index commonly obtained from measured longitudinal road profiles. This is one of the functional performance a surface of road pavement. Therefore, needs to be done evaluation and monitoring periodically to getting priority of road rehabilitation right on target. The IRI standard has commonly been used worldwide for evaluating road system. The Roadroid is an application to measure road quality with a website to view road quality. It is designed for Android smartphones, so we can easily measure and monitor the road and also use the camera for GPS-tagged photo. By using the built-in vibration sensor in smartphones, it is possible to collect IRI value which can be an indicator road conditions. This study attempts to explain the priority of road rehabilitation in Karanganyar Regency. The location of the study focused on a collector street (primary, secondary and locally road). The result of IRI estimation will be combined with other aspects that influences; land use, policy, the connectivity of road and traffic average daily. Based on IRI estimation using Roadroid, the road conditions in Karanganyar Regency can be described 59,60% were good (IRI<4,5); 21,30% fair (4,5<IRI<8), 11,40% bad (8<IRI<12), and 7,70% poor (IRI>12).

Utilization of Buton Asphalt has been expanded with various optimizations through modification of the base material so that it can be used either as an additive in granular form or as modified asphalt. While in North Buton using Asphalt Buton that uses a special material specification Buton Asphalt cold mixture of Butur Seal, a thin layer of Buton Asphalt B 50/30 above the base course or existing asphalt pavement layer, which has been prepared in accordance with the General Specifications. Technically utilization of Butur Seal is still very sensitive to human resource capacity in understanding the physical condition of Asbuton, and severely affects construction to failure. Buton asphalt cold mix in the field also showed some kind of damage caused by difficulties or not fitting rejuvenation materials used. Making the challenge to do research on the characteristic properties of Asphalt Buton B50 / 30 with modifications, to get Asbuton that has higher durability in use in the field. Quality performance of the Asbuton cold mixtures is observed through a series of tests in the laboratory. This test includes testing the stability and the compressive test. Tests conducted in the laboratory are expected to be directly applicable as it is done in the field. This research aimed to investigate the characteristics of Butur Seal in warm mixture that can be used in the construction and maintenance of roads in North Burton and to investigate the characteristics of Butur Seal with the addition of elastomeric polymers and rejuvenation materials in warm mixing temperature of 30, 40, 60 and 80° C.

Slurry Seal is an application of road preservation in the form of impermeable nonstructural thin layer with maximum thickness of 10 mm, which consisting of a cold laid mixture of asphalt emulsion with continuous graded fine aggregate, mineral filler, water and other added ingredients. Road preservation use slurry seal only functioning as a surface layer on the existing pavement structure. This preliminary research was conducted to determine the value of consistency, setting time, and indirect tensile strength of polymer modified slurry seal. The laboratory tests were conducted to determine the optimum residual asphalt content. The results show that the value of the optimum water content by pre-wetting 5% is getting smaller with increasing levels of residual asphalt emulsion. The addition of water 0 – 2.5% with 5% water for pre-wetting, the mixture provides a sufficient consistency in accordance with the specifications. The increasing levels of residual asphalt emulsion obtained the longer setting time at all slurry seal mixtures, but all of the mixtures still meet the specifications. The use of polymer modified asphalt emulsion on slurry seal was improved durability significantly, based on the value of indirect tensile strength.

Sumenep City frequently hit by floods. Drainage network conditions greatly affect the performance of her maid, especially those aspects that affect the capacity of the drainage channel. Aspects that affect the capacity of the drainage channel in the form of sedimentation rate and complementary buildings on drainage channels, for example, the presence of street inlet and trash rack. The method used is a drainage channel capacity level approach that level assessment of each segment drainage network conditions by calculating the ratio of the channel cross-sectional area that is filled with sediment to the total cross-sectional area wet and the existence of complementary buildings. Having obtained the condition index value of each segment, the subsequent analysis is spatial analysis using ArcGIS applications to obtain a map of the drainage network information. The analysis showed that the level condition of drainage network in the city of Sumenep in 2016 that of the total 428 drainage network there are 43 sections belonging to the state level "Good", 198 drainage network belong to the state level "Enough", 115 drainage network belong to the state "Mild Damaged", 50 sections belonging to the state "Heavy Damage" and 22 drainage network belong to the state of "Dysfunction".

Extraction of cassiterite using alkaline decomposition of sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) has been studied. Cassiterite (SnO₂) is a mineral ore that contains tin (Sn) about 57.82 wt% and impurities like quartz, ilmenite, monazite, rutile and zircon. The initial step for the process was to remove the impurities in cassiterite through washing and separation by a high magnetic separator (HTS). The aim of this research is to increase the added value of cassiterite from local area Indonesia that using alkaline decomposition to form sodium stannate (Na₂SnO₃). The result shows that cassiterite from Indonesia can form sodium stannate (Na₂SnO₃) which soluble with water in the leaching process. The longer the time for decomposition, the more phases of sodium stannate that will be formed. Optimum result reached when the decomposition process was done in 850 °C for 4 hours with a mole ratio Na₂CO₃ to cassiterite 3:2. High Score Plus (HSP) was used in this research to analyze the mass of sodium stannate (Na₂SnO₃). HSP analysis showed that mass of sodium stannate (Na₂SnO₃) is 70.3 wt%.

One of the step in manganese dioxide manufacturing process for battery industry is a purification process of lithium manganese sulphate solution. The elimination of impurities such as iron removal is important in hydrometallurgical processes. Therefore, this paper present the purification results of manganese sulphate solution by removing impurities using a selective deposition method, namely activated carbon adsorption and NaOH. The experimental results showed that the optimum condition of adsorption process occurs on the addition of 5 g adsorbent and the addition of 10 ml NaOH 1 N, processing time of 30 minutes and the best is the activated carbon adsorption of Japan. Because the absolute requirement of the cathode material of lithium ion manganese are free of titanium then of local wood charcoal is good enough in terms of eliminating ions Ti is equal to 70.88%.

Magnesium extraction from seawater is promising way because magnesium is the second abundant element in seawater and Indonesia has the second longest coastline in the world. To optimize the magnesium extraction, the impurities in seawater need to be eliminated. Evaporation and dissolving process were used in this research to remove the impurities especially calcium in seawater. Seawater which has been evaporated from 100 ml to 50 ml was dissolved with variations solution such as oxalic acid and ammonium bicarbonate. The solution concentration is 100 g/l and it variations are 2 ml, 4 ml, 6 ml, 8 ml, 10 ml, 20 ml, 30 ml, 40 ml and 50 ml. This step will produce precipitate and filtrate then it will be analysed to find out the result of this process. The precipitate was analysed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) but the filtrate was analysed by Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). XRD analysis shows that calcium oxalate and calcium carbonate were formed and ICP analysis shows that the remaining calcium in seawater using oxalic acid is about 0.01% and sodium 0.14% but when using ammonium bicarbonate the remaining calcium is 2.5% and sodium still more than 90%. The results show that both oxalic acid and ammonium bicarbonate can remove the impurities but when using oxalic acid, not only the impurities but also magnesium was precipitated. The conclusion of this research is the best solution to remove the impurities in seawater without precipitate the magnesium is using ammonium bicarbonate.

In this study would be investigated the effects of partial evaporation and chemical precipitation in the formation of calcium salt from brine water resources. The chemical reagents used in the study was oxalate acid (C₂H₂O₄), ammonium carbonate (NH₄)₂CO₃) and ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH) with reagent concentration of 2 N, respectively. The procedure was 10 liters brine water evaporated until 20% volume and continued with filtration process to separate brine water filtrate from residue (salt). Salt resulted from evaporation process was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) techniques. Filtrate then was reacted with C₂H₂O₄, (NH₄)₂CO₃ and NH₄OH reagents to get salt products in atmospheric condition and variation ratio volume brine water/chemicals (v/v) [10/1; 10/5; 10/10; 10/20; 10/30; 10:50; 20/1; 20/5; 20/10; 20/20; 20/30; 20:50]. The salt product than were filtered, dried, measured weights and finally characterized by SEM/EDS and XRD techniques. The result of experiment showed the chemical composition of brine water from Tirta Sanita, Bogor was 28.87% Na, 9.17% Mg, 2.94% Ca, 22.33% O, 0.71% Sr, 30.02% Cl, 1.51% Si, 1.23% K, 0.55% S, 1.31% Al. The chemical composition of salt resulted by partial evaporation was 53.02% Ca, 28.93%O, 9.50% Na, 2.10% Mg, 1.53% Sr, 1.20% Cl, 1.10% Si, 0.63% K, 0.40% S, 0.39% Al. The salt resulted by total evaporation was indicated namely as NaCl. Whereas salt resulted by partial evaporation was CaCO₃ with a purity of 90 % from High Score Plus analysis. In the experiment by chemical precipitation was reported that the reagents of ammonium carbonate were more reactive for synthesizing calcium salt from brine water compared to reagents of oxalate acid and ammonium hydroxide. The salts precipitated by NH₄OH, (NH₄)₂CO₃, and H₂C₂O₄ reagents were indicated as NaCl, CaCO₃ and CaC₂O₄.H₂O, respectively. The techniques of partial evaporation until 20% volume sample of brine water and chemical precipitation using (NH₄)₂CO₃ reagent are recommended in the synthesis of calcium salts from brine water because are simple, flexible and economical.

Dolomite is a mineral that consists of calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate with various mole ratio depend on the formation of mineral source. Recently, Utilization of dolomite only used as raw material for fertilizer and building materials, so that the enhancement of its added value becomes low. If the components in dolomite can be separated, magnesium carbonate and calcium carbonate will be produced then provide high added value. To separate these two components in dolomite is through partial calcinations followed by slaking process. The purpose of this paper is to prove that the partial calcinations can be used as a fundamental process for calcium and magnesium separation process in dolomite. SEM-EDX and XRD analysis proved that partial calcinations at 675°C for 6 hours is able to produce magnesium oxide (MgO) and calcium oxide (CaO). Then sea water was added to calcinations product so magnesium hydroxide and calcium carbonate that easily separated by sea water. The weakness of partial calcinations process at 675°C and processing time 2 hours is the dolomite has not perfectly reacted yet. XRD analysis showed that MgCO₃. CaCO₃ compounds still exist, so there is a possibility that magnesium was not fetched after the separation process.

One-dimensional titanium oxides (TiO₂) nanorods have substantial applications in photocatalytic, nanoelectronic, and photoelectrochemical solar cells. These applications require large quantities of materials and a production technique suitable for future industry fabrication. We demonstrate here a new method of TiO₂ nanorods production from ilmenite sands (FeTiO₃). In this process, the roasted ilmenite sand was separated from the iron content and dissolved in the sulphuric acid solution. Separation process of TiO₂ from ilmenite has been carried out by roasting, leaching and precipitation processes. The roasting process was conducted by the addition of Na₂S at a temperature of 800°C that had been deomposed ilmenite into hematite (Fe₂O₃), anatase TiO₂, rutile TiO₂, Na₂SO₄, NaFeS₂ and NaFeO₂. Separation TiO₂ from titanyl sulfate (TiOSO₄) after leaching in H₂SO₄ solution was conducted by hydrolysis-condensation step and complexation step of Fe²⁺ content. KCNS solution was used as a complexing agent. The xerogel synthesized TiO₂ then was prepared to 1-D nanostructure of TiO₂ nanorods by hydrothermal process under alkaline condition. By the two-step method, we finally gain the 1D nanorods TiO₂ extracted from ilmenite sand. The characterization using the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) obtained the nanorod morphology at a diameter about 9.6 nm.

Degradation of concrete could be triggered by the presence of aggressive agents from the environment into the body of concrete. The penetration of these agents is influenced by the pore characteristics of the concrete. Incorporating a pozzolanic material such as fly ash could modify the pore characteristic of the concrete. This research aims to investigate the influence of incorporating fly ash at high volume level on the porosity of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC). Laboratory investigations were carried out following the ASTM C642 for measuring density and volume of permeable pores (voids) of the SCC with varying fly ash contents (50-70% by weight of total binder). In addition, a measurement of permeable voids by saturation method was carried out to obtain an additional volume of voids that could not be measured by the immersion and boiling method of ASTM C642. The results show that the influence of fly ash content on the porosity appears to be dependent on age of SCC. At age less than 56 d, fly ash tends to cause an increase of voids but at 90 d of age it reduces the pores. The additional pores that can be penetrated by vacuum saturation method counts about 50% of the total voids.

Barium Strontium Titanate (BST) have been made with variation strontium (Sr) 10%, 30% and 50% by co-precipitation method. This study aims to determine influence addition Sr against the crystal structure, crystallite size, lattice parameter, grain size and dielectric constant. Samples have been made by co-precipitation method and then the samples were sintered by furnace at 1100°C with holding time 4 hours. Characterization of BST use X-Ray Diffraction instrument, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Resistance Capacitance Inductance (RCL meter). Based on result obtained, the larger Sr content cause the diffraction angle shift to the right (the greater) and crystallinity increasing. But, the value of dielectric constant, crystallite size and grain size decreasing with additional Sr content. Measurement of dielectric constant (K) performed in the frequency range 1 kHz to 100 kHz and the highest value at Sr content 0.1 i.e. 258.35. The addition of Sr content 30% and 50% change the crystal structure from tetragonal to cubic which has paraelectric phase.

Amine-functionalized titanium dioxide/carbon (TiO₂/C) was prepared via the arc discharge method using graphite electrodes and a liquid medium consisting of 50% ethanol with the addition of urea. The arc discharge was conducted using a voltage of 20 to 40 V. X-ray diffraction (XRD) of prepared TiO₂/C showed a pattern of definitive peaks at 25.32°, 26.61°, and 36.14°, which are the main characteristic peaks of TiO₂, C graphite, and titanium carbide, respectively. The successful surface modification of TiO₂/C synthesized in liquid ethanol/urea resulted in better dispersion of nanoparticles in water than TiO₂/C synthesized in ethanol only. This surface characteristic was also confirmed via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of TiO₂/C synthesized in liquid ethanol/urea, which revealed C=O, C–N, C–O, and N–H stretching vibrations at 1600–1700, 1400–1100, 1200–1300, and 3300–3400 cm⁻¹, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that the nanocomposite had a spherical morphology. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis found that the structure of the nanocomposite was carbon coated with TiO₂.

The modification of carbon-based nanomaterials with metals is widely studied due to its unique properties. Here, the modification of carbon nanomaterial with iron oxide has been successfully carried out. This modification was achieved using arc discharge in 50% ethanol liquid media. The anode used in the arc discharge was prepared from a mixture of carbon and iron oxide that was synthesized in electrolysis and was then calcined at 250°C with silicon binder with a mass ratio of 3:1:1, and the cathode used was graphite rod. Both electrodes were set in the nearest gap that could provide an arc during arc-discharging, leading to carbon-based nanoparticle formation. The diffractogram pattern of the X-ray diffraction of the fabricated nanoparticles confirmed the typical peak of carbon, iron oxide and iron. The magnetization value of the result analysis of the vibrating sample magnetometer was 9.9 emu/g. The bandgap energy measurement using diffuse reflectance ultra violet was estimated to be 2.18 eV. Using the transmission electron microscopy, the structure of the nanomaterial produced was observed as carbon-encapsulated iron compound nanoparticles.

Microstructure formation and oxidation behaviour of the Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) steels for application as structure material in Nuclear Power Plant was investigated. A mixture composed of Fe and 12 wt. % Cr powder with addition of 0.5 and 1 wt.% ZrO₂ particles was milled and isostatic pressed to form a sample coin. The coin was then consolidated in the Arc Plasma Sintering (APS) for 4 minutes. The samples were subjected to the high temperature oxidation test in the Magnetic Suspension Balance (MSB). The oxidation test was carried out at 700°C for 6 hours to evaluate the oxide growth in the early stage of it formation by extraction the mass gain curve. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) imaging and X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopy (EDX) elemental mapping were performed to study the microstructure change and compositional distribution. SEM and EDX observation revealed the time dependent development of the Fe-Cr-phases during consolidation. The oxidation rate behaviour of the samples followed the parabolic rate characteristic for inward oxidation process driven by oxygen inward diffusion through the oxide scale with the maximum weight gain around of 60 g/m2. The oxidation resistance was strongly affected by the formation of the oxide protective layer on the surface. In so far, addition of zirconia particles has played no significant role to the oxidation behaviour.

A new synthesis route to obtain high-purity barium titanate powder, BaTiO₃, using the molten salt method by reacting the raw materials (BaCO₃ and TiO₂) in an atmosphere of molten NaCl and KCl, has been developed. The synthesized BaTiO₃ ceramic particles have been successfully carried out at the sintering temperature 950°C for 4 hours. The Rietveld refinement of the XRD diffraction patterns was employed to characterize the structural information of the nanocrystalline BaTiO₃ ceramics. The lattice parameters (a=4.0043 Å, b=4.0308Å with space group P4mm) of tetragonal perovskite structure, as an indication of piezoelectric characteristics, have been successfully determined by the Rietveld refinement. While the crystallitte particle size and strains have been obtained for the values of 110.6 nm and 0.74 % respectively

Al doped ZnO (AZO) nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized by the simple sol-gel method. The starting materials of Al doped ZnO were Zn(CH₃COO)₂·2H₂O and Al(OH)(CH₃COO)₂. Preparation of AZO using polyethylene glycol as a surfactant. The solution of precursors was stirred at 60 °C for 2 hour in the conditions of Al contents are 0%, 2%, 3% and 4% (g/mL), respectivelly. In the last step reaction, gelation occurred from solution to sol gel. The sol gel then were dried at 60 °C following by annealing process for crystalization. By this simple sol gel method, the nanoparticles have been produced. The characterizations were conducted X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourrier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). XRD analysis reveals that all samples has crystallizes in polycrystalline nature and exhibit no other impurity phase. The variation of Al doped ZnO slighly affect the crystallinity and crystal size. Both crystallinity and crystal size decrease with increasing of Al content in AZO. Morphology of AZO shown the particle distribution more equitable with increased Al content. The synthesized AZO gaved shift peak absorption of asymetric and symetric vibrations of Zn-O-Zn around wavelengths of 680 cm^-1 and 1630 cm^-1 atributed of the uptake of the Al-O-Al bond instead Zn-O-Zn. XRF analysis shown that the increase ratio of Al entering into Zn influenced the Al dopant concentration.

A process of vortex-antivortex magnetization reversal in a Permalloy nano particle with uniform polarity of magnetization has been investigated numerically. Micromagnetic simulation is performed using the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation. A short field pulse is applied in a film plane anti parallel to magnetization direction. Sequences of simulation of reversals mechanism are evaluated for thickness of nano particle. As the results in the case of thickness of 20 nm thin layer, magnetization reversal realizes through a creation-annihilation of Neel-Bloch wall pair. Contrarily, reversal mechanism via a creation-annihilation process of vortex-antivortex pair occurs for thickness of 60 nm thin layer. By analyzing barrier energy of the sample, we find that a maximum barrier energy reaches a threshold value (e.g., ∼ 2.6×10⁶ erg/cm³ for Permalloy in this simulation).

Brake is one of the most important components in the vehicle. One type of brake that widely used is brake-based composites. One of the manufacture of composite material is resin. Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) is a natural material which has chemical structure similar to synthetic phenol so it can be an alternative as a resin. Brake pads manufacture using CNSL as resin composites made to obtain the brake which is strong, wear-resistant, and environmentally friendly. The composite made using powder metallurgy techniques by mixing ingredients such as rubber, fibre glass, carbon, mineral sands and phenolic resin. Two formulas were composed by varying the resin and iron mineral sands in 5 grams. Composites were tested using Universal Testing Machine (UTM). The tensile strength result of those formulas are 600 N and 900 N and the elongations are 1.98 mm and 2.59 mm respectively. Formula 2 has a better tensile strength due to the addition of more resin is 15%. Since the better properties, formula 2 was derivated to 4 extended formulas and showed excellent pressure strength reached 20.000 N. It indicates that the addition of the resin can improve the mechanical properties of a composite.

Cassava peel is an agro-industrial waste which is available in huge quantities in Lampung Province of Indonesia. This work was conducted to evaluate the potential of cassava peel as a source of cellulose and nanocellulose. Cellulose was extracted from cassava peel by using different chemical treatment, and the nanocellulose was prepared by hydrolysis with the use of sulfuric acid. The best methods of cellulose extraction from cassava peels are using alkali treatment followed by a bleaching process. The cellulose yield from this methods was 17.8% of dry base cassava peel, while the yield from nitric and sulfuric methods were about 10.78% and 10.32% of dry base cassava peel respectively. The hydrolysis was performed at the temperature of 50 °C for 2 hours. The intermediate reaction product obtained after each stage of the treatments was characterized. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed the removal of non-cellulosic constituent. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the crystallinity of cellulose increased after hydrolysis. Morphological investigation was performed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The size of particle was confirmed by Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).

Silanizing of chitosan has been prepared using the solution-casting method. The silanizing agent is 3-glycydiloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (GPTMS). The compounding of chitosan/GPTMS was conducted for 1 hour at 80°C by varying GPTMS compound (5-20 wt %) and the final product is referred as Cs/GPTMS. The mechanical properties, including tensile strength, elongation and young modulus were tested according to ASTM D882-02. The addition of 15 % of GPTMS was able to improve the tensile strength value up to 55.66%. However, the elongation decreased to 64.89 %. Moreover, the water adsorption and swelling area properties were studied in this research to evaluate the material ability. Both of water adsorption and swelling area properties decreased by the presence of GPTMS in chitosan. The Cs/GPTMS materials to be promising candidate materials for plastic engineering due to their properties meet the requirement.

Edible films and coatings have emerged as an alternative packaging in food applications and have received much attention due to their advantages. The incorporation of essential oils in film matrices to give antimicrobial properties had been observed recently, and could be used as promising preservation technology. In this study, cassava starch-based edible coating incorporated with lemongrass essential oil (1%) was applied by spraying and dipping methods to preserve papaya MJ9 during storage at room temperature. The quality of papaya MJ9 was analyzed based on its physicochemical and microbiological properties. The addition of lemongrass essential oil (1%) significantly inhibited the microbial growth on papaya MJ9 by reducing the value of total yeast and mold as compared to the control. This study also showed that for parameters of weight loss, total soluble solid, vitamin C, and total titratable acid, papaya MJ9 with cassava starch-based edible coating incorporated with lemongrass essential oil (1%) had the lower values than control, however, they had the higher value than control on firmness parameter. These results indicate that cassava starch-based edible coating incorporated with lemongrass essential oil (1%) can be used as an alternative preservation for papaya MJ9.

The main problem is the process of natural gas storage and distribution, because in normal conditions of natural gas in the gas phase causes the storage capacity be small and efficient to use. The technology is commonly used Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). The weakness of this technology safety level is low because the requirement for high-pressure CNG (250 bar) and LNG requires a low temperature (-161°C). It takes innovation in the storage of natural gas using the technology ANG (Adsorbed Natural Gas) with activated carbon as an adsorbent, causing natural gas can be stored in a low pressure of about 34.5. In this research, preparation of activated carbon using waste plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET). PET plastic waste is a good raw material for making activated carbon because of its availability and the price is a lot cheaper. Besides plastic PET has the appropriate characteristics as activated carbon raw material required for the storage of natural gas because the material is hard and has a high carbon content of about 62.5% wt. The process of making activated carbon done is carbonized at a temperature of 400 ° C and physical activation using CO₂ gas at a temperature of 975 ° C. The parameters varied in the activation process is the flow rate of carbon dioxide and activation time. The results obtained in the carbonization process yield of 21.47%, while the yield on the activation process by 62%. At the optimum process conditions, the CO₂ flow rate of 200 ml/min and the activation time of 240 minutes, the value % burn off amounted to 86.69% and a surface area of 1591.72 m²/g.