Table of contents

Proceeding of 35^th International Conference of Material Sciences and Its Applications (35^th Eg-MRS 2021)

Arafa H.Aly

Physics department, Faculty of Sciences, Beni Suef University

It is with great pleasure that I introduce the proceedings of the 35^th Eg-MRS International Conference, 3-4 July 2021, Cairo, Egypt. This conference was dedicated to technical issue related to material sciences research and its applications.

The objectives of the conference were not only to provide opportunities to the international scientists to present state of the art research in material sciences but also to provide a forum to discuss ideas for future directions in the field and explore possibilities for collaborative research projects.

The conference program included keynote, oral, and poster presentations from scholars working in the areas of materials science and engineering from all over the world. It covered recent trends and progress made in the field of material sciences. Professors from Egypt, UK, USA, Canada, Netherlands and France were invited to deliver keynote lectures regarding the latest information in their respective areas of expertise.

All papers were subjected to peer-review by conference committee members and international reviewers. The papers were selected based on their quality and their relevance to the conference. The proceedings present recent advances in the fields of materials science and engineering and manufacturing as well as in other related areas including materials properties, measuring methods, analytical and numerical modeling and simulations among others. I would like to express special gratitude to members of the conference committee and organizers of the conference. I would also like to thank the reviewers for their valuable time and advice which helped in improving the quality of the papers selected for presentation at the conference and for publication in the proceedings. Finally I want to thank the authors, the members of the organizing committee, the reviewers, the chairpersons, sponsors, and all other conference participants for their support of Eg-MRS 2021.

List of Conference Chairman, Coordinator (Eg-MRS), Organizing and Scientific Committee, Editors and Reviewers are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

35^th International Conference, 35^th Eg-MRS 2021

Arafa H.Aly

Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Egypt

aucegypt.edu@arafaaly

Abstract. The overview describes the main directions and results of the 35^th Eg-MRS International Conference, 35^th Eg-MRS-2021 held in Cairo, Egypt, 3-4 July 2021. It gives the details about the participants and the proceedings.

The Volume contains Proceedings of the 35th Eg-MRS International Conference, Eg-MRS-2021:

Modernization, Innovations and Progress" which was held in Cairo, Egypt in July 3-4, 2021. The Conference held online using Zoom due to COVID-19.

The purpose of the Conference is to share the results and prospects of the achievements in using advanced scientific, innovative and information technologies in materials sciences and its applications.

In fact, this is the third year of publishing a special issue of Eg-MRS international conferences under the umbrella of IOP material sciences and engineering. The first one was in November 2019; Hurghada, Egypt [1]. The second one was in August 2020 which was online due to COVID-19 [2 ].

• Type of peer review: Double-blind

• Conference submission management system: Online: https://cutt.us/mo8G5

• Number of submissions received: 45

• Number of submissions sent for review: 25

• Number of submissions accepted: 14

• Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100):

• Average number of reviews per paper: 56%

• Total number of reviewers involved: 14

• Any additional info on review process: No

• Contact person for queries: Prof Arafa H.Aly; aucegypt.edu@arafaaly

All accepted papers were at a reasonable level of language, and it was requested from the authors more than once to improve the language to make it readable by the arbitrators. Many reviewers asked the authors to enhance the language more than once. The authors of the accepted papers did the possible to polish the language and the required requests of them to enhance the language within the available limits.

[1] Arafa H. Aly, 2020 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.762 0122005

[2] Arafa H. Aly, 2020 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.956 011002

Heavy elements represent a source of toxicity when accumulate in the soil and be transmitted to plants, animals and humans through food chains that may affect the human and the animal health. In this study, environmental samples, vegetable samples (Cabbage, Mallow, Turnip) and soil, were collected from Qaha in Qaliubia in Egypt then subjected to investigate the availability of toxic metals such as copper, manganese and cadmium using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) technique. We have found Cu, Mn and Cd in cabbage with concentrations around 25.28 ±1.263 ppm, 103.83 ±5.19 ppm and 0.792 ±0.0396 ppm, respectively. The Cu, Mn and Cd concentrations in Mallow were found to be 35.26 ±1.76 ppm, 142.72 ±7.14 ppm and 1.3 ±0.0649 ppm respectively. Also, the concentrations of Cu, Mn and Cd in Turnip have achieved 29.29 ±1.45 ppm, 79.33 ±3.97 ppm and 1.99 ±0.099 ppm respectively. For soil, the concentrations of Cu, Mn and Cd were 2.4 ±0.12 ppm, 4.8 ±0.24 ppm and 1.75 ±0.088 ppm respectively. It was concluded that the pollution index values for Cu, Mn and Cd in soil were 0.024 ±1.2 ×10⁻³, 0.01 ±5.49 ×10⁻⁴and 0.58 ±0.029 respectively. The pollution index values in cabbage for Cu, Mn and Cd were 0.346 ±0.017, 15.708 ±0.785 and 3.96 ±0.198 respectively. The pollution index values for Cu, Mn and Cd in Mallow were 0.073 ±0.024, 21.59 ±1.08 and 6.5 ±0.32 respectively. The pollution index values for Cu, Mn and Cd in Turnip were 0.401 ±0.019, 12 ±0.6 and 9.95 ±0.5 respectively. The observed new results are important to monitor the environmental pollution in the studied samples which have an impact on human health.

Porous Silicon Dye-sensitized solar cell (PS-DSSC) with N719 Dye was employed as photoelectrode. PS layers were formed on textured crystalline silicon CZ-Si (100) by electrochemical etching (ECE) in hydrogen fluoride (HF) based electrolyte at constant current density for different etching times. The morphological properties of the PS were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The optical properties of the textured surfaces are studied using photoluminescence (PL) and reflectivity measurements. The bandgaps of PS from UV-Vis and PL measurements increase to 1.9 eV. The Current-Voltage (I-V) characteristics show that the short-circuit current density J_sc and the open-circuit voltage V_oc increased as the porosity of the PS layer increased. These results show an improvement in the efficiency of PS-DSSC.

In this work a Mach-Zehnder interferometer system [MZIS] was constructed and illuminated by using [He-Ne] laser. And a gas flow system [GFS] was strictly designed and constructed that was connected to [MZIS], this gas flow system was controlled by both temperature range between 313 to 348 K and pressure range from 60-90 cm-Hg. The [MZIS] and [GFS] were linked and used for determining the refractive index of Methane [CH₄] and Nitrogen [N₂] gases as a function of pressure n[p]T, and temperature n[T]_P. The variety of refractive index of gases regarding the pressure factor at steady temperature (dn/dp)_T was resolved. Likewise, the variety of refractive index of gases regarding to temperature at steady pressure factor [dn/dT]_P was determined. By applying both Maxwell's and Clausius-Mostii equations, some physical parameters of Methane and Nitrogen gases, which related to refractive index, like as optical permittivity, dielectric susceptibility, Specific refractivity, Molar refractivity, and Molecular radius were estimated. In addition, the volume expansion values of the investigated gas samples were evaluated. Theoretically, by using Gaussian 09 program we had got some chemical parameters for Methane and Nitrogen.

The evaluation of the existing construction building is one of the urgent problems in the current era, different tests and methodologies can be used to get the required information about the properties of the structure so that the construction industry interests in applying the concrete test with the lowest time and cost, The purpose of this study is to present the combination between Nondestructive test (NDT) and Machine compression Test (MCT) to get the real results for the Schmidt hammer test method. All tests are created for different grade of RC concrete from medium to high grade with classes between Grade 200 to Grade 800, to study the Nondestructive test (NDT) and generate the comparison with the Machine compression Test (MCT), using different composition of the concrete with Varity in the proportion mix between ingredients of cement, water content, aggregate, all results have been represented tabular and graphically to notice any deviation between Destructive test (DT) and MCT test, Regression analysis was been used as a statistical method to get the variation between tests and establish as a linear mathematical relationship between compressive strength and rebound number and it can be illustrated that the variances between them in case of Low. the medium and semi-high grade is very low which means the null hypothesis is accepted according to the statistical analysis, and on another side, there are variances in case of very high grade according to statistical analysis.

A defective one-dimensional photonic crystal is investigated as a biosensor to detect malaria disease. The proposed photonic structure is air/(GaN/Porous GaN)^N/Sample/(GaN/Porous GaN)^N/Substrate. The red blood cells sample of the human being is used as a sample defect in the proposed optical device. The pioneer transfer matrix method is used to analyze the transmittance spectra. A change in sample refractive index highly affects the transmittance resonant peak and this shift in the peak plays a key role in the operation of the device. The relatively high figure of merit of 1022 RIU⁻¹ with a sensitivity of 1472 nm/RIU and quality factor of 1076 is detected. The proposed sensor is relatively better than others available to detect malaria disease.

A solar concentrator of the type V-Trough is designed for a multipurpose integrated solar energy project in Helwan of Egypt. A suitable place in the NRIAG is selected. A concentration ratio matching the stability of the unconventional cooling technique for PV module 2.3 is chosen. A new cooling system with heat pipes for the module is manufactured. The optimum angles of setting the system for a maximum performance during the year are calculated using a ray tracing technique. The optimum dimensions of the PV module are 100 cm × 35 cm with an output voltage of 11.4 V and an output current of 4.29 A. The results show that establishing a solar thermal PV project with these conditions is promising for providing energy for off-grid local multipurpose integrated solar energy projects in that area.

Capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) is used extensively in plasma processing, such as, plasma etching, deposition, and sputtering. Particle-in-Cell (PIC) is used to explore the discharge dynamics microscopically. Considering all species in PIC simulation is challenging. Also, considering various atomic transitions, e.g., ionization, recombination, excitation, and deexcitation is not doable. The state of the art is to carry out fluid simulation. We compare between PIC and fluid simulation for radio frequency CCP to reveal the effect of various approximations as assuming constant temperature, simplifying Navier-Stokes equations in terms of particles mobility and diffusivity, and considering artificial boundary conditions at the electrodes. The fluid model predicts qualitatively PIC results in few minutes. For Argon discharge in geometrically symmetric CCP, the plasma bulk is quasineutral. Over the electrodes, two sheaths are built up due to the difference between ion and electron fluxes. The dynamics of two sheaths are out of phase. In the fluid model, chemical reactions and atomic processes can be considered. Argon metastable states density is maximum in the plasma bulk. In semi dark sheaths, metastable states concentration is small. The proposed fluid model could be used as a simulation platform to find the optimum conditions and to interpret experimental results.

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs) were synthesized by a surfactant-templated hydrothermal method at low temperature (75 °C) for photocatalytic applications. Investigation of structural, optical and photocatalytic properties of TiO2 NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), FT-IR and UV – vis absorption spectroscopy. The structural analysis confirmed a polycrystalline tetragonal anatase TiO2 phase with nanocrystalline structure and almost regular spherical shape. It has been found that the synthesized TiO₂ NPs have an energy bandgap value between 4.42 and 4.46 eV; achieving a photodegradation efficiency of methyl orange dye of 81% to 88 % under UV visible light.

ALFRED (Advanced Lead-cooled Fast Reactor European Demonstrator) is a (300 MW_th) pool-type reactor with closed hexagonal Fuel Assemblies (FAs) which are divided into two radial zones (inner and outer core zones). In this work two three dimensional models (3D-heterogenous and 3D-homogeneous) for inner assembly (IA) and outer assembly (OA) have been designed using MCNPX transport code to simulate the neutronic behavior and to study the fuel performance and the effect of homogenization inside the fuel assemblies. The results of the present work for power distribution and fuel burn-up show good agreement between 3D-homogeneous and 3D-heterogeneous models.

Steel alloys are widely used for radiation shielding in nuclear applications since Cobalt is an expensive element, this leads to the steels is may be expensive, so it is preventing wider application and selection. So the important direction of this research is preparing cobalt-free maraging stainless steel as shielding to reduce the production cost. Therefore, seven different free-cobalt steel alloys were prepared by using an electro slag re-melting technique. Steel compound ratios were calculated by using the software WinXCOM program for Monte Carlo simulation, at energies of photon 662, 1173 and 1332 keV. The attenuation properties of these alloys were studied. Furthermore, the total of removal macroscopic cross-section, transmission number and mean free path were determined using Geant4 code for fast neutrons radiation shielding. Therefore, shielding parameter variations are applied to the steel alloys to investigate the superior shielding properties to gamma rays than other materials.

the industry of producing Portland cement concrete (PCC) depends on Portland cement (PC) as a major element. One of the main usages of the PCC is producing concrete members. The use of waste materials in concrete manufacture could be useful to improve the properties of concrete and reduce production costs by replacing the Cementous material with waste materials. Researchers had invested efforts in investigating the effect of using nanomaterials as an add-on to the concrete mixture on the mechanical properties of concrete. As a result, it was concluded that nanomaterials have a considerable impact on promoting the compressive and flexural strength of the PCC. This research illustrates the effect of utilizing nanomaterials, as an add-on to the concrete mixture, combined with using waste materials, as a replacement to PC, to improve the mechanical properties of plain concrete with different types of materials in different dosages. The experimental part has been carried out by using waste materials and nano-based material. The used waste materials were ceramic waste (CW), and marble powder (MP). The nano-based materials that were used were Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) and Graphene oxide (GO). The results were compared in terms of compressive strength and flexure strength to the control concrete mix. These tests aim to investigate the impact of the modified mixtures on the mechanical properties after elapsing 7 and 28 days to obtain the maximum partial replacement percentage of cement with waste and nano-based materials. It could be concluded that using CW and MP combined with either CNTs or GO could be effectively utilized as a replacement of cement in PCC.

we have explored the tunable multichannel characteristics of one-dimensional (1D) plasma photonic structure in presence of static magnetic field applied externally parallel and anti-parallel to the direction of propagation under normal incidence. We have theoretically examined the transmission characteristics of the binary photonic design consisting of alternate layers of CaF₂ and magnetic cold plasma layers by means of transfer matrix method (TMM) which is amongst the one of the popular techniques for simulating 1D multilayer periodic structures based on MATLAB. The proposed structure possess N-1 number of distinct transmission peaks, each of unit transmission called as transmission channels in transmission spectra for given the number of periods N > 1. In this study N varies from 2 to 6 in steps of 1 to get 1 to 5 transmission channels respectively. Further we have also investigated how these transmission channels can be repositioned inside PBG by applying the static magnetic field (B) externally under right hand polarization (RHP) and lift hand polarization (LHP) configurations for given N at B = 0T, 0.02T, 0.04T and 0.06T. The reason behind the existence of these transmission channels is due to the superposition of evanescent and propagating waves inside plasma and dielectric layers respectively. The existence of these transmission channels inside PBG is different from the transmission bands which are formed due to the interference of forward and backward propagating waves. Besides this the tuning sense of the transmission channels at fixed B applied parallel or anti parallel to direction of periodicity, by changing the angle of incidence corresponding to TE and TM polarization case has also been examined to get some more useful and interesting tunable multichannel characteristics of the current design which cannot be obtained in conventional PPCs.