Table of contents

1^st International Conference on Sustainable Engineering and Technology (INTCSET 2020)

For the 1st International Conference on Sustainable Engineering and Technology (INTCSET 2020), we are delighted to present this volume of selected contributed papers. The volume currently comprises 175 papers chosen following a comprehensive peer review procedure. This conference is the result of cooperation between Al-Farahidi University and the University of Technology. Generally, the conference was conducted via a virtual sessions alongside two attendance sessions hosted by Al-Farahidi University and the University of Technology in Baghdad, Iraq, on 15-16 December 2020, https:/intcset.org/index. The topics of the conference have been sufficiently broadly expanded to include numerous fields, including engineering subjects such as Civil, Architecture, Sustainable Environmental, Electrical, Communications, Computers, Robotics and Mechatronics, Biomechanical, Materials, Mechanical, Artificial Intelligence and their interdisciplinary applications.

The following details about the conference:

• Due to the Covid 19 and the Iraqi government's restrictions, the conference was conducted through a virtual sessions, with only two attendance sessions with a restricted number of researchers.

• Al-Farahidi University aims to contribute to the development of scientific research and the advancement of engineering and technical sciences which form the main foundation of the innovation and sustainable development. For this cause, Al-Farahidi University will hold its periodic conference next year.

• The Conference Dates were 15-16 December 2020.

• Location of conference at the Al-Farahidi University and University of Technology in Baghdad, Iraq.

• The overall number of sessions was 27, the sessions were distributed in parallel at different times during the days of the conference.

• For the main presentations, the researchers were given 10 minutes to deliver their research. In addition, at the end of each presentation, 5 minutes were given for discussion and Q&A.

• The total number of participant was 760 distributed across 11 countries.

• Google Meet Technology has been used to conduct the conference.

List of The conference has a five keynote speakers and their lectures are as follows, Images, Committees are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

• Type of peer review: Double-blind

• Conference submission management system: By Email

• Number of submissions received: 280

• Number of submissions sent for review:280

• Number of submissions accepted: 177

• Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted/Number of Submissions Received X 100): (177/280 x100%) = 63.21%

• Average number of reviews per paper: 2-3

• Total number of reviewers involved: 384

• Any additional info on review process: The review form as below

• Contact person for queries: Prof. Dr. Muhsin Jabur Jweeg, Al-Farahidi Uinversity, AL-Qadysia Avenue, ALJaddryia Bidge, Baghada, Iraq, (intcset20@gmail.com; muhsin.jweeg@uoalfarahidi.edu.iq), +9647823347755.

1^st International Conference on Sustainable Engineering & Technology https://intcset.org/

List of Logos, Review Form, Research review manuscript, Comments to the conference scientific committee, Detailed comments/recommendations to the author(s), Overall Evaluation, Remarks, Reviewer Data, Reviewer's, Signature, Data are available in this pdf.

In this article, the valved pulsejet engine has been numerically investigated using Ansys/fluent (CFD) program. The designed model has a 1400 cm length and 17 cm combustion chamber diameter connected with one of two different shapes of exhaust pipe that has the same length (45 cm). The first shape has a 12 cm constant diameter abbreviated by the constant D; the second has a differential diameter in which the near and far ends are having 12 cm and 15 cm, respectively, and also denoted by different D. The conclusion was the maximum velocity is the same value (46 m/s) in the two cases but centered at the beginning of different D case. In the constant D case, the velocity was distributed in the last 45cm of the exhaust pipe. The maximum pressure generated in the combustion chamber in the constant D case is twice the value compared to the second case. In the case of different D, the pressure curve has a rather strange behavior. The temperature distribution exhibits the same behavior in both cases, but the engine has a different diameter tailpipe generate temperature more significant than the second case by 10%.

This work deals with studying the possibility of introducing new material into the spring manufacturing and study the properties of this spring and the load-carrying capacity when it is facing compression load. Then, specifying the application that this new composite spring could be used for. One of the applications of springs are in the suspension system, and the primary demand that the designers of automobiles are looking for is improving fuel efficiency, which may be related to the weight of the vehicle. In this research, the steel spring has been replaced by glass and carbon fibers composite with polyester resin as a matrix material. Theoretical analysis has been conducted, and numerical analysis of spring was performed using ANSYS WORKBENCH to simulate the spring under axial compression load. A comparison between the the theoretical and numerical deflection results has been made to predict the best material that can be used for replacement the steel spring. The second part of the research is the selection of materials and the utilized mold in the manufacturing process of the composite helical compression spring by using fibers, it was found that carbon fiber spring has results near to steel spring with stiffness 5.66 and steel 5.49 and glass composite spring 5.018 and carbon composite deflection was less than the glass composite deflection.

This research deals with three sources for supplying pure drinking water and within the limitations. The first source is drinking water disinfected with chlorine, the second is domestic and imported water sterilized with ozone, and the third source is water for household systems. In this research, the models' physiochemical specifications were evaluated and compared with the modern Iraqi standard number 417. The first source results showed deviations in the values of turbidity, hardness, chlorine, and bromine. The deviations in the values were treated through an improved coagulation technique using ferric chloride. As for the second source results, they were within the specifications except for the deviation in the value of the sulfate ion for one of the models, and that deficiencies in the treatment processes caused the presence of the sulfate ion in a high percentage. Despite the different types of the third source systems, it gave good results, except for an increase in the percentage of chlorine and bromine, which needs periodic treatment, as the dose of chlorine during sterilization and removal of the bromide ion from raw water are joints of great importance and have environmental and health implications.

This research studies the dynamic model and control of multiple effect evaporators of tomato solutions by implementing three control strategies: PID, neural model reference, and neural model predictive controllers. The evaporator's control is crucial to maintain the product specifications at different operation conditions at minimum operating cost. The model reference control and model predictive control has been designed and evaluated. The simulation results showed that the neural predictive controller is more suitable, has lower overshoot, less offset value, and less integral absolute error.

The main aims of the current work are to explore the theoretical and technical procedures for design, fabricate, assembly, and testing of the electromechanical subsystems for developing a high precision cost-effective mini three-axis vertical CNC milling machine with an easy interface, high speed, less power consumption, safety and durable for rapid prototyping machining, small parts and engraving small features in the electrical and medical industry. The new Mach3mill G-Code CAD/CAM software package runs on a PC and turns it into a very powerful and economical machine controller. The 3Axis CNC driver board type Kit TB6560 was used as a micro-stepping drive for the smooth drive of the selected stepper motors. The fabricated prototype CNC milling machine with an easy interface that can interpret standard G-M codes. The fabricated machine router was tested and calibrated to determine its accuracy in different position modes for surface flatness, axes perpendicularity, and several geometric accuracies such as positioning, straightness under specific tool paths, and feed rate. The results misalignment lay around +0,01 and -0,01 mm. This means that the fabricated prototype machine movements contain 0.13° tilting on X-axis and 0.22° tilting on Y-axis. After comparison and making the required improvements in both electrical and mechanical design, the machine is in a position to milling a complex contour on soft metals with considerable accuracy and speed.

Concentration of air pollutants CO, NO2, SO2, O3, PM10, PM2.5 in four Iraqi cities (Al-Najaf, Al-Muthanna, Maysan, Kirkuk) and PM2.5 in Baghdad city were monitored and analysed for the period September 1, 2019 to August 31, 2020. The results showed that the daily mean concentration of CO, NO₂ for the four cities are well below the WHO air quality standard. In general, PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations are the factors that govern the air quality index in Iraqi cities under consideration. It is clear that, for all the cities under consideration, the daily AQI is mostly "Moderate" and to a less extent "Unhealthy for sensitive groups". However, there are 53 days for Al-Muthanna (mainly due to PM10) and 58 days for Baghdad (due to PM2.5 alone) in which the AQI is "Unhealthy". Moreover, there are another 53 days for Al-Muthanna in which the AQI is "Hazardus". So, the air quality in Al-Muthanna and Baghdad can be considered lower than that in other cities. Indeed, this is attributed to dust storms in Al-Muthanna and high population of Baghdad city and consequently higher air pollutants emissions due to their industrial, transportation and electric generation activities. AirQ+ software was used to assess public health consequences of long term exposure to PM2.5 in terms of relative risk (RR). RR of acute lower respiratory disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary, mortality by lung cancer, ischemic heart disease, mortality by stroke for the five cities were assessed. RR of mortality by lung cancer due to exposure to PM2.5 in Baghdad is the highest among the cities under consideration. RR_LC = 1.25 (95% CI = 1.14 – 1.4).

Nowadays, societies are entering into imaginary orbits and more than one name in a virtual world in which the identity of societies and the human soul is lost at the crossroads of digital transformation. So, when the discussion of place and identity between specialists and researchers all belongs to the same principle and called it home, where it represents all that the human memory holds about all the elements of stability and security from the walls of the house itself to the human relations that bring its people through the street and neighborhood which is full of life and its understanding of the identity of the citizen. Therefore, we have to stand on this continuing human nature to be the basis in the planning of our urban problems, where the urban planner (whether in the decision center or the architect) is still the owner of the decision-maker and the role of the user does not be more than an opinion on some planning steps, by relying on traditional concepts but with contemporary starting points because the Islamic urban environment is a self-constructed environment and qualified to embrace the standards of global sustainability and accept changes more, especially after the Coved 19 pandemic. The problem of research discusses the relationship between the identity of the urban street and society, which depends on the conflict between the designer and the inhabitants within the urban environment, which needs to be planned and designed sustainably and intelligently to produce the new, based on the two research assumptions, with the possibility of drawing up a sustainable policy of design and planning and finding sustainable urban alternatives that are effective and ready to be implemented away from current planning solutions that still patchwork solutions that still work in the same traditional retrograde systems without any attempt to get out of them where the experience of the current "Ministry of Foreign Affairs Street" and what is being studied. In it the development and rehabilitation as a model of the pros and cons and what we really need to start realistically and correctly, and planning proposals for the sites of some sustainable villages that can be invested and activated to gradually integrate within Iraqi cities to be a living model to be emulated and accepted by our society, who can provide the best support for technology, culture and economic reality to the new cities trends. The research works to add a vital and essential axis in the process of designing and planning the urban center or the rehabilitation of the streets and develop a modern and contemporary definition of the concept of the sustainable street within urban architectural formations; the street is not only for movement and orientation but is the pulse of the city and the center of life in it through our understanding of the near heritage, which is a modest practice but a rich experience and deserves to be reviewed and activate the elements of design and planning in a way that ensures the continuity of cities and their inhabitants

A smart home is automated structures with control contraptions and presented area; it comes with advanced sensing and automation systems to supply the inhabitants with monitoring and management no matter if they are in the home or outside. In light of the developments that are taking place in the smart home, machine learning, and the needs of the home, which makes the appropriate decisions based on the user's behavior of the smart home, and the use of development in technology to facilitate the general requirements of people. Modern smart home systems tend to be standalone solutions that focus on lifestyle needs using a smart control system, such as lighting and temperature control. Ubiquitous home expects the emergence where sophisticated (Ambient intelligent) systems monitor and learn user's behavior and lifestyles and enable the home to predict and respond to all the needs and activities of home occupants. During perception, residents perform their daily routine while the in-house embedded sensors transmit and store the readings in a database. By doing so, the intelligent agent uses these readings to generate knowledge, such as patterns and trends. Thus, it can predict based on the built knowledge to enable the smart home to identify and automate the action that meets the occupants' aims.

This work presents an experimental study to investigate the effect of integration phase change material (PCM) on thermal performance and efficiency of heat pipe-evacuated tube solar collector (HP-ETSC). The experiments were conducted under the Iraqi weather condition during the winter season (January, February, and March). To thoroughly investigate the thermal performance of HP-ETSC, a new experimental test rig was designed and manufactured based on standard criteria. The results showed that when integrating PCM with the system, it can significantly enhance the thermal capacity of the HP-ETSC system. The efficiency is increased by 3-5% and maintains the high temperature of water for a longer time at night. Moreover, the coefficients of evaporator heat transfer (EHTC) and condenser heat transfer (CHTC) of the heat pipe are also increased. The results from the developed HP-ETEC system are promising, and this experimental model can be applied using different types of phase change materials that are suitable to be used in Iraq.

This paper is dealing with one of the applications of liquid chromatography using rotary disks. The research aims to study the effect of using distilled water (PH = 7) as a carrier phase and its absence on the practical results using NaOH and KOH at different speeds (2500, 3000, 3500 rpm). As well as choosing the best ratio of the diameter of the rotary disk nozzles that achieves the best displacement between the NaOH and KOH slides with paths separated from each other. Then propose a mathematical model that shows how the thickness of the slice sector behaves with changing the rotational speed. After that, calculating the pressure caused by the rotation and evaluating the results up to a speed of 12000 rpm. The practical results proved that the carrier fluid has an apparent effect on the displacement value between NaOH and KOH slides by changing the internal and external diameters of the rotating disk nozzles and the rotational speed from (500-3500 rpm). The effect of each of them was clear on the displacement of the injected slices from the center of the rotating disk and the convergence between the practical and theoretical results.

Due to the effect of the structure element size on concrete's mechanical properties, larger concrete structures fail under lower stresses than smaller ones. Hence, the laboratory data need to re-evaluate and updated to establish structural design rules and safety regulations. From this standpoint, this research is concerned with studying the effect of dimensions and shapes on the concrete specimen under different amounts of super-plasticizer on the concrete properties. Cubes, prisms, and cylindrical specimens are prepared and subjected to four experimental tests: compressive strength, impact resistance, abrasion resistance, and flexural strength. Besides, four concrete admixtures prepared with different amounts of super-plasticizer, 0.0, 0.50, 1.00, and 1.50 %, as a percentage of cement weight content, respectively. The obtained results from this research proved that both the highest thickness and super-plasticizer dosage resulted in 910% increases in the impact strength and improved in the flexural strength by 56.5%. On the other hand, under all super-plasticizer dosages, an increase in compressive strength, flexural, and impact resistance has resulted. Finally, based on the obtained experimental records, the statistical analysis conducted to present basis formulations illustrated the effect of the dimensions and sizes of concrete specimens with super-plasticizer content on some concrete properties.

This paper utilizes the design of a robust integral sliding mode control (ISMC) for a quarter-car active suspension system. The main goal is to increase the ride comfort, whilst the road holding and rattle space remain within the safety bound. According to ISMC, the system state starts at the switch surface where the system nonlinearity, parameter changes, and road disturbances are rejected by a discontinuous control term present strongly in the suspension dynamics. This feature allows the design of a continuous controller, i.e. ideal controller during sliding motion from the first instant. Consequently, the car body is isolated from the wheel unit to perform the desired suspension requirements characteristics. The ISMC shows a high robustness control design of the suspension system, and can suppress chattering in the high-frequency band. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is performed by simulating the 2- DOF quarter car system with controlled and uncontrolled cases. The Matlab 2019a software is used to simulate the suspension models with bump road profiles as excitation disturbance.

As a result of intensive efforts in preserving the environment and reducing the use of fossil fuels, the idea of zero energy houses has spread in recent decades. The zero-energy house is a house that depends almost entirely on natural sources to provide the needed energy which is not polluting the environment. This idea has been adopted in many countries and states, where each region has a unique design for the zero-energy houses based on the environmental, social, economic, and geographical conditions of that area. In this research, it will be presented firstly a set of proposals to be taken in the design and construction of the zero energy house in the Najaf area in the middle of Iraq. Eight steps were prposed to design and build the Najaf Zero Energy House(NZEH). Some of these steps is the selection of location (site) and design of the house in terms of configuration and direction as well as the criteria for the design of the interior spaces, then the selection of energy systems and the management of water sources, down to the selection of lighting equipment, covering materials and colorants. From the research conclusions, the passive cooling and ventilation due to the climatic conditions characterized by Iraq in general and Najaf, in particular, should be emphasized. It was also concluded that the social traditions and customs greatly influence the architectural design and the choice of the necessary components of this house.

This research presented a new method to improve the individual pile's lateral behavior embedded into sandy soil using silica oxide nanoparticles material. A small-scale model test with many percent of nano-silica material (0, 0.3, and 0.6%) is used at different locations around the pile, such as an adjacent or at a distance of 10 mm away pile face and along pile front or pile behind in additional to untreated soil condition. The nano-silica material is placed into a steel box model as a plane-strain form. The obtained results are presented as relationships among applied lateral load with horizontal, vertical displacement, and rotation. The experimental work results have been validated by comparing with some of the present results (ultimate lateral pile of untreated soil) published by other workers. It clear that the obtained result is in good agreement with Hansen (1961). It is concluded that the perfect percentage of improving the soil by silica oxide nanoparticles was in the (0.6)% because this percentage gave the highest lateral load than that of other percentages at the same lateral and vertical displacement. This is because nanoparticles found in the soil improve the soil's strength by improving the interaction between soil particles by nanoparticles and filling the voids between soil particles with nanoparticles. All the tests that were obtained for the nanomaterial were mixed and let for three days, and one test was mixed and let for 30 days. This process was for the percentage 0.6 %, so from the results, the perfect period was for three days from the beginning of the mixture of the nanomaterial; this may occur due to the evaporation of the water from the mixture and that lead to a decrease in the interaction between the mixture and the sand in the container when adding the mixture to the physical model.

In this study, an experimental test was carried out using a subsonic wind tunnel to study the improvement of the power coefficient of the three straight-blade Darrieus vertical axis wind turbine. A three-blade vane type vertical axis wind turbine with three movable vanes in each of the blades was fitted in the middle of the three straight-blade Darrieus (0012 Airfoil) vertical axis wind turbine, and they are installed on the same rotor shaft. For this purpose, two vertical axis wind turbine, the first one has three straight-blades Darrieus of type 0012 Airfoil and the second also has three straight-blade Darrieus but of type 0012 Airfoil with a three-blade vane type vertical axis wind turbine with three movable vanes were manufactured. Both turbines were tested using a subsonic wind tunnel at different wind speeds ranging from (4-28) m/s. The consequences showed that in the second turbine test, a power coefficient of C_p=0.39 was obtained, which is greater than the power coefficient of the first turbine (C_p =0.184) after the turbines were tested in a wind tunnel under identical conditions at a wind speed of 6 m/s. Therefore, the second wind turbine produces greater electrical power than the first wind turbine.

In this paper, the problem is how to calculate the dynamic mechanical and thermal properties. These properties are a function of the temperature at each conditioning load stage. This paper aims to investigate the influence of temperature distribution on a normal deflection through the plate thickness. In the numerical simulation, ANSYS software Ver. 18.2 is used. Both mechanical and thermal properties have been used as inputs in ANSYS software to simulate each point's temperature distribution on the composite plate. The purpose of this paper is to show that the temperature distribution is crucial in the phases of thermal fatigue (self-heating, thermomechanical degradation, and crack propagation). The composite laminate plate is exposed to out-off plane temperatures in which the temperature gradient is varied between (60 C° and -15 C°). The experiment setup's potential is the heating and cooling rig environment and the thermocouple connected to an analog interface card. The implication of temperature distribution is in diesel engine design based on durability and reliability. Points (1, 2, 3) have a regular heating and cooling rate (1.574 C/min or -1.574 C/min), while points (4, 5, 6) have an irregular rate of heating and cooling.

An experimental test rig is constructed and designed according to the results obtained from a thermodynamics model solves by EES software assuming a constant generator, condenser, absorber, and evaporator temperatures to study a bubble pump's performance solar absorption cooling system. The whole system consists of a parabolic trough solar collector, a generator, a condenser, an absorber, an evaporator, and a cooling water system. The used PTC area is designed according to the quantity of thermal energy required to operate the bubble pump cooling system and the minimum solar radiation incident at Kufa city (Najaf/Iraq), which lies on (32°N and 44°E). A modification is added to the collector receiver to ensure water exposure to solar energy for a longer time. The weather features that affected system performance like the solar radiation incident and the ambient temperature are measured for each test. The maximum recorded receiver temperature is 122 °C without water flow, and it is reached to 90.5°C as a maximum in case of water flow through the receiver. The water in the storage tank is reached to 89 C as a maximum. The collector thermal efficiency reaches its maximum value of 69.2 % for a water flow rate of 0.3315 kg/s, while the maximum efficiency at 0.189 kg/s is 68.3%. The maximum recorded generator temperature is 87°C, and at the same test, a minimum evaporator temperature of 17°C is obtained at an ambient temperature of 46.8 °C.

Fossil fuel has been used for electric power generation for many decades, due to CO₂ emission and its effect on climatic change, besides its massive effect on human health caused by environmental pollution and the high operation cost. As a result, researches and development studies rose to change this type of energy source to another clean source; a solar thermal power plant is one of the promises options. This paper focused on the significant component studies during the past ten years of central receiver tower (CRT) design in concentrating solar power (CSP) technology to enhance the amount of absorbed heat from the sun. After an introduction to solar thermal power plants concepts, a detailed survey of developing technologies that been done on external central receivers design, the last section contains the novelty of our upcoming study, by designing an external receiver with a variable inclination angles configuration system used in CRT technology and investigate the inclination effect numerically and experimentally on the solar receiver efficiency.

This research article conveys the use of an agile approach for building an N-iterative HMM model for POST (Part of Speech Tagging) analysis. The agile model is a phenomenon or approach which has vast application. The implementation of such an iterative model is discussed in this paper. Most effectively, the information is conveyed with the help of the exact word we use during the communication. The sentence may not be a complete sentence or grammatically correct sentence, but the purpose of communication is served without any hurdle. Ages witnessing the evolution of the language earlier medium was sign language that might not contain any language communication rules that can be completed. Now complete language with so many tools and API is available, but the way preferred for the processing is the same (logically). The designed iterations lead to improved quality validation by using the word by word score calculation. The experiment is conducted to complete Part of Speech Tagging (POST) for Iraqi National Song (data set of translated Iraqi national song), and the stochastic approach used for completing the tagging is Iterative Hidden Markov Model. The results of the experiments convey the positive impact of the iterative approach over accuracy.

This paper examines the natural frequencies and mode shape numerically and experimentally using vibration isolator for satellite model-plate connecting interface. The experiment was carried out using a modern software and hardware complex LMS. Vibration accelerations on the object were measured at 13 points in three mutually perpendicular directions using one-component and three-component PCB accelerometers with a sensitivity of 100 mV/g. Excitation was carried out with a PCB 086D50 m modal hammer. The SCADAS mobile data acquisition system was utilized to record the response from the sensors. While the numerical calculations were performed in the finite element package ANSYS Workbench. The result shows that the natural frequencies are less dependent on the system damping where the most considerable difference (about 10%) is observed in those forms, which plate makes flexural vibrations; the six natural modes of vibration of the satellite model (as a rigid body), the first three lowest forms correspond to vibrations in the plane. While the other oscillations were out of the plane, to reduce the oscillation frequency of the product from the plane (around the x and z axes), it is recommended to reduce the distance between the shock absorbers.

This paper studies the control of radiation on double-pass solar air heaters with porous media in the lower channel. The intensity of radiations was controlled in two ways potentiometer and mobile via the Bluetooth by designing, building, and implementing a light control system which consists of a power supply, transformer, two Arduino microcontroller (which programmed with C++ language), bridge rectifier, resistances, two optocouplers, TRAIC, Bluetooth model, toggle switch and LCD Display. The results showed the inverse relationship between the solar radiation and the resistance, the maximum solar radiation obtained from this work reached 786 W/m² when the resistance is 1.15 kΩ, while the minimum solar radiation is 158.6 W/m² when the resistance is 6.21 kΩ. The output power increases with increasing solar radiation, which means the maximum output power reaches 2567 W at the maximum solar radiation.

Workability is one of the factors that affect concrete strength and durability in addition to the cost of labor and the appearance of the final product. It is a vital feature of the concrete that must be measured properly to ensure the quality of concrete. This paper presents a method for predicting equations for workability of concrete and correlation between the workability tests by using Pearson correlation coefficient. The results show that the developed model is accurate and it can be used for prediction of the workability parameters with a high degree of accuracy. Based on statistical analysis, the correlation was significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed) between the workability of concrete tests. Regression equation relating compacting factor and slump was based on nonlinear general equations (C= 0.5371S^0.1204) and also nonlinear equations were found between Vebe and slump tests (V = 8.0689e^−0.0175x).

This theoretical study focused on cantilever reinforced concrete beams with a rectangular cross-section (different dimensions) subjected to bending moments due to uniformly distributed loads. By creating an algorithm and using the Python 3.4 software, the beams' length was calculated for each cross-section dimension to check the required immediate and sustained deflections according to ACI 318M-19. Based on the analysis output, a graphical relationship was developed between the dimensions of the cantilever beam's cross-section versus the maximum length to control the allowable deflection of the beam. Finally, the author was able to draw a simplified novel graph to facilitate the selection of cross-sections required for specified lengths of cantilever concrete beams.

The cloud computing system has a significant role in the distance education field, because it is an important tributary of virtual education, especially mobile and blended education. Perhaps, the only challenge that must be overawed is the comprehensive coverage of rapid access to the Internet. So, the student can benefit from the applications that we will call from now and onward cloud computing services. There is no need to establish evidence to emphasize the importance of employing technological innovations to develop educational practices for developing educational curricula in Iraqi universities, but it is vital to employ technological innovations in the educational process, and this must be related to overcoming the problems facing the educational process. Therefore, employment should not be for technological dazzling that often accompanies technological innovations, but employment must be a function of urgent needs or demands. In this study, the educational process concept, with its multiple cloud inputs and outputs, was discussed how the education crisis could be overcome in all its institutions by resorting to how to employ the electronic cloud in distance education. This study also examined all the specifications of that environment and the possibility of their application in colleges and educational institutions.

The small closed space demand increase as a secondary station for commercial production. It leads to the need to improve these stations by enhancing proper self-ventilation and daylighting. The natural air ventilation system significantly works in small closed stations; this system can be improved using different thermal storage materials in the solar collector and integrated approaches in closed space for heating, ventilation, and space conditioning. Three models were simulated; the first model is the normal model (single-pass roof solar collector). The second and third models are solar tower systems; chimney height is 6 m, with external collectors using water and wax containers. Results demonstrated that increasing thermal absorbance (wax container) of the thermal storage unit in the solar collector system enhances system performance. The mean percentage of increasing air velocity between the numerical results of Model-A and Model-B from the standard model is 18.9 % and 11.4%, respectively. Also, the mean percentage of increasing the collector's efficiency between Model-A and Model-B's numerical results from the normal model is 8.4 % and 5.3%, respectively.

Global attention is focused on transforming cities and urban areas and trying to trace their success path. This research assumes that cognitive development is based on what is termed knowledge capital, a framework that includes a combination of core capital for the operation of knowledge-based economic processes and mechanisms to enhance them in the areas of product development. This research aims to determine aspects of development and the foundations and mechanisms of knowledge cities. The indicators include the knowledge cluster, and knowledge diversity was identified as a product of the urban capital's implementation, measured by indicators of urban, social, economic, and cultural dimensions of urban capital. The indicators derived from the theoretical framework were applied for research in several international and Arab experiments in the applied part of the research and applying these indicators within a local situation.

This paper presents the enhancement of the output performance of a non-linear fuel cell (FC) system using a new design that comprises an adaptive SIMO-PID neural controller with different types of online swarm optimization algorithms. The work focuses on improving the use of single-input multi-output (SIMO) PID neural networks to control the non-linear FC system. The goal of the proposed adaptive SIMO-PID neural voltage-tracking controller is to rapidly and precisely identify the optimal hydrogen flow rate and oxygen flow rate control actions that are used to control the (FC) stack terminal output voltage. Three swarm optimization algorithms are used to find and tune the weights of the SIMO-PID neural controller: the Firefly algorithm, chaotic particle swarm optimization algorithm, and proposed hybrid Firefly-chaotic particle swarm optimization (F-CPSO) algorithm. Numerical simulation results show that the proposed controller using the (F-CPSO) algorithm is more accurate than with the FA or CPSO; the proposed SIMO-PID neural controller parameters are obtained more rapidly there is a high reduction in the number of function evolutions. Furthermore, the proposed controller's ability with the F-CPSO algorithm to generate a smooth flow rate control response for the non-linear (PEMFC) system without voltage oscillation in the output is determined by investigations under load variations.

Finding the best location among several alternatives require more effort, time, and devices in the usual cases, especially if these locations in another city or governorate. This study pursuit using a smart approach to select the best new primary school site with an accurate result in a short time and low cost. The presented approach utilizes a smartphone as an internet of things (IoT) device that has an internal Global Positioning System (GPS) unit to collect and send the location (GPS coordinates) via Google maps application to urban planners (decision-makers) to give their opinion in each site sent to them after making a spatial analysis for these site using the Arc GIS program to assess every advised site with each criterion. Then, the fuzzy TOPSIS method aggregates urban planners' opinions to determine the more suitable site for a new primary school. The Fuzzy TOPSIS method was implemented using python code to reduce the time required for manual computation. All the Fuzzy TOPSIS steps executed time does not exceed 1 minute, and it just needs to enter the number of (criteria, decision-makers, and alternative sites). The importance weight of the criteria for each decision-maker and the ratings of alternative sites by the decision-makers' chosen criteria. So with this smart approach, with a few hours, we can find a more fitting new site, although it took more than a week in the normal way.

Precise measurement and prediction of flame speed and laminar burning velocity are essential for premixed combustion properties characterization, turbulent combustion models validation, progress, and validation of chemical kinetic models. Besides, the problem of lack of fossil fuel, planet pollution, and production of several fuel alternatives led researchers to reexamine the process of combustion and optimize fuel consumption. So, it would be necessary to know the change of laminar burning velocity and flame speed with thermodynamic conditions to understand the impression of practical applications in all combustion systems as working pressures and temperatures are extensively higher than the atmospheric conditions. Several investigations work regarding flame speed and laminar burning velocity had been achieved. However, a detailed literature review of methods and techniques used to measure these two parameters and the effect of operating factors for different fuels focusing on biofuels is presented in this paper for ease of reviewing.

The ultra-high-performance glass concrete (UHPGC) is an advanced UHPC innovative pioneer in sustainable concrete technology. UHPGC technology can provide environmental benefits through the use of post-consumer glass. Economic benefits through the decrease in the amount of landfilled materials are undesirable as they are neither biodegradable nor environmentally friendly and could reduce the costs for UHPC. Compressive strength greater than 150 MPa and mini-slump spread diameter bigger than 250 mm can be achieved, depending on the UHPGC composition and curing temperature. The glass powder (GP) milled to the micro-scale is subjected to low pozzolanic reaction and works as a catalyst speeding clinker dissolution forming calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H). These reactions have a good positive influence on both UHPC's mechanical and microstructural properties. This paper overviews previous studies carried out as partial or full replacement of sand or quartz sand (QS), quartz powder (QP), and silica fume (SF) by the use of milled waste glass (WG) in UHPC mixture. Nowadays, the sustainability of the construction sector must be a priority for the scientific community. So, the development of the used materials and methods to extend the lifetime of concrete structures is mandatory.

In cognitive radio systems, users that are cognitive (unlicensed) must constantly scan the spectrum for primary (licensed) users to be present. In this article, the researchers display the benefits of cognitive radio collaboration. It is demonstrate that detection times can be reduced by motivating cognitive users to cooperate in the same band, thus increasing overall agility. Next, a cognitive two-user radio network is depicted and a method to exploit the inherent network asymmetry to improve agility. It is shown that our cooperation program improves the efficiency of cognitive users by 35%. The researchers then extend the cooperation scheme to two user-per-carrier multi-corporate networks and calculate the gain in asymptotic agility.

There have been many recent technological developments in wireless communication and exponential growth in demand such as lack of sufficient space, bandwidth restriction, and interference. Radio waves have been used to interact conventionally, and there is a growing obligation to look for new technology because of this challenge. Therefore, contact using light is a very motivating vision of wireless communication to solve most challenge. LiFi (Light Fidelity) is the modern contact approach. Visible Light Communication (VLC) simultaneously addresses enlightenment and communication problems. In this paper, a VLC concept was conceived and implemented.

Iraq suffers from a great confusion between engineering disciplines at several levels among the decision-makers. This resulted from the great development in engineering sciences, which generated many overlaps between the engineering specializations and this problem leads to a bigger problem represented in the quality of the engineering product. This puts us in front of a goal which is the necessity to provide a general knowledge culture in the community that prevents them from mixing between engineering specialties, and to reach such a goal we need a logical analysis of the elements of the problem, as finding general knowledge of engineering specializations will reduce many engineering problems and in all stages of engineering work. Accordingly, this problem can be solved by educating several groups in society, including the citizen, the official and the engineer, in addition to academic disciplines other than engineering. Thus, engineering culture or general engineering knowledge is the basis for obtaining an engineering product of low cost and good quality.

Place attachment fulfills people's emotional, social and environmental needs as cultural beings. It creats distinctive places that reveal the locality of the place, the political and economic reality of the society and interactive places It enhances urban perceptual factors such as sounds and smells and visual pleasure. It adapts to the factors of time and the spirit of the times and keeping place with advanced technology. Finally, the legibility through Information (cues, messages, Signals) achive the interaction of public place, environment quality, safety and security. This research aims to find the role of technology in increasing the sense of place in public places, and how the dynamic of technology can lead to place attachment and. It presents technology as an interactive dimension in public place,. By developing a theoretical framework for the vocabulary of attachment to place (the formal, conceptual and symbolic components of place), the human experience, interaction and the relationship of technology (function, program and design) by strengthening the interactive process between place and technology at the level of urban space, and the approach of analyzing urban projects that achieved connection with place was adopted by attracting the local and global community to apply these vocabulary and enhance research through it and show that technology represents the interactive dimension in public places by achieving human needs and achieving a diverse urban environment through (form and function) by applying new and developed programs. This does not reduce the attachment to the place, but rather enhances the feeling of interaction and physical and spiritual attachment.

The punching shear failure at the region around the column is considered the most dangerous type of failure in the flat slab system, causing an instantaneous collapse of the buildings. It is a brittle failure mode that happens suddenly without any warning. Recently many techniques were introduced by researchers to avoid shear punching failure and enhance shear punching resistance of flat slab. Improving the mechanical properties of concrete is a powerful approach line using polypropylene fibers (PF) in concrete in which details are presented in this paper. Twelve slabs were made with dimensions of (1000*1000) mm, and 100mm in thickness. The flexural reinforcement was the same for all models; for the upper layer was (6ϕ6), while the lower layer was (10ϕ12) without shear reinforcement. The factors studied in this investigation involve the polypropylene fibers quantity, compressive strength value. The results showed a noticeable improvement in punching shear strength when adding (PF%=1%) by cement weight. However, the impact of polypropylene fibers was negligible when adding a ratio greater than 2%, and it was also observed that the failure changed from a brittle failure of non-polypropylene fibers models to a ductile failure in slabs containing polypropylene fibers. The failure cracks in a slab with polypropylene fibers are tiny and less in number than the NC slab. This is because fibers increase the internal bonding of the concrete material component. Also, increasing the ratio of polypropylene fibers reduced the perimeter and area of the punching shear region while the failure angle slightly increased.

The prosthesis consists of several essential parts such as socket, shank, ankle, and foot. A socket is an important part of prosthetic limbs; it is an interface between the residual limb and prosthetic parts. Biomechanics of socket-residual limb interface, particularly the effect of pressure and force distribution, has on the amputee regarding comfort and function. The most demanding process is designing and fitting of the socket. This is because each patient's residual limb is unique and complex. It is very significant to take into account the interface pressure of an amputee patient. The prosthetic socket dispenses the entire weight of the amputee's torso while in the walking cycle. This is why it is vital to measure the quantity of these interface stresses to measure the amount of damage the socket imposes on the residual limb tissues. Different types of methods have been utilized to identify the locations of extreme stresses that might cause skin breakdown. A comparison of stress distributed in a number of socket designs was made to assess interface cushioning and suspension systems, among others.

The photovoltaic modules produce electricity directly by making use of sunlight. However, these modules are clearly affected by atmospheric conditions such as irradiation, temperature, relative humidity and dust. The greater part of the radiation is converted into heat which leads to the heating of the PV module resulting in degradation in the power productivity. In the present research, a spiral heat exchanger was added to the PV module to circulate water forming a PV/T system. This exchanger was welded to the back of the PV panel. The exchanger absorbs the excess heat from the panel and losing it through the cooling water in an outside exchanger. The tests were carried out in Baghdad weather conditions during May 2020. The highest solar radiation intensity measured during the measurement period was 823 W/m² while the highest ambient air temperature was 44°C in the shade at 1:30 PM for the day 23/5/2020. The study focused on investigating the effect of the used heat exchanger on the PV/T system's generated parameters. The most important results that were extracted from the study are that the studied PV/T system current was increased by 7.8%, the voltage by 3.3%, the power by 11.48%, and the efficiency up to 21.33% as compared to the photovoltaic panel. The PV/T system produced thermal efficiency ranging from 34.3% at 9 AM to the maximum value of 56.66% at 4 PM. The PV/T system's electrical efficiency in this study was compared with the literature, and it was found that the studied system gave an acceptable electrical efficiency.

Fractal geometry has been widely adopted in the design of various antennas for a wide variety of communications applications. The proposed antenna design is based on fractal geometry of second iterations Apollonian Gasket. This type of fractal can produce an antenna that is miniaturized and multiband. The proposed antenna design built using the FR-4 AS substrate with 4.4 and a loss tangent of 0.002 with a thickness of 1.2 mm. The results show that the proposed antenna offers multiband that suitable for the indoor wireless environment and millimeter-wave applications with high gains and bandwidth enhancement. This antenna also gives good radiation patterns for multiband. Modeling and performance evaluation of the proposed antenna has carried out using CST Microwave Studio (CST MWS).

The generator is one of the costly elements of a small wind turbine. This paper developed a suitable low-cost small wind turbine generator, which can be modified to be easily manufactured. The experiment was conducted in two parts, the first part involves monitoring the current, voltage, power, and temperature for the Bosch 140 alternator before re-winding (initial case), and the second part includes monitoring of parameters (current, voltage, power) with modifying the alternator (Bosch 140) by re-winding depending on the results of the JAMG program simulation (last case). The Bosch 140 alternator was modified consistently by reducing the wire diameter to half to double the windings to evaluate the maximum torque. A genetic algorithm was used to optimize the stator's design optimization to achieve a maximum torque of the magnet. The final result shows a good indication of the modified alternator's efficiency, where it is increased by about 30% from the initial case, and the generation of voltage started at a low rotation speed. It was observed that the new optimization of claw-pole alternator provides fairly the double torque with at least 16% reduction in rotation speed.

This work develops transient analysis using a new higher-order displacement function for simply supported cross-ply laminated plates. Muntari's higher-order shear deformation method for elastic composite plates is used to investigate the composite laminated thick and thin plate's transient response. The current theory accounts for an approximately parabolic distribution of the transverse shear strains on the plate boundary surface through the thickness and tangential stress-free boundary conditions. The governing equations and boundary conditions are derived by employing the principle of virtual work. These equations are solved using closed-form solutions of a Navier's type, plates are subjected to a different distribution of transient loadings such as step pulse, triangular pulse, and sinusoidal pulse, and many design parameters are studied, as expected minimum deflection is obtained for thick, antisymmetric, and has high orthotropy ratio laminated plate. The results obtained theoretically are compared with those available in various literature and showed a high agreement.

The Denavit-Hardenberg (D-H) method is widely used to calculate the kinematic properties of various types of robots, where it is possible to obtain a complete description of the robot's operation. Based on this method's parameters, it is possible to provide the typical arrangement of all robotic joints. In this work, the kinematic properties such as displacement, velocity, and acceleration of a 3DOF Planar Robot are analyzed using MATLAB software. Two types of paths are traced in this paper, the straight path, and the zigzag path.

Taguchi method and a regression model have been developed to study the effect of AL% filler contents on the glass/polyester honeycomb sandwich panel behavior subjected to impact load. Using the standard Taguchi's array L9, analysis of means (ANOM) including main effects of S/N ratio and experimental response, ANOVA was used to determine the optimum process parameters with its significant factor. Three parameters as controlled variables have considered: AL%, mass, and height with three levels for each of them in destructive and non-destructive tests. The results show that for deflection: the mass has the highest contribution at (58.2439%) followed by the AL% filler (21.3718%). The AL% has the highest contribution for the deformation, with a percentage of (89.1144%) followed by the height and mass with a relative contribution to each other. The regression model has a good prediction, with a perfect correlation between the output and input variables. The coefficient of determination and the correlation coefficient are 89.88 % and 0.94, respectively, for deflection, while for deformation are 81.45 % and 0.9, respectively. The average error MAPE equals 6.19 % and 12.128 % for deflection and deformation, respectively. There is a strong relationship between the variables depending on the correlation coefficient, which presents as 0.94 for deflection and 0.9 for deformation. Confirmation results show that the experimental and predicted values were close to each other.

As a result of urban development, buildings were constructed adjacent to each other due to the limited construction area. As a result of this neighboring of buildings, there are often signs of damage to the structures that indicate a change in the soil's behavior supporting the structure in terms of bearing capacity and settlement. This paper presents a numerical study using 3D Plaxis application finite element analysis to investigate the effect of the foundation interfering on the settlement of clay soils. This effect is investigated on two types of foundations, a strip foundation of 1 m wide and a square foundation of 1.5 m wide. Three cases of interference and their effect on the settlement are studied, the first case of two adjacent striped foundations, the second case of two adjacent square foundations, and the third case of two adjacent foundations, one of which is striped and the other is square. The study also adopts the imposition of a case study, in which a new building is constructed adjacent to an old building, where the effect of this juxtaposition on the settlement of the foundations of the old building is studied. The investigation results showed that the settlement in the case of adjacent strip foundations increased by 314% over the settlement of the isolated foundation, and the effect ratio decreased non-linearly with the increase in the distance between the two foundations until it fades at a distance of 7B. In the case of adjacent square foundations, the settlement increases by 194% compared to the settlement of the isolated foundation, and the effect ratio decreases non-linearly, with the distance between the two foundations increasing until it fades at a distance of 4B. In the case of a strip foundation adjacent to another square, the settlement of the strip foundation increases by 152% over the settlement of the insulated foundation, while the settlement of the square foundation increases by 164% over the settlement of the insulated basis. The aforementioned results make the option of two adjacent foundations of different types less effective and more acceptable than the two adjacent foundations of the same type. The results of the investigation of a new building adjacent to an old building also show an increase in settlement of up to 177% over the settlement in the isolated building, and also show that when increasing the depth of the foundation of the new building from 1m to 4m that reduces the risks for the old building by 42%.

Collapsible soils are present in arid and semi-arid regions in an unsaturated state and are considered to be one of the problematic soils that face engineering and geotechnical challenges. They are regarded as sensitive soils where their structure and engineering properties change upon wetting (leaching or soaking). The wetting leads to a break in the bonds between the soil particles (salts or clay) and a decrease in the suction power that binds the soil particles together. Large settlement occurs and thus causing problems for the buildings and facilities constructed on them. Recognizing the properties and characteristics of collapsible soils is very important in order to know how to deal with them to avoid unnecessary financial losses and problems. This paper gives an overview of collapsible soils behavior and prediction in many aspects.

Due to the importance of the Supra-Malleolar Orthosis in providing treatment for the Iraqi patients, the design and fabrication of Supra-Malleolar Orthosis is presented. This includes studying the material properties and behaviour, and gait cycle for the patient. The experimental part incudes, ratification, molding with inner layer (soft). The material used is called (P-lite or EVA), molding with hard layer. It is polypropylene, reaching the final shape of SMO. Gait cycle for the patient was examined using force plate. Thus, it is found that the orthosis can be manufactured; and tests proved its successful application to satisfy the patient in a sense of comfort. SMOs improve the gait cycles. SMO manufacturing is successful and give good treatment results with low cost.

In this paper, a practical study was conducted with and without solar panels to show their effect on the performance of the hybrid solar chimney in the city of Kirkuk in Iraq. Six cells were placed between the base of the collector and the glass cover, which gives freedom to the air to move up and down the cells. Also, it is showed that the speed is higher when using PV until it reaches 1.8 m/s while the air leaving the collector and the energy coming out of the chimney and the efficiency of the solar collector and the efficiency of the chimney. The practical results showed that the chimney base is the ideal location for the turbine, as the air velocity is higher than other locations, and the air velocity increases during the day to reach its highest velocities at 1 pm. The maximum kinetic and electrical power and the amount of heat reached 37, 950, and 280 watts, respectively, in February at 1 pm. The results also showed that the location of the photovoltaic cell determines the degree of its temperature, as the solar cells that are in the middle are characterized by high temperature, while the solar cells that are on the ends are at a lower temperature and the solar cell temperature also depends on the surrounding weather conditions. High-efficiency values are observed for all months in the early morning hours due to the solar cells' low temperature. The highest recorded electrical efficiency values were 17.8% in December.

In this practical study, the thermal conductivity and compressive strength of a number of cement mortar and sawdust mixtures were measured. This study aims to analyze the possibility of using these mixtures as thermal insulators in the building parts. The materials used in the study were ordinary Portland cement available in the local Iraqi market, sand, and sawdust. Samples were prepared according to American standards. Sawdust in two different sizes (greater than 50 mm and less than 1.4 mm) was added to the cement. The study results showed that adding sawdust caused an apparent decrease in the mixture's thermal conductivity, which means an improvement in the thermal insulation of the mixtures. The decrease in conductivity also raised with the sawdust mass fraction increase. The thermal conductivity of sawdust and cement mixtures increased when using small sawdust (less than 1.4 mm) compared to the second case (sawdust of large size above 5 mm). The mixture's thermal conductivity decreased with the increase in the water curing period, and the decrease in conductivity increased with this period. Increasing the sawdust mass fraction resulted in a decrease in the studied mixtures' compressive strength, and this resistance decreased more when using sawdust of smaller sizes (less than 1.4 mm). The compressibility strength of all the studied products increases with the increase in the treatment time with water due to the cement's properties.

Anchor systems have been widely used recently due to its importance in increasing the stability of structures subjected to uplift forces and overturning moments. Accordingly, it is vital to investigate the parameters that might affect anchor systems' operational performance and structural behavior. The current study investigates the characteristics and parameters that might affect the uplift capacity of a horizontal anchor plate embedded in cohesionless soil. The sample of soil was brought from Al-Najaf province (Iraq). The parameters included are; plate embedding depth, the soil's effective dimension above the plate, and soil improvement by compaction. The model setup includes forming a steel container with dimensions (70 x 70 x 70) cm and a circular steel plate of 10 cm diameter. Three embedding depth ratios were chosen; these are 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 of the total soil sample depth. Three effective soil diameters were chosen as percentages of the plate diameter; these are 1.0%, 1.5%, and 3%. According to the ASTM specification, several physical and chemical tests were carried out on the soil sample to determine its classification and needed engineering characteristics. The laboratory test results revealed that for both treated and untreated soil samples, the ultimate uplift capacity of the anchor plate increases with increasing the embedded depth of the anchor plate; for example, at improvement ratio (D/d=3.0), the ratio (P/Po = 1.05,1.28 and 1.6) for depth ratio (h/T=0.1,0.2, and 0.3) respectively. The values of the pull-out capacity of the anchor plate are increased with increasing the improvement area above the anchor plate; for example, at depth ratio (h/T=0.3), the values P/Po = 1.05,1.28 and 1.6 for D/d=1,1.5 and 3.0) respectively. Finally, the compaction technique can effectively improve the behavior of the anchor plate.

A large portion of incident solar radiation on photovoltaic (PV) panels is transformed into heat; thus, reducing photovoltaic panel power. The photovoltaic module's efficiency depends primarily on the ambient temperature, the temperature of the module, the incoming intensity of the solar radiation, and the composition of the PV material. Depending on the type of solar cells used, PV panel efficiency typically drops by 0.5 for each degree rise in temperature. The cooling technique is also beneficial to maintain the cell at the operating temperature and should be such that, with a uniform distribution, it holds the average cell temperature to its minimum values. The supply of drinking water is increasingly declining with increasing population, growth, and environmental pollution. Therefore, it is appropriate to concentrate on available distilling water. Due to its low cost, energy, and ability requirements, solar still is one of the promising technologies available for water purification. The current work attempts numerically to suggest and analyze the production of distilled water, electric power, and heating water for domestic by utilizing a simple passive cooling technique for a new hybrid PV/T. The present work benefits from the unwilled heat of PV panel to obtain freshwater without the construction of solar still by putting a glass cover on the original frame of PV. The system's performance is investigated from various aspects such as distilled water yield, production of electrical and thermal power instantaneously, and daily by considering three types of mass flow rate in inner wick and four types in the outer wick. Results show that the mass flow rate of inner wick does not significantly affect the temperature of PV and distilled water yield, but the mass flow rate in outer wick has affected distilling water. The production of water was maximum for the CPVWD module and is increased by about 65.73% more than that for the PVWD. The CPVWD module is found to display the highest electrical efficiency while the PVWD shows the lowest value. Good agreement between the present results and previous works was found.

The impact of heat island is urban in Baghdad, which is a major city colder than the surrounding areas. This study is intended to explain what sectors of the Iraqi society are seen as a concrete challenge to their urban and lifestyle features. Issues about the impacts that climate change and UHI have had on staff were addressed including students and architects, and graduates. The study found that the acceptances of complex issues such as urban heat island as part of climate change and much less recognition of it as the product of human action is moderated in the segments of population of academics, scientists and low among urban residents of Iraqi society. However, low acceptance reflected rather than universal open cynicism a significant degree of confusion among urban citizens. Uncertainty amongst local citizens may be due to theoretical disputes on the causes and potential effects of Urban Heat Island. The findings suggest that scientists are manipulating climate change to follow their own agendas, weakening their faith in research and evidence. This is because of these differences. With just 52 percent of respondents who thought it was easy to comprehend the knowledge presented by climate change and Urban Heat Island, there was a strong need to amend marketing policies in universities and institutes. Results suggest that the Iraqi population's limited responses to local climate change, current and past extremes of weather warming, water insufficient, and storm seasons support results suggest that Urban Heat Island was not an immediate problem for society. The short to medium term vulnerability Urban Heat Island, defined by their urban climate or lifestyles, was typically not understood or overlooked by a well-educated population.

Roller compacted concrete (RCC) is a special type of concrete with zero or even negative slump consistency. This work has been targeted to produce and investigate the durability of an RCC mix suitable for roads paving with better engineering properties. Different RCC mixes have been prepared using micro natural silica sand powder (SSP) as a partial substitution by weight of sulfate resistant Portland cement, i.e., [0% (M-R), 5% (M-SSP5), 10% (M-SSP10), and 20% (M-SSP20)]. Additionally, M-sand, crushed stone (NMSA of 19.0 mm), filler, and water were used. Materials have been proportioned according to ASTM D1557. Slabs prepared and cast in molds with dimensions of 38×38×10cm using a vibrating table and manually operated human-made rolling device. Sawing was made after 28 days of normal curing to obtain cubes of 10×10×10cm and prisms of 10×10×38cm used for different tests. Continuous full immersion in 5% MgSO₄ solution at a temperature of (23±2)°C for 60 and 120 days was implemented to investigate the durability of RCC specimens. The compressive strength (f'cu) of M-SSP5 increased by 7.35% and 7.14%, and the flexural strength (fr) increased by 32.1% and 33.67%, after 60 and 120 days of exposure, respectively, compared to the control mix.

In many industrial applications, liquid is transported by pipelines under high pressure conditions. Thus, any considerable change of fluid velocity will induce destructive pressure waves which may threaten the safety of the hydraulic system. Therefore, finding an effective and appropriate transient control technique is the objective of most related studies. In this paper, the effect of air vessel and HDPE (high density polyethylene) forward configuration techniques on the induced pressure waves were investigated experimentally and numerically. As the transient conditions are triggered owing to the sudden pump trip, each control technique was individually and jointly implemented. Regardless of control devices, the effect of changing the control operational scenario on the generated pressure waves were further investigated. Consequently, the experiments revealed that air vessel and HDPE forward configuration techniques have considerable damping effect to attenuate the water hammer, but the combination of both techniques has higher damping efficiency. Equally important, the changing of the operational scenario affects the severity of the induced surges. As well, the performance of air vessel and the HDPE forward configuration was affected by changing the operational scenario. Finally, the experimental and the numerical results are reasonably converged.

In the present work, an attempt has been made to develop, design, and fabricate a low-cost, easily operable micro-fluidic device used for separation, filtration, and purification of the cancer cells from the blood. The fabricated device can also be used for purification and separation of different chemical particles. The response surface methodology (RSM) technique, the full factorial design (FFD), and the expert system 11.0 software program were selected to design, improve, and assess the experimental work. The fabricated device efficiency was tested and evaluated by implementing several experiments. The designed experimental input parameters were the separation method (horizontal, vertical, and the microfluidic method for white blood cell (WBC) separation system; the microfluidic Pore Size 0.43, 3, 8, 12 μm and the air pressure level (0, 50, 100 and 150 mbar). The main experimental results of current research showed that the blood and the rates of cancer cells separating and filtration were increased with increasing the air pressure levels and the microfluidic pores sizes. The best results were obtained for cancer, and tumor-free cell separation rate at an air pressure of 150 mbar with using the horizontal separation system reached 16.91ml, or 3.38 ml/min, which are higher by 2.8 times than the efficiency of the use of the vertical system. The highest quantity of the separated (WBC) was obtained under the same conditions, reached 17.14 ml, or 3.43 ml/min, which is higher than the vertical system's efficiency by 3.4 times, and higher by 30.08%. Compared with the use of the microfluidic (WBC) separation system. The best-obtained results of red blood cell (RBC) separated quantity reached 5.71 ml or a rate of 1.142 ml/min, which is higher than the efficiency of the vertical system separation by 90.33%. The highest blood cells filtration and purification quantity from the blood-related viruses and bacteria were obtained at 100 mbar air pressure, and the use of the vertical separation system reached 2.50 ml. or at a rate of 0.5 ml/min, which is higher than the productivity of the horizontal system by 8.6 times.

Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) was conducted to weld a sheet of an aluminum alloy (AA5754-H114) to a commercial sheet of pure copper (Cu) having (2 mm) thickness. It was performed at various tool rotating speeds (800, 1000, and 1250 rpm), times of plunging (30, 60, and 90 sec) using a tool pin geometry or profile (straight cylindrical, threaded cylindrical with the flute, and tapered cylindrical). The welding process parameters were optimized based on the Taguchi method relying upon the design of experiment (DOE). The used sheet is made of "aluminum alloy" overlapped upon copper sheets. The results manifested that the "maximum" shear forces were found at the best or optimum parameters of welding: (1000 rpm) rotational speed and (90 sec) plunging time when using the straight cylindrical pin profile. The Pareto chart of standardize influences of the tensile-shear outcomes elucidated that the time of plunging was the higher influential parameter than the other welding parameters, such as the speed of rotation and the profile of the pin.

SDNs are developed networks that focus on the separation of control aircraft and data. This new model is designed to simplify network management and enable research innovations. It explains the traditional system of SDNs and issues related to the traditional system. This paper explains the background of SDN technology and architecture. At the end of the research, SDN enhances scalability, flexibility, reliability, high availability, security and performance. This paper has tried to simplify and explain every problem with the SDN network and provided an overview of the SDN network general structure, the basics of network management in SDN, and the main challenges in SDN.

In this study, an experimental investigation on the flow boiling heat transfer in single rectangular micro-channel was carried out. The micro-channel was formed by machining 300 μm wide x 700 μm deep groove (i.e. a hydraulic diameter 420 μm) into the surface of brass block having length of 60 mm. The working fluid was deionized water. The experiments were carried out with the mass flux range (300-600 kg/m².sec), and flux of heat (based on wall) 5.4 to 376.5 kW/m², inlet sub-cooling of 20 K and 1 atm. working pressure. The results of this study have shown that at heat fluxes with lower range, the local coefficient of heat transfer increased with increasing the flux of heat. This trend is reversed when heat fluxes exceed 64.2, 77.9, 93.8 and 116.7 kW/m² for mass fluxes 300, 400, 500 and 600 kg/m².s respectively, where the heat transfer coefficient decreases as the heat flux increases and reach a constant value at the highest heat flux. The experimental results are compared to heat transfer correlations of minichannel and microscale, these correlations gave the results reasonably well.

In this study, the effect of using magnetized water in fine aggregate treatment has been investigated. Three mixtures of reactive powder concrete (RPC) were prepared and caste within two molds so that the compressive and flexure strength can be tested when the samples are cured by ordinary, autogenous, warm water and high-temperature cycles curing procedure. All of the three mixtures consisted of the same primary material; the difference was in the sulfite content of the fine aggregate, where the intended sand samples have diverse sulfite content. The first mixture's sulfite content was limited within the Iraqi specifications No.45/1984, and it was equal to 0.13%, the second mix contained sand with high sulfite content of 3.54%, and in the third; the latter sand was washed with magnetizing water before mixing. The test results pointed out a severe decrease in RPC properties when the high sulfite sand was used by taking the low sulfite content mixture as a reference mix. A decrease was recorded in the compressive strength by 8.6% and 16.8% when the samples were tested at the age of 28-days and 90-days, respectively, and cured with ordinary curing procedures. Similarly, the flexure strength decreases by 7.1% and 13.5% when the samples are tested at the age of 28-days and 90-days, respectively, and cured with an ordinary curing procedure. This decrease in RPC strength could be recovered, as the third mixture's test results indicate; when the sand was treated with magnetized water before mixing, and the sulfite content was reduced down to (0.274%) accordingly.

Nowadays, estimating the fatigue life of almost any industrial component under multi-axial loads is still a very complicated issue. In this paper, models of multi-axial fatigue for various loading conditions depend on damage parameters conditions shown with a comprehensive review of the multi-axial fatigue machines designed to provide proportional and non-proportional combined loading conditions in the laboratory and corresponding models developed to predict specimens fatigue life. A brief of experimental multi-axial fatigue results reported by previous studies is also presented. Especially, the focus here is on combined bending-torsion and axial-torsion conditions. Such a study allows for a better understanding of the effect of the loading path on material fatigue behaviour during their real operations. Also, predicting fatigue life accurately under non-proportional complex loads will give clear data about when this component is a failure during a real process.

This paper represents an experimental study of natural convection heat transfer in a square enclosure filled with saturated porous medium and partially heated from below. Two locations (left and middle of the enclosure) has been studied in the present work to explain heat and temperature distribution inside the enclosure. The experimental results obtained under constant heat flux within the range of (1000-10000 W/m²), and modified Rayleigh number within the range of (0 < Ram < 420). The experimental results are presented in the form of temperature distribution, Nussalt and Rayleigh number are plotted versus heat flux, and for both cases. The results were expressed as isotherms, distributions. The location of the heating element has a noticeable effect on the distribution of heat and temperature. The study indicated that the Nussalt number depends on the Rayleigh number and is directly proportional to it. Furthermore, two empirical equations were obtained for the considered study cases illustrated the correlation between the Nussalt and Rayleigh numbers.

An experimental study was performed to clarify the effect of vertical mechanical vibration on natural convection at normal gravity in the air filled cubic enclosure (L=120mm) (P_r=0.71) . In the enclosure, there were two vertical and opposing surfaces. The right wall was heated to a standardized heat flux surrounded by four other adiabatic surfaces, where the left wall cooledT_c. Vibration stress was added to this heat transfer cell by vertically mounting it on the armature of electrodynamics vibratory (shaker). The experimental work was performed on a built rig which was mainly composed of a cubic enclosure cavity provided with a vibrator exciter as well as the necessary measurement instrumentation to fulfill the required investigations. At Ra= 7* 107 the frequencies shedded to the enclosure (2,4&8) Hz and at Ra=4^* 108 the frequencies shedded to the enclosure (3,6&9)Hz. Three type of tests for an experimental were carried out. The first one reached to steady state and then shedded the effect of vibration to the cubic enclosure (Interrupted Vibrations), while the second shedded the vibration (Continuous Vibrations) from the start at ascending frequencies and the third shedded the vibration (Continuous Vibrations) from the start at descending frequencies. From the results of the experimental investigations two main conclusions may be raised, in the case of Rayleigh number (Ra=4^*108), the gravitational thermal convection is dominant. And the motion of vibration does not enhance the transfer of heat exceptionally well. On the other side, in Rayleigh (Ra=7^*), the thermal vibration convection is dominant, and the vibration greatly increased the rate of heat transfer..Also, the results show that an increase in the average Nusselt number with time as the vibrational Rayleigh number Ra_vib will increase as resulting of increasing the vibration frequencies. In addition, the higher the frequency of vibration reaches, the faster the steady states is achieved. And for that, two cases of Rayleigh number, the increasing frequencies are usually higher than those of downward frequencies. Finally, the results show reasonable agreement between the theoretical and the experimental results and the present results and available previous work.

In this paper, a hybrid system is proposed consisting of a radio-frequency (RF) over free space optic/fiber optic (RFOFSO/FO). A free-space communication system is an alternative to optical fibers if it fails in performance or if it is difficult to propagate. This hybrid system is an effective solution for developing new generation networks, by transmitting the optical signal over long distances within the C-band, and L-band. The proposed system sends the radio frequency signal through the optical free-space link then extends to 80 km of optical fiber, of which 40 km is amplified by the Raman/EDFA hybrid optical amplifier. This paper aims to test the performance of the free space optic link under different weather conditions. The atmospheric attenuation, which reduces visibility, was considered as the main challenge. Several copies were sent in different paths in FSO to meet this challenge. The submitted system was implemented in the case of transmission in a wavelength within the C-band and also in L-band. The results of the hybrid system were compared by measuring the bit error rate (BER) and Q-factor under dust and fog conditions relative to Kim's standard model by using Optisystem. The results obtained showed an effective sensation at a long haul, inn addition to not using an additional light source when transmitting for such long distances.

This study aims to investigate experimentally the behavior of self-compacting reinforced concrete beams with in-plane loaded openings strengthened with different techniques in the opening zone. The experimental program consists of testing five specimens with a rectangular opening at the midspan, one of the beams serves as a control beam (without strengthening), and four beams are strengthened at the opening zone with several methods including steel fibers, semi-rhombus crossed bars, jacketing with steel plates, and utilizing the composite section technique. The response has been discussed in terms of the first cracking load, ultimate load, maximum deflection, failure modes, loading history, crack patterns, toughness value, ductility index, and crack width to recognize the best strengthening proposal opening. Test results indicate that the technique of strengthening the WT-rolled steel recorded an increase in the ultimate load capacity, toughness, and ductility of about 21%, 91%, 44 %, respectively, relative to the control beam. However, the beam strengthened by steel fiber reinforced concrete around the opening yielded an increase in the cracking and the load-carrying capacity of about 33.3%, 10.95%, respectively. Concerning the specimen strengthened by the crossed steel bar making a semi-rhombus shape around the opening yields a slight enhancement in the loading capacity of about 8.5%. Furthermore, strengthening the opening with steel plates increases the beam's load-carrying capacity by about 11.23% compared to the control beam.

In this study, a single effect (H₂O-LiBr) water lithium bromide absorption cooling system is presented and evaluated by energy and exergy analysis. A mathematical thermodynamic model of the absorption cooling system has been found and derived from the basic principles of the first and second laws of the thermodynamics. The important parameters of performance are focused on the coefficient of performance COP and exergy efficiency. The performance was carried out over a range of operating conditions including the effect of generator, absorber and ambient temperatures. An energy and exergy investigation of separate system components were also obtained. The main obvious effect is detected for the situation of exergy efficiency for generator and absorber. The exergy efficiency increases with the rise of absorption temperature and a reverse effect is detected when the temperature of generator increases. The performance comparison of system components has been conducted in the present study. Exergy destruction of the generator was noticed to be 42% higher than exergy destruction in the absorber of 28%, due to the mixing of lithium bromide and water at high generator temperature of about 88°C. The COP of the absorption refrigeration system differs at the range (0.6 - 0.732) and maximum value was achieved at lowest temperature of absorber. The exergy analysis shows that the destroyed exergy distribution in the components of the system depends powerfully on the temperatures of system. The increasing in the generator temperature of higher than 88°C increases the COP of the current system, and with a additional increase in the generator temperature, the COP value stays constant. The obtained results lead to the documentation of factors that may affect the exergy efficiency of the (H₂O-LiBr) absorption system. It was found that the efficiency of the exergy of the system increased as a result of the increasing in the ambient temperature from (25°C to 45°C). The results show that the influence of system components condition on the total exergy loss is very significant.

Hydrogen polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells are renewable and future sustainable power generation systems that operate with zero emissions. Thermal management in fuel cells is still an important issue that must be addressed to extend their life and the possibility of their widespread commercial use. In this research, a simulation model has been developed and validated using MATLAB to investigate the cooling process and its effect on the PEM fuel cells using nanofluids as coolant. Al₂O₃ nanoparticles have been used due to their thermal characteristics, chemical stability, and cost-effectiveness compared to other nanoparticles. The Al₂O₃-H₂O nanofluid was used with 0.1 to 0.4 vol % concentration. The results showed that employing nanofluids as coolant increases the temperature difference between the coolant outlet and inlet. Nanoparticles concentration increases, the temperature difference increases. Similarly, the nanoparticles concentration increases, both pressure drop across the cooling channel and pumping power increases. Therefore, employing nanofluids in PEM fuel cells seems an impractical choice for the lower temperature difference criterion at a certain pumping power.

In this paper, an experimental study has been conducted for using a PCM as a thermal insulation material in a south wall of a room. Two identical cubic rooms were fabricated from sandwich panels except for the south wall (test wall) was built as an Iraqi domestic wall. South wall orientation was chosen as the test wall due to the significant amount of solar radiation falling on it so that the study compared two test walls, a wall without PCM or not treated wall (NTW) and a wall embedded with PCM or treated wall (TW). The results show that using PCM in TW will increase the time lag by 1 hour and decrease the inner surface wall and room temperature by about 2.7 °C compared with NTW.

Recently, the Strapdown Inertial Navigation System (SDINS) has been successfully integrated with Global Positioning System (GPS) to obtain reliable navigation solutions. SDINS is based on Micro-Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) sensors such as accelerometer and gyroscope sensors. To improve the overall performance of the integrated navigation system, the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) readings is treated through effectively band-limiting the high frequency noise using the Discrete Wavelet Multi-resolution Algorithm (DWMRA) as a first step, while the second step is to enhance the navigation position and velocity through utilizing the Nonlinear Autoregressive model with eXogenous inputs (NARX) to fuse GPS and INS systems. The performance of the proposed integrated navigation system is validated through comparison with other systems. Finally, the obtained results suggest a promising and superior prospect for NARX in the field of navigation for low-cost IMU's during GPS denied signals, since it outperforms the Conventional Neural Network (CNN) and Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) by 84% and 92%, respectively.

The key is a machine element that transmits power from shafts to pulleys, gears, and vice versa. A case study shall be conducted in this paper to investigate the influence of using gears with asymmetric teeth profile on stress concentrations in gear key-way, employing the theory of elasticity represented by the stress function method. Then, the obtained results are verified by FEA. The final object is to select the best shape of the key-way that achieves the minimum stress concentration. The outputs demonstrate that stress tolerance is substantially increased as the mechanism switches from normal to irregular. It also shows that the circular key-way is the safest, more appropriate, and subjected to the minimum stress when the same force is applied. For the asymmetric gear with circular arc key-way, the percentage of improvement approaches 38 % relative to the regular one of flat key-way in the numerical results, whereas, in the analytical investigation, the same percentage is almost 6 %. The percentage is also nearly 15% when going from the regular 14.5° spur gear to the 14.5°-20° asymmetric spur gear.

In this work, binary, ternary, quaternion, and quinary natural gas mixtures were evaluated including methane, ethane, propane, butane, and pentane to highlight their impact on pipeline performance and thermophysical properties of natural gas. The results presented that all the heavy hydrocarbons have a negative impact on natural gas phase envelope. For binary mixtures, methane/propane recorded the widest two-phase envelopes while the quinary mixtures generally formed the widest two-phase envelopes over the other mixtures. Besides, the heavy hydrocarbons content of different mixtures increased the critical pressures and critical temperatures in comparison to pure methane. The highest temperature drop of 6.495 °C was recorded by the binary mixture and the lowest temperature drop of 6.341 °C was by quinary mixture. The highest pressure drop of 4.964 bars was caused by the quinary mixture, while the lowest pressure drop of 4.1 bars was by the binary mixture. In addition, the results showed that natural gas density controlled by methane content caused increasing the methane content resulting in reducing the density of natural gas mixture. The viscosity of natural gas is a sensitive parameter to the content of the heavy hydrocarbon concentrations and all heavy hydrocarbons increased the viscosity of natural gas in comparison to pure methane.

Aluminum alloys have a wide range of applications, such as the aerospace and automotive industries. The effect of V-notch on fatigue life of cylindrical beam made of aluminum alloys under rotating bending fatigue load has been investigated experimentally and numerically. The experimental work involved the tensile strength, hardness, impact test, and fatigue life behavior at room temperature. The fatigue life test was conducted with a fully reversed cycle with a mean stress ratio (R= -1). The experimental data were compared with the numerical result, and a good agreement was found. The results show that the notch has reduced the fatigue life of aluminum alloy beams.

This paper presents a kinematic analysis of a novel underactuated robotic finger design. The design finger is a development of an index finger of the Ottobock hand. Namely, it consists of three phalanges with 3-degrees of freedom. A four-bar mechanism was used to make the finger self-adaptive with the grasped object. The Solidworks software was used to create the design, and the ANSYS software was used to analyze the design. The kinematic equations of the novel design are derived to get the optimum values of the links dimension that achieved the optimum grasping force by using the genetic algorithm. The normal force was measured by using the grasping force measuring mechanism. The models were manufactured using a 3D printer with hard Polylactic acid (PLA) printing material. The contact points' normal force between phalanxes and grasping force measuring mechanism was measured using a load cell. The experimental results of the normal force of the finger were closed to the theoretical results.

The wheeled mobile robot has been considered a planner mechanism with linear and angular movement over a horizontal plane. In particular, the wheeled mobile robot's movement is assumed to result from pure rolling of wheels without slipping. The kinematics model is one of the most fundamental steps in studying any mobile robot. This research presents the kinematic equations of movement of a mobile robot with mecanum wheels. The resulting mathematical model of a wheeled mobile robot was produced using the MATLAB R2014a program. The kinematic modeling technique was investigated by simulating a robot's walk on a square path.

An outbreak of the 2019 novel Coronavirus epidemic (COVID-19) has rapidly spread worldwide. The coronavirus (COVID-19) has also spread among children, but it has been less severe than in adults. The characteristics of COVID-19 laboratory findings play a significant role in clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. Since the numbers of COVID-19 cases increased, it takes more time to interpret the lab outcomes and provide an accurate diagnosis. Little information about the clinical symptoms and epidemiological of COVID-19 is known. There is a need to investigate the characteristics of laboratory findings for the clinical decision-making system using predictive algorithms. This study aims to classify and validate machine learning approaches for detecting COVID-19 in children. The five well-known machine learning approaches: the artificial neural network (ANN); random forest (RF); support vector machines (SVM); decision trees (DT) which include classification and regression trees (CART); and gradient boosted trees (GBM) were used. All these approaches have been considered in the classification, and to determine the most suitable model. The performance of each model test was by conducted using a standard 10-fold cross-validation procedure. Given these results for classification performance and prediction of accuracy, CART is the best predictive model for classifications for children with COVID-19. The results of the study illustrate that the best classification performance was achieved with CART model to provide 92.5% accuracy for binary classes (positive vs. negative) based on laboratory findings. Leukocytes, Monocytes, Potassium, and Eosinophils, were among the most important predictors which indicate that those features may play a crucial role in COVID-19. Ultimately, our model may be helpful for medical experts to predict COVID-19 and can help invalidate their primary laboratory findings of children. ML methods can be a convenient tool for providing predictions for COVID-19 laboratory findings among Children.

A study of three dimensional laminar forced convection with conjugated heat transfer for water flowing inside a circular pipe with variable cross-section area has been numerically conducted. The thermal performance and pressure drop under constant heat flux are also estimated. In this paper, using FLUENT ANSYS, the finite volume method (FVM) is used to evaluate the continuity, momentum, and energy governing equations. For a range of Reynolds numbers less than 2000, heat transfer rates were computed, and Prandtl number equal to 3.7. The effects of Reynolds number and divergent angles (ratio) on the convection coefficient of heat transfer (h) drop in pressure (ΔP), and the thermal-hydraulic performance (η) are analyzed and discussed. The results showed that the use of the divergent ratio increases the thermal-hydraulic performance. Compared to the uniform pipe, it is increased by 23% with a maximum pressure drop decrease by about 240% for ratio=1.8. With the empirical Shah equation, the current model is validated, and the results showed excellent agreement.

Electric discharge machine is one of the most important non-traditional cutting processes conducted without contact between the workpiece and tool electrode. Each cutting process was associated with residual stresses, and these stresses are significant in determining life and product performance. This study aimed to determine the residual stress produced in the electric discharge machine (EDM) using the X-ray diffraction method. The used EDM parameters in this study are current Ip (10, 20, 30) A, pulse on-time T_on (50, 100, 150) μs, and pulse off-time T_off (6.5, 12,25) μs these parametric divided into 27 specimens. Full factorial was used to analyze the result using Minilab 17 software. The result showed that approximately between the experimentally and predict result. Also, the result illustrated that the residual stress was increasing with increases in each parametric EDM used. Maximum tensile residual stress is (838.86 Mpa) at a higher value of machine parameters, while the best residual stress achieved is compressive residual stress at low machine parameters, and it reaches 201 Mpa.

In recent years, the use of nanotechnology materials has increased in strengthening and enhancing the behavior of concrete and its mechanical properties. This is due to the special characteristic of these materials such as its tiny size that considerably improves the microstructure of concrete, which in return gives concrete new properties and dramatically enhances its behavior. The present study seeks to review several previous studies that investigated the effect of adding nano-silica on the mechanical properties, durability, transport properties, and microstructure of lightweight concrete. Based on the results, it has been noted that the addition of nano-silica material has a vital role in improving the properties of lightweight concrete. Moreover, it was observed that there is an increase in the compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength due to the addition of nano-silica material. It has also been concluded that there is an improvement in the durability and transport properties of lightweight concrete.

In recent decade, as the results of frequent wars and internal conflicts, many archaeological and heritage regions of Iraq were subjected to sabotage and looting. Some of these regions were totally destructed. Therefore, searching for mechanisms, means and methods for conserving and reconstructing the heritage is of great importance. This research presents a new proposal that contributes to the conservation of heritage and antiquities virtually through digital sustainability and digitization. This digital conversation in some ways helps in conserving the legacy of the cities that were damaged and destroyed by wars. Additionally, it allows users and those who are interested in heritage in different countries of the world to digitally tour the archaeological city and to see its old features and elements as if they were on the ground of reality. The aim of the research is to "achieve sustainability in preserving heritage and architectural architecture virtually through digital sustainability as it is a reference in the event of the disappearance of heritage buildings in reality". The research uses auto-cad electronic program, for the purpose of digital documentation of the building. After taking measurements and images using traditional means from measuring tools and the camera, auto-cad used for drawing and then documentation using the calculator. The research has reached a set of conclusions which relate to the interest in heritage and conserving it benefiting from digital sustainability. These cities can be virtual cities with the aim of containing the treatments and heritage elements of the city and buildings.

This work aims to improve the visualization of a subsonic open section type smoke tunnel, which already exists in the AL-Nahrain University/College of Engineering/Mechanical Department Laboratory. This study focuses on modifying the contraction section only to improve the airflow properties in the test section. A numerical study with ANSYS FLUENT R19.0 was carried out to characterize the flow via the contraction section. The parameters that are suggested to be modified are the wall profile and the length of the contraction section. The analysis includes the original contraction section and suggested new profiles to be compared under the same boundary conditions. The new suggested profiles for this work are polynomials of orders (6^th, 7^th, 8^th, 9^th, and 10^th). A unique analysis is achieved for the 9^th order profile, where it is tested with four different inflection points (0.5L, 0.55L,0.6L, and 0.65L). The study focuses on the uniformity, turbulence intensity, boundary layer thickness at the contraction section exit plain, beside the boundary layer separation along with the contraction as comparing parameters. Experimental work was done to validate the numerical results. The experiment work includes building a half-scale of the original smoke tunnel to monitor the new contraction's direct influence on the test section's flow. The result showed that the 9^th-order wall profile with an inflection point at 0.65L and length of 0.93m is the pest contraction for the aimed smoke tunnel.

In this paper, the effect of changing the thickness of the airfoils on the lift and drag coefficients and lift to drag ratio for three types of airfoils is presented. The study was done by making a 2D simulation by using the commercial software ANSYS FLUENT 2019R1. The airfoils that were selected for the simulation were the NREL S830, SG6043, and SD7062. In order to study the effect of changing the thickness of airfoils on the aerodynamic characteristics, the thickness of NREL S830, SG6043, and SD7062 airfoils was increased and decreased by 20%. The method used to increase and decrease the thickness was done by modifying the coordinates of the upper and lower curves of the baseline airfoils in the y-direction. The simulation was done using the Spalart Allmaras turbulence model for low wind speed (5m/s) and a wide range of attack angles (from 0 to 15 degrees). The aerodynamic characteristics, which are the lift and drag coefficients, lift to drag ratio, and the optimum angle of attack, are presented in this study. It was concluded that reducing the thickness to 20% leads to a remarkable increase in the lift to drag ratio while increasing the thickness leads to a decrease in the lift to drag ratio. It was also concluded that reducing thickness will not always lead to maximizing the lift coefficient but will always reduce the drag coefficient. It was also found that for wind turbines operating in low wind speed regions, the SG6043 airfoil profile is the most suitable as it showed a good aerodynamic performance at low wind speed.

Managing rainwater in light of climate variability is one of the most difficult problems facing urban areas in the world. Heavy rainfall contributes to increased infiltration of rainwater and effluent (RDII) into the sewage systems, which leads to system overflow and thus increased environmental pollution. This study aims at reducing the volume of surface runoff and thus reducing the volume of inflow and infiltration that enters the sewage network during the storm of the main sewage line of Karbala city. To investigate the extent to which the proposed solution would mitigate floods in the study area, the rainwater Management Model [SWMM] used data density for hourly precipitation from 2016 - 2019. The results indicate that the size of the flood was reduced to more than 75%, while the flood time decreased from 38 hours to 8 hours. The overload limit was reduced from 25 manholes to 5 manholes reduced (80%), and the excess duration were reduced by 55%. Total sanitary sewer overflow (SSO) 95m³ and area flooding 633m². This analysis is expected to provide a comprehensive solution to mitigate sewage flooding during a storm and provide support to decision-makers to reduce environmental and health problems during heavy rains.

The mechanical properties of the dental are very important in order to make the proper selection of the right material to be used by the dentist. The effect of natural filler on the mechanical properties of PMMA used for denture manufacture has been investigated. Three natural materials, which are Siwak, Pomegranate, and Olive, are selected. The filler is prepared by grinding the material and sieving it to get the filler with a grain size of 50, 75, and 100 μm for each. The filler is added with three weight fractions in which become four parameters with three levels. Using the standard Taguchi's array L9 (4³). S/N ratio and ANOVA are used to determine the optimum process parameters with their significant factor. The results show that the optimal parameters combination with their levels for higher modulus of elasticity appear by using grain size of 75 μm with (0.6% Olive, 0.6% Pomegranate, and 0.9% Siwak) filler weight fraction. Whereas for the tensile strength and bending strength at (100 μm, with (0.6% Olive, 1.2% Pomegranate and 0.9% Siwak)) and 75 μm, with (0.9% Olive, 0.6% Pomegranate and 0.9% Siwak) respectively. The Siwak filler has the most significant influence on the mechanical properties with contribution ranged from (25-52) %, followed by pomegranate filler. The grain size affects tensile strength more than the other mechanical properties. The experimental and predicted results are very close, with errors not exceed 4%.

In the past few decades, due to the unique material properties of functionally graded materials (FGM's), they have been used in various engineering industries. This article aims to introduce an overview of the existing literature on the area of application, stability, and free vibration analysis of FGM structures conducted by some recent research studies and to provide a comprehensive overview of the development, application, different numerical representation of materials, demonstrating procedures and arrangement technique and solution method of FGM rectangular plate. It focuses on the influence of many parameters on natural frequencies and buckling loads, such as aspect ratio, power-law index, porosity distribution throughout the thickness of the plate, and face sheet thickness. This research also involves various analyses and numerical techniques for vibration and buckling analysis of the FGM sandwich plate. Furthermore, some important notes and suggestions are put forward for future work trails in this field. It is found that there is an exceptionally restricted path to investigate the same above analysis for the FGM sandwich plate with the porous metal dependent on various parameters such as gradient index, aspect ratio, face sheet thickness, porous factor, FGM layers thickness, and the number of layers.

The aim of the current study is to use the FIS Fuzzy Inference System method to determine motion in digital surveillance systems. In the analysis, there are several methods used such as segmenting, sorting, evaluating and showing the results. After capturing an online video stream with an average of 1 frame/sec, the goal of the proposed method is to translate these frames to their corresponding representation of pixels and then use these frames as inputs for the job. The output is evaluated based on these inputs. The idea is to compare the average pixel representation of the current frame boundaries (column vectors) with the corresponding column vectors in the next frame, in order to find out whether there is any motion detected by comparing the average of the calculated column vector for the ith frame with the corresponding column vector in the i+1th frame. This operation leads to extracting 8 averages and it is considered as inputs to the fuzzy inference method. There is one output that will detect whether there is any motion detected or not. By designing a set of rules and then analyzing the results, a comparison of the averages is held.

High temperature and pressure conditions lead to expanding the pipelines used to transport different types of fluids. A compressive axial force arises if this expansion is prevented. The present work aims to analyze pipelines' instability due to internal pressure influence by making a simulation using ANSYS - Mechanical APDL 2019 R3. The study presents comparisons between increasing internal pressure from (0 to 10 MPa) on some pipe parameters like a natural frequency and instability for two pined-pined pipe thicknesses, which are 0.5 and 1 mm. It is concluded that the increase in internal pressure will decrease the natural frequency and stability of the vibrated system but will increase the modal damping ratio and total deformation of the tested pipe.

To carry out any type of analysis and study the gear drives, the primary steps include the graphical representation of the gear drive under consideration. In this study, the mathematical formulations of the tooth surface, tooth root surface, and tooth root transition surface of symmetric straight bevel gear were formulated based on the planning principle. The proposed modification has been done on the mathematical formulation of the symmetric tooth profile to consider the effect of asymmetric tooth profiles (which are characterized by different pressure angles on the loaded and unloaded sides). As a result of this study, a computer program based on the above mathematical formulation has been built to represent the final shape of symmetric and asymmetric teeth profiles of straight bevel gear for different design parameters.

This work presents a numerical study of improving heat transfer to PCM (paraffin wax) inside a rectangular cell using copper rods. The numerical study is conducted using an enthalpy–porosity formulation in (ANSYS/FLUENT software16). The phase replacement material used in this study is paraffin wax (RT58). This study aims at improving heat transfer and absorption within phase-changing materials. The work demonstrates the effect of the presence and number of copper rods in the cell on heat transfer and the effect of this on time required to finish the melting process, thus improving the heat storage or absorption process. It is found that using copper rods inside cell filled of PCM increases the feasibility process and decreases the time to complete the melting process in the rate of 50%. It is also found that increasing the number of rods from three to five increases the melting process in the rate of 10%. In contrast, increasing number of rods decreased the time to complete the melting process.

The current research studies the effect of high temperatures on the behavior of low-strength concrete after wrapping it with one layer of polymer carbon fiber(CFRP) for strengthening. Eighty-four specimens were examined, 42 wrapped with fiber CFRP sheets and 42 un-wrapped, where the study was conducted on cylindrical specimens (150 × 300 mm) that were exposed to different temperatures ranging from (100 to 600°C) for 1 and 2 hours as a period of exposure to heat. The behavior of low strength concrete represented by compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, dynamic modulus of elasticity, and weight loss are the focus of the practical part of the study. The results revealed, the compressive strength of the wrapped specimens increased by (35%) and (49%) when exposed to temperature (200°C) and for a period of one and two hours, respectively, compared to the unwrapped specimens and at the same degree. Also, the external strengthening with CFRP sheets acted as a protective layer for the concrete, which led to an improvement in the behavior of the low strength concrete.

Electronic cooling plays a role in removing the electronic equipment's heat rate to prevent failure from occurring. Electronic cooling performance is based on many parameters, such as thermal characteristics and material type design. Pure aluminium, copper – aluminium, and aluminium - beryllium are selected for predicting the performance of a heat sink. It was observed that the presence of Aluminium-copper alloy raises the performance of the heat sink compared with that of the pure aluminium. In contrast, the heat sink performance using aluminium - beryllium alloy was less than that of the reference material (pure aluminium). It was found that the heat dissipated from the heat sink increases by 1.4 % with using aluminium-copper alloy instead of using pure aluminium while the heat dissipated drops by 2% with using aluminium - beryllium alloy compared with that of using pure aluminium. Further, the heat sink mass decreases with the use of the aluminium-beryllium and increases with using copper - aluminium instead of pure aluminium. Whereas the mass of the heat sink using aluminium-copper alloy is higher than that of the pure aluminium by 2.3% while the mass of the heat sink using aluminium - beryllium alloy is less than that of the pure aluminium by 2.4%.

The present study aims to design and implement a biomedical device helps in the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer disease (AD). It is an electronic device that provides information helps in the early diagnosis of people suffering from (MCI) in current time which may develop into (AD) in the future. The design was based on the event related potential (ERP) principles with audio stimulation, by acquiring the stimulated brain waves from (P3 and P4) regions in the parietal lobs. The audio stimulated signals that pass through a series of amplifications with gain of approximately 880x and filtering processes and then recoded as sound waves to be analyzed by MATLAB resulting in a final wave that helps in the diagnosis of (MCI) or (AD).

Single point incremental forming (SPIF) is a decent potential procedure appropriate for small batch production. In addition to that, the formability of the material is expanded compared to the other sheet metal forming processes. Meanwhile, the more advanced SPIF process requires perfect comprehension of the material deformation technique. In this paper, the equipment of vibration - sheet metal forming was designed. Finite element model was used to demonstrate and analyze the effect of different frequencies of vibration on the strain distribution in single point incremental forming process. The results show that specific vibration parameters can decrease strain. Moreover, an experimental vibration system using single point incremental forming was designed. The numerical model is primarily supported by test results conclusions from a simple cone of Al1050 aluminum alloy.

Produced water (PW) is the wastewater generated when water from the underground reservoir is brought to the surface during oil or gas extraction. PW is generated in large amounts and has a complex composition, containing various toxic organic and inorganic compounds. Thus, it is a big issue for water and environmental pollution; therefore, it must be treated to meet the requirement of injection, disposal or re-use. This paper attempts to summarize the characteristics of produced water and clarifying the current treatment operations in Al-Ahdab oil field located between Numania and Al-Kut (the center of Kut Province), about 180 km to the south-east of Baghdad/Iraq. This field is managed by Iraqi Middle Oil Company. The collected samples of the PW from Al-Ahdab oil field were taken and analysed for pre-treatment and post-treatment. The treatment units consists of de-oiling (removal of dispersed oil and grease), desalination, removal of suspended particles and sand, removal of soluble organics, removal of dissolved gases and removal of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM). The result showed that the current treatment does not meet the requirements for irrigation water quality or other benefits used. At the same time, it suitable for re-injection operation into a reservoir for oil extraction purposes.

In complex geotechnical problems, to perform a realistic study related to the soil-structure interaction and bearing capacity of foundations, a centrifuge modeling must be considered. New centrifuge device for installation and testing screw pile models is designed and manufactured with different velocities depending on the value of N (gravity scaling factor) and applying compression, uplift and inclined loads during rotation and their electronic control. The new installation system for helical piles was used in this device to install each pile with different torque depending on its capacity. Helical piles represent one of the deep innovative foundations as an alternative for increasing the size of the existing foundation solutions. In this study, the helical pile models are tested by centrifuge device with different parameters embedded within sand with relative density (R.D) of 75% and 55% under compression load. These parameters are spacing ratio, diameter and number of helices. The installation torque causes a soil disturbance which increases by increasing the diameter of helix and R.D of soil. The reduction percentages of the bearing capacity of the helical pile models with two helices of diameter (40 mm) embedded in sand with R.D of 75% and 55% are 17% and 9%, respectively, and when R.D of (55%) and helix diameters of 40 mm and 50 mm are 9% and 15%, respectively.

A considerable quantity of waste energy in the exhaust system could be reutilized and added in a vehicle to run auxiliary systems, and contribute to improving the overall efficiency of the system. In the current work, a comparison between the conventional electrical grid and exhaust gas heating of an absorption refrigeration system was performed experimentally. A heat exchanger was fabricated to recover the wasted exhaust gas energy of internal combustion engine and operate the generator portion of a diffusion type refrigeration absorption system. The components performance of the absorption refrigerator was analyzed and estimated thermodynamically as a function of type energy source. The results revealed that the components temperatures were rapidly responded in case of the exhaust gas energy with the maximum and minimum steady state temperatures of the generator and evaporator of 140 °C and -1.1 °C, respectively. The steady state values of the COP can be reached from electrical grid, and the exhaust gas energy sources of the refrigerated system were 0.083 and 0.072, respectively. The key conclusion to be drawn is that the proposed system can be used to recycle the waste heat for refrigeration purpose; yet, with low COP values.

In this research, the classrooms of the College of Applied Arts in Baghdad were chosen as a model for studying the levels of illumination and the extent of their homogeneity in all points of space for four similar classrooms in terms of design. The readings obtained by measuring devices were compared with the required standards, where a large deviation of these readings was observed with general criteria due to the rotation of earth around itself. This leads to a change in the angle of sunlight falling on the windows of the interior space in one day for the period during which students were in these halls. Although natural lighting is important, by obtaining the ideal display factor of (1), it may be impossible to obtain this value by using artificial lighting in addition to the health and economic aspects. Therefore, the researchers suggested an electrical system consisting of sensors of the intensity of illumination distributed on multiple points regularly within the area. The internal space is linked to an electronic self-control panel, in a way that achieves a level of illumination and uniformity close to the required standards. This electrical circuit controls the automatic closing and opening of window blinds, which are made of metal strips or any other material chosen by the interior designer so that they move horizontally and vertically and change automatically in conjunction with the change of the angle of sunlight falling on the windows of the interior space. Each curtain is divided into parts and every part moves vertically and horizontally separately from the other part to cover a specific area of space in order to achieve the best state of homogeneity, with a level of illumination close to the general standards and for the total area of the internal space.

Pneumatic structures are recyclable structures characterized by adaptability and flexibility. They are an excellent solution for designing structures intended for quick or temporary gatherings. Pneumatic structures are used for sporting, entertainment, military and other events. It is also distinguished by its light weight, ease of installation and disassembly. Also, some cities in Iraq suffer from excessive randomness during religious occasions as a result of creating places of gathering and overnighting in irregular ways and using heavy construction materials that sometimes need digging. This affects the aesthetics of the city and damages the infrastructure. Therefore, the importance of the current research lies in the intent of improving the gathering environment, sustainability of cities, and their appearance during those occasions through the use of pneumatic structures. The study addresses the concept of pneumatic structures and the most important types used to create temporary gathering and accommodation places, in a consistent manner with the nature of the occasion and the environment of Iraqi cities during pilgrimages.

In this paper, gain and noise figure of Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) is analyzed based on double pass with Wave Selective Coupler (WSC). The main contribution in this study the use of a (WSC) to eliminate the residual pump power out of the signal and attain optimal result in L-band. This method decreases the self-saturation effect of ASE. Also, the study shows the effect on input and output signal power in L-band Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers with pump power using forward pumping. Moreover, the researchers analyzed the high-yield behavior and characterization details of the new double-pass EDFA with WSC. Finally, the study shows the effects of pump power on gain and noise figure with input and output signal power in L-band at 1590 nm.

A robot-car is typically an electro-mechanical system driven by electronic programming and computer programming. It can be managed by an Android smartphone APP. The remote buttons in the android app have been created in this paper by monitoring the motion of the car with them, using Bluetooth communication for the controller and android interfaces. The controller can be attached via UART to the Bluetooth module. The robot motion can be controlled according to commands obtained from Android. A robot in a car controlled by Android smartphones using Bluetooth waves will be presented. A video camera will send a video signal to the iPhone or Android device via Wi-Fi without the internet. The implementation will be shown and discussed clearly. The purposes of using this aspect are many and different such as tracking theft cars or exploring areas where humans cannot reach because of danger, pollution, or infested places. The consistent output of a robotic system along with quality and repeatability are unmatched.

Trajectory tracking of wheeled mobile robot is the most interesting and important subject in robotic systems field. In this paper, a four mecanum wheeled mobile robot (FMWMR) has been considered. This type was considered because it is the most famous holonomic type of wheeled mobile robot (WMR). The main purpose of this work is to design a new hybrid controller for the trajectory tracking of FMWMR based on the kinematic model. The proposed controller consists of Tilt-Integral-Derivative (TID) controller tuned parameters with neural network as well as social spider optimization i.e., (TID-NN-SSO) which is applied on the kinematic model of the FMWMR. The forward and inverse kinematic equations were derived. The TID controller was used for computing the controlled signals which are the angular velocities of each wheel while the neural network (NN) and social spider optimization (SSO) were to compute the parameters of TID controller. MATLAB/Simulink programing was implemented to simulate the results. A comparative study between TID-NN-SSO and TID controller tuned parameters by using particles swarm optimization (TID-PSO) was conducted. The results of the mean square errors (MSE) in (x and y) coordinates as well as the orientation error obtained from TID–NN-SSO are (2.105*10⁻⁴ m, 1.025*10⁻⁴ m, 0.0815 rad) and they are less than the MSE that was obtained from TID-PSO which are (0.00567 m, 0.0356 m, 1.22 rad/s). This indicates that TID–NN-SSO is more efficient than TID-PSO.

Infectious diseases weigh down the communities in the world and scientists to spend more effort via keeping tracking of evolving treatment and detecting methods. These diseases may lead to harm life of people. Early diagnosis could significantly support healthcare specialists to save more lives. Additionally, the pandemic leads to maximizing hospitals visits, medical clinics and healthcare centres. The international health organizations also have shown that there has been a rapid growth of infected cases. Therefore, correct diagnosis has become a pressing problem. Consequently, automated diagnosis becomes a sensible solution to the problem of these diagnosis challenges. This study was conducted to identify the most common infectious diseases in the Iraqi society using a well-designed questionnaire and a proposed automated diagnostic technique. Firstly, the top diseases questionnaire is distributed around the city of Baghdad to different medical clinics. The results from the preliminary analysis of the collected responses (115 responses) showed that the most common widespread diseases in the Iraqi community are diabetes, flu, and typhoid. This was followed by another questionnaire for the identification of symptoms and blood test variables for these diseases. It is worth pointing out that there are not sufficient and updated studies dealing with the diseases that attack the Iraqi community. Toward the automated diagnosis, both infectious diseases (flu and typhoid), identified symptoms are employed as feature space with one of the machine learning techniques. For the results evaluation different measures, such as accuracy, confusion matrix, and efficient verification via ROC, have been used to indicate the system performance. The result shows that typhoid disease has significant diagnosis accuracy of 98% compared to the others. While three machine learning systems named (Native Bayes, Linear discriminant, and Ensemble (subspace discriminant)) were used to diagnose flu disease. The resulting accuracy of all three models are 92% which shows good performing. Therefore, the proposed method shows precise accuracy and systematic manner for analyzing infectious diseases.

The seeping flow under the hydraulic structure produces uplifting pressure on its floor, which affects the performance of these structures. This problem was numerically analyzed using the finite difference method in Matlab after verification with GeoStudio software. This study's main objective is to investigate the effects of head difference variation, the cutoffs' locations, and depths on the exit gradient and uplift pressure. An empirical equation has been developed to predict the exit gradient by employing gene expression programming (GEP). More than 975 runs were executed using finite difference code with differential (H=5,10,15m), were studied over isotropic soil foundation. The results indicate that the differential head ratio (H/B) had a considerable effect on increasing the exit gradient and uplift pressure, mainly when the value of the differential head ratio (H/B =3/3) and minimum exit gradient was observed when the cutoff location ratio at the downstream is of (x1/b=1) with a maximum relative depth of (d1/b=0.6), while the minimum uplift pressure was observed when the cutoff location ratio at the upstream is of (x1/B=0) with a minimum relative depth of (d1/B=0.1). The results also indicate that the maximum exit gradient is observed when the ratio of the length of upstream cutoff to the length of downstream cutoff is (d1/d2 = 1). Based on the simulation results, the equation obtained using the Genetic expression programming (GEP) model performed better predicting to exit gradient for one cutoff with a coefficient of determination R2 equals 0.954 for training and 0.957 for testing and two cutoffs with R2 equals 0.93 for training and 0.94 for testing.

The stepped beam is a type of non-prismatic beams that extend the stepped joint by stress collection and require adequate detail for this joint to prevent early failure. This research demonstrates an experimental study aimed at the behaviour of reinforced concrete stepped beams. The status issue is the premature failure of the stepped joint. The experimental program consists of eight concrete beams. All beams are tested under a four-point load. Three variables are studied in this work, the first of which is compressive strength, which is normal strength of 40 MPa and high strength of 80 MPa. The second variable is the details of the steel reinforcement at the stepped joint and the third variable is the strengthening with a cotton belt. Models achieved increases ranging from (26.3-37.4) kN, (1.88-3.95) mm, and (31.75-116.882) kN.mm in the ultimate capacity, deflection, and energy absorption respectively. Whereas it showed a decrease ranging (14.38-27.68) in the initial stiffness for the compression strength variable. As for the rebar detail variable, it showed an increase ranging between (39-138) kN, (7.5-28.29) mm, (244-3099.619) kN.mm, and (22.285-31.425) kN/mm, for the maximum load, deflection, energy absorption, and initial stiffness, respectively. On the other hand, the strengthened beams achieved an increase in the maximum load by 120% with a slight decrease in stiffness by 3.5% concerning an unstrengthened beam.

Elaborated three-dimensional finite element models are generated to study the effect of the radius of curvature on the free vibration and dynamic response of the composite steel I-girder bridges. The bridge is modelled by using ANSYS 15.0 program with solid and shell elements to represent concrete and steel members, respectively. AASHTO LRFD HL-93 truck is idealized as 3D model consisting of five lumped masses connected by rigid beams and supported by spring-dampers. The profiles of road surface roughness are generated by MATLAB developed program depend on the power spectral density (PSD). The models used are capable to take all bridge and vehicle characteristics into consideration. The dynamic responses of the horizontally curved bridge are investigated under conditions of various vehicular loading positions. The dynamic behaviour is presented in terms of Impact Factors (IM). The results show that the bridge natural frequencies are significantly affected by the radius of curvature. The relationship between the IM and the radius of curvature is governed by the position of vehicle on transverse sections of the bridge. AASHTO LRFD specification tends to underestimate the values of IM.

Parabolic solar collector (PSC) was one of the most public used methods for heating purposes. This study modified PSC and increase its efficiency with minimum cost and space. A passive enhancement on PSC by adding fins on the outside tube surface was done. A copper tape was molded with a triangular fin shape around the copper receiver tube to increase the receiver tube's heat-absorbing surface area. This enhancement increases the PSC thermal performance. The solar parabola collector has a length of 1 m while its width was 0.2m. The tube receiver has a 1m length with inside and outside diameters of 2.46cm and 2.54cm, respectively. Each fin has a 1 cm base and 1 cm height. The total number of triangular fins around the receiver tube was 100, which significantly enhanced PSC's thermal performance. The readings were collected for fifteen days, with ten hours of continuous PSC automatic operation. The new SPC thermal performance was a promising technique with a low cost and efficient process compared to the traditional one with the same dimensions. The effect of volumetric flow rates was also studied where their values for 3, 5, 7, and 9 l/min. are 87.12%, 81.78%, 75.72%, and 58.53%, respectively.

Solar parabolic collector is a clean a promising traditional technique due to the deficiency in energy resources. A new designed multistage solar parabolic trough collector was proposed and its thermal performance was investigated in this study. The collector width and length are 1m with a copper receiver tube outside and inside diameters of 2.54cm, 2.46cm, respectively. Four buses tube receiver were proposed inside the parabolic collector fitted in a thermocouple at the entrance and exit regions of each bus. A solar tracker with a solar sensor for maximum collecting incident sun rays from the sun rise to sun set. The test section is covered with a glass sheet for easy cleaning and to protect the system from losing heat to the surrounding. To evaluate the thermal performance of the new collector, several variables were studied which are: temperature difference between the fluid inlet and outlet regions, heat absorbed by the collector, convective heat transfer rate, and collector thermal efficiency. All the studied variables show that minimum water volumetric flow rates will give max temperature difference between the fluid inlet and outlet regions, heat absorbed by the collector, convective heat transfer rate, and collector thermal efficiency respectively.

This research discusses the performance of closed loop control system to control the first order process with dead time which represents most of the chemical processes. Proportional, proportional integral and proportional integral derivative controls were used to characterize the performance of the closed loop. Fuzzy logic control as advanced strategy was used to improve the characteristic of the response. Different tuning methods (Cohen-Coon, Ziegler Nichols and internal model) were used for tuning the controllers. The results showed that the fuzzy control greatly improves the performance of the closed loop system because the rise in the controlled variable is arrested more quickly, and it returns rapidly to the original value with little or no oscillation. Hence, the system is more stable with Fuzzy control.

Soil is one of the sources of energy conservation, accordingly, the present work aims to enhance the thermal storage efficiency and the thermal behavior for a heater system integrated with a helical coil cylindrical system. The helical coil, combined with a tank having a cylindrical shape, has a diameter of (250) mm and a height of (600) mm, placed under the electric heater. In the experimental study, latent heat storage materials (soil, sand and their mixture) having a high specific heat were used to raise the thermal storage. Different cases under a constant temperature hot water (80 ⁰C) from an electric heater with 100 W/m² were considered. In the first case, the helical coil was immersed in pure sand in the cylindrical tank, and in second case, the helical coil was immersed in compound (50% sand and 50% soil) in the cylindrical tank, while in third case, the helical coil was immersed in pure soil in the cylindrical tank. These cases were verified for both natural and forced convection with different mass flow rates (0.008 and 0.016 kg/sec). For the forced convection with (0.008 kg/sec), the results indicated that the compound (sand and soil) compared with pure sand gave the best thermal storage duration by approximately (36.84%). There was an increase in the outlet water temperature by (8%), and an increase in the mass flow rate to (0.016 kg/min). The duration was (37%), with an increase of (5.84%) in temperature. The increase of the rate of mass flow led to a reduction in time of the outlet water temperature of discharge process.

Many efforts have been exerted in the robots field which have ability to climb vertical plane.` The result was various types of climbing robots. These robots have a mixture of different principles of adhesion and locomotion in many applications. Propeller thrust is one of the approaches that has been developed to generate the required adhesion force to enable the robot to climb walls. Due to the promising merits of this principle, the current paper deals with propellers-type wall-climbing robots (PRWCRs) and introduces features, applications and challenges for these robots. PRWCRs are examined depending on a set of given requirements. This mechanism has connected between two wide fields: wall climbing robots (WCRs) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). For many reasons, each adhesion mechanism has more preference than others for a specific job; surface requirements are the main of them. Propeller-type WCRs are less affected by the nature of the surface, where it can climb many types of vertical planes: smooth, rough, and ferromagnetic or not. On the other hand, most of the introduced designs still have some problems and issues like transition operation, mission time and payload limitation.

Microarray dataset frequently contains a countless number of insignificant and irrelevant genes that might lead to loss of valuable data. The classes with both high importance and high significance gene sets are commonly preferred for selecting the genes, which determines the sample classification into their particular classes. This property has obtained a lot of importance among the specialists and experts in microarray dataset classification. The trained classifier model is tested for cancer datasets and Huntington disease data (HD) which consists of Prostate cancer (Singh) dataset comprising 102 samples, 52 of which are tumors and 50 are normal with 12625 genes. The lung cancer (Gordon) dataset comprises 181 samples, 150 of which are normal and 31 are tumors with 12533 genes. The breast cancer (Chin) dataset comprises 118 samples, 43 of which are normal and 75 are tumors with 22215 genes. The breast cancer (Chowdary) dataset comprises 104 samples, 62 of which are normal and 42 are tumors with 22283 genes. Finally, the Huntington disease (Borovecki) dataset comprises 31 samples, 14 of which are normal and 17 are with Huntington's disease with 22283 genes. This paper uses Multilayer Perceptron Classifier (MLP), Random Forest (RF) and Linear Support Vector classifier (LSVC) classification algorithms with six different feature selection methods named as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Extra Tree Classifier (ETC), Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO), Chi-Square and Random Forest Regressor (RFR). Further, the paper presents a comparative analysis on the obtained classification accuracy and time consumed among the models in Spark environment and in conventional system. Performance parameters such as accuracy and time consumed are applied in this comparative analysis to analyze the behavior of the classifiers in the two environments. Th results indicate that the models in spark environment was extremely effective for processing large-dimension data, which cannot be processed with conventional implementation related to a some algorithms. After that, a proposed hybrid model containing embedded approach (LASSO) and the Filter (ANOVA) approach was used to select the optimized features form the high dimensional dataset. With the reduced dimension of features, classification is performed on the reduced data set to classify the samples into normal or abnormal and applied in spark in hadoop cluster (distributed manner). The proposed model achieved accuracy of 100% in case of Borovecki dataset when using all classifiers, 100% in case of Singh, Chowdary and Gordon datasets when classified with RF and LSVC classifiers. Also, accuracy was 96% in case of Chin dataset when using RF classifier with optimal genes with respect to accuracy and time consumed.

A membrane bioreactor system is used to treat domestic wastewater by activated sludge-membrane bioreactor (AS-MBR). Two configurations; moving bed bioreactor, sponge-membrane bio reactor (MBBR & Sponge-MBR) and one nanocomposite membrane have been successfully designed to diminish membrane fouling caused by activated sludge. The classical phase inversion was harnessed to prepare zinc oxide nanoparticles embeded with polyphenyl sulfone nanocomposite membranes ZnO/PPSU using 1.5 g ZnO. Prepared nanocomposite membrane surface was fully characterized by a series of experimental tools, e.g., scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), and contact angle (CA), pore size and pore size distribution. The testing procedure was performed through an AS-MBR system as a reference and the results were compared with the configurations obtained from the moving bed (MBBR-MBR) and sponge-MBR, in presence of layer of dense polyurethane sponge (15 x10 x1.5 cm) systems. The fouling reduction of the membrane has improved significantly and thus the overall long-term increased by 145% compared with the control AS-MBR configuration. The experimental results showcased that sponge-MBR were capable of adsorbing activated sludge and other contaminants to minimize the membrane fouling. The sponge-MBR was capable of eliminating nitrogen and phosphorus by 71% and 80%, respectively.

The absence of a limb impacts devastatingly on any person, especially if it is the lower limb as it is paramount to human locomotion. The effect of mobility loss reduces independence, and affects amputees' lifestyles. A smart prosthetic knee joint is designed and manufactured in which the amputee above the knee can perform various daily and effective movements. It is distinguished by its distinctive and very high efficiency mechanically and electronically. The new design of the artificial smart knee joint has proven to be 100% successful as a passive mechanical movement. Should a power failure occur at the source, the ability to move smoothly is very high, proved highly efficient by walking, sitting, and applying various daily movement activities. The artificial knee joint is able to detect the movement of the residual limb according to the results of the movement study, thus allowing the prosthesis to simulate the biomechanics of the missing limb without any difficulty by using the finite element method (FEM) as a numerical technique. The results showed that 94.303 MPa and 0.1379 mm are the highest stresses and displacements experienced by the knee joints, respectively at 110°. This remains below the yield stresses of 339.15 MPa (depending on the properties of aluminum alloy material 2024-T3). On the other hand, the highest safety of factors was at 0° with a value of 5.5905 and the lowest safety of factors was at 110° with a value of 3.5964. The above results show that von Mises stresses and displacement increase with increasing the angle of flexion of the knee joint while the safety of factors decreases as the angle of flexion of the knee joint increases. The result of finite element analysis shows that the concept is safe enough to use for this specific topic.

In many cases, the soil in Nasseriyah, Iraq, is not suitable to support the shallow foundations of low to medium rise buildings without improvement or replacing the founded layer with a strong layer. Therefore, the reinforcement method as one of many types of improvement methods may be used to increase the bearing capacity and reduce the settlement when the replacement soil is not enough to support the foundation. This paper reviews the most important reinforcement materials such as geogrid that may be used to increase the strength of the soil and other details of the number of layers, the distance between layers and the optimum location of the top reinforced layer for clay and sand soil. Experimental studies and theoretical modelling performed through the last decades are reviewed to choose the best arrangement of geogrid material that gives the best performance when it is used with soil. It is found that the geogrid can be used to increase the bearing capacity, however, the studies on clay reinforced with geogrid compared to sand soil are few. Since the researches on the behavior of foundation resting on clay reinforced with geogrid are few and because the soil in Nasseriyah is mostly clay soil, it is recommended to study the behavior of foundation resting on clay reinforced soil.

Monitoring the condition of rotating machines is essential for system safety, reducing costs, and increasing reliability. This paper tries to present a comprehensive review of the previously conducted research concerning bearing faults detection and diagnosis based on what is known as model-free or data-driven approaches. Mainly, two data-driven approaches are discussed, which are statistical-based approaches and artificial intelligence-based approaches. The employed condition monitoring techniques in diagnosing faults in different machinery are also deliberated. These include vibration, motor current signature, and acoustic emission signals analysis as they are widely utilized in condition monitoring based data-driven approaches. The advantages, limitations, and practical implications of each approach and technique are presented. However, it has been concluded that very few studies have adopted the statistical-based approach for bearings health monitoring. Thus, it is advised that more investigations have to be conducted in this regard, and hence it will be our next aim.

A numerical study was conducted to examine the heat transfer and pressure drop of the metal foam-wrapped array heat exchanger. Effects of geometrical parameters, including arrangement of metal foam heat exchanger (two arrangement: fully-filled of metal foam while other have a gap between metal foam and the chamber walls), porosity, and the pore density on the thermal hydraulic performance of copper metal foam heat exchanger are examined. Numerical modelling was done considering the thermal non-equilibrium energy model and the Darcy-Forchheimer flow model for metal foam heat exchangers in the Star-CCM+ program version 2019. Four types of metal foams at fixed dimensional thickness of 0.91 with variable properties were adopted, where the pores density was 5PPI & 20PPI and the porosity was 89% and 95%. The heat exchanger system is simulated over a range of Reynolds number, based on tube diameter, from 1333 to 6555 with tubes heated at a constant wall temperature. The layout and geometry of the foam heat exchangers were compared with bare tube heat exchanger. It was found that At low porosity 89%, the configuration of metal foam heat exchanger that have pores density of 5PPI gives higher thermal performance (higher area goodness factor ratio) than 20 PPI. Also, decreasing porosity from 95% to 89% enhancement in the thermal performance was achieved. However, the metal foam heat exchanger that has a gap between metal foam and the chamber walls gave better thermal performance as compared with fully-filled foam heat exchanger.

When a transfemoral amputee missing his knee joint, a polycentric mechanism is used as technical substitute to restore the gait function. The motion ability of transfemoral amputee is dependent on the performance of prosthetic knee. Recent results on the kinematic analysis of four-bar polycentric knee mechanism are reviewed in this article. Different experimental tests on data of above-knee prosthetic limb such as F-socket, gait analysis, ground reaction force, static loading, fatigue life and static prosthetic alignment, etc., were used to analyse the gait cycle and to improve the comfortability of amputee after using prosthetic limb, and to increase the stability of prosthetic knee after using. Finally, the optimization techniques included selection of the optimum dimension of polycentric knee is dependent on the data of ICR trajectory estimated from kinematic analysis of four-bar mechanism. These optimization techniques have significant effect on improving the mechanical properties of polycentric knee and reducing its cost.

Array fiber Bragg grating (AFBGs) was produced using an advanced fabrication technique to write many fibers Bragg gratings (FBGs) in a single strand of optical fiber without any splicing points. AFBG was used to assign a unique signature code for each user in a multiple access technique such as spectral amplitude encoding, optical code division, and multiple access (SAE-OCDMA). A number of bits have been assigned to the signature code including zero bits or one bits. Thus, by using FBG, the zeros bits can be achieved. Then, Walsh Hadamard (WH) code represents one of the smart encoding techniques that can be implemented by AFBGs. In addition, AFBG was applied to isolate the accompanying wavelength of the multiplexed signal. Likewise, AFBG was used to implement wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). Therefore, SAE can be improved by using AFBG. As a result, the code words (1 0 1 0), (1 1 0 0) and (1 0 0 1) for users 1, 2 and 3, respectively, are assigned by using AFBGs. The proposed experimental results are presented using a super luminescent diode (SLD), coupler, AFBGs, optical circulator, and fiber Bragg grating analyzer (FBGA). The proposed simulation results are presented using commercial software OptiGrating version 4.2 and OptiSystemTM version 7.0 from Optiwave.

Roadway pavements are an important structural element in most countries. For preserving the status of pavements at a satisfactory level of service, attention should be paid to managing maintenance work and applying it in the appropriate time. The survey of the pavement distress and status, significantly helps improving the system of managing the pavement (PMS) capabilities. This research aims to conduct spatial analysis for pavement conditions at arterial streets. Two major roads were selected in the city of Karbala, AL-Mulhaq and Dhbat Al-Osra street. The data collection process was performed based on the type of distress, severity and quantity. Analyzing the collected data and evaluating the index of pavement conditions (PCI) was carried out by software PAVER version 6.5.7. Consequently, estimation of position intensity was conducted by ArcGIS software: a spatial analysis using Points Density Estimation (PDE) and Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW). PDE for applications of pavement status allows the distress density extractions and visualizations in elected location or road or network that grants the decision-maker an advanced view of the problem in the region. In this study, PDE is applied to create a map for possible distress hotspots depending on selected distress data. The outcome of this study indicates the appropriateness of the entitlement maintenance heat map for a specific road, which provides a clear denotation of the pavement layers damage on the heat map displayed in relation to the colors intensity. For example, a segment of high PCI score can include very degrading units of low PCI score owing to many faults. Thus, it could be inferred that the PCI segment at all units reflects the truth of pavement condition. The heat map established explains degradation situations for all units and supplies the last vision of pavement condition at the arterial positions surveyed.

Long-term evolution (LTE) is used widely in inefficient network technologies which serve billions of users. These technologies have the following features like higher bandwidth, high spectrum efficiency and less latency. This paper proposes minimizing the cost of a cellular network, which usually includes the optimum selection and base-station locations that meet certain capacity and coverage constraints. In the LTE wireless network framework, coverage and capacity planning are interrelated in terms of interference. Moreover, the ever-increasing capacity demand for non-uniformly distributed users makes base station location optimization an important action. This paper adopts one type of improvement, which is a genetic algorithm-based methodology that optimally performs the task of base-stations location by minimizing the cost of the network while fulfilling the coverage and capacity criteria planning by using ATDI ICS TELECOM. Reducing 19.95% of the overlap of the area will result in good coverage of the proposed GA thus, improving efficiency of the network.

In this research, an experimental and numerical analysis have been conducted to predict the temperature, velocity distribution, and contaminant concentration in indoor spaces conditioned with corrugated ceiling radiant cooling panel (RCP) and Displacement Ventilation. The experiments were done on a model room with dimensions of (1.6m×1.2m×0.8m) built according to a suitable scale factor (1/5) to simulate the temperature, velocity distribution, and CO₂ concentration by 36 measuring devices in an array scheme in three different zones and heights. Two cases were considered in this work, the first was with chilled ceiling panels only (without ventilation) and the second was with displacement ventilation. The experiments primary variable was the mean panel temperature (T_mp) with values of (15, 16, and 17^oC). The second experimental cases were taken with an air inlet temperature of 24^oC and a velocity of 0.7m/s with a range of outdoor air temperatures of (36 to 42^oC). A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program was built up to simulate air distribution in an enclosed environment with the DV-PCB system, which was then validated by the measured data. The validated CFD model was employed to analyze thermal comfort and indoor air quality in the enclosed environment with the DV-PCB coupled system using four indices: vertical temperature gradient, draft rate, normalized contaminant concentration, and age of air. The results indicate that CRCP is quite effective in reducing the temperature gradient created by DV. The results show that there is an enhancement in the total cooling capacity. Most of the computed results were presented as temperature contours and velocity vectors diagrams compared with the experimental work. The comparisons show a reasonably good agreement. Both experimental and numerical studies assist RCP for cooling purposes in the Iraqi climate for its ease, simplicity, and good comfort performance.

The early studying of natural frequencies and associated mode shapes for different geometric parameters and different boundary conditions is considered an integral approach that has received great attention in industrial applications to prevent catastrophic failure in machines. The effect of different diameters (Solid and Hollow) on the transverse bending and torsional natural frequencies on a uniform steel beam with a circular cross-section is studied. The effect of different materials and different beam lengths on the fundamental transverse bending and torsional natural frequencies are introduced for Fixed-Free supported beam. Theoretical analysis calculation and the Finite Element Methods using ANSYS Workbench 17 software results are introduced. Theoretical and numerical methods give approximately the same results. Figures of effects of the beam length, material types, and different inner diameters on the transverse bending, and torsional natural frequencies of the uniform beam are performed.

In this article, the intact and damaged multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) models were performed in micro-beam structures to detect the damaged parts. To that end, numerical analysis using ABAQUS software was implemented to achieve free vibration including the calculating of natural frequencies and normalized mode shapes. Vibration-based damage detection techniques were proposed to assess and localize the damaged parts. Within this study, the damage was presented in terms of reducing the local stiffness at 10%, 20%, and 30% E_c at each location. Then to accomplish the detection task, the irregularity of the higher derivative index was calculated. According to the computed results, the peak of the irregularity index precisely shows the effect of the defect, although it was unseen in the mode shape.

Analysis of blood flow through artificial heart valves (Titling disc valve) with different angles of valve inclination is numerically studied. Finite volume method was adopted to solve continuity, momentum, and energy equations by using k-e model. Six different angles of inclination of valve change of (30,45,60,70,80,90) were considered with Reynolds number of laminar flow ranging 500,750,1000, and 1250 and Reynolds number of turbulent flow ranging 8000,12000,16000, and 2 0000. The results showed that the region of vortex formation before and after the artificial valve can clearly increase in recirculation zone after artificial valve has increased the Reynolds number. The maximum value of velocity was observed at the bottom side after valve was compared with top side of valve because the space of passage flow is larger than other side for all cases. The counter of velocity for turbulent range showed that the recirculation region is clearer and bigger after the valve was compared with laminar range. The best performance of artificial valve (Titling disc valve) was with greater opening angle of valve (90) compared with other cases. Generally, unsymmetrical blood flow for range opening angles valve were found to be (30,45,60,70,80,) while opening angle valve (90) for the blood flow was symmetrical and that demonstrated good performance for valve at angle (90). There can be seen a focus pressure of artificial valve (Titling disc valve) on one side in counter pressure and this may have harmful effect on aortas walls and lead to unnecessary aorta fatigue. The novelty of the present paper is to obtain new results for specific angle of valve since most papers focused on the standard angle.

The response surface methodology - central composite design matrix (RSM-CCD) is applied to make experiment design and response optimization for CIE engine fulled by different methanol-biodiesel-diesel blending ratios. The 5% biodiesel has enhanced methanol-diesel miscibility by about twelve folds. A full factorial design is employed to build the experimental tests of the performance and exhaust emissions for CIE run by methanol/biodiesel/diesel fuel. The statistical tests are used to check the significance of models by p-value test, adeq. Precision test, Predicted R², and adjusted R². With a maximum error of 6%, models of the BTE, CO, UHC, CO₂, and NO_X are showed a good agreement between predicted and experimental results. The optimization indicated that engine load is a master input factor affecting the responses.

An experimental investigation was conducted to study the effect of variable engine parameters like injection timing and compression ratio on performance and emission characteristics of single cylinder four stroke Ricardo E6/US diesel engine at a constant speed (1800rpm) running on diesel fuel biodiesel blends with nano additive. By transesterification process, the biodiesel was produced from waste cooking oil. The mixture percentage consisted of diesel fuel (B5, B10, B15, and B20) vol%, iron oxide nanoparticle (Fe2O3), particle size of 20 nm and different weight fractions (10ppm, 30ppm, 50ppm, 70ppm, and 100ppm) wt%. The injection timing was regulated for (20°, 30°, 38°, and 40°) bTDC, while compression ratio was (16:1, 17:1, 18:1 and 20:1). The design of experiments (DOE) approach of Taguchi method was employed to predict the optimum parameter settings for engine performance like biodiesel blend (B20), nano additive (100ppm), injection timing (38° bTDC), and compression ratio (17). The experimental results showed that the addition of nano additive to biofuel gives increased brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 15.05% and reduced brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) by 10.73%. Furthermore, the exhaust emissions like CO, HC, and smoke density reduced by 62.5%, 63.01%, 28.9%, respectively, but NOx, PM increased by 16.19%, 15.30%, respectively, compared to diesel fuel.

Most bacterial contaminants found in operation rooms come from patient's exhale or from wounds after surgery that make colony forming units. Thus, yearly, a lot people suffer from infections acquired during surgical procedures. Removing pollutants from operation room by investigating the influence of different locations and types of entry and exit grills is the subject of the present work. Equations of fluid flow including the continuity, momentum, energy equations and species equation have been numerically solved by using the FLUENT ANSYS v.14 for virtual symmetric operation room taken in this paper. Turbulent flow of mixture material species is applied in the model of operation room. Standard K-epsilon was used for simulating turbulent flow pattern. The present study aims to find a proper arrangement of inlet and exhaust locations to reduce the unfavorable factors in operation room such us, contamination, humidity, temperature and also air velocity. These factors were achieved according to modification in inlet and exhaust grills arrangement and then simulated through FLUENT software program. Six different arrangements of supply and exhaust were studied to determine case of best health and comfort demands. Case no 5, using local exhaust ventilation, shows good improvement in removing contaminants. However, case no 6 which uses both local exhaust ventilation and like air curtain air supply, shows the optimum removal of contaminants, because it shows lower contamination mass fraction. Meanwhile, the worst contaminant removal were in case 2 and case 1, where source of contaminant exists in low movement zone (dead zones) or region of separation of streamlines. The results showed, using both local exhaust ventilation and like air curtain air supply as in case (6) maintains an average temperature of 21.3 °C, the least amount of particles mass fraction of contaminants 6.36E-08 and moisture content of 0.009.

In this study, improving the mechanical properties of Porcelain-CaSiO₃ bioactive composites has been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), flexural strength, and Vickers microhardness tester. Preparing the porcelain-CaSiO₃ composite has been done using the sol-gel method from Si(OC₂H₅)₄, Ca (NO₃)₂.4H₂O as starting materials and HNO₃ used as a catalyst and mixed the sol of CaSiO₃ with Porcelain IPS inline powder with three different weight percentages of CaSiO₃ (P90CS10, P80CS20 and P70CS30 wt. %). Structural characterization revealed the amorphous phase of CaSiO₃ when heated at 700 °C and phase transition to the crystalline phase when heated at 950 °C, where pseudowollastonite (α-CaSiO₃) and Ca₂(SiO₄) phases have appeared. Concerning the mechanical properties, flexural strength, and Vickers microhardness for porcelain-CaSiO₃ composites were increased with increasing CaSiO₃ content in the composites. The maximum values of flexural strength and Vicker microhardness were recorded at P70CS30, and they were 99.85 MPa and 1604 MPa, respectively.

The heavy metals that are contaminating the soil considered a global problem and especially in Iraq. One of the latest techniques is EKR that can hand a senior promise to clean the contaminated soil with heavy metals. Iraq is the top country in terms of the number of palm trees and the dates that are produced each year, which eliminates thousands of tons of waste are eliminated. This study involves, firstly, mediating an EKR off-site pilot study of impact assessment of the organic material in the soil at a pH of 3. Regent HNO₃ and diluted NaOH were chosen to set the samples of distilled water, reaching the desired pH value. Secondly, test the capacity of date palm fibers (DPF) as a low cost, obtainable, and eco-friendly invert osmosis blocker. In this pH 3, organic removal of copper is more active than without the organic material of the same ph; 50 %, 47%, on the way. However, it was concluded that in Iraq, the utilization of organic materials and fibers of the palm are available at low cost, and materials of eco-friendly have succeeded to improve the removal of copper method in the EKR Reactor; via raising the efficiency of copper (%R) removal to be around 50%.

The cement industry is one of the essential industries in Iraq that has taken a wide range of attention in many applied fields, but this industry faces some technical and engineering problems. One of these problems may cause consumption sliding bearing used in the kiln rotary of the Kufa cement plant. In this study, the effect of Antimony as an alloying element on the wear resistance behavior of tin bronze alloys produced by die and sand mold casting technique was investigated. The alloying element (Sb) was added with a percentage of 3, 5, and 8 wt. %. Wear tests were carried out using pin-on-disc. In the wear test, the applied load and rotating speed were selected to be 10, 20, 30 N, and 250 rpm, respectively. The prepared alloys have been characterized using the SEM and XRD techniques. It was concluded that the loss of CuSn₁₂ alloy produced by the die mold casting technique was lower due to its higher hardness and wear resistance increased in general with increasing the applied load. The tin bronze + 8 wt% Sb has more wear resistance than tin bronze +5 wt% Sb, tin bronze +3 wt% Sb, and tin bronze alloys.

The steel infrastructure is continuously under corrosive attack in most environmental and industrial conditions. There is an ongoing search for environmentally friendly, highly effective inhibitor compounds that can provide a protective action in situations ranging from the marine environment to oil and gas pipelines. The corrosion inhibition of transmission steel in 1M HCl cell in the presence of succinic acid at temperatures (20,30,40,50 and 60) °C at concentrations within the range (10⁻⁶- 10⁻⁴) M for two hours using the weight loss method (WLM). The results showed that the inhibition efficiency increases with increasing inhibitor concentration and increases with temperature up to 60°C. The activation significance of the corrosion rates was calculated as the activation energy Ea, the change of the activation entropy ΔH, and the change in the activation entropy ΔS. Also, results show that the inhibition efficiency was increased with the increase of inhibitor concentration and increased with the increase of temperature up to 60°C. Activation parameters of the corrosion process include activation energies (Ea), activation enthalpies (ΔH), and activation entropies (ΔS). The results also showed that the adsorption of the inhibitor is subjected to the Langmuir law, and the maximum efficiency reached approximately 97% at 60°C in the 10⁻⁴M inhibitor concentration.

This study includes two main parts. The first part encompasses the manufacturing process; we made two types of AFO's modified static AFO and adjustable hinge AFO. The materials used in manufacturing are polypropylene and steel. Fabrication is done using a vacuum molding technique. An ankle orthosis test for a patient who suffers from ankle fracture caused by a sports injury. The second part of the research involves testing with dynamic gait analysis on the treadmill and F-Socket. Besides, the analysis of the AFO's models is illustrated to determine the fatigue safety factor and the analysis of the Von-Mises stress. Also, the results of the gait cycle (GRF, Pressure distribution, Center of Pressure (COP), Candace, Stride length, and footprint analysis) used to show the significant difference between the pathological subjects and normal person who are wearing ankle-foot orthoses (AFO's) compare with a normal subject (healthy person). Measuring the interference (pressure and force) between the legs with AFO's area of contact for all subjects then using this data for analysis of the mathematical models by used ANSYS V.15 software. Where it shows that the highest stress concentration in the ankle joint region, where the stress reached 418.9 MPa, the safety factor is 2.4 in adjustable hinge AFO, and for modified static AFO (192.8 MPa), the safety factor (0.447). On the other side, a questionnaire was conducted for a certain number of patients to find the difference between the manufactured models, to know the acceptance by the patient for AFO's.

The present study discusses the mechanical properties of a composite material consisting of polyester resin reinforced by random mat glass fiber and milled of (scraped material) waste of glass-reinforced pipe (GRP). The current work uses the finite element method based on ANSYS program as a tool for evaluating the performance of the design proposal for the car roof. The milled wasted glass fiber composite has showed a good and acceptable young modulus, maximum stress, and yield strength compared with the random mat composite. The agreement of the suggested material comes from the experimental and theoretical results for some of the laboratory tests. The divergence between results of random mat glass fiber and milled waste glass fiber do not exceed the percentages errors that are obtained during experimental work, which are 3.98% and 5.26% for tensile strength and strain until failure in the tensile test, 4.5% and 3.6% for flexural strength and strain in bending test and 12.32% and 1.27% for strain energy and deformation in the impact test, respectively. The result of the numerical solution was compatible with the experimental results. The result extracted from this study proved that the milled of waste of glass fiber composite is an acceptable reinforcement material with economic and environmental benefits.

In this work, a blend of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) filled with wool fiber (WF) was successfully prepared through compression molding using tetramethyl thiuram disulfide (TMTD) as a catalyst. The WF mixing to SBR with the proportion varying from 25 to 150 phr concerning the total weight of SBR. The effect of adding WF on the mechanical properties was examined. Also, the morphology and chemical structure properties were examined by used a scanning microscope (SEM) and Fourier infrared (FTIR), respectively. The results showed that the tensile strength and the elongation at the breaking stage are gradually reduced with the adding of WF. This may be due to WF are blended with the rubber randomly. The SEM images of WF/SBR blends showed some voids in the SBR matrix and weak adhesion between WF and SBR interface. The FTIR results revealed that the reaction of WF with the SBR matrix occurred to confirm the WF grafting SBR.

The power of activated carbon resides from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) by chemical and physical activation to adsorption of metal ions (Cu⁺²) on certain conditions, such as (Concentration of metal ion in the solution, and contact time). Its chiefly objective is to reduce the poisonousness by the metal mentioned above and reducing the surrounding contamination resulting from the bottle waste after throwing them. In this work, activated carbons were prepared from bottle waste by carburizing and activation methods. The Carburizing temperature were 500°C and 900°C under Argon gas with flow rate (150 cm³ min⁻¹). activating agents (ZnCl₂) were utilized. The isotherm models of Langmiuir and Freundlich were studied and Langmuir isotherm model was more appropriate when Carburizing temperature was 900°C, in contrast to carbonization in 500°C were studied the Freundlich isotherm model was best. Pseudo-first-order, Pseudo-seconds order kinetics also studied. The pseudo-seconds-order was more suitable to describe the adsorption properties for (Cu ⁺²) when Carburizing temperature was 900°C. In general, the (PET) west activated with ZnCl₂ and temperature of 900°C was best adsorption from activated with temperature of 500°C.

In the current research, an analysis study was conducted to process of design of spline cup drawing. Deep-drawing tools (dies and punches) were designed and manufactured to implement the experimental work required to produce a spline cup with inner dimensions are height h=3 mm, width W=9.64 mm, and diameter d=34 mm, drawn from a circular blank of a di ameter D _b = 8 0 mm, and thicknes s t = 0 . 7 mm made of low carbon steel (1008-AISI). To simulate the spline shape deep-drawing process, a commercial finite element program code ANSYS 19.0 Workbench was employed. The research aims to produce the spline shape and study the effect of the punch wall curvature radius on the drawing force, thickness distribution, and effective strains across the sidewall, major and minor axis curvature of a completely drawn spline cup using experimental testing and finite element modeling. From the comparisons between the experimental and finite element results, it was shown that the numerical results of a spline cup deep-drawing are good agreement with the results of the experiment and lie within an average of (4% - 8%). The drawing force and thinning for the small punch wall curvature radius is higher than the large punch wall curvature radius. The maximum drawing force and maximum thinning with the smallest punch wall curvature radius (0.5) at the minor axis curvature of a completely drawn spline cup. The maximum effective strain with the smallest punch wall curvature radius (0.5) at the minor axis curvature region at the completely drawn spline cup rim.

This research deals with a multi-stage deep-drawing operation. The research aim is to produce spline shapes using two methods (direct and indirect) for three-stages based on experimental work and FE model procedure. The direct method was performed to produce spline shapes from the blank for the first stage, while the second and third stages from shapes of the first and second stages, respectively. The indirect method was performed to produce spline shapes from the cylindrical shapes of three-stages. The multi-stage deep-drawing was completed to perform the experimental procedure required to produce a spline shape with inner dimensions of major axis D = 41.5,33.3,28.8, and miner axis d = 34,27.2,23.6 mm for the first, second, and third stages, respectively. Flat circular blanks (diameter D_b = 80 mm and thickness t = 0.7mm) of low carbon steel (1 008 - AI S I) used in this research. FE analysis based on the ANSYS workbench program was used to model the multi-stage deep-drawing operation. The comparisons between results showed that the direct method was successful with the first stage, while it was failed with the second and third stages. For the three-stages, the maximum drawing force required to produce spline shape by the direct method is greater than the maximum drawing force required to produce spline shape by the indirect method. The maximum drawing force values equal to 41.650 kN, 33.175 kN, 33.11 kN for the first, second, and third stages, respectively, Also, for the three-stages, it was observed that it is possible to produce a complete spline shape without defects in the indirect method when comparing with the direct method.

The effect of welding parameters on mechanical properties of aluminum alloy AA 2024-O Friction stir-welded (FSW) joints was investigated in the present study. Taguchi method was used to evaluate the optimum value of process parameters from tensile tests using nine experiments designed according to the matrix proposed by the scientist Taguchi for the design of experiments (L9) using two parameters (welding speed and rotation speed). Two different process parameters have been selected: rotational speeds of 1300,1500 and 1700 rpm and feed speeds of 20,40 and 60 mm/min. The design of experiments (DOE) is performed by L9 (3^Λ2) orthogonal array (9 experiments, two variables, three levels). Also, the signal–to–noise (S/N) ratio larger is better has been performed for analyzing the results σu for FSW &FSP) by the statistical software (MINITABTM ® 16). The best results of the weld gained at the parameter 40 mm/min travel speed and 1300 rpm rotation speed. The efficiency obtained was 95% respect to the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the base metal. In addition, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) techniques has also been performed by the statistical software (DOE Pro XL) to identify the essential factors that are affecting the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) for FSW.

The microstructure, mechanical and corrosion properties of Nickel-Titanium-Copper shape memory alloy were inspected in this research. The Ni46-Ti50-Cu4alloy was prepared based on the powder metallurgy method, then mixed and cold-pressed at (600, 700, and 800) MPa, respectively, to form cylindrical samples of 11mm diameter × 16.5mm length. After pressing, the samples got sufficient green strength for handling. The specimens were consequently sintered at (850,900 and 950) °C for five hours in an electric vacuum tube furnace. The optimum compacting pressure and sintering temperature were identified using the Minitab program. The effect of optimum parameters on the shape memory was 83.5 % at a temperature of sintering of 850°C and a pressure of compacting 800 MPa. Samples prepared under the optimum process conditions were then irradiated utilizing a pulsed ND: YAG laser at 300mJ, 400mJ, 500mJ, and 600mJ. Multiple tests were conducted on the alloys, including shape memory effect, porosity measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and corrosion rate test. The results indicated that decrease the corrosion rate after laser processing. The lowest value of the rate of corrosion was obtained when the energy of laser irradiation was 500, which corresponds to the structural and physical properties.

The current research uses the chopped hemp fibers (HF) with a length of 0.5mm at a various mass fraction (0.0, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 wt%) to acrylic resin (PMMA) reinforced with 0.3% of walnut shell nanoparticles (WSP) for building up the properties of PMMA to be utilized in attachment prosthetics. Some mechanical and physical properties were studied. The results indicated that all properties were improved when the hemp fibers reached the most extreme value at 0.9% mass fraction of HF to polymer nanocomposite (PMMA: 0.3% walnut shell nanoparticle (WSP)) test. Therefore, this hybrid composite might be used for accomplishing the required properties for the prosthetic application.

Nanotechnology is one of the great techniques that helping to considerably improve many technologies and industry sectors such as information technology, homeland security, medicine, transportation, energy, food safety, and environmental science. Low carbon steel is widely used in many applications because it is cheap and it has high workability. However, low surface hardness and impact toughness are its main disadvantages. In this work, the nanocoating of tungsten carbide (WC) has been added to the low carbon steel surface with a thickness of 30, 40, and 50μm by using the thermal spray process with the HVOF technique. The present work aims to investigate the coating layer influence on the hardness and impact toughness. The results showed a significant improvement in the hardness, reaching 94.7%, while the impact toughness improved by 36% for a sample coated with a 50μm comparing with uncoated samples. The improvement in the hardness and impact toughness is due to the good adhesion of nano coat with the steel surface and the high hardness of tungsten Carbide as well as the good toughness of tungsten. The thickness of the coating layer is detected by using the scanning electron microscope images for each spray time. The results show that the coating with a layer of a thickness of more than 50μm will cause flaking and removing the coating layers.

Graphene challenges the logic with its behavior and properties because of its multiple uses, so scientists and researchers paid great attention to it. In this study, newly fabricated nanocomposites consist of polymethyl methacrylate and polyvinyl alcohol using Dimethylformamide-co-distilled water and Dimethylformamide solvent with various loading ratios (0.09, 0.18, and 0.27 wt.%) of graphene oxide nanosheets, applying a developed solution casting method. The microstructure, some physical and mechanical properties of the polymethyl methacrylate - polyvinyl alcohol/graphene oxide nanocomposites, such as density, viscosity, ultrasonic velocity, coefficient of ultrasonic absorption, compressibility and bulk modulus, etc. were measured. The method exhibited the successful synthesis of these nanocomposites for the first time with good homogeneity and good desperation as existing clearly in the images of the optical microscopy. Additionally, strong interfacial interaction was formed between the polymers and nano-graphene sheets as exhibited in Fourier-transform infrared spectra with the most functional group of polymer and graphene oxide in the nanocomposites. The scanning electron microscope images also confirmed this finding. These images illustrated the smooth and homogeneous fracture surface with good dispersion of the nanosheets of graphene oxide into the polymer mixture. The low loading ratio of graphene oxide in the matrix from 0.09 to 0.27 wt.% exhibited significant improvement of the viscosity of ultrasonic velocity, bulk modulus, and coefficient of absorption of the mechanical waves up to 79%, 63 %, 225%, and 127%, respectively, with the blended polymers. These findings could help to realize these new nanocomposites as promising materials for wide applications, such as car glass and backlight and ultraviolet filters applications.

The present paper focuses on the wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) of titanium alloys. It can be considered as an attempt to develop two dielectrics in the WEDM significantly affects the efficiency of machining. This paper explores surface ruggedness during the processing of titanium of various dielectric fluids, including demineralized water and dielectric alumina. The findings show that dielectric alumina as a dielectric produces decreased ruggedness on the surface. Also, surface rudeness is better for demineralized water as the dielectric powder is mixed with non-conductive alumina powder. Many dielectric liquids show that surface ruggedness decreases. Alumina powder and ethylene glycol to dielectric water. A comparative surface roughness analysis for different dielectric fluids was also performed. Using surface roughness to analyze surface roughness is further studied. Conducting a further investigation to use the response surface method (RSM) on surface integrity in each type of the dielectric with the help of better. Hence, WEDM is performed on Ti-6242 to use the designer expert 10 to analysis ANOVA RSM titanium and varying dielectric fluids. From the findings, it is noted that combining non-conductive alumina powder and demineralized water has a significant impact, which decreased of WEDM machined surface of Ti-6242.

This paper study the effect of weathering (humidity and ultra-violent) on tensile strength of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). LDPE and HDPE were prepared using an injection machine process at temperatures (170-190°C), and the rotating speed of the injection screw is 50 rpm. The samples were exposed to moisture and ultraviolet (UV) environment. The UV samples were exposed to different exposure times (0-60-90-120 hours) using a UV lamp device. The moisture samples are exposed to humidity effect for (0-500-1000 hours) by using accelerated weathering devices. The mechanical behavior of the accelerated weathering samples, such as tensile strength and the modulus of elasticity, were investigated. The mechanical behavior of accelerated weathering samples shows that the tensile strength increased with increasing LDPE and HDPE exposure. However, an apparent drop decreased with increasing time exposure. Also, in the humidity exposure, the modulus and strength firstly increased with time exposure then decreased with increasing the exposure time for LDPE and HDPE.

In industrial gas turbine (IGT) engine manufacturing, nickel-based superalloys are used mainly to meet the needs of components of the hot gas pathway. Although these alloys have high-temperature capabilities, the parts are prone to damage during service. The high working temperatures of these engines lead to component degradation due to creep, fatigue, and oxidation reactions; therefore, due to the high cost of newly produced superalloy components, it is usually more cost-effective to repair the damaged parts rather than completely replacing them. Joining and repairing techniques are necessary when manufacturing and repairing these alloys. This article will present an overview of the Ni-based superalloy for industrial gas turbine application by studying the microstructure of Ni-based superalloy, weldability issues, and cracking phenomena. Joining/repairing techniques of Ni-base superalloy with advantages and limitations to each technique are discussed to know a suitable technique for use in the high-temperature application.

Improving the mechanical properties of polymeric materials has become necessary for the mechanical designer, especially by using nano materials due to easy and wide use. Therefore, in this research, silica nanoparticles (SiO₂NPs) were used to improve the tensile, creep resistance, and hardness of epoxy. The volumetric ratios of SiO₂NPs (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2%) were mixed by using a magnetic starrier and ultrasound mixer then poured into a mold. The tensile, creep resistance, and hardness properties of the resulting composites were studied. The microstructure was investigated using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and x-ray diffraction devices. The results showed that the best Young Modules and the ultimate stress were obtained at (1.5%) of SiO₂NPs, while the best creep strain improvement was at (1%) of SiO₂NPs. The SEM and X-ray diffraction results showed homogeneous silica nanostructures.

Microstructure progression, in addition to excellent plasticity possessions of AZ31B-alloy procedure using four paths in asymmetric through various reductions, was studied to facilitate develops the deprived plasticity of alloy. The procedure was used for alloy of about 78μm grain size, with a prim thickness of 5mm. It was formed by using different ratios,1:1,1:1.4,1:1.8and1:2.2.The thinning were 20%,25%,30%, 35% to reduce thickness to 4.00mm, 3.750 3.500 And 3.2500 repetitively. The rolling method was completed by using equal rollers diameter at a constant temperature of 473 K and devoid of lubricating after heating the rollers to 373K; the method was finished through four routes. Path (U.D.), pattern "way was kept" stable and unmoved connecting continual passes; whereas pattern was turned 180o to direction connecting continual passes during path (R.D.); pattern (N.D.) was turned throughout 180° concerning the standard direction to the continual passes; pattern (H.Y.) was turned 180o to the rolling direction primary in addition to, subsequently turned 90° concerning the standard direction connecting continual undulating passes. A traditional rolling process was done under identical situations to evaluate the outcome; microhardness test was also completed. Visual microscopy was used to study of rolling parameters on the microstructure of the rolled pieces. The outcome of inspection explained to the alteration of the microstructure had been pretentious employing path, ratio and decrease area. At low proportion, large numbers of mirror image creation become visible, as reduction raises dynamical recrystallization happening on the identical twin and shear bands were encouraged. In contrast raised proportion caused a raise within the quantity of recrystallized grains furthermore improved the microstructure. Very fine grains construction had been improved while the alloy was rolled using H.Y. path at a proportion of (1: 1.8) and 25% decrease. Excellent plasticity possessions of patterns devoid of annealing were experienced in stress at 673.00 K along with next to room temperature at primary strain selection from 1 × 10⁻³ s⁻¹ to 2.2×10⁻³ s⁻¹.

The standard traditional prosthetic pylon is manufactured from stainless steel, titanium, Aluminium alloys due to their lightweights. Despite the low weight of pylon made of these alloys, the pylon is characterized by its high costs. In this study, a new prosthetic pylon is designed and manufactured from PLA carbon fiber material to produce a pylon characteristic with a lighter weight and cheaper than the standard pylon with its ability to bear the patient's weight without any mechanical failure. The mechanical properties (yield stress, ultimate stress, and endurance stress) of the PLA carbon fiber filament were measured. The finite element method analysis of the pylon was done by using the ANSYS-14.5 program. The experimental and numerical results showed that the weight of the new prosthetic pylon is less than the weights of Stainless steel, Titanium, and Aluminium pylon by 60%,42%, and 50%, respectively, and the cost of the new prosthetic pylon is cheaper than the Stainless steel, Titanium, and Aluminium pylon by 97.5%,98%, and 96%, respectively. The mechanical properties of printed pylon material are the modulus of elasticity equal to 1.38GPa, the yield stress is 33.5MPa, the ultimate stress is 49.14 MPa, and the endurance stress is 19.16 MPa. The results also showed that the pylon's buckling stress is higher than the yield stress and von mises stress is less than the yield stress; this proves the successful design of the pylon. The new design is cheaper, lighter, and can withstand higher patient weights.

In this research, the stir casting technique used to produce ZA-12 alloy hybrid composites reinforced by nanoparticles (SiC and BN) with different weight percentages. Pin on disk used for the wear test for ZA-12 alloy and its composites. It is found that the nanoparticles improved the hardness and the wear properties of alloys. Since nanoparticles impede dislocations movement, causing an enhancement in the mechanical properties. The microstructure and the phases formed were analyzed using an optical microscope with various magnifications. SEM analysis denotes the uniform distribution of the different weight percentages of SiC and BN nanoparticles in the based alloy, which explains the improvement in the wear properties.

This study deals with using nano-SiO₂ to enhance the characteristics of PVA for food packing applications. Thin-film of Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/nano-silica (nano-SiO₂) was prepared by adding different weights of silica (0, 5, 7, 9) wt. %. Differential scanning calorimetry, atomic force microscopy (AFM), FTIR, and mechanical properties such as tensile strength, modulus, elongation at break, and micro-hardness used to examine the characteristics of PVA/nano-SiO₂ films. The results revealed a dramatic improvement in the PVA/nano-SiO₂ mechanical properties, increasing nano-SiO₂ content to 7 wt %, the value of tensile strength increasing from 62 MPa to 143 MPa. While increasing SiO₂ content to 9 wt.%, the tensile strength decreased to 65 MPa. The study also showed that the value of elongation at break and modulus of elasticity of film increment with increases in the nano-SiO₂ content. There was also an increase in the crystallinity from 0.97 (for pure PVA) to 1.154 at 7wt. % nano-SiO₂. Crystallinity, however, decreased to 0.012 with the increase of SiO₂ to 9 wt. %. FTIR results revealed that there was physical interaction between nano-SiO₂ and PVA. AFM result showed less roughness at 7wt. % from nano-SiO₂. Generally, the results showed that the concentration of 7% of the nano –SiO₂ in thin films resulted in a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of the films. These findings suggest that nano-SiO₂ can be useful as food packaging material to maintain food quality.

Direct foaming and bonding techniques were used to fabricate porous silicon carbide ceramics. Silicon carbide is characterized by a high melting temperature; it is always referred to as being bonded with low melting point materials such as bentonite. The technique of generating gases from the reaction of hydrochloric acid HCl with aluminum was used in silicon carbide-bentonite suspension, and by means of which high porosity bodies were prepared by adding different bentonite (10,15,20 and 25 wt.%). After molding them, it is dried and fired at 1100°C. The results of the X-ray diffraction analysis was founded that the main phases appearing after the firing process are α and β–SiC with quartz and mullite, where a part of (β–SiC) is transformed to (α-SiC) and transformation a part of Quartz to Tridymite, which means an increase in the stability of the crystalline phases. The porosity of specimens was decreased with bentonite increases after the firing process, and the values ranged between 62.3% and 72.3%. The compressive strength was increased with bentonite additions increases in the range from 4.35 MPa to 5.08 MPa. From the above results, it is clear that this type of porous (SiC-bentonite) composites can be used in fluid filtration with high efficiency, especially at high temperatures.

The present paper is focusing on improving the performance of titanium-magnesium alloys prepared by the powder metallurgy technique. These alloys show good biocompatibility and bioactivity, but there is still a demand to study their manufacturing factors. Optimizing the manufacturing process of Ti-Mg alloys increases its expected life. The response selected to evaluate the produced alloys are the hardness, the compressive strength, and the porosity, while the affecting manufacturing parameters are the compacting pressure, sintering time, and magnesium content. Three levels of these parameters were selected to design the experiments based on a standard L9 orthogonal array of the Taguchi method. A Grey relational analysis method was performed to optimize the responses. The obtained experimental results were analyzed using Minitab 16 software at a confidence level of 0.5%. The results indicated that the selected parameters significantly influence the responses of the alloy samples. The optimum level of the affecting parameters was found in a compacting pressure of 760MPa, sintering time of 6hours, and 15wt% of magnesium content.

In this research, heterojunction was developed by using SiC quantum dots. High-quality n-ZnO film on commercial p-SiC quantum dots has been prepared based on utilizing pulse laser deposition technique and spin coating under the pressure of 10⁻⁵ mbar, deposited at room temperature on a substrate of glass at various values of the thickness (113.3 and 160) nm, respectively. Then, annealed for two hours at 450 °C. ZnO/SiC QDs were described by the estimation of XRD and FE-SEM. XRD estimation uncovered that the SiC QDs prepared by spin coating with dye were hexagonal structure. The pulse laser deposition PLD method used to make ready ZnO thin film was hexagonal wurtzite with high-quality polycrystalline. UV-Visible spectrophotometer utilized in the range of (200-800) nm to determine spectral absorbance, transmittance, and energy gap of heterojunction. The optical properties results showed that the transmittance was (98 and 87)% for ZnO film and SiC, respectively. The pure ZnO thin film allowed a direct energy gap (Eg) that was 3.8 eV, while SiC QDs were 2.65 eV direct energy gap.

Polymethylmethacrylate is considered the most prevalent bone cement base material. Most fractures that occur during function are due to its weakness and lack of mechanical strength. The apparent limitations of PMMA are insufficient ductility, strength, and viscoelastic behavior. The current study aims to strengthen and improve PMMA bone cement properties by adding modified TiO₂ nanoparticles (m-TiO₂ NPs). Therefore, the silane coupling agent modified the neat TiO₂ NPs and then added different ratios (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 wt %) to the PMMA bone cement. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) technique used to investigate the modification process and specify the bonding type between m-TiO₂NPs and the PMMA bone cement matrix. The SEM technique is used to study the morphologies of the prepared samples. Properties such as tensile strength, compression strength, modulus of elasticity, and impact strength, were measured. Results proved the successes of TiO₂NPs modification by silane coupling agent and the absence of any chemical bonding between this modified filler and other PMMA bone cement ingredients. The mechanical properties increased by m-TiO₂NPs addition up to 1 wt% ratio then decreased. The morphology results supported the mechanical properties trends.

Prosthetic limbs fabricate devices that provide amputees with a replacement for their missing limbs, restoring some function. These artificial feet are not as multifunctional as natural feet, but they improve the patient's performance level. Considering prosthetic feet, in particular, selecting a device is based on how favorably a device matches the human foot's characteristics. Prosthetic feet are designed to meet required values for tensile strength, density, corrosion resistance, shear strength, flexibility, durability, and cost-efficiency. The above considerations depend on the properties of the material used, the foot's design, and the manufacturing process applied. In the manufacture of the prosthetic foot, polymers composite reinforced with fibers have been used. Their characteristics confirm a constant and low weight structure that makes it possible for agglomeration, distribution, and energy storage through walking, making a certain rise in gait effectiveness. Depending on the composite's adjustment in terms of fiber choice, their system, type of mixture and mass content, and the prosthesis design, the foot gets change effectiveness as the ratio of energy unconfined to energy assembled. In this paper, the biomechanics, materials, and models of the prosthetic foot have been reviewed.

Surface roughness consistency is one of the challenges for producing high-quality goods in the industry. Surface predicting efficiency plays a vital role in correctly managing the machining parameters during turning operations. Selecting the correct cutting instrument is considered one of the most critical factors influencing the machined surface's consistency. Accordingly, this work investigates the effect of cutting tool form, coating material, and cutting parameters on surface roughness during the AISI 1045 turning process. Coated (TIN) and uncoated cutting tools were used. The operation was conducted on a computer numerically controlled (CNC) turning unit. The experiments were carried out using cutting speed, feed rate, tool type as process parameters. Taguchi method was used with three factors and two levels, which are the spindle speed (800, 1100, and 1400) rpm, feed rate (0.05. 0.1, 0.15) mm/rev, and the depth of cut (3) mm. The results revealed that the most important consideration for surface roughness is cutting speed, followed by the feed rate and tool coating, respectively.

Alumina Toughened Zirconia (ATZ) composite with 20 wt% alumina has been prepared by powder compaction method after stabilized zirconia using 3 mol. of yttria to get the 3Y-TZP compound. A graphite additive (0,10,20,30, and 40) wt.% have been added to produce porous ATZ. The composite has been sintered in the air at 1500 °C. The effect of porosity on physical and structural properties have been investigated. Porosity increased, and bulk density decreased with graphite additives increases in the range (7.5-51.7) % and (5.6-2.8) g/cm³ respectively for (3Y-TZP/20 wt% Al₂O₃) specimens. The porosity effect is apparent by deteriorating the mechanical properties; the diametric strength decreased from 95.7 to 8.7 MPa, while the young modulus decreased from 159.7 to 27.3 GPa with porosity increases. Surface morphology was detected by atomic force microscope (AFM). The average grain size and roughness of 3Y-TZP/20 wt% Al₂O₃ specimens increased with increasing porosity from 75.44 to 91.9 nm and 2.9 to 18.7 nm, respectively. It was found that porous ATZ was successfully fabricated by using graphite additives. The apparent porosity of 3Y-TZP/20 wt% Al₂O₃ composite after sintering can be controlled by the amount of graphite content in the powder mixture. The presence of porosity greatly influences physical and microstructural properties.

The optical properties such as scattering and absorption as well as the morphological properties such as shape and size for the nanomaterials produced by laser were studied in details by different researchers. They used different laser techniques to produce nanoparticles such as Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD), Pulse Laser Ablation (PLA), and Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquid (PLAL). These laser techniques were used to prepare different nanomaterials such as gold, silver, cadmium, zinc sulfide, titanium, and zinc oxide nanoparticles. The optical and morphological properties were studied using different testing techniques such as X-ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy – Energy Diffraction X-ray (SEM-EDX).

Deep Drawing is an important sheet metal forming process. It has numerous applications in different industrial fields. Due to improvements in technological techniques, modern industries focused on products dimensional accuracy especially for the products that have inclined walls since it may suffer from the effect of elastic recovery or what is known as springback. Springback is considered a major defect besides thinning, earing, and other deep drawing defects. It may cause serious deviation from demand dimensions particularly for the products inclined by certain angle such as conical shells or products. This study investigates the effect of wall inclination angle, punch velocity, type and thickness of the sheet material on elastic recovery behaviour. Two types of sheet metal, low carbon (AISI 1008) and galvanized steel sheets, of 110 mm diameters circular blanks at 0.9 and 1.2 mm thickness are formed by tooling set (punch, die, and blank holder). Conical dies were used to execute the experimental work and numerical having inclination angles at 70°, 72°, and 74° where, the punch velocity was 100, 150, and 200 mm/min. Numerical simulation was conducted using ABAQUS 6.14 where dynamic explicit solver was used to preform formation of conical products and static or standard solver to predict the behaviour of springback effect. A comparison between the experimental and numerical simulation was conducted. The results show that elastic recovery decreased with increasing of die wall angle, punch velocity, and sheet or blank thickness while increased with increasing of metal yielding stress. The springback factor rose by 0.003 to 0.007 with die angle increasing by 0.002 to 0.006 with punch velocity and thickness increasing, while it decreased by 0.001 to 0.003 with increasing of yielding point. The numerical simulation results show same tendency and high agreement with experimental results with a maximum discrepancy of 4%.

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a complex process that needs and trial to reach the optimal properties. In This work deals theoretical consideration done by two ways; first way is conventional Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and the second method is new modified Particle Swarm Optimization. The Friction stir welding data were taken from recent studies. The input to the program are nine experiments for different cases and the output is the ultimate stress for each experiment. The artificial neural network is used to relate the relation between input and output to form a cost function. The results show that the modified PSO gives the more accurate optimum result than conventional PSO when compared with other researches with maximum discrepancy 23.5%.

This research studies the preparation and characterization of polyurethane foams, which are produced from the reaction of isocyanate Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyante "MDI" and polyol with water being used as a chemical blowing agent. The effect of isocyanate concentration on the cross-linking formation of polyurethane samples and its influence on the final properties of the foams were investigated. Each type of polyols (Local commercial market polyester, Quickmast120 and Quickmast110 polyether) were mixed with the isocyanate at equivalent ratio of (isocyanate: polyol) (0.5:1, 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1) to prepare polyurethane foam using one shot method. Rheological tests were performed for the polyols and isocyanate to find out their effect on the formability processes. The morphology and structure were performed using FTIR and digital microscopy. The tensile strength, compression strength and the hardness were conducted to show the effect of isocyanate concentrations on the mechanical properties of samples. The result display the Quickmast 120 polyol was unsuitable due to the large cells, unstable rheological properties and high hardness, which leads to a loss of flexibility of the polyurethane foams. The ratio of (1:1) (polyol/isocyanate) was the best in terms of the formability of the foam giving the smaller cells size and the best mechanical characteristics as compared to other concentrations of isocyanate.

Coating with alumina and silicon carbide on low alloy steel specimens surface was conducted by using plasma thermal spray technique. The coating was of different percentages of alumina and silicon carbide (75% alumina +25% silicon carbide, 50% alumina + 50% silicon carbide) and then carbon nanotube was added to the mixtures of powder with percentage of 1%. Cyclic hot corrosion test was done after coating and XRD and SEM were performed to all samples after corrosion. Coating thickness was measured by SEM cross-section micrographs. The weight change of bare and coated specimens after 50 hours of corrosion in 67% wt. V₂O₅ + 33% wt. Na₂SO₄ at 950 °C was measured. The maximum reduction in weight was shown by specimens coated with 50% wt. alumina +50%wt. silica carbide with addition of 1% carbon nanotube . X-Ray of coated samples indicated that no phase change occurred to the coating materials. Scanning electron microscopy imaging of surface layer clarified that surface layer has relatively moderate porosity and some coating layers contain micro-cracks.

The present work describes the development of hybrid epoxy composite reinforced with unidirectional carbon, glass fibers and nano-TiO₂ powder in order to study some of its mechanical properties. Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) were dispersed in epoxy with different weight fractions (1, 3, and 5 wt. %) using sonication. Composite materials under study have been prepared by reinforcing the resulted nanocomposite by three different layers of unidirectional carbon fibers and glass bidirectional fibers using hand lay-up technique. Tensile and hardness tests as well as the surface roughness test have been performed during the experimental work. It has been observed that the tensile strengths of the fiber-reinforced polymer composites increase with fiber content, and TiO₂ nanoparticles up to a maximum value of 3 wt % after which it decreases. The value, modulus of elasticity, tension resistance, and hardness of the fiber-reinforced polymer composites increase with increasing fiber loading. The results obtained in this work show that the addition of TiO₂ nanoparticles at up to 3%wt to the epoxy composite reinforced with unidirectional carbon and glass fibers enhances the mechanical strength of such material.

Nickel Titanium intermetallic (NiTi) has been used in several fields (mostly corrosion issues were not a concern) since it was discovered about sixteen years ago. In the last decade, alloys made from NiTi have been widely used in the internal and external biomedical tools and equipment such as nails, fixation plates, bone fracture, self-expanding cardiovascular and urological stents, and orthodontic wires. The effects of chemical oxidation on corrosion behavior of Nickel-Titanium shape memory alloy have been investigated in this study. Technique of powder metallurgy was used to prepare the alloy from the elemental powders of Titanium and Nickel with 600 MPa of compacting pressure. The sintering process was achieved in a 10⁻⁴ torr vacuum atmosphere at 950 °C . XRD analysis exhibited that Ni and Ti were fully transformed into NiTi (both monoclinic and cubic phase) and Ni₃Ti phase. After sintering, the samples are grinded and polished, then samples were surface modified by chemical oxidation. Optical microscopy, scanning and x-ray diffraction techniques were utilized for characterizing the surface samples. The corrosion rate has been studied in vitro by using polarization curves technique in NaF solution at different concentration (0.5, 1,1.5, 2) wt,%. Results of corrosion test indicated that the corrosion current density after chemical oxidation decreased from 0.303 for bare sample to 0.074 in 0.5% NaF solution, which indicates that TiO₂ layer on the NiTi SMA surface are protective after chemical oxidation.

This study is conducted to extend the effective life of Cu/Al alloy. The used samples were (Cu/9.5%Al),(Cu/9.5%Al/5%Ni),(Cu/9.5%Al/5%Ni/0.9%Mn),(Cu/%9.5Al/5%Ni/4.5%Fe), (Cu/9.5%Al/5%Ni/0.9%Mn/4.5%Fe),(Cu/9.5%Al/5%Ni/0.9%Mn/4.5%Fe/0,1%Y),(Cu/9.5%Al/5% Ni/0.9%Mn/4.5%Fe/0.2%Ge) by using powder metallurgy these samples were prepared, the cyclic oxidation test was conducted in the presence of air in a programmable furnace (typeVBF-1200X-H8-USA) at 250°C and 800°C for 50 hours at 5-hours cycle. It was represented by the weight-gain of all examined samples that the oxidation rate increased as the temperature increased. It appears that cracking or spalling of oxides was at high temperatures such it found the weight gain of the base alloy (Cu/9.5%Al) was (12.09*10⁻³g/cm²)at 250°C otherwise, it was (5.98*10⁻² g/cm²) at 800°C for the same alloy. This is attributable to the expected behavior of oxides when stressed. The addition of Ni, Mn, & Fe to (Cu/9.5%Al) caused a relative increase in resistance to cyclic oxidation, while the addition 0.1% Y to (Cu/9.5%Al/5%Ni/0.9Mn/4.5%Fe) caused the lowest oxidation rate as compared with other alloys, it showed that the reduction in weight gain (165.13%) relative to(Cu/9.5%Al) the highest weight gain at 250°C, and it was (285.22%) relative to (Cu/9.5%Al/5%Ni) which has highest weight gain at 800 °C. Both alloying elements Y and Ge represented a major change in cyclic oxidation resistance.

Aluminum metal matrix composites reinforced by ceramic particles have a wide acceptance in engineering applications due to their mechanical and physical properties. One of the major challenges in machining these composites by the conventional machining operations is the presence of the abrasive particles, which affects the tool life and the required surface finish. Electro discharge machining process is widely used instead of conventional methods to overcome these challenges. Therefore, it is essential to study the influence of the electro-discharge machining on its fracture toughness, as it is the most important structural integrity indicator in the wide range applications of the studied composites. In this work, all samples were prepared by the stir casting method with using a squeezing pressure during the solidification. Samples were reinforced by (0, 2, 4, and 6wt %) of B₄C particles with a size of 0.387μm. The fracture toughness studied were based on the stress intensity factor, determined experimentally by using compact tensile test and numerically using the finite element method. The fracture toughness improvement was recorded for the samples containing 4wt% of B₄C.

Copper oxide CuO and Magnesium oxide MgO are considered among the most promising oxides in the current development. Nanocomposite particles NCPs of MgO-CuO were synthesized by using the sol-gel method. The copper (II) nitrate trihydrate 0.1M and Magnesium nitrate hexahydrate 0.1M solvents were mixed at a 1:1 ratio and the gel was formed at a temperature of 80 °C, then dried calcined at 500 °C for different time (3, 5, and 7 hours). The CuO/MgO particles were characterized by particle size analyzer (PZA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and apparent density. The result of x-ray diffraction proved the phases purity of the composite particles. On the other hand, FESEM images proved nanoparticles embedded in the MgO-CuO matrix with a particle size of 33.5 –63.27 nm. Moreover, the density for the above samples was 0.699, 0.721, and 0.755 g/cm3 respectively. It increases with increasing the calcined time. This stimulates the growth of crystals CuO/MgO which exhibits excellent catalytic activity for the advanced application.

In this work, the effects of adding activated carbon (AC) powder with epoxy resin were investigated experimentally. The particulate epoxy composites are manufactured in vacuum technique with different weight fraction ratios of AC (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40) % wt. The particle size was measured during this work by laser particle size analyzer with an average size of about (14.74μm). The interaction between epoxy material and AC powder was examined by using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis. Moreover, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the pure epoxy and composite material were measured by Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). The tensile strength behavior and interaction strength between the matrix material and powder were investigated by conducting tensile test and SEM analysis. The results of FTIR test reveal that there is no a new peak after reinforcing epoxy with AC powder, which proves there is a strong interaction between epoxy resin and AC powder. The DSC results show that the increases by adding AC to epoxy will increase Tg temperature. The findings of FTIR analysis were supported by SEM analysis, which shows a good interaction and strong interfacial between matrix and particles. The tensile strength values increased with increasing AC content up to 15 % wt. with a max value of 26.34 MPa (19.16%), then it decreased to 18.15 MPa at 40 % wt.

This paper deals with improving the fatigue strength of AA2017-T0 aluminium alloy by using laser surface treatment. A set of rotating fatigue specimens were machined and prepared for this rezone. Half number of them was surface-treated using 1 Joule laser machine. The fatigue tests for the treater and as reserved specimens were used for different loads to draw the S-N curves. It was shown that the laser treatment was improving the fatigue strength for the alloy. The effect of varying the stress amplitude through-loading life was studied. It was shown that the (high-low) loading types give a longer life than the (low-high) loading types. The results show that the thermal laser treatment of the surface of the aluminium alloy AA2017 gives higher hardness and generates compression residual stresses that improving the mechanical properties of the alloy. Comparing experimental and numerical finite element results gives a good agreement with maximum error not exceeding (9.68%).

Different types of long and short multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were used as structural support in epoxy resin with a percentage of weight (0.1,0.2,0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0,3.5,4.0,4.5,&5) wt. percent, Utilization of direct mixing processes to prepare Nano-Composites (Epoxy/MWCNTs). The ultrasonic mixing method has been used to disperse the nanotubes into the epoxy resin system. SEM was used to demonstrate the dispersion in the epoxy polymer matrix of different MWCNT concentrations. The findings show that electrical conductivity properties boost effect, thermal conductivity coefficient, and A.C with percentage enhancement of less than 2 percent, and then raising with further raise in the content of MWCNTs.

Titanium has a unique ability to bind with bone and living tissue, making it an ideal material for orthopedic implants such as knee and hip replacements. The objective is focused on studying the influence of Nano ceramic powder (70%ZrO₂ with Y₂O₃) on different base titanium alloys produced by powder technology technique (Ti-pure, Ti-45%Ni, Ti-10%Co, and Ti-30%Ta) with pretreated surface of implant samples . From XRD patterns, there was no indication that other phases contain any of the diffraction patterns present in samples after (Zro₂and Y₂o₃) deposition. The microstructure observation of all samples showed that both Nano zirconia and yttria were distributed in samples surface and covered, which produced a high modification in morphology of surface. There was considerable increase in hardness value after pack cementation process. It is evident that the porosity percent of the samples after Nano ceramic deposition largely decreased. The results showed that using chemical pre surface treatments and powder technology method was useful to gain adhere and homogenous deposition layer.

This paper studies the electroless (Ni-P) deposition which is used in different engineering applications due to their ability to modify and enhance the surface properties of the steel substrate. The electroless plating process was used to prepare (Ni-Cu-P), (Ni-P) and (Ni-Cu-P/Nano TiO2) alloys in this research. Deposition process parameters based on (L28) Taguchi orthogonal configuration with three process parameters, viz., stirring speed, temperature, time, are designed for optimum microhardness. Under the Taguchi series, the microhardness activity of electroless (Ni-P-TiO2) nanocomposite deposition was measured. The findings revealed that the integration of TiO2 into the coating allows micro-hardness cause an increase. Finally, optimum conditions were achieved as A2B1C2 (i.e. Speed of stirring = 1000 r.p.m, Temperature = 90 °C and Time = 70 min).

Two groups of resins reinforced by different ratios of nano-hydroxyapatite were used to produce the novel dental composite, with the main purpose of measuring the water sorption (WS) and solubility (SO) of the prepared nanocomposites. Ten experimental specimens were prepared in disk-shaped with and without filler materials, in two groups, each group was classified according to filler contents (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4) wt. % of nano-hydroxyapatite. Each specimen was stored for 7 days in water, proceeding to measure the mass of each specimen. After drying process, the specimen masses were determined. Then WS and SO were calculated from these determinations. The results showed that values of water sorption after 1 week for group A composite and group B composite ranged (9.66 to 13.07 mg/mm³) and (5.11 to 8.52) mg/mm³, respectively, while solubility was (2.97 to 3.25) mg/mm³ for group A and (1.83 to 2.26 mg/mm³)for the composites specimens of group B, respectively. For composite with different filler contents the results showed a high filler contents of 4% for each group with high value of water sorption (WS) and solubility (SO). It could be concluded that the percentage of sorption and solubility of composite based on acrylic and amide were significantly lower than that based on acrylate.

A prosthetic pylon is a part of an artificial lower limb, which is a very interesting area of biomedical engineering today. The research aims to show the hung innovations and developments of new suggested composite material, to modify the prosthetic pylon (which is generally made of lightweight metal such as aluminum, titanium, stainless steel, or an alloy of these), extends its life and increase the comfort of its user. Vacuum bagging technique was used to manufacture the samples which consist of constant perlon layers and a different number of composite material (Carbon or Glass) fiber layers as reinforcement materials at (0°/90°) orientation relative to the applied load and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) as a resin. The work included two major parts; theoretical and experimental tests for the real case. The theoretical and experimental results showed that the modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, and critical buckling load increase with the increasing the number of composite fiber layers. The percentage of increase in modulus of elasticity, tensile strength and critical buckling load for the specimen with three carbon layers and perlon layers in PMMA matrix was compared with three glass layers and perlon layers in PMMA matrix specimen and it was (12.5%, 5% & 17%) respectively, at (0°/90°) fibers orientation relative to the applied force. Validation of the results is conducted by comparing with results in other literature, a good agreement between them was found.

This paper presents the results obtained through experimental work and numerical simulation of the kinetic energy dissipation of lactic acid after application of the impact load. The experimental tests were performed according to ASTM standards using the motion drop arrow test. It has been designed according to the standard ASTMD7136.The specimens were plates completely constrained with two edges by the clamping fixture. Two energy absorption parameters (namely saturation impact energy and damage degree), and two relevant characteristic values of the impact force history (namely the first damage force and the maximum force) were included. The impact energy of 2.4 J was measured by the difference in the thickness mode. The finite element method was used by FE symbol (Abaqus/Explicit Dynamic) implemented by a User Defined Sub routine (VUMAT). The results showed areas of shock injury and sample tolerance, and there was a match between the experimental and numerical results. Diagrams are presented to show the history of relevant kinematical, dynamic and energetic quantities, both to synthesize the dependency of the energy parameters and force threshold values on the impact velocity. This study will help to measure the absorbed and kinetic energy of polymers, thus, it will help define the properties of polymers used in critical applications such as medicine.

Porous biomaterials have extensively been used as new materials for various bio-implants, particularly for bone and bone interfacing components. In practice, while open-cell/permeable porous materials are used to allow osseointegration in bone implants, they should be mechanically durable and stable for the long term to tolerate human weight together with possible static and dynamic loads on the body. It has been ingrained that porous biomaterials can be made considering defined representative volume elements (RVE) by recent growths in additive manufacturing. In this study, two porous biomaterial models, including unit cell and also lattice structure, are presented. The models applied the finite volume method to discretize and solve by using a multi-physics COMSOL mechanical structure code. The cell is modelled using three materials: titanium alloy Ti_6Al-4V-ELI, and in this study, for the first time, two types of nanomaterials: calcined alpha-alumina (α_ Al₂O₃) and Glass-infiltrated alumina ceramic. The results obtained from this study revealed that for both unit cell and lattice structure, the minimum displacement occurred with Glass-infiltrated alumina ceramic and increased with calcined alumina (α_ Al₂O₃) and titanium. Moreover, it could be concluded that the maximum stress occurred with the Glass-infiltrated alumina ceramic and decreased with calcined alumina (α- Al₂O₃) and titanium for the lattice structure.

Due to the wide use of rubber components in different engineering applications such as vibration isolators, engine mounts, car tires, and bridge bearing pads, etc., this rubber component is mostly subjected to repeated loads continuously. As a result, these loads will initiate cracks on the outside surface of a component and then, these cracks will grow over time, and then, the growth of the cracks increase leading to a failure of the rubber component. Many researchers have studied the behavior of fatigue under the action of many factors by utilizing many devices. These devices produce repeated loading on the sample made of rubber material, initiating cracks and, then crack growth, which leads to failure. Therefore, in this paper, a modern test device has been developed and constructed to perform laboratory rubber fatigue testing. This device has been proven to be accurate and with the ability of repeatability.

In the present research, layered-functionally graded polymer nanocomposites were made via the silica (SiO₂) nanoparticles (14-36 nm in diameter) distributed in the epoxy matrix throughout the ultra-sonication by hand lay–up technique. The change in volume fraction (Vf.) of the nanoparticles was given in the direction of thickness to reach the gradation. Layers having a thickness of (1.2 mm) with different nanoparticles concentrations were consecutively casted in acrylic molds to fabricate the graded composite sheet having a thickness of (6 mm). To fabricate the functionally graded layers, different concentrations of nanoparticles were taken (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 %Vf) and tested by tensile test. The improvement in the properties of composite samples included the all ratios up to 2% Vf. of the adding filler, and the properties were then decreased. The mechanical property that was studied was the flexural resistance. Flexural properties of three types of FGMs (FGM1, FGM2 and FGM3), isotropic nanocomposite (1% SiO₂) and pristine epoxy in order to evaluate their mechanical property, such as Stress–Strain criteria and flexural Young's modulus, were obtained by 3-point bending test, with loading from pure and composite side for FGM1 and at one side of FGM2 and FGM3 isotropic nanocomposite (1% SiO₂) and pristine epoxy. The results manifested that the flexural strength and Young's modulus loaded from the pure epoxy side was higher than when samples loaded from the composites side for FGM1. The mechanical properties of the epoxy resin and nanocomposites (tensile and compression) and the density for each layer were determined and could be useful for the finite element analysis of the 3-point bending test for FGMs specimens by using Design Modeler (ANSYS Workbench). Experimental results were validated by developing a detailed three-dimensional finite element model. Results of the progressive deformation from the finite element model agreed well with the experimental results.

The effective use of a synthetic clay as ionic solid adsorbent for the removal of alizarin yellow GG and alizarin red S from aqueous solutions was investigated as low-cost adsorbent. Anionic clay of layered double hydroxide (LDH) was prepared from the salts of magnesium-aluminium nitrate in a ratio of (5:1) by co-precipitation method, characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), FT-IR spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to confirm the presence of LDH. The effect of various experimental parameters like contact time, initial and concentrations were investigated. The experiments were carried out in a batch system to optimize operation variables. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equations applied to the data and the isotherm analysis indicated that the equilibrium was fitted to both of Freundlich and Langmuir. The models showed physio – chemical sorption for both of Alizarine yellow GG and Alizarin Red S on LDH surface. Kinetics study was made using lagergreen equations and the results show that the sorption of Alizarine Yellow GG and Red dye uptake on layered double hydroxide (LDH) were fitted with both pseudo-first order until the adsorption reach equilibrium, then, they fellow pseudo second order where the adsorption rates depend on the amount of adsorbent and concentration of adsorbate. The partition coefficient Kd for the sorption of alizarine yellow GG and alizarin red S on LDH were also determined and it was indicated that the value of Kd increases with time until equilibrium is reached and becomes constant because of the extra unoccupied sites until the adsorption reaches equilibrium.