Table of contents

1^st ASEAN International Conference on Energy and Environment (AICEE)

Brunei Darussalam, 15^th September 2021

ASEAN Energy Transition with Resiliency in the Post Pandemic Climate Change Era

Introduction

ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE) is an intergovernmental organisation within ASEAN structure that represents the 10 ASEAN Member States' (AMS) interests in the energy sector. It currently implements ASEAN Climate Change and Energy Project (ACCEPT), which aims to improve the coherence between the ASEAN energy and climate policies, contribute to more climate-friendly development of the energy sector. Part of ACCEPT initiatives is the establishment of ASEAN Researchers Network on Energy and Climate Change (ARNECC).

ASEAN Member States (AMS), with their high population and economic growth, are expected to be a new global centre of energy consumption in the future. This trend pushes energy security as one of the highest priorities in energy development in the region. At the same time, climate change concern also drives the energy sector to be more environment-friendly and sustainable. In response to these trends, all AMS ratified the Paris Agreement and submitted their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) as pledges of climate action.

List of Theme, Topic, Key Dates, Participants, Steering Committee, Scientific Committee, Organizing Committee and Documentation are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume have been reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

• Type of peer review: Single Anonymous

• Conference submission management system: Morressier

• Number of submissions received: 24

• Number of submissions sent for review: 24

• Number of submissions accepted: 21

• Acceptance Rate (Submissions Accepted / Submissions Received × 100): 87.5

• Average number of reviews per paper: 2

• Total number of reviewers involved: 14

• Contact person for queries:

Name: Dr. Abdul Hanif Mahadi

Email: hanif.mahadi@ubd.edu.bn

Affiliation: Universiti Brunei Darussalam

Transportation sector in Southeast Asia is highly dependent on petroleum products, making it one of the most carbon-intensive energy sectors in the region. The 6th ASEAN Energy Outlook (AEO6) projected the sector's oil consumption to rapidly grow to 330 million ton of oil equivalent (Mtoe) by 2040 or about 97% from total energy consumed in the sector. Mostly imported, the ever-increasing oil demand poses risk to economic and energy security. The growing concern of climate change also brings another issue to the sector. Cleaner mobility alternatives include electric vehicle. This study aims to assess the readiness of electric mobility roll-out in Southeast Asia, especially from supporting policy perspective. It critically reviews the related policies from each ASEAN member states. Further, the PEST (Political, Economic, Social, Technological) framework is utilised to assess the readiness of such policies. Based on such analysis and identification of critical factors of electric mobility implementation, the study proposes policy recommendations.

Electric vehicle, as one of the low carbon footprints, has transformed a wide range of energy and public sectors. Utilizing the WHO Covid-19 pandemic statement, we search for the optimal portfolio from the top seven Electric Vehicle (EV) enterprises in ASEAN. Using the MonteCarlo simulation of optimal risky assets portfolio, we find that before and during the pandemic, the optimal portfolio weights differ significantly. Before (during) the pandemic, the investment weight of optimal portfolio consists of Toyota Motor Corporation 49.83% (42.99%), Star 8 Corporation 23.20% (9.73%), Hyundai Motor Corporation 20.81% (10.63%), BMW.DE 2.79% (32.08%), Honda Motor Company 2.56% (0.64%), Mitsubishi Motor Corporation 0.68% (0.09%), and Nissan Motor Co. 0.14% (3.84%). The Sharpe Ratio shows how during the pandemic, the portfolio of EV stocks give more excessive return compare to their risks, from 93.55% to 250.62%. These findings support the notion of how EV stocks are investible, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Biopellets, part of biomass, have excellent prospects to be developed further in Indonesia. The potential for developing biomass energy is estimated at 50 GWe, while the installed capacity is still around 1600 MW by 2018. This study analyzed the barriers and opportunities of bio pellets development in Indonesia. Data were collected from a systematic literature review and interviews with related stakeholders. Lack of market demand is one of the main barriers to boosting bio pellets development in Indonesia. We found that a lack of national demand was one of the barriers. National demand accounts only for about 10% of total production, with the highest coming from Java – produced for power plants and other industries such as food, cosmetics, ceramics, and furniture industries. About 90% of the biopellets market demand originates from Japan and Korea. Recently, the Indonesian government is drafting a regulation to support cofiring for coal power plants to increase national demand for biomass (including biopellets). This may open a window of opportunity to increase the national market demand for biopellets in Indonesia.

Indonesia's bioenergy potential is enormous. Utilization of bioenergy can be a solution to future energy independence. It is predicted that fossil fuel production will start to decline in 2025 and the need for other sustainable sources of energy will be significantly increase. To turn the potential to real benefits, the supporting conditions policies, and regulations to ensure incentives, prices, and subsidies, need to be made jointly by various related structures of the government. The development of bioenergy in Indonesia shall be planned in the context of sustainability. That shall include plans for the growth of green environment, mitigation, and adaptation to changes in climate. It will be expected to give a big contribution to the Bonn Challenge, which is an attempt globally to return the 350 million hectares of green land status in 2030, as intended by The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change for the reduction of greenhouse gases emissions.

This paper examines the extent of climate change disclosure among energy firms operating in Africa and Asia, as well as the firm, country and global determinants of the disclosures. A quantitative approach was applied to evaluate an unbalanced panel data of 31 firms in 18 countries across Africa and Asia for 2015 to 2020. Data was collected from the GRI database and a composite index was constructed to measure the extent of climate change disclosure using "GRI 305: Emissions" indicators. The study used a regression model to find the nexus between climate change disclosure and its determinants. Comparatively, Asian energy firms disclose more than their African counterparts. The determinants of climate change disclosure are board size, board diversity, multinational status, profitability, cross-listing status, membership to the United Nations Global Compact and the Human Development Index of the countries within which firms operate. This study provides insights about the extent of GRI 305: Emissions usage by energy firms in Africa and Asia. It also adds to the limited knowledge on climate change disclosure in Africa and Asia. With the recent COP26 conference in mind, this study extends knowledge on how businesses are taking action in line with the Agenda 2030 (specifically Sustainable Development Goal 13), the Paris Agreement and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.

Jakarta International Stadium (JIS) will be the largest FIFA-standard stadium in Indonesia equipped with 82,000 seating capacities, two training pitches, and retractable roof on its top. Parking lots will be limited in numbers; however, many modern public transportation systems will pass over the area to encourage people not to use private vehicles. As the Project Owner, PT. Jakarta Propertindo (Perseroda) has set the target to achieve Platinum-standard in Green Building. As of mid-July 2021, JIS was still under construction with the actual progress of around 64 %, however, its design has met the sustainability's highest requirements as Green Building Council Indonesia (GBCI) has awarded Greenship platinum to JIS' design with the score of 81.8%. The final assessment (FA), which includes on-site measurement and verification, will be performed after the construction is completed. This research is aimed to measure the efficacy of Greenship grade in Indonesia's sustainable building design by comparing it with another international rating system. LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) from U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) which is famous to its stringency in energy performance assessment, was chosen to be another benchmark for this project. The result shows that if LEED criteria were applied at JIS, the design could score up to 77.4% which meet the conditions for platinum level.

There are several factors that influence the efforts to increase the performance of an air conditioner (AC), one of which is the selection of working fluid, environmental condition, and device components. Refrigerant is the most vital substance which determines the efficiency of the cooling machine. In addition, ambient air temperature and humidity are other important factors that affect the performance of the cooling machine. Therefore, it is extremely crucial to calculate the environmental condition, which is the air temperature, so that the cooling machine can work optimally. Currently, the refrigeration system uses R-22 refrigerant. However, the use of R-22 has a high ODP (ozone depletion potential) value, thus having a risk of damaging the ozone layer. As a safer alternative, the use of hydrocarbon refrigerants, such as R134a and R290, can solve this problem as they do not have any ODP. This study was conducted by retrofitting the synthetic refrigerant in Air Conditioner (AC) 1 HP with various types of hydrocarbon refrigerant. The outside air temperatures used were 30°C, 50°C, 60°C, and 70°C, while the airflow velocity across the condenser also varied, namely 4.8 m/s, 5.8 m. /s, 6 m/s, and 6.6 m/s. From the results of this study, it is known that retrofitting synthetic refrigerants into hydrocarbon refrigerants can increase the coefficient of performance (COP) of the air conditioner. The uses of R134a and R290 hydrocarbon refrigerants increase the COP by 19% and 24.5%, respectively. In addition, lower ambient temperature will reduce the required electrical power. R290 Refrigerant has the best COP value compared to R22 and R134a.

The causes of the carbon emissions is the one use of electrical energy. According to PLN (Perusahaan Listrik Negara), the electricity sector contributes 14% of carbon emissions of the total national emissions. The International Energy Agency (IEA) reported that the total of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions reached 33.9 gigatons throughout 2020. A total of 13.5 gigatons of which came from electricity and heating, being the most compared to the other sources. Indonesia as the fourth most populous country in the world also contributes to carbon emissions from electricity use. The electricity consumption in Indonesia each year increases by an average of about 3.60% (from 2015-2020) and contributes to these carbon emissions. Indonesia with the largest potential sources of renewable energy (wind, solar power, geothermal and other sources), is expected to be able and develop and become a leader, especially in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Region. This paper will discuss the analysis of carbon footprint from electricity demand in Indonesia and renewable energy supply that can be used to reduce carbon emissions in dealing with climate change problems. The results of the analysis show that the carbon footprint of electricity usage per year on average is 5242.3 KgCO₂. The Projection of Renewable Energy Growth in Indonesia in 2045 will reach 20711.67 megawatt. Estimates of net-zero carbon emissions in Indonesia conclude that Indonesia has not yet achieved net-zero carbon emissions in 2045.

Energy resources are indispensable to humans, animals, and plants. From the perspective of energy economics, energy efficiency has a high propensity to stimulate a development process that is environmentally, economically, and socially sustainable. Most developed countries are known to have attained energy efficiency, but the developing countries arguably still contend with energy inefficiency. In view of the foregoing, this study investigates the perceptions of energy resources efficiency for sustainable development in the developing context of Nigeria including implications for enterprise development in the energy sector. The study adopts a quantitative research method, a positivist research paradigm in order to generate fact-based information from energy users in the developing context. A sample of 400 respondents that comprised academics, professionals, business owners, policymakers, and activists working with the non-governmental organisations (NGOs) was selected, but 154 finally participated. The first finding reveals that Nigeria has eleven (11) energy resources, but the energy resource with the highest efficiency perception is fuel-wood and the least efficient is hydropower when measured in terms of stability, delivery system, reliability, resource mix, security, livelihood, and safety of energy products to the energy users. The second finding suggests that energy resources efficiency (EFF) exerts significant positive effect on the triple dimensions of sustainable development (ECS, SOS, and EVS) in the developing context of Nigeria, but the predictability is weak (42.6%, Adjusted R2). An indication that more rigorous study in required. The study contributes to the debates on energy resources efficiency and three pillars of sustainable development from the developing country context. In practical terms, the study supports and validates the X-Efficiency theory (XET) and the Resource Curse Theory (RCT).

The COVID-19 pandemic has had wide ramifications on many sectors, including energy sector. This draws the interest of numerous scholars who have sought to investigate the impact of the pandemic on the energy sector as well as the prospects for a green recovery trajectory. However, few of these authors have considered the role of fiscal stimulus that governments have provided in the context of green recoveries. This study aims to fill that gap, focusing on the case of ASEAN member states (AMS). For this purpose, we employ both statistical data from official sources and qualitative evidence collected through interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) with officials from ASEAN countries. This study finds that green recovery stimulus in AMS is still limited. Although some of the fiscal supports that ASEAN countries have launched have had indirect effects on energy, policy makers in the region have not prioritized the green recovery at the center of recovery path. A major factor is fiscal limitations that force the governments of ASEAN countries to focus on strengthening the health sector and supporting vulnerable groups. Accordingly, this analysis highlights the importance of exploring other funding opportunities, including grants and concessional financing, to support green recovery in the region.

In 1997, 10 economies of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) established the ASEAN Power Grid (APG), a cross-border interconnection network that effectively uses regional energy resources. This study aims to quantify the effect of ASEAN power grid interconnection on electricity exports-imports between south-east Asia economies and its implications for renewable energy shares and carbon emission in power generation. Three scenarios are assessed in this model. The Base Scenario simulates APG parameters in 2030, considering four existing interconnections and those interconnection projects currently under construction. The second scenario, HAPUA Scenario, includes all the future interconnection projects outlined in the HAPUA report. The carbon tax scenario as the last scenario, aims to evaluate whether carbon pricing policies in Southeast Asia may incentivise cleaner energy and renewable energy development in the region. Under the HAPUA Scenario, Indonesia increases coal and/or gas-fired generation for electricity exports, contributing to a slight increase in CO2 emissions from power generation for the ASEAN region. It appears that carbon price affects the choice of electricity generation and incentivise cross-border electricity trade. Under the carbon tax scenario, emissions will decline to 719 MtCO2 or 22% lower than the base scenario and 24% than the HAPUA scenario.

The Philippine energy sector remains plagued with issues of energy security, high electricity costs, and vulnerable grid infrastructure. This paper argues for the increased uptake of microgrids as a solution for these issues, using the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) Framework as a guide for microgrid policy. We begin this paper with an analysis of existing energy policies in the Philippines, highlighting a lacking integrated approach for energy security. The main discussion explores the IAD framework for microgrid development in the Philippines, identifying key barriers and dynamics among institutions and actors in the local energy sector. We then conclude with policy implications for adopting microgrids for the Philippine energy landscape.

Southeast Asia is expecting rapid growth in energy and vehicle demand. Variable renewable energy such as solar and wind have high potential in the region. ASEAN aims to increase the renewable energy share in power capacity to 35% 2025. The increase in renewable energy share can drive a shift in the current energy management system. The adoption of electric vehicles can bridge the link between the energy and vehicle sectors towards a green transformation. Electric vehicles that are powered by electricity from renewable sources creates demand by consuming energy from the grid, but it can also serve as battery storage that can discharge energy back to the grid if needed. It is known that the intermittent nature and high penetration of variable renewable energy can lead to power instability. However, microgrids can be designed and incorporated with electric vehicles and variable renewable energy deployments to enhance the reliability and stability of the power system. The engagement with key stakeholders related to the deployment of the platform for the use of these three technologies is crucial to gain better insight on the market status, including the current and future price and penetration trends, and deployment opportunities and barriers. A focus group discussion involving related stakeholders on the aspects of policies and targets, technology readiness, and implementation strategies, was thus conducted. The results showed that there have been concrete policies on the renewable energy installation targets among the countries. Electric vehicles penetration is also an existing priority with different countries having varying targets for the electric vehicle fleets and charging stations. However, for microgrids, it was found that there is less information on their deployment and application. As such, more detailed technical and economic assessment following its potential connection to current grid with other features including variable renewable energy and electric vehicles, as well as the available smart features in optimising power scheduling, should be carried out.

Technical due diligence as part of the bankability due diligence carried out by the bank for the minihydro power plant (MHPP) project which will be financed for its construction. This research is to determine important variables as the object of due diligence and to conduct technical due diligence based on the variables. The important variables as the object of due diligence were obtained from interviews with group of experts who have experience in the construction of MHPP. The results of the interviews were processed using the Relative Importance Index (RII) and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to determine the risk ranking/weight. The due diligence process is carried out on submitted project documents and onsite verification to three sample of MHPPs at West Sumatera Province, Indonesia. Based on the assesment to each variables to the sample MHPPs, we get result that one MHPP does not ready to be financed from a technical point of view.

More electricity infrastructures to serve off-grid or mini-grid solutions have been installed to become the best choice for rural areas to increase the electrification ratio. The Indonesian government uses this ratio as a primary indicator for measuring the range of energy supply. The electrification ratio of Indonesia reached 99.2% in 2020. However, this seemingly bright achievement must be followed by improving the quality of access to electricity. The solution to this challenge is digital transformation to modernize data and perform analysis in the network ecosystem to create an intelligent utility system that will improve the quality of access to electricity. The simulation of the utilization of SEMons shows a significant decrease in the LCOE (Levelized Cost of Energy) of the solar PV power plant of around 14.52% compared to the existing condition with the manual monitoring method. For the units built-in 2017, there is a reduction of LCOE from 0.1034 USD/kWh to 0.0866 USD/kWh. This decrease in the LCOE value indicates a reduction in fixed Operation & Maintenance costs due to the optimized predictive maintenance to improve the availability of units.

Indonesia is intensively building solar energy, which divided into three types, namely rooftop, solar farm, and floating solar with a target-installed capacity of 37.15 GW. A lot of land area is required for the development of solar energy for the next 20-25 years. The average land area required for 1 PV module is approximately 2 m², so it is predicted that the new land area needed will be difficult to obtain in the future. Repowering is a solution to deal with these potential problems, repowering is an interesting new business in Europe when we have to face power plants that have entered the end-of-life. The study aims to analyze if repowering is implemented, we can reduce the Levelized Cost of Electricity. A plant with a capacity of 1.4 MWp will be used as the basis for the simulation. Using a monitoring system to see energy production, temperature, irradiance, and performance ratio is used as the methodology for collecting data. After that, it will analyze from a technical and economic point of view. The result shows that energy production increased by 24% or by 10,645,786 kWh and the Levelized Cost of Electricity decreased by 0.02 USD/kWh with an IRR of 5.67% and a payback period of 14.5 years. This study finds that repowering can reduce electricity tariffs and increase energy production.

Hydrogen or also known as H₂ in chemical writing become one of a high potential renewable fuel, energy storage, and energy carrier. There's various types of hydrogen based on its processing, which are Black & Brown Hydrogen, Grey Hydrogen (95% of hydrogen produced from this type), Blue Hydrogen, Bio-Hydrogen, and Green-Hydrogen. Blue and green hydrogen is the suitable choices for energy application especially in ASEAN because of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology that applied on the process and greenhouse gases (GHG) free. But generally, hydrogen application in ASEAN is not optimally unlocked, only a few countries and a few sectors applied hydrogen as renewable energy sources (RESs). The main problems on these issues are hydrogen application cost is not competitive to other RESs. The high cost of hydrogen might cause by high production cost that should be lowered down by applying various technology to the production process such as CMR-SMR. This study critically research on solution of how hydrogen can be used optimally in ASEAN from technical, technology, and economics perspectives.

Crystalline carbon nitride (C-C₃N₄) doped with cerium oxide (CeO₂) was synthesized using ionothermal method to increase the photocatalytic activity for H₂ production. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) obtained from direct pyrolysis of urea at 550°C was subsequently annealed with a mixture of KCl and LiCl to obtain C-C₃N₄. CeO₂ was doped onto C-C₃N₄ and g-C₃N₄ via calcination at 550°C. XRD analysis showed the formation of high intensity C₃N₄ and CeO₂ peaks in C-C₃N₄/CeO₂, meanwhile g-C₃N₄/CeO₂ only showed CeO₂ peaks. FTIR analysis confirmed all the samples contained C₃N₄ polymeric structure. The specific surface area of g-C₃N₄ was measured at 61 m²/g. The surface area increased to 92 m²/g when g-C₃N₄ transformed into C-C₃N₄, and further increased to 106 m²/g on C-C₃N₄/CeO₂. The photocatalytic activity for H₂ gas production showed significant increase of H₂ rate on C-C₃N₄/CeO₂ compared to g-C₃N₄/CeO₂ and g-C₃N₄. The high crystallinity and high surface area were suggested to enhance photocatalytic activity of C-C₃N₄/CeO₂ in visible light presumably due to the increase of electron and hole lifetimes.

As stated in Government Regulation No. 79 of 2014 on National Energy Policy (KEN), the New and Renewable Energy (NRE) mix target is at least 23% by 2025. Now the utilization of solar energy in Indonesia has only reached about 0.05% or 100 MW. Government compiles a roadmap for the use of solar energy that targets the installed PV mini-grid capacity until 2025 is 6.5 GW. Technically, before installing a solar power plant, solar potential data is needed for a certain period of time. This is absolutely necessary considering the potential for solar is intermittent. The solar data are then processed to create a model forecasting so that it can optimize the resulting energy output. Forecasting using artificial intelligence with artificial neural network algorithms is a good solution because it has higher accuracy. To see the comparison of the performance of the ANN of this research with previous research. The finding shows that Baron 1-7-1 performed better than 2P 1-2-1 and Baron 1-2-1, regardless that the RMSE have a slight difference but still Baron 1-7-1 outperformed the others, with the best value of RMSE 0.15185 and R2 of 0.88996.

With goals in determining the effect of diluting the distillery wastewater (DWW) and of varying the amount of DWW and press mud (PM), anaerobic co-digestion study was carried out at mesophilic condition in a 2-L Erlenmeyer flask, with a working volume of 800 mL for Batch 1 and 1500 mL for Batch 2 experiments. For Batch 1, two different ratios of DWW and tap water, with 2:3 and 3:2, were used to assess the effect of dilution on the methane yield, where same volumetric amount of PM was added. For Batch 2, following ratio of PM and DWW were used: a) 1:0, b) 1:1, c) 1:1, d) 2:1, and e) 1:2. All samples had the same amount of inoculum, except that Batch 1 samples had bagasse. The parameters that were assessed after 42 days of digestion were: pH, COD, BOD, TSS, VS, Cu, Ca, Mg, Mn, TOC, TN, and methane yield. For the effect of dilution, a significant difference in the methane yield between samples with higher and lower dilution ratio was seen, and in the first batch, the optimal dilution ratio of DWW and H₂O, with 3:2 gave higher methane yield of 78.23% (v/v). Meanwhile, optimal volumetric ratio of DWW and PM from the Batch 2 experiments, with value of 1:2, gave the highest methane yield of 79.43% (v/v).

One form of renewable energy utilization that has been recognized as environmentally friendly and helps maintain world carbon emissions is Photovoltaic (PV), where global energy companies are starting to move towards PV investment. This study highlights the PV industry condition in China as a giant country in producing PV and three South-East Asia states. Systematic literature review with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) is used as the methodology for collecting data. PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparator Group, Outcome or Endpoint, Study Design) is used as an approach method for forming questions in searching for data sources. PRISMA diagrams are formulated in a hierarchical form to select potential sources of literature. Finally, this study uses 71 literatures from China, 5 literatures from Indonesia, 9 literatures from Malaysia, and 4 literatures from Vietnam. This finding indicates that with abundant literature discusses China's PV industry, their PV industry is more advanced compared to three South-East Asia countries, which they are still lack understanding and knowledge of PV especially its industry and their aim for PV industry is still unclear.