Table of contents

As a university located in the South Borneo region, Lambung Mangkurat University (ULM) has academic and moral responsibilities to conserve Borneo's "lungs of the world". Especially for the Graduate School of Civil Engineering ULM, national seminar regarding this matter has been held every year. The Graduate school of Civil Engineering has already organized the Annual National Seminar since 2014 on several themes and sub-themes regarding sustainable development. This year, to improve the quality of the seminars and to reach a wider range of speakers and participants, the Graduate School of Civil Engineering will organize the First International Symposium on Civil Engineering and Environmental Research (ISCEER), which is also planned to be held annually. Theme for the First ISCEER is "Green technology for sustainable development in Civil and Environmental Engineering". The symposium was held on November 1-2, 2021.

In the symposium, we discussed the latest findings regarding Green Technology and Sustainable Development to achieve environmentally friendly development, including but not limited to:

a. Structural and material engineering

b. Water engineering

c. Environmental engineering, and

d. Geotechnical engineering

This symposium aims to produce documents on points of view and ideas generated bycross-disciplinary speakers who have high concern on the Civil Engineering and Environmental Research, in terms of sustainable development in general and specifically in green construction. This activity is expected to encourage the passion for researching the green technology for sustainable development. As a result, this is moving towards sustainable development publications published in national and international journals. It becomes suggestions for policy-makers in the context of sustainable development, which are always close to people's lives and their environments.

List of Advisory Board, Organizing Committees, Secretary are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume have been reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

1. Type of peer review: Double Anonymous

2. Conference submission management system: Morressier

3. Number of submissions received: 35

4. Number of submissions sent for review: 30

5. Number of submissions accepted: 29

6. Acceptance Rate (Submissions Accepted / Submissions Received × 100): 82.9

7. Average number of reviews per paper: 1.97

8. Total number of reviewers involved: 15

9. Contact person for queries:

Name: Irfan Prasetia

Affiliation: Lambung Mangkurat University - Graduate school of Civil Engineering

Email: iprasetia@ulm.ac.id

This study aims to analyze the utilization of wood sawdust from Borneo Island as a replacement for fine aggregate. For that purpose, two types of sawdust will be used, which are sawdust from ulin wood (Eusideroxylon Zwageri) and meranti wood (Shorea spp.). Subsequently, to test the effectiveness of replacing fine aggregate with sawdust, the compressive strength tests were carried out for mortar and concrete samples. Furthermore, the fine aggregate replacement ratio in all samples was set to 2.5% and 5% for both types of sawdust. Moreover, samples were also made by adding 0.5 kg/m³ and 1 kg/m³ of ulin and meranti sawdust to the concrete mixture. The compressive strength results of mortar samples show that sawdust from ulin wood has a better effect compared to meranti wood. In addition, the combination of sawdust from ulin and meranti gave a better effect in increasing the strength of the mortar samples. The same pattern could also be observed in the concrete samples, where ulin wood sawdust provides a good strength-enhancing effect, especially when used as an addition to the fine aggregate. Therefore, it is highly recommended to use sawdust, especially from ulin wood, as a material for making green concrete.

South Kalimantan has local aggregates that can be used as porous concrete making materials, which is one of the innovations in the infrastructure of environmentally friendly road pavement that serves to drain surface water into the ground. Porous concrete produces a lot of empty space as an air cavity that is 15%-25% of its total volume and also has a slump value that is close to zero. This study uses fly ash filler material as one of the efforts to reduce cement in porous concrete making materials. This research aims to find out the characteristics of the material, the composition of variations of porous concrete mixture, compressive strength and porosity of porous concrete. Testing uses the SNI method which consists of testing cement, fly ash, coarse aggregates and concrete. Concrete testing is done, namely the compressive strenght and porosity of concrete. Based on theresults of research characteristics of cement and fly ash materials have met the specifications of SNI and the results of rough aggregate testing have met the specifications. In porous concrete the fly ash variation of EM0% is obtained the compressive strength is 20.37 MPa and its porosity is 2.34%; in porous concrete the variation of fly ash EM15% obtained the compressive strength of 21.44 MPa and porosity 2.07%, and porous concrete variation fly ash EM30% obtained the compressive strength of 6.05 MPa and porosity by 6.80%. From the results of the analysis, it is found that there is an inverse relationship between compressive strength and porosity. More higher the porosity of the porous concrete, more lower the compressive strength. This happens because the void ratio affects the compressive strength of porous concrete, more greater the void value making higher the porosity value and causes the compressive strength to decrease.

This study investigates the effect of the replacement of recycled concrete as coarse aggregates using the Densified Mixture Design Algorithm Method (DMDA) in unconfined concrete behavior. DMDA was applied to produce concrete with the least void. Compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength tests were conducted on 7-, 14-, 28- and 56-day old specimens. Compressive strength test results showed that specimens with 20, 30, and 40% RCA replacements at 56 days are relatively lower compared to the control and with 10% RCA replacement specimens. The compressive strengths of the specimens with RCA replacements decreased as the amount of RCA increased. However, the 10% replacement specimens showed promising performance with an average strength of 3275 psi at 56 days with an 11.2% difference in compressive strength with the control with 0% replacement. A significant increase in compressive strengths between the 28- and 56-day specimens for all specimens was observed and accounted due to the pozzolanic activity of the type C fly ash used as filler. For flexural and splitting tensile strength, results showed that specimens with 40% replacement showed best performance with a 9.87% difference and roughly 1% greater with the control in terms of its flexural and splitting tensile strength, respectively.

To date, there is no defined criterion for measuring the compressive strength of PC due to the variation of voids present. This study introduced an alternative approach which investigates the cement paste distribution expecting to produce a mix that forms a uniform paste distribution. The experiments were carried out through two different aggregate sizes and five different water-to-cement (W/C) ratio design mixes while maintaining a constant aggregate-tobinder ratio. The control specimen with a W/C ratio of 0.33 was used for both aggregate size mix designs. A wax coating method to determine specific surface area of aggregate developed by L. Xiao et al. was utilized in cement paste distribution computations. The data from the cement paste distribution tests indicated that varying W/C ratios had no significance on cement distribution. However, results showed that the 3/8" mix series with higher specific aggregate surface area resulted to a more well distributed and thinner cement paste thickness. The results from the compression and permeability tests showed that these two functional properties are inversely proportional. The W/C ratio that provided balance between strength and permeability while having uniform cement paste distribution is between 0.33 to 0.36 for both aggregate sizes.

The use of waste materials such as rubber powder in stone mastic asphalt (SMA) has improved the structural performance to some extent, and the research on the improvement is still ongoing. Rubberised stone mastic asphalt has shown good performance in terms of resilient modulus. In this research, response surface methodology was utilised to increase the efficiency in determining the recoverable horizontal deformation and samples compaction level using optimum rubber and binder content. Thirty-one tests were performed on different binders and rubber contents, and the recoverable horizontal deformation and ratio of height to the diameter of Marshall compacted samples were recorded. The ANOVA analysis showed a low P-value with a high correlation coefficient, and the optimisation showed that adding almost 3% rubber powder to SMA could improve the compaction level and desirable recoverable deformation.

This research examined the effect of acid water as a concrete mix material and as a curing system on the compressive strength of concrete. The effect of wet-dry curing conditions in normal and low pH water on the concrete compressive strength was also evaluated. The water pH of 3 and 7 was conducted in this research. Water pH of 3 was obtained by diluting the HCl solution with tap water. The result showed that the concrete compressive strengths with normal water were 26.23, 26.61, 28.31, and 28.31 MPa at 28, 56, 90, and 120 days, respectively. In comparison, concrete mixed with low pH water was 25.48, 26.04, 26.42, and 26.42 MPa at 28, 56, 90, and 120 days, respectively. The wet-dry curing system for normal water concrete mixed reduced the compressive strength at 28 days by 14.39%, 56 days by 18.44%, 90 days by 14.00%, and 120 days by 10.00%. The wet-dry curing with acidic water also decreased the concrete compressive strength. The wet-dry condition breaks the hydration process between concrete and acid water. Wet-dry curing decreased the compressive strength of concrete. The compressive strength at 28, 56, and 90days decreased 16.30, 12.32, and 7.86%, respectively. While at 120 days, the compressive strength on wet-dry curing slightly increased by 1.43% by 0.01%. Wet-dry curing breaks the concrete hydration process with acid water.

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is an innovation concrete technology which can spread grout of concrete into the formwork without the need of vibrator. The objective of this research was to evaluate the performance of SCC using locally available coarse aggregate sizes, proportion from total aggregate weight and chemical admixtures in producing of SCC. Two various sizes and percentages of coarse aggregates from total aggregate weight were investigated The influence of coarse aggregate size and proportion is determined in terms of fresh concrete and compressive strength under constant dosage of superplasticizer. Result of the research indicated that increasing the size of coarse aggregate in SCC mixtures from size of 10 mm to 12.5 mm can produce poor fairly mixtures in terms passing ability for both of specimens using 40% and 50% of coarse aggregate content in the SCC mixtures. Moreover, the augment of the volume content of coarse aggregate from 40% to 50% of total aggregate weight can improve the concrete compressive strength and the adding of superplasticizer in the mixtures can avoid segregation among aggregate particles. The result of experimental phase indicated that the equation from ACI 209R-92 can be utilized to predict the compressive strength of SCC mixtures at different ages

Fly ash is known as a waste from burning coal which has answered the issue of global warming to be an alternative constituent material for concrete. Casting on mass concrete has a major problem like the thermal cracking caused by the hydration process in the cement chemical component. The prevention solution is using fly ash for a mixed design. Moreover, the casting method using the preplacedd aggregate method could be able to control the heat of hydration which lowers the temperature of the concrete by minimalizing the friction between the coarse aggregate particles during the mixing operation. This study aims to analyze the behaviour of surface and core temperatures in mass concrete using the preplacedd aggregate concrete method and substituting part of the cement with fly ash. The result from the study showed that the temperature behaviour of preplacedd aggregate concrete for mass concrete decreased and slowed the temperature rise if compared to the conventional methods. Moreover, the partial substitution of class C fly ash in the concrete mixture leads to reduce the temperature of the mass concrete.

In this study, coconut shell ash (CSA) was used as a substitute for cement in the manufacture of paving blocks. The research aims to determine the CSA substitution effect on the mortar compressive strength. The replacement percentages were 0, 3, 5, 8, 10, and 12%. The immersed and wrapping with plastic were conducted as curing conditions. The mortar compressive strength was 24.97, 16.44, 15.26, 14.61, 14.25, 11.87 MPa for immersed curing at 28 days for 0, 3, 5, 8, 10, and 12%, respectively. While for wrapping plastic, the compressive strength was 21.97, 15.82, 15.10, 14.06, 13.21, and 12.62 MPa. Substitution of coconut shell ash reduced the compressive strength. Based on the optimum compressive strength of mortar, the paving block size of 20x10x6 cm was made and then cut into 6x6x6 cm. The compressive strength was 13.21, 12.02, and 9.65 MPa at the 0, 3, and 5% CSA substitution. The water absorption indicated almost similar around 7% for all substitutions. There were no defects such as cracks found, and the different weights before and after immersed in sodium sulfate were 0.1 to 0.3%.

The year 2021 in Banjar Regency and several other regencies in South Kalimantan Province opened with floods disaster. High rainfall caused the river to overflow; one of the rivers that overflowed was the Martapura River in Banjar Regency. The flood in 2021 is not the first flood disaster to occur, but a floods disaster that has occurred frequently. This flood is a fairly large flood compared to the previous flood. The areas affected by the large flood in Banjar Regency are in the Districts of Sungai Tabuk, Martapura Kota, East Martapura, West Martapura, Astambul, Karang Intan, and Pengaron. The method used in this research is to analyze the hydro-meteorological using the rainfall-runoff model, and the anthropogenic factors in the flood events in Banjar Regency be approached by the value of the C coefficient. The hydro-meteorological factors as natural factors cannot be predicted. The extreme rainfall on January 14, 2021 as 255.3 mm is higher than 100-years return period as 244.716 mm. Its caused biggest flood disaster in January 2021. The anthropogenic factors caused by humans can be reduced. One of the anthropogenic factors that have the most impact on any flood event is land-use change. Land-use change causes rainwater that falls cannot infiltrate into the ground. One of the most common community activities is to close the yard and the drains so that rainwater does not have access to penetrate the ground. Second, the conversion of agricultural land, and swampland into residential and industrial areas. The third factor that is no less important is the role of the community in development that is not environmentally friendly, one of them by dredging for houses or other buildings. These three anthropogenic factors cause the C value to increase, and it increases the flood discharge.

The hydrological condition can be determined by investigating local data or analyzing historical climatological records. Several methods can approach the wetland condition, including peatland in general. The definition of physical properties to assess critical groundwater table depths is one of them. Another way is to define the requirements in the area that can be approached by determining the condition of the wetland area for general. Understanding and assessing the wetland state is necessary to measure and evaluate the wetland situation, and it can be done by analyzing wetland hydrology parameters. Due to the necessity to mitigate change conditions in a wetland, it is common to know that either flood or drought will derive a difficult situation both in a wetland and a peatland but especially for a peatland, drought condition is severe. This study aims to observe the wetland condition and identify whether the wetland area has drought risk potential, especially in the peatland site. The study was conducted by directly taking data from the study location and downloading satellite data from local and regional websites: the local climatology agency Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi dan Geofisika (BMKG Indonesia), and the Jaxa website. The data from satellite needs to be used related to the limitation of ground data in the study location. The result showed that the satellite has an excellent relationship to the ground data with a pretty low root mean square error (RMSE) number. In addition, it showed the correlation between the amount of monthly rainfall and evapotranspiration with the water table elevation. It can be concluded at the initial conclusion that the decreased rainfall and the high evapotranspiration in a particular month can be expected the drought risk potentially will happen.

Danda Besar Swamp Irrigation Area (SIA) is located in Danda Jaya Village in Rantau Badauh District, Barito Kuala Regency, South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. It is one of tidal swamp reclamation where tidal fluctuation of Barito River affects to the hydrological condition. Danda Besar SIA has potential agricultural land about 2, 200 ha, and the productivity of paddy field was only 2 ton/ha in average for each time planting year. Two ton/ha is too low productivity due to problem of water quality in irrigation canal. However, fundamental information for the management of water quality of irrigation, monitoring data of water quality, is not measured yet. This fundamental research was conducted to identify and analyze condition of irrigation water quality. The field survey was carried out in dry months, May and June 2021 at primary canal, secondary canal, tertiary canal and pond. The final result for 6 parameters of the 4 locations (primary canal, secondary canal, tertiary canal and pond) showed there were 3 parameters (TDS, DO, and Sulfate (SO₄^2-)) fulfill the class II standard, meanwhile there were 3 parameters (pH, Iron (Fe) and BOD) not fulfill the class II standard according to Government Regulation No. 22 year 2021 regarding Implementation of Environmental Protection and Management. The high content of Iron (Fe) and low content of pH recorded in all water sources should be addressed with urgency since this phenomenon as a result of pyrite oxidation affect to pH condition and may cause the low productivity of paddy field.

Irrigation or water use for agriculture is the biggest water consumer. Reducing water use for irrigation means significantly to water saving. Drip and mist irrigations are methods of water application which consume water more efficiently and more agriculture products produce from same amount of water. This research aimed to assess performance off drip irrigation and mist irrigation to supply irrigation water for vegetables. The vegetables cultivated were spinach, mustard, and water spinach. The indicators employed were discharge, uniformity, dan water productivity. The research results showed that average discharges of drip and mist irrigations were 0.0056 litre/second and 0.0012 litre/second, respectively. The uniformity was measured using distribution uniformity (DU) and Christiansen uniformity index (CU). The DU of drip and mist irrigations were 0.84 and 0.76, respectively. The CU of drip and mist irrigations were 0.76 and 0.82, respectively. The biomass water productivities of spinach, mustard, and water spinach irrigated with drip irrigation were 2.23, 9.51, and 7.92, respectively. The biomass water productivities of spinach, mustard, and water spinach irrigated with mist irrigation were 0.98, 8.70, and 9.10, respectively.

Discharge variability such as frequency and magnitude at certain seasons has the main control on the hydrological behavior of the river. This means a better understanding of discharge variability for reservoir inflow it can be used to manage water reservoir manajement more effectively during the wet year we can use more water, and during the dry season water saving must be done. This flow discharge variation was investigated using data for 18 years from 2003 to 2020 using data on the daily inflow gate of the Wonorejo Reservoir. This study was used to examine the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and statistical methods in the form of average annual discharge, standard deviation (SD), and coefficient of variation (CV) were used to determine the relationship between rain and discharge that occurred. The results of this study show the variability of the discharge for wet, normal and dry years, as well as the distribution of, and changes in the stream flow record. This study is very valuable in order to know the trend of seasonal discharge that occurs, the estimated highest and lowest discharge, as well as the annual discharge cycle in the context of water resources management. Thus, the inflow discharge of the Wonorejo Reservoir from January 2003 to December 2020 shows that each time series follows a normal distribution with a probability percentage of a wet year and a dry year of 41% while a normal year is 11%.

The installation of billboard building construction, especially along main urban roads, is not the same as building construction such as residential buildings, warehouses and others. There are several things that need to be considered both from the aspect of construction safety and environmental appearance, so it is necessary to assess the condition of the billboard installed. The failure to build billboards can cause collapse. This happens because planning activities are not carried out according to technical standards, supervision during installation and continuous maintenance. Billboards installed along the road can also affect the aesthetics of the environment. Many billboards are attached which causes visual pollution. Visual pollution assessment can be done through the AHP-based SBE method. In addition to the SBE method, a combination of SWOT, AHP and QSPM methods can also be carried out. The findings from the assessment obtained can be immediately evaluated and follow-up steps in an effort to build cities and settlements that are inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable according to the 11th goal of the SDG's.

The Londerang Peat Protected Forest is the largest protected peat forest in Jambi Province with 12, 500 hectares. In 2015 there was a peat forest fire that destroyed the existing vegetation. Based on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite, thousands of hotspots were observed from May to October. The condition of peat damage reaches 90%. Peat plays an important role in absorbing 75%of carbon so it should not be burned, dried, and used as plantation land. The purpose of the study was to determine changes in land cover, to determine the extent of revegetation, and to determine the area of unvegetated forest in the Londerang Peat Protected Forest area. The remote sensing method used is Image Classification assisted by ArcGIS Version 10.8 software with Landsat 8 satellite imagery. The analysis is carried out by making 20 color classifications on satellite image data, then the majority or pulling the minority pixel classes into the majority of pixel colors. From each code grid in the attribute table, the data are combined according to the landcover classification.The results of the spatial analysis of land cover In 2013-2018 there was very high forest degradation. In 2013 it was 2940.1 ha, in 2018 it was 191.3ha from the initial area of 12500 ha so that the Gonderang HLG was categorized as critical. Revegeted land is 354 ha with 164, 000 planted vegetation and the type of planted vegetation is endemic vegetation (Jelutung, swamp island, Gelam). The revegetation of the Londerang Peat Protection Forest has only been carried out for only 2.8% of the total land area.

Groundwater is used for domestic and industrial water supply and irrigation. Land use in the Randublatung groundwater basin is mainly agricultural, using groundwater as the primary source. The present study aims to assess the groundwater quality in Randublatung groundwater basin. Groundwater quality in the study area, 13 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for various parameters. Physicochemical parameters of groundwater such as Electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, Chloride (Cl), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Sulfate (SO4), Bicarbonate (HCO3), Nitrate (NO3) were determined. A chemical index like percentage of sodium, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), permeability index (PI), Kelly Index, and Magnesium ratio can be used to determine groundwater quality for irrigation. From the study, 3 of 13 samples are suitable for drinking. Based on Wilcox classification, 23% of the groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation. From the USSL chart, there are four types of water quality. All groundwater samples are in a low sodium hazard condition based on the sodium absorption ratio. The permeability index and magnesium ratio indicate that all groundwater samples are of good quality for irrigation utility. Based on the Kelly index, there is one sample unsuitable for irrigation.

Street corridor landscape is an important part of open space for city sustainability but is often neglected in urban development. Road corridors, connecting urban spaces can act as city gates because they provide a visual impact on the city. Urban road corridors are places for people with different social backgrounds, ages, and genders to engage in activities. The road corridor should play an important role in shaping the image of the city because it becomes a visual display case for the city gate. This article aims to find out the researchers' views on the eco-design concept of road corridor landscapes that form the image of the city. The eco-design concept was proposed as an answer to the environmental, energy efficiency, and sustainability issues that are currently emerging, this is in line with the objectives of the Sustainable Development Goals. This paper uses a qualitative descriptive method, describing secondary data from research journals about the concept of ecodesign. The conclusion shows that the urban road corridor landscape can be arranged and improved with an eco-design concept strategy to improve the image of the city towards a sustainable city.

The implementation of reclamation process in wetland has encountered some obstacles, such as the occurrence of pyrite oxidation, sedimentation, and accumulation of toxic materials, especially the concentration of Fe (iron) in the channel. The condition of the reclamation channel which is influenced by tidal events and environmental factors causes the dynamics of Fe concentration to be strongly influenced by hydrodynamic aspects and its interaction with dissolved and suspended particulates. An accurate model will be useful as a tool to evaluate alternative management of water systems to overcome the problem of Fe concentration accumulation in the tidal wetland reclamation channel. Fe fate and transport were modeled using a numerical model of hydrodynamics and water quality EFDC (Environmental Fluid Dynamic Code). The partition process separates the metal fraction into two phases (dissolved and solid), which is related to the value of the partition coefficient (Kp). The application of the partition process is considered to have a significant influence on the accuracy of the estimated Fe concentration. The simulation results of the model with the partition coefficient approach have better accuracy than the conventional model which tends to be over-predicted compared to the observation data. Simulation of one-way flow system shows a decrease of Fe concentration in the channel by an average of 52.9% compared to two-ways flow system. The application of one-way flow system is possible through the placement of flap gates that will direct the flow to the drainage channels.

The provision of clean water is still a very serious problem in some places. Many times, water is available in abundant quantities but the quality does not meet human needs. On the other hand, there is a lot of locally available raw materials available for producing ceramic filters which in turn can be used to produce clean water from polluted water. The wild and domesticated fern grows widely in Southeast Asia. The stem can be used as the carbon material for producing filters. This study aims to utilize the fern stem as indigenous material to produce an affordable, easy to use, robust clay base water filter for the less advantaged communities. Chopped fern stem mixed with clay in several compositions (50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% clay), shaped to produce 2 cm thick biscuits with 10 cm diameter, and dried for one week at room temperature and then fired at 900⁰C overnight. It was found that biscuits with 50% and 60% clay can be used as filters and filter with 50% clay produced filtrate with a better quality which meets the Indonesian standards for class two water which is water for drinking but not potable water. Therefore the fernstem is a potential raw material for ceramic filter production.

One of the efforts to overcome the critical problem of land usage for landfill and regenerate waste is to reuse the expired landfill after managing them. The purpose of this study is to determine the potential utilization of waste from landfill mining activities. At 15 sample depth points in zone 1 of Sumur Batu Landfill from 2004-2007 waste, the composition of mining landfill waste consists of 29% soil/organic fraction; 25% other waste; 23% plastic; 11% overburden; 5% diaper waste; 2% cloth; 2% wood; 1% glass; 1% rubber; and 1% metal. The particle size of the landfill waste has a diameter distribution of >38.1 mm to <2mm which is almost evenly distributed with values ranging from 9-20%. The calorific value of combustible waste is 3, 569.47 kcal/kg. The chemical characteristics of the landfill soil mining fraction consisted of C-Organic 29.55%, NTK 0.65%, C/N 29.59, and Total-P 22.84%. Dosage variation of landfill mining soil fraction as a planting medium with soil used for research, respectively 1:4, 1:5, and 1:6, and soil with Bokham compost as control. The use of landfill soil fraction as a planting medium with 3 types of soil, namely clay, laterite, and acid clay causes a decrease in the growth of mung beans (Vignaradiata L.). However, the 1:4 landfill soil fraction dose gave a positive response to the physiological observations of plants compared to the other two doses of variation. The potential for landfill waste is 100, 000 tons, the total cost of landfill mining activities is Rp. 25, 829, 996, 775, and the total benefits of landfill mining activities are Rp.26, 347, 223, 544, with the use of combustible waste to produce electricity and/or heat using an incinerator, the benefit ratio value is 1.02 which is means that the activities of the Zone 1 of Sumur Batu Landfill is feasible to carry out. Based on these data, with organic waste as the dominant waste in the Sumur Batu Landfill, the best possibility in utilizing waste is to use the waste as soil fertilizer.

This study is centered on automatic mapping approach to identify and count coconut trees in the municipality of San Fernando, Cebu for the purpose of source mapping for viable sustainable construction materials. Through the employment of theories and applications of Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA), a rule set was developed in eCognition Developer to automatically identify and count coconut trees in orchards. The data used in the rule set were the red, green and blue (RGB) spectral bands of the orthophoto with a spatial resolution of 0.50m, and the Normalized Digital Surface Elevation (NDSM) with a spatial resolution of 1.0m. The mapping approach yielded an overall accuracy, user accuracy and producer accuracy of 71.19%, 78.82% and 88.02%, respectively. The run time of automatic detection of the coconut trees in the sampling area was recorded to be 30 seconds, taking a significantly shorter amount of time than visually analysing the area with a recorded time of 90 minutes. The application of the developed rule set to the entire municipality resulted in 96, 099 detected coconut trees with Barangay Cabatbatan having the highest tree count of 36, 621 in a land area of 19.336 square kilometres.

In Indonesia, there is a significant amount of sugarcane bagasse waste that has not been utilized optimally. Around 50% of sugarcane bagasse waste is discarded as waste with little economic value. Sugarcane bagasse contains lignocellulose, composed of 20% hemicellulose, 52.75% cellulose, 20% pentosan, and 37.55% lignin and converted into activated charcoal. Sugarcane bagasse can be used as an alternative raw material for activated charcoal by carbonizing it in a batch process to remove organic compounds from the waste. On this basis, a study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of bagasse activated charcoal in reducing the COD content of sasirangan waste and the optimal dose of bagasse activated charcoal as an adsorbent in reducing the COD content of sasirangan wastewater.The steps to make activated carbon are by place small pieces of bagasse in the mortar and place in a 350°C furnace for 2 hours or until the sample turns black. Next, bagasse charcoal was sieved until smooth using a 100-mesh sieve. The following stage is chemical activation. Bagasse that has passed through the sieve is soaked in 0.1 N 20% HCl activator for the day—cleansing the activated charcoal with distilled water until the pH is neutral. The next step is physical activation, which involves heating the activated charcoal in an oven at 105°C for six hours to dehydrate it. The results indicated that bagasse activated charcoal with a pH of 5 and a contact time of 90 minutes could reduce the COD content of the Sasirangan wastewater by up to 95.37 % and that the dose of bagasse activated charcoal as an adsorbent had a significant effect on the COD content. The quantity of 5 g/L is the maximum number of COD that can be absorbed. Keyword: Activated Charcoal, COD, sasirangan wastewater

Instant noodles are very popular among Indonesian people. It is due to its cheap and easy to serve. Therefore, the consumption of instant noodles may increase every year based on the population. However, the increase in consumption of instant noodles has an impact on the plastic waste generated that will be caused pollution into the environment due to difficult to degrade. Edible film from Nagara starch with red ginger essential oil is potentially used as food packaging due to easily degraded and environmentally friendly. Nagara starch was synthesis from Nagara sweet potato which locally growth in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Edible film was fabricated by mixing and heating nagara sweet potato starch with demineralized water until boiled, then followed by added glycerol, sorbitol and stirrer until homogeneous for 45 min. The obtain solution was heating down until 40 °C which afterward added the red ginger essential oil with varied concentration (0-1.5 % wt.) and mixed for 20 min. The film was casted and dried in oven for 24 h at 60 °C. All edible film with different red ginger essential oil concentration characterized by water resistant, water solubility, thickness, elongation, tensile strength and microbial test. The nagara starch edible film has successfully fabricated with addition red ginger essential oil and shows physical characteristics of white, slightly yellow, clear, transparent, thin and tends to be elastic. The result exhibits nagara edible film (1 % red ginger essential oil) has good characteristic according to water resistant (58.3 %), water solubility (33 %), tensile strength (1.84 N/mm²), elongation (17.9 %), and thickness analysis (260 mm). The obtained edible film was suitable for packaging instant noodles seasoning. In other hand, the presence of red ginger essential oil in edible film has critical role for maintaining the food from microbes due to it acts as antimicrobial agent.

Cimahi River is one of the sub-watersheds of the Citarum River. The upstream of the Cimahi River is located in the West Bandung Regency area through 7 villages namely Karyawangi, Cihanjuang, Cihanjuang Rahayu, Sukajaya, Padaasih, Jambudipa, and Kertawangi. The research was carried out at 3 points, namely monitoring point 1 at coordinates E 107°34'41.01" S 06°47'51.29", point 2 at coordinates E 107°34'24.36" S 06°48'54.09", and point 3 at coordinates E 107°33'58.28" S06°50' 05.33". The purpose of this study is to determine the status of the water quality of the Cimahi River so that the level of water pollution that occurs can be known. The method used to calculate the status of water quality is the Pollutant Index which refers to the Decree of the State Minister of the Environment Number 115 of 2003 concerning Guidelines for the Status of Water Quality. Based on the research results, there are 6 main parameters that cause water pollution, namely TSS, BOD5, COD, Nitrite, Free Chlorine, and Total Detergent. The Pollutant Index results obtained in the Upper Cimahi River are categorized as heavily polluted with a significant increase from point 1 to 3, respectively 13.38 at point 1, 14.99 at point 2, and 15.36 at point 3. Source potential pollutants in this river are the domestic sector, agriculture, and livestock.

Edible film as food packaging is an alternative solution to maintain Dodol quality and prevent to decay during storage. Commonly, edible films were prepared from starch-based materials. Nevertheless, the edible film which only made from starch has a limitation due does not provided antibacterial properties. Therefore, this study aims to synthesis and characterize of edible film from Nagara sweet potato with addition of garlic essential oil which applicated for Kandangan Dodol packaging. Synthesis of edible film was carried by prepared starch derived Nagara sweet potato by extraction. Garlic essential oil was added with various concentrations (0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% v/v total). Furthermore, the edible film was characterized to determine the effect of the concentration of garlic essential oil extract on thickness, water absorption, air solubility, and mechanical properties of the edible film, as well as the application of edible film on Kandangan Dodol to determine the stored life time. Edible film with the addition of 0.75% garlic essential oil has a thickness of 0.1 mm with resistance and solubility to water of 50.53% and 39.46%., respectively. The presence of garlic essential oil in edible film has an important role to maintain the quality of Kandangan Dodol on antibacterial activity.

One method for stabilizing soft clay is to mix it with cement. Portland composite cement (PCC) is a cement produced by grinding together portland slag and gypsum with one or more inorganic materials that is suitable for stabilization of soft soils. The purpose of this study was to mix soft clay from Bukit Rawi, Central Kalimantan with PCC, which was then tested for unconfined compression strength (UCS) and the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) to see if it could be used as a road subgrade. Soft soil from Bukit Rawi was mixed with PCC with percentages of 6%, 8%, 10%, and 12% on a dry weight basis. The mixture was tested by Proctor standard compaction to obtain the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density. At these optimum conditions, UCS and CBR tests were carried out. The findings reveal that adding PCC to Bukit Rawi soil enhances UCS and CBR, which were previously 3.47% of CBR and 0.67kg/cm2 of UCS. The addition of PCC with a level of 2‒3% is planned for field application, because it is considered capable of fulfilling the requirements as a subgrade layer with a CBR of 15%. Furthermore, 12 percent PCC is required in the combination as a foundation (minimum 20kg/cm2 of UCS).

Peat soil is a soft soil with more than 75% organic content, very high void ratio, and very high water content. In recent times, the lack of land use has made peat soil as an option for agriculture, drainage channels, and also for construction. Utilization of peat soil usually causes the peat soil water content to decrease. Based on the condition of its water content, the condition of peat soil can be classified into several conditions, which is peat soil with constant water content, peat soil which affected by ambient water content, and dried peat soil. Some of the improvement efforts made include the method of improvement by means of stabilization. The stabilization material used was a mixture of lime (CaCO₃) and rice husk ash with the combination of 70% rice husk ash and 30% lime. Based on those studies, the use of the stabilization method is not recommended if the peat soil water content has decreased more than 50%. Therefore, the peat soil water content needs to be maintained in order for the stabilization to be effective and also for the sake of environmental preservation.

This study compares two methods in enhancing fly ash as a soft-soil stabilizer. The first is using fly ash with mixing proportion varies from 10%, 15%, and 20%. In the second method, 10% cement combines with fly ash mixing proportion in the first method. Based on CBR test results, the fly-ash effectively increases the soft soil capacity with a CBR maximum of 9.31% at 20% fly ash in the first method. The second method enhances more impact than the first method with a CBR maximum of 49.36% at 20% fly ash. The swelling value keeps decreasing with the increase of fly ash content, and adding cement to fly ash-soft soil mixture can further minimize the swelling value by two times compared to only fly ash as the stabilizing agent.