Table of contents

The research articles in this proceeding have been presented at the International Scientific Forum 2019 (ISF2019), which took place at the Mudzaffar Hotel in Malacca, Malaysia, on 16-17 December 2019. The ISF2019 was organized by UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Center (UMPEDAC), University of Malaya in conjunction with the UMPEDAC's 10th anniversary establishment as the Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) in Malaysia. This event was also co-organized together with other local universities, and supported by The Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) Malaysia Section.

This conference had gathered more than 100 participants from countries such as India, Japan, Brunei Darussalam, Myanmar, Vietnam, and Thailand. With the theme 'Renewable Energy and Sustainability,' local and international researchers were provided the platform to exchange and share their knowledge, and to build research network for long-term collaboration opportunities related to renewable energy. Two keynote talks have been delivered. The first keynote was given by Professor Hideaki Ohgaki from Kyoto University, Japan, with the title 'Effect of Different Electrification Schemes on Quality of Life in ASEAN Rural Villages, and the second keynote was delivered by Professor Ir. Dr. Ab. Halim Abu Bakar from University of Malaya, Malaysia, with the topic 'Variable Inverter – Based Generation Integration.'

Oral presentations of the accepted papers were delivered in parallel sessions. Nearly seventy articles had been submitted to this conference, and this proceeding contains over fifty accepted articles after the peer-review process. This proceeding covers several major areas, namely: materials science, renewable energy, thermal engineering, and electrical engineering. We thank the ISF2019 Organizing Committee, reviewers and participants for their support and contribution throughout the entire process.

Dr. Siti Rohani Sheikh Raihan

Organizing Secretary (ISF2019)

List of Committee List are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

• Type of peer review: Double-blind

• Conference submission management system: UMConference Management System

• Number of submissions received: 67

• Number of submissions sent for review: 63

• Number of submissions accepted: 53

• Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100): 80%

• Average number of reviews per paper: 2

• Total number of reviewers involved: 60

• Any additional info on review process:

Oral presentation is required for the accepted paper to be included in content accepted for publication. After screening with Turnitin plagiarism software, papers score < 30% will be sent for double blind review process.

The average number of papers per reviewer is 3. Reviewers are required to give feedback score based on the following acceptance criteria:

a) Suitability of title to the contents

b) Abstract sufficiently informative

c) Clarity of research objectives

d) Appropriateness of methodology (data, methodology procedures)

e) Data analysis

f) Discussion of results

g) Theoretical soundness

h) Contribution of study

i) Presentation quality (language, sentence, structure, etc.)

j) Bibliography adequate and relevant

At least two reviewers will be appointed for each paper. In the event of conflicting opinions, additional reviewer(s) will be appointed.

• Contact person for queries:

1) Dr. Siti Rohani Sheikh Raihan

UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC)

University of Malaya, Malaysia

E-mail: srohani_sr@um.edu.my

2) Dr. Tan Chia Kwang

UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC)

University of Malaya, Malaysia

E-mail: cktan@um.edu.my

3) Dr. Md. Hasanuzzaman

UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC)

University of Malaya, Malaysia

E-mail: hasan@um.edu.my

Increasing environmental pollution and reducing fossil fuels are major concerns of today's age. To address both the above said issues, the present research focuses on fossil fuel compensation with Biofuels additives. The objective is to analyze combined effect of biodiesel, alcohols and other additives on the diesel engine performance and emission characteristics. The prime target of present research is to analyze the emission characteristics of the diesel engine fueled with Biodiesel (20%)-diesel, Biodiesel (20%)-ethanol (10%)-diesel and Biodiesel (20%)-butanol (10%)-diesel blends. For this purpose, various loads and compression ratios have been applied on each of the blends, to get the optimum result for better performance and reduction in emissions. Engine tests were conducted at variable loads, starting from no load (0 Kg) to full load (15 Kg) at rpm of 1500 on a single cylinder diesel engine. Two compression ratios CR16 and CR18 were used for the research. Engine performance parameters namely BSFC, BTE and engine emissions namely NO_X, CO, HC and CO₂ were measured. Performance and emission variations of the modified blends were compared with the reference fuel (pure diesel) for the quantitative assessment of the improvements.

This paper reviews on the current techniques used for the management of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) plastic waste. The increasing amount of PET wastes and growing environmental concern had placed emphasis on various recycling methods such as chemical and mechanical recycling of PET waste. The focus of this review is on the various mechanical and chemical recycling methods for PET wastes. The conclusion with suggestion to the involved authority on the proper PET waste management to avoid pollution to the environment have been presented in last section.

Among the various energy plant species, Jatropha curcus is found to be best oil-bearing plant species with a wide range of applications and having enormous economic potentials for its seed, which can be converted into biodiesel via transesterification which is an alternative to petrodiesel. In this present study, the effect of three factors, Time (1-4 hour), temperature (60-120°C) and quenching agents (NaCl, KCl, and ZrCl2) and dose of quenching agent(0.5-2gm) use for the extraction of oil from 10grm of jatropha seed. Using the Box-Benken Design (BBD) approach of Response Surface Methodology (RSM), 17 experimental runs were generated. n-Hexane was used as solvent for each experiment carried out in the 100 ml soxhlet extraction apparatus. Results obtained from the experiments were modeled and analyzed by choosing a quadratic model. From the analysis of modeled found temperature extraction time and dose of quenching agent revealed the good agreement of value (R2=0.98) between observed and predicted value of the experiment and were to be p>0.05 that was based on 95% confidence interval. By the use of RSM-BBD an optimizing experiment 60°C temperature 3h time and 2gm ZrCl2 quenching agent give best extraction of oil yield 41.41%.

ZnO has been widely explored as a remarkable photocatalyst for the degradation of wide ranges of organic pollutants. However, its photocatalytic activity could be enhanced through metal doping. In this study, a rare-earth element, Cerium was doped into the microstructure of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) using deposition precipitation method to enhance its photocatalytic activity towards methylene blue degradation via UV light irradiation. The resulting degradation efficiencies (DEs) recorded in this study are ∼ 64 %, 85 % and 55 % respectively. Similarly, the recorded rates are also found to be 9 x 10 ⁻³, 21 x10 ⁻³ and 6 x 10 ⁻³ respectively, which are well correlated with the DE values. This superior photocatalytic performance achieved by 1 % Ce doping could be attributed to the reduction in band gap of the pure ZnO NPs from 2.69 eV – 2.60 eV. Therefore, 1 % Ce was the optimum doping of Ce⁴+ ion into ZnO microstructure, which demonstrates that Ce⁴+ ion could be used as an effective tool for stabilizing the generation of the reactive oxygen species, slowing down the recombination of the photo-generated charge carriers as well as enhancing their separation. Therefore, the optimum Ce doping into the ZnO NPs could play a remarkable role in facilitating the structural, microstructural, optical and electronic properties of the ZnO semiconductor, and eventually enhanced its photocatalytic activity.

Distinguishing near-field intensity distribution and plasmon resonance peak wavelength of surface plasmon resonance of gold nano-rods (AuNRs) can provide information for the optimisation of localised surface plasmon and gap plasmon resonances of gold nano-rods. This work, shows the influence of how refractive indexes of the surrounding medium and adjacent surface, as well as, AuNRs pair inter-particle gap contributes to the generation of surface plasmon resonances. The simulation model presented consists of AuNRs pair situated on silicon dioxide (SiO₂) and cerium dioxide/silicon dioxide (CeO₂/SiO₂) substrates with air and water as the surrounding media. The results show high near-field intensities at AuNRs/CeO₂ interfaces with CeO₂ refractive index (n = 2.38), and the near-field intensities contributed by the gap resonance is minimal between the AuNRs of inter-particle gap of 10 nm, however, the near-field intensities become significant near to the AuNRs/CeO₂ interfaces because of reduced near-field interference. The simulation set-up provides the conditions for water splitting in thermochemical redox reaction of CeO₂/CeO_2-x resulting in the production of hydrogen. AuNRs pair with inter-particle gap of 5 nm situated on 10 nm thick CeO₂ of CeO₂/SiO₂ substrate shows the most favorable conditions for water splitting.

Solar energy is an abundant source of renewable energy which can able to support the expansion of energy demand. This review paper represents a complete literature review on recent developments in the phase change material (PCM) based solar collectors for air heating applications such as building heating, greenhouse heating, etc. In this paper thermal efficiency of various types of storage based collector and their performance for air heating (SAH) applications have been discussed. Based on the literature, it has been found that compared to basic solar air heating (SAH) systems, the collector-storage based air heating systems are able to provide higher efficiency with their capacity to recover and utilize the stored heat at night or cold weather conditions. These storage based collectors can be efficiently utilized for applications requiring medium operating temperature range during daytime as well as night times.

Solar collector is an important technology for the effective utilisation of solar energy that the earth is blessed with. Flat plate solar collectors present a simple and easy to maintain design and thus are widely used for low and medium temperature applications. But being less efficient than alternatives, justifying the initial investment of flat plate solar collectors becomes difficult in the long run. This paper presents the efforts of researchers in the past some years to improve the efficiency of flat plate solar collectors through the improvement and optimization of the existing design. The range of research work covered gives a general idea of the variety of techniques being developed, analysed and tested to increase the efficiency of flat plate solar collector through means such as new absorber design, design of absorber tubes, new coatings on glass cover, and other means to reduce heat transfer losses, increase heat transfer from absorber to working fluid and absorbing and retaining direct as well as diffuse radiation. Design and efficiency improvement for better adoption of flat plate collectors in building facades has also been discussed. This paper will be beneficial for exploring the range of research avenues in the field of optimization and efficiency improvement of flat plate solar collectors.

Sun is the most promising renewable resource available to mankind for extracting maximum useful energy. One of the best ways to trap solar energy is to install photovoltaic thermal (PVT) systems whose main novelty is to produce power by photovoltaic conversion and also dissipate the heat evolved to recover thermal energy thereby enhancing the overall efficiency of the system. Implementing this approach in practical application system lags mainly due to the requirement of economic investment. This paper reviews on the economics involved in the installation, operation and maintenance of solar PVT systems. The economic viability of solar PVT systems is evaluated by considering five criteria (energy costs, life cycle costs, profit ratio, cost savings and pay-back period). Furthermore the performances of many PVT systems were compared and the economic evaluation has proved that the PVT system is economically feasible and has greater potential for incorporating in residential/commercial buildings especially for tropical countries like India.

This paper presents the findings on preparation and thermal analysis of binary eutectic mixture of polyethylene glycol 2000 and 6000. Their measured latent heat are 165.3 J/g and 220 J/g respectively. Eutectic mixtures of these materials were prepared by weight percentage composition with an increment of 10% i.e. compositions of PEG 2000 : PEG 6000 with 0:100, 10:90, 20:80 and so on till 100:0 were prepared. The thermal properties, melting temperatures and latent heats of fusion of these mixtures were measured by DSC analysis. The eutectic mixture with 50:50 composition was kept in a thermal cycling test rig to perform an accelerated thermal cycle test up to 1500 cycles. The melting temperature and latent heat of fusion of this thermally cycled mixture were obtained by DSC analysis on 0^th, 100^th, 500^th, 1000^th and 1500^th cycle. There was a drop of 1.9 °C in the melting temperature and 8% degradation in latent heat of fusion was observed in comparison to 0^th cycle. Considering these values it can be deduced that the eutectic mixture is thermally stable.

Sustainable Development Goal and Paris Agreement are guidelines provided by the global community for a better future. One of the ways is through the utilization of solar energy. But solar energy is plagued by unpredictable energy delivery, which can be solved through latent heat energy storage system. In this study, a phase change material (A70) composite with 0.1% wt Al₂O₃ is prepared using probe sonication. The composite is characterized through Differential Scanning Colorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) and UV-VIS-NIR spectrometer. The DSC showed a 5.02% decrease in the value of latent heat while the composite was thermally stable for the temperature range 30 °C to 200 °C where majority of domestic solar application lies. The composite and pure A70 may be useful for thermal system application where indirect heat absorption like heat exchangers, heat sinks, photovoltaic thermal and concentrated photovoltaic thermal system.

Cooking sector is considered as one of the major energy consuming sector in developing and underdeveloped countries. From the primitive age, humankind largely rely on biomass for their cooking energy need, even though there has been a tremendous upgradation in cooking methods. Due to hazardous effects and energy inefficiencies of conventional biomass cooking system, unconventional cooking energy (method) is becoming popular day by day. Dependency on ever depleting fossil fuel has forced us to switchover to renewable energy options and amongst all; solar energy seems best option due to its inherent reasons. In this study, efforts have been made to review the entire solar cooking systems incorporating with and without thermal energy storage available hitherto. The study reveals the different thermal performance parameters of solar cooking system and attempts to highlight the adaption factors of solar cooking system in the designated market.

One of the major drawbacks of solar water heating systems is unable to supply hot water during night time or off sunshine hours. The integration of phase change material with solar water heating systems is cost effective and efficient solution to overcome this major problem associated with solar water heating systems. The phase change material integrated with solar water heating system stores thermal energy during sun shine hours and this stored energy can be recovered during off shine hours or night time to produce hot water. The phase change material can be integrated with water tank of collector, evacuated tubes, external water tank for solar collector and flat plate collector by adding layers at the bottom of absorber plate. The integration of phase change material with SWH system not only overcome the drawbacks of SWH system but also enhance the efficiency of conventional SWH system. Many investigations for the application of TES materials integrated SWH system have been carried out and found a significant enhancement in the performance. This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent advances in the applications of PCM with SWH system for TES.

Recently, fouling has become the main concern in the marine, naval and shipping industries. Furthermore, fouling has caused an increase in ship drag and fuel consumption whilst reducing the hydrodynamic performance of ships. Marine structures that partly or fully submerged such as oilrigs, submarine pipes and marine buoys are also impacted. Therefore, research and numerous studies had conducted to propose the best antifouling coating. The main objective of this review is to provide an overview of polymer-based surface coatings for protection from marine biofouling organisms. The physicochemical and mechanical properties of polymers had found to make these materials promising as polymeric coating that can be used in marine applications. Furthermore, this review will discuss the utilization of nanocomposites as additives, modifiers and nanofillers in order to enhance the properties of the polymer for antifouling coating.

In present work, an experimental study was carried out to investigate the influence of anionic surfactant (SDBS) on stability, thermal conductivity and viscosity of h-BN/EG based nanofluids. The nanofluids were prepared via two-step method and characterized by using zeta-sizer, thermal property analyser and viscometer. The volume concentration of h-BN (0.05%) remains constant whereas SDBS volume concentration sweep from 0.05% to 2%. Current results indicate, the zeta potential increases with surfactant addition, but overall, zeta potential shows inverse relation with SDBS concentration. As the value reduced from -57.5mV to -40.5mV when SDBS concentration increase from 0.05% to 2%. While the particle size increase (396nm to 817.9nm) linearly with SDBS concentration due adsorption of surfactant molecules. On the other hand, thermal conductivity over temperature range 25°C-50°C shows maximum enhancement ∼6.57% at 25°C for 1 vol% SDBS. However, dynamic viscosity increase abruptly after 0.5 vol% of SDBS. Therefore, 0.5 vol% could be treated as the optimum SDBS concentration with reduced viscosity (∼2.85%) and increased thermal conductivity (∼3.26%) as compared to base fluid at 25°C. Potential of such optimum combination of nanofluids (0.05vol% h-BN with 0.5 vol% SDBS) may be manipulated in circulating fluid thermal management systems.

Sun-drying is the traditional method of preservation fruits, crops and vegetables. It is also an alternative way to prevent the shortage of natural resources. But traditional sun drying causes damage to food quality and cannot prevent dust, any other insets and birds. For this reason, this paper represents the design calculation of cabinet solar dryer for 1kg of banana slices and the comparative investigation of cabinet solar dryer and open sun drying. The thickness of a banana slice is taken 4mm. After 14 hours of drying time in two days experiment, moisture content of banana slices inside of the cabinet dryer is 14% meanwhile open sun drying is still 40%. As a result, the desired moisture content of banana slice can be received quickly in cabinet solar dryer. And then, it can easily construct with locally cheap and environmentally acceptable, non-hazard materials. Cabinet solar dryer can also reduce the loss of food due to high temperature, insects, and birds. Hence, it is more effective than open sun drying.

This paper deals with the design of integral passive low cost solar water heating system of "Bread Box" type for rural area. The designed capacity is 200lit and aims to cover the need of hot water at evening/night and morning for one to three people. This type of heater consists of horizontal cylindrical Mild-Steel tank painted flat black and is enclosed in a glazed (glass) insulated rectangular wooden box whose lid and front are opened as reflector (mercury-backed mirror) during the day and closed as insulation at night. In this research, bread box solar water heater was designed and constructed with local materials and then, this heater was tested. In this design, the diameter of collector-storage tank is 0.55 m, its length is 0.797 m and collector area is 1.377m². The total glazing area of this heater is 1.859 m² and box size is 1.341m x 0.884m x 0.76m.

Over the past 10 years, the number of solar power generation systems installed around the world has increased rapidly, partly due to the strengthening of measures against global warming. Chinese companies meet most of the demand. While the installation of PV in developed countries is declining, the demand in China, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia are expected to grow continuously. Meanwhile, Chinese exports to the United States declined sharply due to trade friction between the two countries. In this work, the Japan market mechanism of solar PV was investigated to consider how they can survive in the future. Firstly, the historical trend of Japanese solar PV production in the domestic market is reviewed. It is indicated that the Japanese consumer has selected Japanese product even it is expensive. Because they can sell electricity by a reasonable price under the FiT scheme and spend more money on construction to protect from natural disasters. Recently, both Japanese and Chinese companies start to produce solar PV cells outside the country. The production price becomes competitive in the future. The hot production countries in southeast Asia are Malaysia and Vietnam.

Energy access is still a challenge for many countries, as demonstrated by Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7. Though the government of Myanmar set a target of 100% electrification by 2030, currently only less than half of households are connected to national grids. To accelerate electrification, decentralized approaches should be considered more. Mini-grids are an effective option that can fill the gap between a solar home system and a national grid. However, many of the existing mini-grids in Myanmar are powered by diesel generators. In rural areas, diesel fuel is much more expensive than in urban areas because of transportation cost. Under this condition, mini-grids powered by solar photovoltaics and batteries are already cost-competitive with diesel generators. Nevertheless, the deployment of mini-grids powered by renewable energy is still slow. In this study, we analysed barriers to the deployment and the prioritization of these barriers. We conducted a questionnaire survey with stakeholders using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to identify the prioritization of each barrier factor. To see tendencies, we used k-means for clustering results. The results showed that opinions were divided among stakeholders. There is no single silver bullet for the mini-grids and overcoming the barriers needs steady work.

The present-day environmental concerns have provided an incentive for firms to reduce environmental pollution by the reduction in resource consumption which in turn reduces the carbon emissions and other pollutants. To achieve the stakeholder requirement, the firm needs to improve the environmental management system, utilize environmentally friendly activities and strategies for efficient utilization of materials. Different results (positive, negative, no influence) have been documented in previous articles. This study focusses on the measurement of variables and the result of these papers. An inconsistent result has been found between Corporate Environmental Performance (CEP) and Corporate Financial Performance (CFP) relationship, for a sample of 63 empirical studies. In general, environmental performance is positively related to corporate financial performance. The result indicates the variety of environmental variables influencing the results. It is demonstrating that financial benefits (both accounting-based, market-based and others) are more from environmental management and environmental pollution than environmental disclosure. But there is no obvious evidence to demonstrate different financial variables can lead to different correlations.

This paper revises the five-parameter model, an approach that contributes the fundamental knowledge on performing accurate mathematical modelling for most of the commercially-available photovoltaic cells. However, such model can be further improved in order to increase the modelling accuracy while reducing the required modelling parameters at the same time. Improvement is made through formula derivation for photo-generated current and diode saturation current, while the remaining parameters (series resistance, shunt resistance, and diode ideality factor) remained un-managed for the parameterisation procedure. The derivations presented in this paper are direct, yet such procedures are frequently overlooked by others. The comparison between conventional and proposed modelling methods is presented. The methodology of this work is presented through MATLAB script demonstrated on the measured field data for 70W mono and poly-crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules. The performed methodology justifies that formula derivation can be applied for photo-generated and diode saturation current parameters that originated from five-parameter model. Such approach simplifies the works of parameterising the theoretical model matches with the experimental I-V curve. Generally, the work of this paper contributes to the mathematical modelling of photovoltaic module, simulation of experimental I-V curve result, and interactive education tool.

The increasing demand for energy in Bangladesh as well as all over the world is continuously growing unabated because of the increase of the world population and the countries' fast-developing industrialization programs. In this critical stage of energy crisis, renewable energy is a highly welcome reliable energy source wherein wind energy is the cheapest replenishable and available energy source of the time. Regarding this particular energy source, a feasibility study of the wind energy in Chittagong has been done by analyzing the wind speed data. It is estimated that the maximum practical power output generated can be 124.53 MW at Parky beach. The number of wind turbines, operation and maintenance cost and pay-back period of those sites are also calculated.

The brown's gas also known as HHO gas has been produced using dye cell alkaline water electrolyser using 316L stainless plates. The electrolyzer has been integrated with solar panel using battery bank and charge controller to develop on-demand HHO generation system. The produced gas has been employed as primary fuel for combustion and its effectiveness has been investigated. Preliminary observations revealed that the photovoltaic (PV) integrated alkaline water electrolysis system exhibits smooth operation and provides proper control over the production process. On the other hand, the utilization of HHO gas as primary fuel displayed highly satisfying results. The developed system has the capacity to generate HHO on the order of 3L/min at 15Amps and it almost instantly burn paper and acrylic sheet.

A microgrid (MG) is a discrete energy system consisting of distributed generation (DG) and loads or nonlinear loads that is able to operate at the same time the main grid is operating. The DG units can operate in parallel with the main grid or in an MG mode. The unbalanced and nonlinear characteristics of numerous loads that are in connection with the power system have the potential to bring about some problems, in terms of power quality, which can affect other consumers. For instance, the electric arc furnaces (EAFs) cause considerable problems for power quality. The instantaneous power theory (pq) and the coordinate formulation (dq) are proposed in this paper for harmonic current compensation for PV grid-connected inverters and EAF in MGs. With the proposed control strategy under EAF conditions, the total harmonic distortions of the system current were decreased from 38.24% to 3.25%, which duly satisfies the IEEE 519-1992 standard.

The induction motors are widely used in the industry for their advantage of being reliable, rugged, and simple in construction. Nonetheless, the use of inverter-based drives has increased the overall system failure possibility mainly because of the power electronics switches used in the inverter itself. For that reason, it is crucial to monitor the inverter switches health during operation to avoid total system breakdown. A method to do so is by using the current vector trajectory analysis on the induction motor stator current signal. However, one disadvantage of using this method is that it is negatively affected by the load and speed variations. This paper is intended to discuss further on the matter and look into the methods that can be used to minimize the effects associated with the load and speed variations using computer simulation analysis.

This is part five of an eight-part series of a new Four quadrant dc chopper. The paper describes the parallel mode of the proposed Four Quadrants DC Chopper (FQDC) for a series motor. The mode is designed to overcome a disadvantage of dc series motors which is the speed reduction under load. First, it is studied via simulation using Matlab/Simulink model. Then the FQDC is experimentally tested on a 0.65kW series motor in a lab setup. Finally, a MATLAB/Simulink model is developed to apply the FQDC to a 35kW series motor that propels an electric car (EV). The results indicate that the proposed technique manages to prevent the speed drop of a dc series motor when loaded. This is evident when the EV is subjected to a hill climb.

The use of a segmented rotor electric motor for lightweight electric vehicle applications has gained a lot of attention since the motor must have a high output torque and output power. Segmented rotor motors have performance indices that should be taken into consideration because not every machine is effective. Recently, permanent magnet flux switching machine (PMFSM) in salient rotor has become attractive for provide high torque and power. Undesirably, salient rotor inherited high iron loss and winding loss, Furthermore, PMFSM uses high PM volume and more flux leakage resulting in poor performance. This paper deals with a novel structure of modular rotor PMFSM with non-overlapping winding with minimal iron loss, high torque and high power. 2D finite element analysis (FEA) is used to investigate the performance of proposed motor in JMAG Designer 14.1. Three-phase operation of 12S/10P modular rotor PMFSM was designed and analysed based on the cogging torque, induced back emf, output torque and output power performances. The proposed motor securing the initial torque of 33.30 Nm and power of 12Kw at maximum current density of 30Arms/mm2. From the result it is concluded that modular rotor based PMFSM motor is suitable for light weight electric vehicles.

Permanent magnet flux switching machine (PMFSM) has the advantages of solid design structure, high torque performances, and high efficiency. The method to increase performance and decrease the cost of the motor through a selection of numbers of slot and pole is a major issue that needs to be solved. Therefore, to further improve the electromagnetic torque, a novel 4-4S-8P multi-tooth, 4S-8P segmental-tooth and single-tooth PMFSM machine respectively is proposed based on the slot pole analysis performance. Hence, the performance is including the flux linkage, cogging torque, back-electromotive force (back-emf), output torque, and power performance. The results display that the various tooth shape topology have a large impact on the performance design. JMAG Designer version 14.3 under 2D finite element analysis (2D-FEA) are used to complete the analysis. The results show that the right combination of a single-tooth 4S-8P PMFSM structure is the best choice according to the high performance of torque analysis.

This paper describes the operation of a field weakening mode of a new four quadrants DC chopper (FQDC) that can be used to extend the speed of an Electric Car (EC). A mathematical model and real experiment are used to verify the effectiveness of the field weakening mode of the proposed FQDC. First, Matlab/Simulink is used to simulate the system under study and the results indicate that the proposed approach is effective. This is followed by a real experiment using a prototype electric vehicle driven by a DC series motor. The results of the experiment show that the proposed FQDC successfully performed the operation as intended.

With the increase proliferation of electric vehicles in the world, the demand for more reliable power electronics drive train is also on the rise. While theoretically the use of multiphase (more than three-phase) motors can increase the reliability of electrical drive train for EV, they are generally not commercially ready and available in the market. Hence, three-phase drive train are still the main stream in current EV technology and the fault-tolerant control of these motor drives remain an interesting and important topic. In this presentation, the existing fault tolerant three-phase motor drive topologies and control methods are reviewed. In particular, the post-fault controls of three-phase motor using 4 legs inverters are discussed and the opportunity for voltage utilization improvement with this configuration is demonstrated.

This paper introduces and discusses new inputs for a single-phase shunt active power filter (SAPF) using nonlinear load equivalent resistance estimation control strategy. The inputs are an average DC voltage and current of a current source nonlinear load. By using a MATLAB Simulink simulation tool, a model of single-phase AC system connected to the SAPF and nonlinear load is designed and its vital voltage and current variables are simulated. Various simulation results are presented and analysed in order to validate the effectiveness of proposed inputs. As a conclusion, the proposed control strategy with new inputs successfully achieved its objective to mitigate harmonic current and to compensate the reactive power with good performance.

The energy produced by renewable energy sources has variations as these sources are sensitive to weather conditions. To overcome this problem, storage devices like batteries are used for stabilization. Bidirectional DC-DC converter is the main component to interface renewable energy sources with energy storage devices. With the help of proper switching techniques, these converters have the ability to increase or decrease the level of the voltages and can handle the power flow in both directions, from source to storage device (forward direction/charging mode), as well as from storage device to source (backward direction/discharging mode). Hence for an efficient system, the control of power flow must be very effective. This paper presents an overview of various bidirectional DC-DC converter's classical and supervisory control methods that have been proposed in recent years.

In this paper, a multilevel inverter based on cascaded half-bridge and three-phase unfolder is proposed. The proposed inverter design is simulated by using MATLAB Simulink. The converter is designed with four series-connected half-bridge cells and a three-level neutral-point-clamped inverter. The proposed converter is able to produce an output voltage of 230V and a frequency of 50 Hz. There are two modulation techniques implemented for the proposed inverter topology namely; phase-shifted modulation and phase opposition disposition modulation. The basic principle of operations using both modulation techniques including the performance analysis are presented.

This paper aims to analyze the impacts associated with the incorporation of EV charging stations into the distribution network. Using NEPLAN software, a typical distribution network was simulated and analyzed under normal conditions and with integrated coordinated and uncoordinated EV charging stations. A comparative study was then conducted on the main parameters of the distribution system: voltage profiles, transformer loading, as well as power demand and losses. Based on the simulation results, it can be argued that the worst adverse effects are associated with an uncoordinated charging strategy, while the use of a coordinated charging strategy demonstrates significant improvements. Although the distribution network components or requirements of either strategy have not been changed, it is evident, however, that shifting and splitting EV loads has resulted in a coordinated approach that eliminates all adverse effects. Implementing these strategies helps to overcome the challenges of incorporating charging stations into the distribution network, such as equipment overheating, rapid aging issues, as well as the need for additional investment in distribution infrastructure and capacity expansion.

The increasing share of renewable generation integrated in the traditional power systems network has brought new challenges to the utility. More specifically, the high penetration of solar energy in the network will reduce the total system inertia which could jeopardize the system's stability during contingency. The lack of inertia in the power system will increase the Rate of Change of Frequency (RoCoF), which is harmful in the event of sudden load change. In this regard, this paper analyses the effects of generator ratings on system's inertia and frequency response. The IEEE 9-BUS test system has been utilized in this paper to model the system's inertia response under various contingency scenarios. The results show that small rating of generators can achieve 20% higher inertia response as compared to the case with larger generator ratings. This implies that system with smaller generators can better recover the system's frequency than the large-scale generators of similar total rating.

The power generation system has fossil fuels as their major electricity generation source. This source is not reliable and environmentally friendly so, the alternative source such as renewable energy (RE) is getting much attention in the development of a power generation system. To achieve optimal power output for the power system there is a necessity to solve the economic and emission dispatch (EED) problem considering the operational system constraints. Numerous types of research on optimization of fossil fuel cost and emission roles have been focused to solve the concerned power dispatch issue. This paper represents a comprehensive study on combined economic and emission dispatch (CEED) problem with respect to conventional and unconventional energy sources. To optimize the power dispatch problem, the existing algorithm consisting of optimization methods and objective functions in integrated renewable energy sources (RES) system is tested and reviewed. This paper presented various optimization methods applied to different test systems to minimize emission and cost for power dispatch with PV and wind. Future trends and necessary steps next in the field of power dispatch are also been deliberated.

Low power distributed Photovoltaic (PV) systems would be a dominant power generator in future grids. This PV penetration significantly influence the grid stability, especially in an event of grid faults. Traditional PV inverters disconnect themselves from grid on detecting a low voltage at their point of common coupling (PCC). A temporary low voltage grid fault can lead to outage, if PV inverters are not equipped with low voltage ride through (LVRT) feature. During a low voltage grid fault PV inverter can assist the grid recovery process by not only staying connected to grid but also injecting reactive power into the grid. Many grid code standards have issued guidelines to inject reactive power during a low voltage fault. Development of low voltage ride through inverters require decoupled power flow control. In addition to maximum power point operation and standardized current injection to the grid, modern PV inverters should be able to deal with LVRT and loss of grid (LoG) ride through features, as demanded by the regulating grid codes. Reduction in grid outages can be achieved, if the PV inverters stay connected during LVRT, LoG and short circuit faults. Most of previous studies on LVRT control of PV inverters have not short circuit faults and loss of grid faults at PCC. This work proposed a PV inverter controller capable of controlling complex power into the grid. A decoupled current regulator with feed forward compensation is modelled. A short circuit grid fault is also tested with the developed PV inverter. It is found that the PV inverter ride through the low voltage and short circuit faults. The system is simulated in MATLAB(Simulink), the designed controller can provide decoupled active and reactive power to the grid during the fault events.

This paper investigates the effect of artificial neural network (ANN) parameters against the ANN accuracy on cable fault location. The investigation is conducted through the fault impedance and distance estimations during the occurrence of high impedance fault (HIF) in the distribution system. The measured three-phase voltage and current signals are utilized and fed into the ANN to estimate the fault impedance and distance. The accuracy of the estimated fault impedance and distance is evaluated with respect to the variation of ANN parameters. Based on the analysis, it shows that more accurate results can be obtained by utilizing the optimal value of ANN parameters.

A surge arrester on transmission line is used to deflect lightning surge to ground, avoiding power systems from destruction. During normal condition, there is a leakage current flow through surge arresters where it is one of the main causes of surge arrester humiliation. Thus, monitoring the surge arrester condition is very significant. In this work, the effect of several parameters in a 11kV zinc oxide surge arrester design based on leakage current distribution has been studied. A comparison is made between measurements and modelling in order to validate the model that has been developed using finite element analysis. This work found that the benefit of using FEA-based model where the design parameters that affect the leakage current can be identified. Through this study, a well knowledge of leakage current can be achieved and also help in zinc oxide surge arrester design.

This paper study the potential of energy-saving through lighting located at the office building in an academic institution known as Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah (PSAS). Exercise through energy audit has been conducted at 3 main academic building to identify energy usage of lighting. 3 academic building involved is Mechanical Engineering Department (MED), Civil Engineering Department (CED), and the Electrical Engineering Department (EED). This study analysis 5 types of lighting to identify which types of lighting use the highest amount of energy in academic buildings. The 5 types of lighting involved in this study are Fluorescent T8 36W, Fluorescent T8 18W, Compact Fluorescent (CFL) 24W, Metal halide (MH) 400W and Ttube 18W. Energy savings are calculated based on the installation of hybrid solar in 3 related buildings. From an energy audit, the energy-saving at-least 5% from previous data has been estimated through the installation of a solar photovoltaic (PV) system. Through feasibility analysis, it is found that energy-saving potential obtained in the year 2019 for MED, CED and EED are about 4299 kWh, 2,319 kWh and 3,269 kWh respectively. Besides, the energy bill saving obtained is about RM 1,569, RM 846 and RM 3,269 respectively for MED, CED, and EED.

Waste incineration has become a mature technology and widely accepted due to its environment friendliness, easy operation and ability to reduce more than 95% mass fraction. There are some inherent limitations associated with incinerators such as high fuel consumption and cite feasibility. In this study, we propose a novel design concept of small scale fluidized bed incinerator for household use, with the ability to consume brown's gas (HHO) as primary fuel for incinerate waste. In principle, the HHO gas generated through photovoltaic (PV) integrated water electrolysis system would be feed from the bottom to provide heat energy to the waste. Theoretical design of fluidized bed type incinerator has been presented with water electrolyzer system. It was calculated that 150 lph of hydrogen is required for this proposed incinerator system which can handle 5 kg of waste.

Two titanium dioxide/reduced graphene oxide (TiO2/rGO) based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were fabricated and separately sensitized with natural dye extracted from Roselle flowers and ruthenium-based dye of N719. The current-voltage (I-V) performances were measured using Visiontec Solar I-V tester at standard illumination of AM1.5 and irradiance level of 100 mW/cm². The lifetime of the TiO2/rGO based DSSCs were furtherly investigated by measuring the I-V performances of the cells on the 5^th day and 15^th day. The highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 1.233 % was measured for the photoanode sensitized with N719 dye on the 15^th day. The PCE of Roselle dye dropped from 0.992 % on the 5^th day to 0.897 % on the 15^th day. Dye degradation and low electron injection have influenced the unstable photovoltaic performances of Roselle dye even with the presence of electron conducting path provided by the rGO particles.

An electrolyte is the main component of a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) which influences the efficiency of the DSSC. In order to prevent leakage problem and adhesive problem, new solid-state polymer electrolyte proposed rather than using a liquid electrolyte. For this research, new copolymers using 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and Ethyl Acrylate (EA) monomers are randomly copolymerized via UV-cure polymerization method with different ratio of each monomer (10,30,50,70,90) towards development as a solid-state electrolyte in flexible DSSC. In this study, the best ratio of the copolymer HEMA-co-EA will be the host polymer for electrolyte in DSSC. The most promising characteristics as a host in polymer electrolytes are due to its smooth cross-sectional surface and lowest glass transition temperature. Therefore, a best ratio of p(HEMA-co-EA) will be stirred with sodium iodide (NaI), Tetrahydro folic acid (THF) and iodine crystal for 24 hours to form a homogenous solution of an electrolyte. This p(HEMA-co-EA) will incorporate with different weight ratios of sodium iodide (NaI). This research reported that after 1500 s only three ratios of new host polymer p(HEMA-co-EA) were successfully copolymerized completely. All three ratio will be characterized by physical appearance, FTIR, DSC and XRD. By naked eyes, only 3 ratios of monomer (50HEMA:50EA, 70HEMA:30EA and 90HEMA:10EA) gave brittle structure which proved the copolymerization process completely success. For FTIR, those three ratios show the breakdown of a double bond at the HEMA monomer structure proved the complete copolymerization process. DSC shows that all three ratio shows the glass transition temperature (Tg) and only 50HEMA:50EA gave melting temperature (Tm) at 192.49°C and XRD confirmed the phase structure and crystallinity of three ratios. All these characterizations show that HEMA and EA monomers can be successfully random copolymerize with a three suitable ratio of each monomer and been used as an electrolyte for flexible DSSC.