Table of contents

INTRODUCTION

Every structure requires foundation for its stability. A simple failure of foundation may lead to the failure of a structure even though all codal provisions are met in the analysis and design of super structure. A prompt exchange of ideas and innovations is essential between structural and geotechnical engineers to build a safe structure. Hence a single platform to exchange the knowledge between the experts of structural and geotechnical engineers is materialized in The first National Conference on "Structural and Geotechnical Engineering (NCSGE-2022)". The Two Day National is organized by the Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, on November11-12, 2022. The main objective of this conference is to discuss the problems, solutions or recommendations in the fields of structural and geotechnical engineering. The experts from academic institutions, industries, research organizations, practicing engineers and students are given prime opportunity to share and discuss all the real challenges and issues in various fields like seismic studies, sustainable new materials, thermal studies, properties of black cotton soils, retaining walls and lateral load capacity etc. The main focus was given to interchange the ideas and novelty from structural engineering to geotechnical engineering and vice versa.

List of About the Conference, Technical Advisory Committee, Organizing Committee are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume have been reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing Publishing.

• Type of peer review: Double Anonymous

• Conference submission management system: Morressier

• Number of submissions received: 35

• Number of submissions sent for review: 34

• Number of submissions accepted: 19

• Acceptance Rate (Submissions Accepted / Submissions Received × 100): 54.3

• Average number of reviews per paper: 2

• Total number of reviewers involved: 35

• Contact person for queries:

Name: S. Madhuri

Email: smadhuri.ce@nitjsr.ac.in

Affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur

Rail structure interaction (RSI) requires thorough study to understand the force transfer mechanism between the track and bridge components due to train vertical live loads, braking/traction loads and thermal loads accordingly. RSI analysis gives us an outline of the axial stress in rail, support reactions transferred to the bridge components and the relative displacement caused between the track and bridge. This paper investigates rail structure interaction analysis of unballasted multi-span steel through girder railway bridge carrying dedicated freight corridor (DFC) of 32.5t axle load. For this purpose, RSI analysis is performed as per the guidelines given in UIC774-3R [7] Code of Practice (International Union of Railways) for two different multi-span bridge with a span configuration of 7x63m and 6x48m respectively and the axial stress in rail, relative displacement between rail and bridge and support reactions transferred to the bridge components are calculated based on the span and stiffnesses of the bridges. From the analysis results, it shall be concluded whether to explore the possibility of providing a provision of continuous welded rail (CWR) on the bridge or to adopt switch expansion joints (SEJ) or other expansion devices accordingly.

Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS) concrete is sustainable and also proven to show enhanced properties such as reduced heat of hydration, refinement of pore structure and increased resistance to corrosion and chemical attacks when compared with Ordinary Portland Cement concrete. Uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and enhanced properties of the GGBS concrete are dependent on the proportions of GGBS and other elements in the mix. It is essential to accurately predict the UCS of the blended mix. Developments in computer hardware and the easy availability of research data made artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI & ML) prediction techniques feasible. In this study AI & ML techniques namely, linear regression, lasso regression and ridge regression are used to predict the UCS of GGBS concrete. Algorithms are trained using data collected from various standard publications. All data points are cleaned and then normalized with standard scalar function to avoid biased predictions. Root Mean Squared Error, Mean Squared Error, Mean Absolute Error and Coefficient of Determination for all three techniques are found to be almost identical. The above-mentioned AI & ML models have high prediction accuracy. Hence, based on the results AI & ML algorithms specified above can be reliably used in the above-mentioned GGBS concrete.

In concrete structures, temperature changes can cause strains of the same order of magnitude as live and dead loads in some circumstances. When thermal expansion or contraction is controlled, thermal stresses are induced. This report discusses the performance of reinforced joints under thermal loading conditions. Here we analysed the variance in stress and deflection when the temperature increases. The joints are modelled in ETABS and imported into ANSYS for further thermal analysis. The aim is to evaluate the RC beam-column joints at high temperatures in transient response. The results discuss how RC joints respond to temperature variations. The deformations with temperature variation are examined at high-temperature conditions.

Construction with flat slabs is quite dangerous when there is strong earthquake shaking. Two different forms of flat slab buildings—flat slab with shear wall at core and flat slab with x-bracing—are considered in the study. These flat slab constructions' structural rigidity is increased by this lateral force-resisting mechanism. It has been found that adding a shear wall considerably boosts the flat slab structure's ability to withstand lateral forces.

An endeavour has been made to assess the spatial fluctuation of the profundity of endured and designing bedrock in Gorakhpur Uttar Pradesh, North India utilizing Multichannel Analysis of Surface Wave (MASW) study. One-layered MASW study has been done at Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur campus and Shear-wave Velocity V_S30 are estimated. MASW overview at 3 location and a Standard Penetration Test SPT-N from the profound geotechnical boreholes data used for comparison of site classification. The deduction of this work might be utilized as contributions for seismic tremor risk the board by lessening the seriousness of earthquake shaking through plan of tremor Earthquake risk resilient structure strong designs. The data that collected from the MASW experimental setup is feed using the software ParkSEIS (v.3.0), we obtain Shear Wave Velocity (V_S30). The obtained V_S30 is used to plot Response Spectra for MMMUT Gorakhpur. The Time History data used in this thesis is Nepal Earthquake 2015 data which is collected from Indian Metrological Department (IMD) Delhi, India. SPT-N value data is collected from Awas Vikas Parishad for the New Administration Building build at MMMUT campus Gorakhpur. The Time History data of Nepal Earthquake 2015 is analysed using DEEPSOIL v7 Software and a systematic layer wise study of MMMUT Campus soil is carried out, results such as Ground Motion Parameters, Response Spectra, Spectral acceleration vs Frequency plot, Tripartite Spectrum and Response spectra corresponding to 5% damping are obtained.

A crack is a whole or partial split of either concrete or masonry into two or more portions caused by breaking or fracturing in concrete constructions. The bulk of fractures is caused by external forces higher than what the structure or its components can sustain acting on it. The most typical sign of degradation in concrete buildings is cracking. Once the fractured system has been assessed, an appropriate repair method that considers these reasons may be chosen. Selecting the best crack repair method may produce results that endure for a very long time while saving you a lot of time, money, and effort. The causes of cracks and several strategies for healing them are covered in this paper.

Concrete that is self-compacting or self-consolidating is referred to as SCC with unique properties such as flowability, self-consolidation, and workability and it can be placed in any type of Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) work where reinforcements are congested and not able to do compaction. In this fast-moving modern era, the role of SCC is unavoidable. It is an advanced method of concreting and sustainable materials that can be utilized as an alternative to river sand or crushed stone sand which includes waste foundry sand, steel slag, stainless steel slag, and iron slag, among others. These materials are the product of industries and create dumping problems in the environment. These materials have a similar composition to fine aggregate there for can be replaced by some percentage with fine aggregate. To bring an alternative to existing river sand and to prevent sand mining In this novel paper detailed investigation has been made to review different sustainable material as fine aggregate and a critical review is done about the SCC features (fresh and hardened) produced using waste foundry sand, steel slag, stainless steel slag and iron slag respectively. In addition, mechanical properties along with microstructure studies of different sustainable fine aggregates are discussed. The optimum substitution rate for sustainable fine aggregate and its benefits are studied. All the alternative fine aggregate has made a significant impact on fresh and hardened properties. Due to their unique performance, various fine aggregates notably waste foundry sand, steel slag, stainless steel slag and iron slag can be employed in making SCC.

Severe seismic activity is a cause of grave concern for all kinds of structures. In order to safeguard buildings from earthquakes we use novel techniques based on performance-based seismic design. The base isolation method is one such technique utilized to reduce the effect of large-scale vibration produced during a seismic vibration. In this paper, we analyze two models: the first G+6 building and the second G+18 building using Lead Rubber Bearing (LRB). The analysis is done using ETABS software and here we use the non-linear time history method. Using the soil intrinsic effects like flexibility and stiffness, this research considers variation in displacement, drift, and repositioning of the soil in accordance with IS code 1893:2016. A greater spectral displacement was detected in medium soil in a fixed base structure. The time period for Lead Rubber Bearing building is greater than the conventional building. Base shear is minimized in (LRB) Lead rubber bearings as compared to a conventional building.

In the analysis and design of structures, seismic ground motion is a significant factor. Seismic criteria consideration is necessary for serviceability and feasibility of existing as well as new structures. Time History analysis is the one in which base is subjected to a specific ground motion and dynamic response of structure is analysed at each increment of time. The bracing system increases the structure's resistance to lateral loads by transferring load from the frame to the braces. This study uses the ETABS software to do a time history analysis on a G+4 RCC building with a waffle slab and an X-type bracing system. For designing purposes, the IS 456-2000 code is thought about. According to IS 875-part 1, live loads are measured, and IS 1893-2016 earthquake analysis is carried out. For this structure, a number of factors are analysed, including storey drift, base shear, storey stiffness, and storey displacement, among others.

Symmetric and asymmetric structures behave differently under external loads even though they are of an equal number of stories or equal in dimensions. It is necessary to estimate the dynamic properties of the asymmetric structures carefully to avoid failure. Modal analysis for symmetric and asymmetric multi-storied reinforced concrete (RC) buildings is very essential to assess the dynamic characteristics of the structure. The plan asymmetric buildings with the shift of core from a central position to different positions and vertical asymmetry with the mass variation in vertical direction and setback stories are considered for the present study. Flexural beam elements are modelled to represent the columns. Two translations i.e., longitudinal, and transverse displacements of the building and rotation about the vertical axis of the structure are taken as global degrees of freedom at each node. The distance between the mass center and stiffness centre on each floor is taken as eccentricity. A finite element model is developed using MATLAB code to estimate the natural frequencies. Different RCC structures of 5 to 20-storied buildings are modelled by developing global stiffness and mass matrices based on the member connectivity. Eigen-value technique is used to estimate the natural frequencies. From the study it is observed that the natural period in asymmetric structures is found more than the symmetric building. The structure with setback also showed larger natural period.

Strong Ground Motions have a significant impact on structural analysis and design. Seismic evaluation is deemed necessary for the quality, reliability, and feasibility of existing and developing structures. Earthquakes are even more disastrous when a mainshock is succeeded and preceded by aftershocks of higher magnitude. Most of the time, these aftershocks are ignored during analysis. In the last few decades, steel buildings have been crucial to the construction sector. On the other hand, RCC frames are commonly designed structures for commercial purposes and cost-effectiveness. IS 1893 (Part:1)-2002 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures and IS 13920-2016 Ductile Detailing of RC Structures Subjected to Seismic Reactions are majorly used for Seismic Analysis. Steel bracings in the structural system increase the ductility and stiffness of the frame structure. That can be arranged in a variety of ways, such as X, diagonally, alternatively, V, inverted V, K, etc. Cross bracings are used in this paper for the design of a typical multi-story (G+9) semi-rigid steel frame and a typical RCC frame is designed of the same dimensions. Both the frames are modelled and compared using ETABS software and a static nonlinear Time History analysis is executed to examine the performance of both the frames under the Mainshock and Aftershock of Chamoli earthquake. The Mainshock and Aftershock results of the Chamoli earthquake are extracted from the Centre for Engineering Strong Motion Research Ground Motion Database. Base shear, joint displacement, kinetic energy, and story displacement are a few of the variables of Time History Analysis that affect how well a building performs during mainshock and aftershock earthquakes. When analysing the outcomes, it is important to take into account that each of these factors significantly affects how a building responds to seismic loads.

This article presents the compaction, consolidation, unconfined and confined characteristics of tire-fibre blended silty-clay at different investigating parameters. The compaction tests were performed to evaluate the Maximum Dry Density (MDD) and Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) of soil-tire fibre mixture at different percentage of tire fibre (0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by weight). It was found that with increasing the amount of tire-fibre MDD of mixture decreased significantly whereas, OMC increases marginally. Both, unconfined compression strength (UCS) and confined triaxial tests were performed on the soil-tire mixes specimen prepared at MDD and OMC. The result shows that with increasing percentage of tire fibre to the silty-clay soil, the ductility of the soil-tire mixture increases whereas; the maximum shear stress at the failure is reduced. Based on UCS tests, the Energy Absorption Capacity (EAC) of soil-tire mixture is increased increased by 55% at 10% of tire fibre, for strain rate of 1.25mm/min, whereas; on further increase in TF from 10% to 30%, EAC decreased by 44%, 32%, 52% at the shearing rate of 0.62mm/min, 1.25mm/min and 2.5mm/min, respectively. However, based on the confined triaxial test results, the angle of internal friction of soil-tire mixture decreases with increasing tire contents; whereas, cohesion decreased up to 10% of tire fibre and beyond that it increases. EAC was found to be increased up to 20% of the tire fibre and further addition shows reduction in energy absorption capacity.

Plastics such as polyethene bags, bottles, and so on are growing increasingly common as science progresses. The disposal of discarded material is a significant issue because most plastic wastes are non-biodegradable and unsuitable for combustion due to the emission of hazardous gases. By just using controlled compaction, soil stabilization enhances the engineering capabilities of weak sub-soils or the addition of stabilizing agents such as cement, lime, fly ash, bitumen, tar etc. But these additions have also been quite costly in recent years. This research report gives a thorough examination of the performance and effectiveness of waste plastic bottle strips in soil improvement. This waste plastic bottle is made of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET). The size of PET plastic strips used in this study is not more than 5 mm in length and 2 mm in width. These strips were treated with Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) to perform the proper dispersion of PET bottle fibres in soil. Although sodium hydroxide is a noncombustible solution, it is a highly reactive substance. It interacts with PET strips to exhibit changes in its properties. This work comprises replacement of soil by NaOH treated PET bottle strips in the varying percentage of 0.75%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 3% and 4% by dry weight of soil sample and to find out the optimum percentage mix of PET strips. The strength and geotechnical property of soil mixed with NaOH treated PET strips was evaluated and compared with the strength of soil and non-treated PET strips mix. The result shows the benefit of adding NaOH treated PET strips over non-treated strips by improving the maximum dry density (MDD), unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and California bearing ratio (CBR) value appreciably at an optimum mix of 1.5%. This soil stabilizing approach may be utilized efficiently to fulfil social and environmental problems. This exploratory inquiry would lead to the ecologically friendly management of this waste material.

The dynamic response of reinforced concrete moment resisting frame (RC-MRF) building structures is mostly altered by the substructure system such as the type of foundations and features of subterranean levels, as well as subsurface soil conditions. The majority of low-to high-rise buildings, in urban areas, are designed with one or multi-level subterranean levels for parking and other services. However, many designers overlooked incorporating these subterranean levels and soils in the seismic resistance analysis assuming that the building is fixed at the ground surface. The present study assessed the effect of the subterranean levels on the dynamic response of RC-MRF buildings. Several two-dimensional (2D) nonlinear finite element seismic response analyses were carried out in ABAQUS software for medium-rise buildings without and with one to multi-level subterranean levels resting on a deep homogenous soft soil profile under the effect of strong seismic input motion. It was observed that the subterranean levels considerably alter the dynamic characteristics and demands of the building structures. Hence, explicitly incorporating the subterranean components and foundation soil during the seismic resistance design of building structures is important.

Pile foundations are widely used and accepted approach to transfer superstructure load to a deeper and stronger stratum. This work has been focused on the assessment of the effect of different parameters associated with piles such as pile diameter, pile length, grade of concrete and pile head condition (i.e., free or fixed) on the lateral load capacity. To evaluate the lateral load capacity considering the aforementioned parameters 'IS Code' and 'Matlock and Reese' methodologies have been utilized. The soil exploration data has been collected from ten different boreholes near to the railway bridge at Bettiah site, Bihar. The results of lateral pile load at different boreholes reflects that the lateral load capacity of pile significantly increased with the increase of pile diameters and grades of concrete. The lateral load capacity of pile was increased approximately by 13%, from both IS Code and Matlock and Reese methods, when the grade of concrete was increased from M25 to M40. It was also found that the condition of pile head also plays a major role in lateral load capacity. The lateral load capacity of pile obtained from IS code method under fixed head condition was found to be higher as compared to free head condition. It has also been observed that the lower values of ultimate lateral load capacity for fixed head and lower values for free head condition was obtained by IS Code as compared to Matlock and Reese method.

The financial sustainability and serviceability of any project after standard performance are the most crucial requirements in emerging nations like India. Hence there is a need to find the best possible ways to satisfy the performance as well as economic criteria. The stabilization of soil with bio-enzyme is a revolutionary technique which becoming popular worldwide. Recently there are many bio-enzymes available for soil stabilization such as Fujibeton, renolith, Perma-Zyme, Terrazyme, etc. These enzymes have been proven to be very effective and economical as well as environment friendly in nature. The efficiency of bio-enzyme depends upon the amount of dosage, types of soil and curing period. One such type of bio-enzyme, Terrazyme has been used in the present work. This study shows the effect of Terrazyme on stabilization of soil. Including the improvement in unconfined compressive strength, shear strength and the Atterberg's limits. The enzyme treated soil shows significant improvement in strength parameters of soil and little improvement in liquid and plastic limit of the soil.

The performance of retaining under various loading circumstances is dependent on the kind of backfills employed; nonetheless, several lightweight fill materials such as EPS geofoam, geoboard, fly ash, waste tyre (in various forms), and so on are widely utilised as backfill materials. The key benefits of adopting lightweight materials are a lower overall lateral force on the wall and lateral displacement of the retaining wall. Because of the growing number of automobiles, disposing of discarded tyres has become a major issue. Waste tyres are increasingly being utilised in geotechnical applications such as embankment fill, retaining walls, machine foundations, and bridge abutments. According to prior research, shredded tyre inclusion with soil is employed as backfill material for earth-retaining constructions.

The most important aspect of sectional design for retaining walls is the total lateral thrust. Literature indicates that the use of waste tyres in backfill decreases the overall lateral thrust whether used as sole backfill as tyre chips or a mixture of sand tyres or when used as a compressible inclusion between the wall and the backfill.

In the present work, a numerical simulation was conducted using OPTUM G2 (a computational tool based on finite elements) to examine the effect of discarded tyres as backfill material on the total lateral earth pressure for an 8-meter-high wall. Maximum surcharge pressure of 20 kPa is applied to the backfilling.

The use of discarded tyres as a backfill material significantly decreases total lateral earth pressure on the wall by 50-54% compared to walls backfilled with soil, according to the current study.

Strength and stiffness characteristics are major concern for selecting any geomaterial. However, laboratory testing of these characteristics is time associated, laborious, and high cost. So, there is a need of intelligence tools to estimate the strength and stiffness of geomaterial. The impact of sawdust ash on the stiffness and strength properties of combined expanding clays is discussed in this research. The combined expansive clays underwent tests for California bearing ratio (CBR), unconfined compressive strength (UCS), optimal moisture content, maximum dry density, plasticity characteristics (liquid limit and plastic limit), and differential free swell (DFSI). According to test results, adding more sawdust to the blended clays improves their performance. This study also investigates the artificial neural network (ANN) model that considers six input variables to forecast the CBR and UCS of blended clays. The findings demonstrate that the ANN model performs more accurately for the CBR and UCS models. This clever method may help manage the under- or overestimation of additive dosage and reduce project costs.

Black cotton soil (BCS) has now been declared as one of the poorest soil among all soils regarding civil engineering construction projects due to presence of its inherent clay mineral i.e. montmorillonite, which introduces undesirable shrinkage and swelling in the BCS. BCS should not be used directly in civil engineering projects because of its excessive volume change behavior. The sample of black cotton soil for the study has been collected from district Narsinghpur near the Bikrampur railway station, Madhya Pradesh, India. Evaluation of effect of glass fiber addition on the strength properties of BCS is described in this research article. Glass fiber acquires good properties such as stiffness, high strength, resistance and flexibility to chemical loss. Glass fiber has been mixed with oven dried BCS from 2% to 8% by its weight. Geotechnical properties are thoroughly investigated before and after treating the BCS sample by means of various laboratory tests. For both treated and untreated BCS samples, UCS testing was performed with varying curing time of 0, 4, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days. UCS value was found to be decreased due to water holding capacity of glass fiber. The laboratory findings indicate that for all additives, MDD and expansion ratio of the BCS decreases, whereas OMC and CBR value increases. XRD (X-ray diffraction) analysis has been conducted on untreated and glass fiber treated BCS samples to estimate change in microstructure and mineralogical composition.