Table of contents

The 24th edition of Innovative Manufacturing Engineering & Energy International Conference (IManEE 2020) is also the 1st Virtual edition of the Conference. Initially the conference was planned to take place in Athens, Greece, however, due to the fact that COVID-19 has significantly affected the travels between countries and in many countries total lockdowns have prohibited the organizing of events such as this, it was decided to go on-line, rather than postponing the event. Nevertheless, the School of Mechanical Engineering of the National Technical University of Athens (Greece) and the Department of Manufacturing Engineering of the "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iaşi (Romania) have joint forces to make this event come true and continue its long history.

List of Honorary Committee, Conference Chairs, Scientific Committee, Organizing Committee, Keynote Speakers and Session Chairs are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

• Type of peer review: Single-blind

The reviewers (at least two for each paper) received the manuscript with all the details of the authors and a form, prepared for the conference, with certain questions and a field for comments. The authors, at the next step, received anonymous reviews with the following possible recommendations: accept as is/minor revisions/major revisions/reject. The paper was revised by the authors accordingly and then it was forwarded to the same reviewers for final recommendation. Final Decision was taken by the editors.

• Conference submission management system:

The papers were submitted to an e-mail, handled by the editor. The handling editor managed the correspondence between reviewers and authors.

• Number of submissions received:

76

• Number of submissions sent for review:

76

• Number of submissions accepted:

72

• Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100):

94,7%

• Average number of reviews per paper:

2

• Total number of reviewers involved:

48

• Any additional info on review process:

There was a pre-screening process of the abstracts by the editors, prior to the submission of the final papers.

• Contact person for queries:

Associate Professor Angelos P. Markopoulos, National Technical University of Athens, Greece, amark@mail.ntua.gr

3D printing is one of the big top up-to-date technologies. Our aim is to show that up to a point 3D prints can successfully replace traditionally manufactured assemblies in the case of educational projects or lab experiments. We have considered a 3D printed simple-frame robotic arm upon which we have performed FEA analyses. They have shown promising results against its steel-based peer up to certain loads under the same working conditions in terms of safety factor and safety margin.

In solving the design problems, the initial requirements' clear statement significantly affects the design process's final result. Right from when the design problems are identified, the main requirements must be defined so that the final product meets the designed equipment requirements. Designers noted that design requirements do not have equal significance, and different solutions have been proposed to consider their weight in terms of end-use properties. The weighting can be achieved by simpler and operative methods and by more detailed methods of analysis. The paper approaches the problem of using the double input matrix method for weighting the functional requirements when discussing the problem of designing equipment to investigate the behavior of a computer component when the environment temperature is different compared to the normal temperature. The functional requirements assessment could provide an overview of the financial resources that could be invested in components to adequately meet the functional requirements. A first version of the tracked equipment was designed so that the previously established functional requirements are met.

Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is a non-conventional machining process, in which, the material removal occurs by repetitive sparks. By utilizing EDM, conductive materials can be machined in complex shapes and geometries, with high dimensional accuracy, regardless of their mechanical properties. Titanium alloys, due to their unique inherent properties, find extensive use in the modern industrial environment. Nevertheless, they are still classified as hard-to-cut materials, facing significant difficulties in their machining with conventional methods. The current paper presents a comparative study regarding the machining of Ti6Al4V ELI with EDM, by using copper and graphite electrodes. The control parameters were the pulse-on current and time, while the machining performance was estimated in terms of Material Removal Rate (MRR) and Tool Wear Ratio (TWR). Additionally, the surface roughness was evaluated according to the Ra. For the aforementioned indexes, Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) was performed.

Titanium alloys, especially Ti-6Al-4V alloy, are widely used in industry due to their good mechanical properties, such as high specific strength and excellent corrosion resistance. However, titanium alloys are also difficult-to-cut materials. Metalworking fluids are employed in the machining process to improve the machinability of titanium alloys. In recent years much attention has been paid to the use of the minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) techniques in the machining of the titanium alloys. In this study, the tool wear and its influence on the components of cutting forces have been investigated for different MQL supply strategies into the cutting zone - MQL via external nozzle and MQL via tool holder were investigated. The obtained results were compared with dry turning. It was concluded that the mechanism of tool wear is very similar for each cutting condition, however, it was also noted that the tool life is 28% and 68% longer for the MQL via external nozzle and MQL via tool holder, respectively, compared with the dry cutting conditions.

NST 37-2 has vast applications in building construction and in machine components production in Nigeria, but the effects of induced residual stress in the material, optimum cutting parameters, efficient process planning, chip formation process and surface roughness of the machined products are some of the challenges faced in the industry. In this study, the finite element simulation of orthogonal cutting of NST 37-2 steel was carried out, and the effect of geometry on chip morphology, residual stress distribution, strain energy was investigated to address informed predictability on the material. Different rake angles of -15°, 0°, 15°, and 30° were adopted for the tool geometry. In each case, the chip formed was continuous due to the plastic nature of the material. At negative and 0 rake angles, there were narrow bands of heavily strained chip, and as the rake angle increased, the chip tended to narrow due to low adhesion in the tool-work-piece region and decreasing work for chip folding. Uniform deformation was also observed with positive rake angle simulations. Residual stress was found to increase with negative rake angle. However, with positive rake angle, residual stress led to an increase in tensile strength due to the shearing action of the cutting tool in the cutting direction on the material layers below the cut plane. Cutting and thrust forces were observed to decrease with increasing rake angles. Adiabatic shear bands with high temperatures and thermoplastic shear instability were observed in machining with negative rake angles. High temperatures were generated in the shear zone due to large amount of work done by deformation of work material in machining with negative rake tools. The shear zone temperatures were much less in machining with positive rake tools. Temperatures on the rake face reduced with increasing rake angles, but not as significantly as the temperatures in the primary shear zone.

Industrial CNC machine tools are supplied as closed architecture systems. Their structure, kinematics and CNC controllers are designed to be used exclusively for their basic purpose, without any possibility of being changed. Reconfiguration is seen as the ability to add or remove modules from the machine, to be equipped with additional degrees of freedom (axes). For the concept to become a reality, it is necessary that the machine tool can be easily assembled and disassembled by an end-user and can adapt to changing projects or machining requirements. The approached of this research was to develop a 5-axis modular machine tool, with technological capabilities similar to industrial ones, at an affordable level of development costs and suitable to be used for teaching CAM techniques for future engineers.

The surface roughness and the evolution of its morphology of a pulsed laser irradiated aluminum workpiece, is investigated via numerical simulations and experimental measurements. A three-dimensional transient thermo-structural finite element model is developed to simulate the machining process. The developed finite element material model considers the effects of plastic strain, strain rate and temperature, along with a fracture model. For the experiments, a single laser pulse of 6 ns duration and 0.7 mJ of energy at 532 nm is employed as the heat source, and the surface roughness is measured using white light interferometry set-up and related experimental diagnostics. A step-like linear approximation is used to model the surface roughness. A satisfactory agreement between the experimental data and the simulation results is found. This preliminary study aims to contribute to a better understanding of the initial physical processes involved in pulsed laser machining considering the influence of surface roughness and is beneficial for industrial applications such as laser polishing, engraving and cutting.

This paper presents the development of an artificial neural network (ANN) model for rolling element bearings fault classification that uses features extracted from acceleration data collected during run-to-failure experiments. The presented approach initially employs a wavelet decomposition method for signal denoising and subsequently relies on a Fourier transform to analyse the acceleration signal in the frequency domain. Several features that correspond to the entire signal range as well as to specific frequency bands are then extracted and used as inputs in the ANN model, which is trained to identify three different operational states, namely, no fault, inner race fault and outer race fault. The developed ANN model is validated using experimental data from the publicly available dataset provided by the Center of Intelligent Maintenance Systems (IMS) of the University of Cincinnati. The results show that the trained ANN model has a classification accuracy of 90.2% in the training data and 100% in the test data.

As modern industry advances, the demand for more time and cost effective machining is rising. In order to achieve high levels of standard during machining it is necessary to employ sophisticated techniques for precise prediction of various important parameters that relate to the machining processes. Such technique is the implementation of finite element modelling (FEM) which can become a valuable tool for researchers and industry engineers alike. In this work, the 3D modelling of Al7075-T6 drilling process with solid carbide tooling is being presented. DEFORM3D™ finite element analysis (FEA) software was utilized for simulating the drilling process based on frequently used cutting conditions; cutting speed of 100m/min and feed of 0.15mm/rev, 0.20mm/rev and 0.25mm/rev respectively. In order to approximate the complex phenomena that occur during drilling, the most critical factors were considered in the presented model such as the developed friction, heat transfer and damage interaction between the tool and the workpiece. Additionally, a validation of the generated results for thrust force and torque was performed by comparing the simulated results with experimental data. Three drilling experiments were carried out with the aid of a CNC machining center and a four component dynamometer in order to acquire the experimental values of thrust force and torque. Most of the simulations yielded results in accordance to the experimental ones with the agreement percentage reaching 95% in most cases for both the thrust force and torque, confirming the validity of the models and the accuracy of the simulated results.

In view of the fact that the endo-prosthesis heads of human hip-joint are operated in extreme conditions, in respect of load, the selection of corresponding material and also increase of precision and quality of machining of spherical surfaces is rather topical task. In the submitted work are reviewed the problems connected with definition of the influence degree of orientation of the sapphire crystal on its workability during diamond grinding with a butt of the ring and elaboration of the perspective, original scheme of formation of the incomplete spherical surface, particularly, of the sapphire head of endo-prosthesis of the human hip-joint.

Chip evacuation becomes a relevant factor in the dry machining of aeronautical aluminium alloys, either when they are machined as isotropic material or hybridized with other materials. Chip morphology and geometry highly depend on cutting parameters. Several works can be found in the literature focusing on the analysis of chip morphology of aluminium alloys at high cutting speeds but there is a lack of studies that apply low cutting speeds. FEM simulation may be useful to reduce the experimental time and cost of this kind of analysis. Therefore, in this work, the influence of feed-rate on several chip geometrical parameters (height of peaks, height of valleys and shrinkage factor) of dry turned UNS A92024 alloy has been analysed by FEM simulation. Three different energy fracture modes have been tested as damage evolution criterion, in order to get the mode that better fit the experimental chip morphology. In general, the mixed mode was the fracture energy mode that best suited the chip morphology behaviour, within wider feed-rate range.

Aluminum alloys, particularly series 2000 (Al-Cu) and 7000 (Al-Zn), are widely used for structural elements in aircraft. Machining processes are frequently applied in manufacturing these parts. The actual trend in the machining of these components is to reduce or eliminate the use of lubricants, due to environmental reasons. Among the different techniques, dry machining is commonly used for aluminum alloys. However, dry machining generates higher severe cutting conditions, which may negatively affect the surface integrity and the mechanical properties of the machined parts. In this regard, fatigue life is one of the most important mechanical properties to take into account. Micro-cracks generation and nucleation strongly depend on the surface conditions of the machined parts. Additionally, the addition of Zn to pure aluminum (7000 series) reduces the corrosion resistance. Despite its importance, there is a lack of research devoted to analyze the cutting parameters influence on fatigue behaviour, before and after corrosion, in dry machining of these alloys. Therefore, in this work, the cutting speed and feed rate influence on fatigue behaviour of the UNS A97075 (Al-Zn) alloy has been analyzed. Several rotating bar bending fatigue tests have been carried out, studying and comparing the fatigue life curves obtained as a function of the cutting parameters, before and after an immersion corrosion process. The experimental results have revealed that an increment in the cutting speed and feed rate gives rise to fatigue life reduction.

Simulation of metal cutting is complex both from numerical and physical perspective. The scope of this work is to elaborate on the process and physics of metal cutting, and more specifically drilling. The description of H-13 steel dry drilling with the use of a single-layer TiN coated carbide twist drill is presented. H-13 is a high strength alloy steel used in demanding applications and elevated temperatures. A simulation model was developed with use of Deform-3D software, and an experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the acquired simulation results, meaning the wear mechanisms and thermal loads implemented during the process of drilling. The Usui wear model was used for the calculation of the wear rate of the drill. Regarding the experiment, a thermal camera was used in order to record the temperature of the drill after the process. The comparative analysis of the simulation models and the experiment showed that adhesion is the dominant wear mechanism. Higher wear values were observed in the rake faces of the drill, where the coating starts to fade, due to built-up edges (BUE). The tool and workpiece temperatures reach near steady state conditions during process. Elevated temperatures are applied on the removed material. Good chip evacuation and chip length indicate that coated drills with optimized geometry are suitable for drilling tough materials.

Electro-discharge machining (EDM) is mostly used for machining difficult-to-cut materials which are difficult to machine by conventional machining processes. In recent years, EDM is also used for surface modification. This work aims to investigate the phenomenon of surface modification of tool steel Calmax (Uddeholm) by EDM process using Cu-ZrO₂ powder metallurgy green compact electrode. Results show that the higher Material Transfer Rate of 46.5 mgr/min is achieved on the combination of I_p=9A and T_on=25 μs. The effect of peak current and pulse duration on the material transfer rate and surface roughness (Ra and Rz) was investigated. Machined surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Innovation can be defined as a set of processes for altering human activity, with economic or social relevance. Innovation has been the economic driver of several companies and countries. This article presents laws with preconditions for innovation, and it proposes a framework for innovation based on Axiomatic Design (AD) theory. There are three laws which set out necessary preconditions to initiate and maintain innovation. Research, financing, and companies that can carry out an innovation project, must be available for a project. AD can be a tool for innovation. Three main elements to AD are: Suh's axioms, to maintain functional independence and minimize information content; a structure, domains and hierarchies in which solutions develop; and a process, decomposing from abstract to detailed components and physically integrating components into a complete solution. Suh's axioms ensure that design solutions are adjustable, controllable, and robust. These are essential elements in innovation. Design matrices for functional–physical relationships select for independence, then information content is used to select the best solution. Design structures are completed by zigzagging between functional, physical, and process domains, creating the hierarchical decompositions of abstraction while applying Suh's axioms at each level.

New approach for obtaining regular reliefs onto cylindrical and tapered surfaces, by using ball burnishing process, performed on CNC-lathe machine having C-axis installed, is presented. It allows to simplify the burnishing tool and to perform the burnishing operation on the same lathe machine as previous cutting operations. The equations for the points coordinates calculation of the needed complex ball tool trajectory are shown. For their approbation, and in order to obtain a stochastic model which established the relation between the ball burnishing regime parameters (deforming force F, and feedrate f) and resulting height (Rz) of regular reliefs cells boundary ridges, an experimental investigation is carried out, using 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, and the methodology of the rotatable experimental plans. The corresponding response surface of the model is given and discussed. Conclusions about the advantages and disadvantages of the approach are given, and also for the suitable application of the obtained stochastic model.

Mesh-like parts are employed in order to reduce weight of mechanical structures. This study focused on cylindrical shaped mesh-like spacers. First, the mesh shape was parametrically defined and mechanical strength and strain under specific combination of axial and shear loads were determined by numerical simulation. Manufacture of the best design was then investigated focusing on investment casting under both gravity and vacuum modes with a simple, yet uncommon, top feeding system. The best combination of casting mode and parameter values was determined by numerical simulation on commercially available dedicated software, considering solidification time and lack of defects as primary quality indices accompanied by an investigation of residual stress and deformation fields. To implement simulation-based decisions the part was investment-cast employing 3D printed dies for constructing the wax models.

This paper demonstrates a comprehensive method for digital restoration and rapid manufacturing of a fully functional mechanical component. A damaged centrifugal impeller of an automotive engine was reverse-engineered via a 3D laser scanner, with which the 3D model of the investigated object was digitally captured. Utilizing advanced design software and surface modelling, the missing fragments were restored and the impeller's 3D digital model was reconstructed. Metal additive manufacturing technology and more specifically the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) technique was employed to construct a functional metal impeller. Stainless steel 17-4 PH powder was used as the printed material. To ensure the exploited powder was appropriate for the part to be manufactured, we applied characterization of the feedstock material was conducted through two different characterization methods, i.e. granulometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Furthermore, Surface Distance Maps (SDM) were calculated to correlate the geometrical deviations between the physical 3D printed part and the digital model in order to examine the accuracy of the applied method.

The present work is focused on the direct manufacturing of a hand splint using free-open access software and a low-cost three-dimensional printer (3DP). The hand digital model was created using panoramic photos by a common mobile phone camera. The photos were used as input to the "3DF-Zephyr" free software for creating the hand surface model. Then, the hand surface model was transferred into the "Autodesk fusion 360" free software and the surface model of the hand splint was generated and modified according to the design requirements. Sequentially, both hand and hand splint were translated to Stereolithography (STL) files and transferred to open access "MakerBot" 3D printing software in order to prepare the G-codes for 3D printing. A low cost 3D printer was used for building the models while Polylactic acid (PLA) was the material of the customized 3D physical models.

This work presents the creation of geometric surface models representing the heart chambers and the aorta for two patient specific cases. The first one concerns an acute ascending aortic aneurysm in the anterior Valsalva sinus and the second one a normal aorta for comparison reasons. The surface modelling was implemented in a medical image reconstruction software (Materialise Mimics), based on the computed tomography scans of the patients. For each case, the two atriums and ventricles, the ascending aorta, aortic arch and descending aorta, the pulmonary artery and the superior vena cava were also reconstructed and modelled. Special attention is given to the morphology of the vessels and the heart chambers that are in contact with the ascending aortic aneurysm, due to the acute aneurysmal extension of the Valsalva sinus. A comparison of the non-aneurysmal and the aneurysmal models is necessary to infer whether this disease affects the geometries and/or other vital organs that come in contact with the aortic aneurysm. Special care is given to the surfaces' smoothing process to preserve the morphology of the structures, avoiding any deviations from the actual geometries of the corresponding vessels and heart chambers.

A wall mechanics study is performed on two human aortic models, reconstructed from computed tomography (CT) image data using the Materialise Mimics software. The first model represents a rare ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm (aTAA) case with an excessive aortic ballooning that has displaced the cardiac cavities, and the second one a normal case free of cardiovascular diseases. Special attention was paid for the reconstruction of realistic models that do not deviate from the original data. The study presents the workflow from medical imaging data to structural simulation with the use of various software, aiming to examine the stress state of a normal aorta and an aneurysmal one (both patient specific) under a range of systolic blood pressure loads. Using the FEBio software, the effective (Lagrange) strain and the effective stress (von Mises) distributions are calculated for assessing the risk of rupture or dissection of the aorta.

Many authors involved in the processing of materials by cutting make different definitions for complex rotary surface. They are reduced to the definition published in [1]: A complex rotating surface is called one that is composed as a combination of two or more of the following elementary surfaces - conical, frontal, cylindrical, curvilinear. The methods and devices used in machining parts that are constrained by complex rotary surfaces depend on following several factors: type of production (single, serial, mass); type of available equipment and shape accuracy and surface quality.

Looking retrospectively at the many years of efforts by a number of researchers to develop a method for machining by cutting of polyhedral parts, it is found that the obtained results were not particularly satisfactory. For this finding, it is not possible to substantiate justify the basis in this paper, but the reason can be briefly indicated. One of the less successful methods has been created, though unintentionally, on the basis of fundamental kinematic cutting schemes (FKCS). The uniform rotary motion B, of the stock is kinematically related to the straight-line reciprocating motion C of the simple lathe cutting tool. Uniform, straight forward motion is also performed from the stock and it is a longitudinal feed movement. This method has some disadvantages: changing the actual angles of the tool during very wide cuts between 0° to 45°; variable size chip which is a source of periodic force loading of the tool and the stock and the correct reciprocating motion is realized by a CNC machine and the deviations from the exact shape being copied relative to the shape of the part surface of the machined area.

Based on the combination of ISO and Lean system tools, the methodology of continuous optimization of technology and quality improvement of rolled steel has been improved. To assess the condition and determine the production level to set limits to process indices the use of colored markers was suggested. The improved flat rolling quality control methodology is based on the use of Deming cycle and includes the use of such analysis tools as Fishbone (Ishikawa) diagram, Pareto principle, distribution diagrams, 3σ rules and Shewhart control charts. For the first time, differentiated corrective solutions for plate steel which is produced with different levels of process stability and quality indices are suggested. The inspection was carried out with the data from the mechanical properties of flat steel products 14 mm thick from K60 steel, produced by thermo-mechanical controlled process on a plate mill 3600. Introduction of the methodology allowed to reduce the standard deviation of yield strength, tensile strength and percentage elongation after fracture of the studied rolled products by 44%, 31% and 46%, respectively, indicating an overall increase in technology stability and quality indices and implementation of an effective tool for their preventive control.

The paper implements a method for analyzing the stress-strain state of rectangular hollow sections (RHS) by finite-element modeling (FEM) of tests for three-point bending and torsion. Design schemes, 3-D solid-state and deformable models have been developed using the automated analysis and CAD/CAE system software, made it possible to obtain equivalent stress distributions and displacements in models. A simulation of tests for RHS with a cross section of 40 mm × 50 mm, manufactured in two ways, was carried out: (a) by direct-forming of galvanized steel strips on roll-forming mill in a semi-closed section with a longitudinal gap of 0.5 mm between the edges formed on a 40 mm web (DF-RHS); (b) similar direct-forming to the closed section and next welding the edges to a longitudinal weld along the web middle of 50 mm (DFW-RHS). RHS with various wall thicknesses (t = 1.93 mm, 1.84 mm and 0.7 mm) was investigated, given the design features that depend on the manufacturing processes of structural sections. It was found DFW-RHS is stiffer by at least 50% compared to DF-RHS, which allows to savings the metal by reducing the RHS wall thickness by 62% while maintaining the same stiffness and ensuring high strength of structural section.

Aluminium honeycombs are well-known anisotropic structures which are commonly used as energy absorber units. In the past decades, several researchers have focused on developing finite element models credible enough to predict the crash behaviour of honeycomb structures. A number of modelling methodologies have been developed and validated to closely represent the structural behaviour under various boundary conditions. Due to the limitations with modelling the structure accurately as well as the adhesive failure and trapped air, presents a serious challenge to predict the crushing behaviour of honeycomb structures. This paper introduces multiple simplified FE models and the results from simulations are compared with experimental data to evaluate the most effective model. The results have also been compared with our existing article which used LSDYNA for numerical analysis. The techniques proposed in this paper show good correlation with the mentioned experimental data and the LSDYNA model. Thus, the simplified FE models are regarded as validated and credible enough to predict out-of-plane crash behaviour of aluminium honeycomb. Altair's HyperMesh and HyperCrash were used to create the FE models and the dynamic explicit code RADIOSS to solve the models.

Crashworthiness of composite structures is of significant interest to manufacturers and operators as composites become more commonly used in automobiles and aircraft. Experimental crush testing remains an important tool in the design of subfloor fuselage structures for crashworthiness, as numerical simulations are still largely unable to accurately predict the crushing response of complex composite structures. In this paper, dynamic crush testing of carbon-fibre/epoxy specimens experimental result is validated using the modelling and simulation software LS-DYNA to understand impact behaviours under dynamic loading for finite element simulations. The tubular finite element model was modelled using MAT54 and was impacted by a 65KG rigid wall impactor with an impact velocity of 55 km/h. Material card parameters were evaluated to understand crush behaviour of the FE model. Upon analysis the experimental results and the FEA results showed a good correlation. Modelling criteria used for this model can be further used to simulate crush response of unidirectional carbon tubes under dynamic impact.

This paper is intended to create an artificial neural network capable of generating new values for the roughness on the basis of experimentally obtained data bases. Experimentally you will measure the roughness of the flat surfaces processed with the toroidal milling, the process factors being the input neurons of the neural network, following the roughness values being the output neurons. It aims to modify the input neurons from the same neural network and generate new roughness values.

This paper is related to the production and investigation of the structure, the mechanical and physicochemical properties of two kinds of fibre reinforced polymer matrix composites in order to assess their suitability as materials used in equipment operating in marine environment. The one of the investigated composites has a polyester resin matrix and a reinforcement phase of six-layer fibreglass, and the other one has a vinylester resin matrix and a reinforcement phase which is a combination of three-layer fibreglass and three-layer biaxial fibreglass. A comparative analysis has been made of the relative weight, tensile strength and bending strength of the two types of composite materials.

The article describes the working principles and configuration of the computer system applied for selecting parameters of accelerating water cooling of rolled sheets made of low-carbon advanced strength steel. The system is based on mathematical models using empirical regression equations that describe the interconnections between working parameters of cooling equipment and the technological parameters of thermal processing. The equations are outlined and discussed. The results of computer modelling verification in industrial trials are presented. The case-study involved computer system concerning steel properties and microstructure is described.

Nitinol shape memory alloys present many applications in the industrial areas based on exceptional memory effect properties. The behavior of a shape memory alloy (superelastic effect) underwire form (four diameters: 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 mm and three lengths: 75, 150 and 375 mm) at drawing was analyzed using finite element analysis (FEA). The wire shape was C letter. The experimental temperature test, in a first step, was 23 °C (room temperature) and we analyze the appliance of four solicitation forces in order to determine the specific deformations and tensions. In second simulation step we apply a higher temperature, respectivelly 80 °C, in order to analyze the behavior of the element through transformation phase from martensite to austenite. The simulation provides information on the total deformation, equivalent stress, and equivalent elastic deformation of the intelligent elements under external solicitations pointing the appearance of maximum and minimum solicitation areas.

Laser technology offers many advantages when removing paint (coating) layers from different substrates such as metals, plastics or ceramics. Sensitive carriers with a low melting point like thermoplastic materials can easily be thermally damaged or destroyed using this technology. This paper analyses the quality of the thermoplastic material after removing the thermoset layers from its surface by laser and aims to identify the changes of the most important properties of the polymeric material. The physical-mechanical properties of thermoplastic materials which were coated were investigated before as well as after the removal of the coating layers and compared with parts which were not coated. The focus was on melt flow rate, impact strength, and tensile stress as well as strain. The results show that even a small amount of the paint (coating) can change the behaviour of the thermoplastic material and thus has an impact on further processing. Moreover, it was found that removing the thermoset coating from the thermoplastic material leads to a considerable improvement of its physical-mechanical properties and consequently also extends the possibilities of recycling (reuse) of this polymeric material.

Preliminary results on the behaviour of metallo-ceramic system during the cutting process were presented. The ceramic layer was obtained, after sandblasting of the substrate, through air plasma spraying with thicknesses of 30 μm on a steel substrate. Layers are chemically homogeneous, without cracks, pores or crevices. The thin layer (30 μm) present discontinuities with uncovered surfaces were the substrate is near in contact with the environment. Cutting process was realized on marking fiber laser equipment (Boron), of 30 watts' maximum power and wave length of 1064 nm. There were obtained two different grooves on the test pieces with the following parameters: laser double pass at speed of 500 mm/sec, pulsed laser of 20KHz frequency and the beam power was set at 50% (around 15W) for the first groove) and at 80% (around 24W for the second groove). Structural, morphological and chemical evaluation of the cutting kerf was realized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Vega Tescan LMHII, SE detector, 30 kV, 15.5 mm WD) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS, Bruker X-flash) using automatic/element list mode, Point, Mapping and Line features. This analysis highlighted the type of defects along the cut, respectively the phenomena occurring at the ceramic - metal interface.

Beside biocompatible classic metallic materials, biodegradable metals (BMs) like alloys of zinc (Zn-based) present a high potential as an alternative solution for permanent implants elements generally being applied for fractures restorations or other similar medical conditions. An experimental alloy, ZnMgY, was obtained using an induction furnace from high purity materials (Zn: 99,995 and master alloy MgY: 65-35 wt%), in Argon atmosphere. Microstructure of the alloy (after mechanical grinding and polish plus chemical etching) and chemical insights (before chemical etching) were taken using optical microscope (Zeiss+Motic digital camera for image acquisition) scanning electron microscope (SEM VegaTescan LMH II, SE, 30 kV, 16 mm WD) and dispersive energy spectroscopy (EDS Bruker, PB ZAF, Automatic mode of analyze, Point and Mapping features). The experimental alloy was five times re-melted in the induction furnace using a ceramic crucible. The experimental alloys present a good chemical homogenization without porosity, metallic inclusions or segregation.

The metamaterial superlenses for imaging proteins, viruses, and DNA have to present a high resolution, which cannot be ensured by classical lenses. Such a material for lenses exceeds the Abbe-Rayleigh diffraction limit, leading to a nanoscale level of resolution, a several times better than the classical diffraction limits. We have illustrated here a hotspot size of ca. 0.25 – 0.28 λ, corresponding to a numerical aperture of about 1.4. The used metamaterial structures are isotropic negative index metamaterials (NIMs), with negligible losses. Material combinations of metallic nanoparticles (with dimensions of tens of nm) inserted in a dielectric slab have been considered for study. Microcomponents periodicity in the layer is of a few hundred of naometers. Material properties evolve in function of the constituent's nature and dimensions. Refraction index in function of wavelength was determined and represented on graphs in order to illustrate the domain of negative values and the manner in which it can be controlled at structure level. Analysis was performed in visible and IR range by simulation methods, using the HFSS program and a proper algorithm based on physical considerations.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the fatigue strength of corrosion resistant ferritic austenitic steels used in marine equipment. Two groups of sheet steel samples were prepared: the first group were reference parts and the second group of samples were welded. The fatigue tests were performed with specially developed vibrating equipment. The destroyed surfaces were examined by optical microscopy, and the phase composition by X-ray diffraction analysis. Fatigue strength was evaluated by the number of cycles needed for a crack at a certain alternating load. Fatigue tests show how multi-cyclical fatigue affects the formation and development of a fatigue crack, and metallographic and X-ray diffraction analysis shows the phase changes occurring in the structure of SAF 2507 steel.

The article treats the occurrence and development of fatigue cracks in welded samples of ferritic - austenitic steel, which were previously subjected to corrosion. For the purposes of the study, two groups of sheet steel samples were prepared: the first group were reference parts, and the second group of samples were welded and then exposed to a corrosive environment. Corrosion tests were performed by immersing the samples in an acidic solution of (HCl, HNO3 and NaCl). Both groups of samples were tested with specially developed vibrating equipment for high cycle fatigue (10⁶ - 10⁷ cycles). The durability of SAF 2507 steel is estimated by the number of cycles until a crack is obtained at a certain alternating load. The damaged surfaces were examined by microstructural analysis to trace the shape and development of the crack in the structure of ferro-austenitic steel SAF 2507 after its welding and corrosion.

The work represents a comparative study of three type of metallic food package used in Romanian food industry. In this paper, three food packages made of low-alloy steel were analyzed. To characterize their properties, spectrometric analyzes were performed to determine the chemical composition, microhardness analyzes, optical microscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The investigations on the three samples were achieved through X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) analysis performed with a Spectro XEPOS analyzer, optical microscopy analyzes performed on a Reichert UnivaR optical microscope, and microhardness tests by the Vickers method using the CV - 400 DTS tester / 2 (CV Instruments) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) with JASCO 6200 analyzer, equipped with Golden Gate type attenuated total reflection (ATR) device. Following the investigations, the presence of epoxyphenolic resin was confirmed in the case of the first two samples and a layer of polyester in the case of sample three. Finally, conclusions are presented about the qualities of the selected packaging and their properties to keep safe the packaged products for a period of several months to several years.

The present and future importance of Li-Ion batteries is immeasurable; this is evidenced by the awarding of the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 2019, to the team of John Goodenough - director, M Stanley Whittingham and Akita Yashino, who developed the technology to make this type of rechargeable battery. Used at the beginning (1990-2000) in applications such as portable electronic equipments (mobile phones, laptops, electric tools, energy storage systems, etc.), these batteries are considered the most suitable battery for powering electric vehicles. Today the number of electric cars in the world has exceeded 4 million units and the future estimates are among the most optimistic. Recycling of Li-Ion batteries is mainly done in China and South Korea, countries that have a large share in their production, but things can change. Intense research for the recovery and reuse of useful metals contained in these batteries is carried out in many research laboratories. The paper presents the current state of the research undertaken for the recovery of the cathodic paste with high content of Cobalt of waste LIBs, by ultrasonography in lactic acid solution. The hydrometallurgical method uses a non-polluting organic (lactic) acid. The working technique, the results obtained and the investigations carried out on the recovered materials are presented (analysis of optical and electron microscopy, EDX, X-ray diffraction). The paper also includes data regarding the optimization of the separation process of the active cathode paste from the aluminium foil using the orthogonal central-compositional programming of the second order.

The creation of the structured environment affects the environment in all three phases of the construction and the demolition of buildings. The appropriate design of buildings requires full identification of the interaction between the environment and the structured environment. Energy efficiency is a mandatory requirement and integral part of green and sustainable buildings. Energy efficient design optimization is both a design philosophy and a practical technique which has been proposed and used by architects and other professionals for several decades, especially in recent years. Bioclimatic construction has been an important tool for improving the construction of buildings in the past few decades. Energy-saving options in buildings include the use of appropriate materials, exposures and the use of alternative power generation systems. In the present work, the methods and tools used for building design optimization are displayed in an effort to explore the reasoning behind their selection, to present their abilities and performance issues, and to identify the key characteristics of their future versions. In this essay, several algorithms are provided for optimizing problems which are proposed for building construction. Depending on whether limitations are given and on the general form of the optimization problem, one could choose the optimization algorithm which suits each case.

Bioclimatic construction has been an important tool for improving the construction of buildings in recent decades. Energy-saving options in buildings include the use of appropriate materials, exposures and the use of alternative power generation systems. In the present work the basic features of the bioclimatic design and study of the energy saving in the buildings of the polytechnic area located in Zografou is presented. In particular, the RETscreen software is used to test energy savings in the buildings of library, mechanical engineering and management building using photovoltaics. It turns out that an important parameter that affects energy saving is the use of the building and the type of photovoltaic used. This is evidenced by the results of RETscreen that in the case of the Library and the Mechanical Engineering building stable photovoltaic have greater energy savings while in the case of the Management building, biaxial photovoltaics produce greater savings.

The use of renewable energy sources is becoming a general trend for optimizing energy supply and achieving low-carbon development goals in various regions of the world. In Russia, in connection with the introduction and implementation of government support measures for solar, wind, bioenergy, starting in 2013, a large-scale introduction of energy-generating facilities began. This factor, as well as the need to solve the problem of recycling waste from the municipal sector, agriculture and forestry, makes it necessary to use local renewable energy resources, including waste. This approach helps to optimize the regional energy system, even if they are grid connected. The paper discusses the methods and potential for optimizing energy supply in the regions of southern Russia, which has a high population density, a significant deficit in energy balance, and problems in the field of solid waste processing. The basis for this work is the use of municipal sector waste as an energy resource, with an assessment of the economic and environmental efficiency of this process. The use of geoinformation technologies provides a spatial analysis of the resource potential, a comparative analysis of the distribution of energy production and consumption within the region, as well as helps to assess the availability of territories for the optimal placement of solid municipal waste processing facilities.

The paper deals with research on the energy recovery of municipal solid waste and the related impact of the recovery on the environment. Through research steps, analyses of the current production of waste, its energy recovery and the impact on the environment were gradually performed in the Prešov self-governing region in Slovakia. A simplified comparison was made between the impacts of the current landfill method and the proposed incineration method. In terms of forecasts for the development of municipal solid waste produced in the coming period, scenarios of solid municipal waste treatment possible alternatives for the future period are outlined by the help of the electronic monitoring platform.

The main objective of this work is to investigate the efficiency of three different power cycles coupled with parabolic through collectors in Athens/Greece. The power cycles analyzed where: subcritical ORC with n-Pentane and R245fa as working fluids, trans-critical ORC with R245fa as working fluid and super-critical Brayton cycle with CO₂ and R245fa as working fluid. Mathematical models were developed for both the solar farm and the power cycles in order to optimize the necessary parameters for the optimal operation of the plant. The inlet temperature and pressure of the turbine are the optimization parameters. The overall efficiency of the system (power to solar) for the sub-critical ORC with n-Pentane and R245fa is 14.12% and 10.31% respectively. For the trans-critical ORC with R245fa the efficiency is 15.14% and for the super-critical Brayton cycle for CO₂ and R245fa, 13.23% and 8.87% respectively.

Bioenergy remains the largest renewable energy industry. At the same time, microalgae (MA) are a promising object of research among other types of biomass and the scale of microalgae using for energy purposes is increasing. Industrial cultivation of microalgae opens up great opportunities for CO₂ utilization and wastewater treatment from organic and mineral pollutants, and also significantly reduces the load on fresh water supplies. To reduce the cost of biofuels, optimization of a whole number of technological stages, including the cultivation of MA, is necessary. The paper presents the results of developing methods for cultivating MA to optimize their growth and absorption of nutrients from wastewater. A culture of microalgae/cyanobacteria Arthrospira platensis rsemsu P (Bios) (collection of RSE Laboratory at Lomonosov MSU) which grew well in wastewater was experimentally selected. The results of the wet MA biomass conversion into bio-oil by hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) technology with the associated production of biochar are presented. Biochar producing can be considered as a method for capturing and storing carbon.

Over the past decade, a steady tendency towards the increasing use of renewable energy sources in the fuel and energy complex of separate countries and regions is observed. Countries that have large hydrocarbon reserves such as the Republic of Kazakhstan are no exception. The main challenges of using renewable energy sources in these countries are related not only to their spatial and temporal variety, but also to the high cost of produced energycomparing to the traditional energy B sources based on hydrocarbon fuel. The solution to the mentioned problems can be achieved by optimizing the use of renewable energy resources, which requires a comprehensive analysis of the territory in terms of physical-geographic conditions and economic factors. The article offers methodological approaches and the results from a spatial analysis of the energy supply potential to consumers in the Republic of Kazakhstan using the cartography tools. It takes into account not only the distribution of resource potential, but also the environmental factors (specially protected natural areas, water conservation zone, etc.) limiting the installation of power plants based on RES, and the energy consumption schedule. Economic factors include the performance of typical power plants based on RES, as well as the present value of potentially generated energy.

In this study, the wave energy potential in the coastal region of Romania was analyzed. For this purpose, a reanalysis data set downloaded from ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) was used. The reanalysis data contains information for various models. In this analysis the significant height of combined wind waves and swell, the mean wave direction and the mean wave period were analyzed in order to determine the potential of extracting clean energy from waves. The aim of this research is to analyze some performances factors (capacity factor, rated capacity, operating capacity, annul electricity production) of some of the most used wave energy convertors.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of extracting clean energy in the Dobrogea region of Romania. More precisely was analyzed the wind potential in correspondence with some economical parameters that determines the efficiency of extracting clean energy. For this purpose, a data set that contains wind zonal and meridional components for a period of 20 years was processed. In this study, the data set was downloaded from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. By analyzing the levelized cost of electricity, the annual energy production, the annual expensive and other parameters it can be easily observed that implementing new project for extracting renewable energy can be efficient.

The aim of the article is to present modal analysis of nozzle guide vane in low pressure turbine system of aircraft engine. Comparison of results obtained by means of finite element analysis with results of experimental one in terms of frequencies and modal forms are presented. Additionally, the article presents consistent results which will be used in further analyses and researches related to the optimization of dynamic characteristics with application of artificial intelligence.

To reduce the CO₂ emission level for the new CAFE regulations, it is mandatory that automobile producers should choose the hybridization approach.

Relevant published literature show that for a mild hybrid passenger car, increased values of the hybridization factor (HF) have marginal influence over the fuel economy for high speed values if a fixed ratio e-gearbox is used. This paper analyzes the energetic consumption for a Through the Road Hybrid Vehicle (TTR-HEV) when using a two-gear ratio transmission for the electric axle.

To investigate the energetic performances, a complex model developed in a performant simulation environment is used. The energetic consumption is determined for five different test cycles in terms of speed and duration by analyzing the fuel consumption ratio (FCR) for different values of the HF.

In order to compare the test cycles, the FCR parameter is used, after which the correlation with vehicle speed fluctuation (VSF) is explored.

The simulation results obtained for the current application are compared with a hybrid vehicle equipped with a single gear in the rear axle. The results are also expressed in terms of CO₂ emission.

In order to respect the new fleet-wide average emission regulations, recent studies show that car manufacturers produce an increased number of electric vehicles.

For improving the dynamic performances of an electric vehicle while maintaining a low energy consumption, different solutions are used, such as the multi-speed transmission, or the continuously variable transmission (CVT). Another solution more advantageous than other EV typologies consists of a dual motor two speed direct drive, that implies each motor being connected with the final drive through a separate gear. The aim of this paper is to analyse the energy consumption and the overall transmission performance in different test cycles for a middle class with different configurations. The study was carried out by developing a model in a performant simulation environment. The obtained simulation results from the chosen configuration are compared in different test cycles in terms of energy consumption ratio (ECR) and vehicle speed fluctuation (VSF) with the ones from a direct drive EV and a two-gear transmission EV.

In order to fulfil the latest and future emission standards, all vehicles will need to be equipped with hybrid powertrains or advanced depollution systems. For low cost and entry level range of vehicles, in order to keep the production costs low, the simplest choice of hybridization is the mild-hybrid system with integrated starter-generator (ISG). This paper contains a model of a mild-hybrid electric vehicle equipped with a manual gearbox with focus on the drivability performance of the powertrain. The goal of this paper is to find out the drivability performances of a hybrid vehicle by simulation and to show the improvements compared to a similar vehicle equipped with a conventional powertrain.

The latest emission requirements for vehicles requires major improvement in vehicles fuel consumption and emission performance. For entry level range of vehicles, in order to keep the production costs low, the simplest choice of hybridization is the mild-hybrid system with integrated starter-generator (ISG). This paper contains a model of a mild-hybrid electric vehicle equipped with a manual gearbox and a model of conventional vehicle with focus on the emission performance. The goal of this paper is to find out the fuel consumption and emission of a mild hybrid electric vehicle by simulation and to show the improvements compared to a similar vehicle equipped with a conventional powertrain.

The correct functioning of machines could be affected by the vibrations transmitted through their base from other devices. The first possible protection measure is to support these machines on elastic elements with damping. The present work presents a protection solution which consists in the attachment of a dynamic absorber with viscous friction to the considered machine, in order to diminish the amplitudes of the vibrations caused by base movement. The mathematical model is developed for the real case when the base vibrations are not transmitted to the machine, but to the elastic supporting elements. The analytical expression of machine vibration amplitude in steady state is obtained. This amplitude could be diminished by an accurate choice of the three dynamic absorber parameters (mass, elastic constant, coefficient of viscous friction). An optimization program conceived in MATLAB provides the values of these parameters which lead to the minimum amplitude of machine vibrations.

The structure of the front compartment is built to provide safety to passengers during an impact. Safety is ensured by designing structures capable of taking up much of the impact energy. During an impact, the energy of the impact is consumed by the ability of the body structure to deform. Thus, a large part of the kinetic energy of the impact is transformed into deformation energy. It ensures that decelerations are reduced in a short period of time to the limit that passengers can bear. Two mathematical models are proposed for the study of the frontal impact between two vehicles. In the mathematical model the component elements of the frontal compartmental structures are treated separately. Two simplified numerical models with two degrees of freedom are proposed. The first mathematical model is of the table-spring type, and the second is the mathematical model of the table-spring-shock absorber type. The body elements and the main subassemblies of the vehicle are considered to be two concentrated table bodies. The connection between these bodies will be made by elastic elements and damping elements. Based on Lagrange's generalized equations, the equations of motion necessary for the impact study will be obtained. Furthermore, the solving of the numerical systems of the proposed models will be done with the help of the modelling, simulation and analysis environment offered by the MATLAB Simulink software. In this environment, the main initial parameters and impact conditions between the two bodies will be established and block schemes will be built for both systems of equations. With the help of these mathematical models it is desired to determine the maximum deformation recorded by each vehicle during the frontal impact between the two.

In the present paper is estimated the reliability probabilistic model of the dry friction damper of the freight bogie Y25. The analysis is made on the basis of real field data, observed in actual operations of freight wagons. The theoretical probability distributions used to model the reliability are exponential and Weibull. The Weibull reliability models are estimated according to the Regression Method and to the Maximum Likelihood Method.

The article will present a comparison performed for two different approaches based on the application of Finite Element Method used to overlap joints "HUCK BOM" modeling. For the given geometric form of the joint two different numerical models will be presented and their load capacity will be determined for each of the modeling methodologies. The first methodology where a simplified joint model using beam elements and rigid elements of the RBE2 type will be compared with the second where the initial tension and the influence of friction on the joint load capacity are taking into account. Finally, a comparison of the results obtained with reference to the time of connection modeling and computation will be given.

Nowadays, the automotive industry is one of the largest areas of CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation applications. The big challenge that engineers dealing with CFD simulations in this industry have to face is shape optimization, which is often very time-consuming and requires a lot of iterations. To reduce the time needed to achieve an optimal shape and make the design process more efficient, more and more CFD analysts are turning to Adjoint Solver (AS) formulas, a new methodology used for optimization in the automotive as well as railway industry. The AS method calculates gradients (directions, quantities) directly by solving conjugate equations, which makes them independent of design variables. The article concerns optimization the shape of the front wing of the racing car in order to obtain the highest possible downforce-to-drag ratio. At the beginning, 2D shape optimization of the front wing was performed. The next stage of work was the preparation of a CAD (3D) model that took into account the change in the shape of the wing, obtained during the optimization process, and then performing a flow analysis for it.

The future success of companies directly depends on their innovative activity, research and development of newly technologies. The article examines global technological trends by comparing the number of patent applications in different fields and the degree of development of prominent business areas. These areas are also identified by the highest-ranking positions of the companies in the annual research of innovation in the world. The study highlights the most patentable technological fields, as well as those with the highest average growth of this indicator. The emphasis is made on the regional context of technology patenting and the most active companies in patenting.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the variation of the tenability criteria (convected heat, radiant heat, toxic gases and smoke visibility) on the main evacuation paths inside of an educational building, in case of fire. The analysis is performed by numerical simulation for three different fire scenarios. The fire load density of fire space (an office type room) is the same, but the main combustible material is changed: wood, plastic and polyurethane foam. The analyzed building can house a great number of people (over 600) and its inner atrium could facilitate the spread of smoke and hot gases in case of a real fire. According to the numerical analysis, it has been concluded that the convected heat variation is not a significant one (within the engineering limits), but the radiant heat, toxic gases and smoke visibility are highly dependent on the type of considered combustible materials.

An indispensable factor of the socio-economic life, the transports realize the connection between the economic zones, which facilitates the attraction of all the companies to the economic circuit, to the capitalization of the available resources and to their overall development. The influence of transport volumes is clearly manifested on the capacity of the terminals, the number of means of transport necessary to satisfy the demand, the degree of their use, the economy of the goods handling installations, the capacity of the handling fronts and labour productivity. Therefore, it is of a great importance to design the constructions and equipments of the terminals according to a criteria based on the optimal structure of the technical endowment subject to variations in the volume of transport activities. The present paper aims to present a theoretical framework for the distribution of resources for equipping handling fronts of the rail terminals. A mathematical model and a algorithm based on the projected gradient method are developed to solve this problem.

Transit operators face with travel time variability issues related to the design of new transit lines or related to the improvement of the performances of existing lines, especially when transit vehicles without exclusive line. Nowadays, the availability of large data through automated monitoring allows more in-depth this phenomenon of variability in timetables to be pointed out with recorded data. The lack of schedule stability confuses the traveling public and thus the degree of dissatisfaction increases. This leads to a decrease of the public transportation users, especially because of those users having travel alternatives to public transportation. The reliability of the travel time and the vehicle operation according to a stable timetable are the most relevant attributes for the users fidelisation. At the same time, it is well known that the demand for public transportation in congested networks has a large variability over space and time. In this paper, we analyse the deviations from the planned (declared and publicly) schedule for a tram line in Bucharest city in different stations, in diferrent times of the day and in different days of the week, in order to build an optimisation model for needed adjustments to the planned schedule. The data are collected with the Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) system installed on trams' board. The number of the adjustments solutions is very large and the genetic algorithm is engaged for the optimisation model solving.

The qualitative impact calculation for the implementation of a social economy project can be done using dedicated computing software. In this paper we have defined PQS which is an application on JAVA support that allows use irrespective of the existing support platform on the computer. The created application has the advantage that it can run both on computers and on other devices (tablets, phones, etc.). The input data are represented by the values assumed and realized in the project and are stored in a MySQL database.

In this article we aim to create a software application aimed at highlighting the importance of the technical and economic estimate in making the bushings. This software was created as a web platform, available at: https://www.bucsa-sim.com, in order to maximize the accessibility, speed and efficiency of the complex process that underlies the construction of parts, in our case, bushings. The idea of developing this software started from the necessity generated by the fact that currently there is only one website on the Romanian market available at: https://bucsebronz.ro/calculator-piese/, which does not allow users to calculate the technical-economic estimate in real time, but only to send a simple form to the company. The use of this application is part of the new concept of Industrialization 4.0 because it allows operation in the cloud with immediate access to the display of the price of a bushing made of elements recovered from waste. Taking into consideration that materials such as copper and lead can come from recycling of batteries and accumulators, this application contributes to a better integration of the processing of these materials in the priciples or the circular economy.