Table of contents

2^nd International Conference of Al-Esraa University College for Engineering Sciences (ICAUC_ES), Venue of the Conference, Conference Chairs, International Program Committee, SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, ORGANIZING COMMITTEE, CONFERENCE EDITORS, Invited Speakers, Conference Organizing Institutions, Special Thanks to and this titles are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing

The study aims to use the fixed box model to calculate the spread of pollutants (CO2, SO2, NOX, particulate) resulting from the burning of fuel used to produce electrical energy in the Nasiriyah city and to know the way they spread in the city through being affected by the wind speed and compare the results calculated from the model with the results measured by the lancom4 device. The results showed that the main pollutants for the air in Nasiriyah was emitted from burning the fuel used for the production of electric power, and the results showed that the concentration of pollutants (CO2, SO2, NOX) was much higher inside the city when compared with the upstream direction of the winds due to its increase with the movement of winds and its entry into the city. Through the application of the fixed box model and when comparing the calculated results through the model with the results measured by the lancom4 device, the error rate was (4 %, 2%, 2%, 5%) for pollutants (CO2, SO2, NOX, particulate) respectively, it was also observed that the highest emission rate of pollutants was result from using heavy fuel (fuel oil) and the lowest emission was from light oil (Dry gas). We noted the spread of pollutants and dilution in the atmosphere increases with the increase in wind speed, excluding for particles mater.

The main aim of this study is to assess the performance and residual strength of post-fire non-prismatic reinforced concrete beams (NPRC) with and without openings. To do this, nine beams were cast and divided into three major groupings. These groups were classified based on the degrees of heating exposure temperature chosen (ambient, 400, and 700°C), with each group containing three non-prismatic beams (solid, 8 trapezoidal openings, and 8 circular openings). Experimentally, given the same beam geometry, increasing burning temperature caused degradation in NPRC beams, which was reflected in increased mid-span deflection throughout the fire exposure period and also residual deflection after cooling. But on the other hand, the issue with existing openings was exacerbated. The burned NPRC beams were then gradually cooled down by leaving them at ambient temperature in the laboratory, and the beams were loaded until failure to examine the effect of burning temperature degree on the residual ultimate load-carrying capacity of each beam by comparing them to unburned reference beams. It was found, increasing the exposure temperature leads to a reduction in ultimate strength about (5.7 and 10.84%) for solid NPRC beams exposed to 400 and 700°C, respectively related to unburned one, (21.13 -32.8) % for NPRC beams with eight trapezoidal openings, and (10.5 - 12.8) % for those having 8 circular openings. At higher loading stage the longitudinal compressive strain of Group ambient in mid-span of solid beams reach 2700 με, while the others with openings exhibit divergent strain higher than that, it's about 3300 με meanwhile, the lower chord main reinforcements have been pass beyond yielding stress. Exposure to high temperatures reduces rafters' stiffness causing a reduction in load carrying capacity, companion with premature failure consequently reduce the strain at the ultimate stage.

Soil is a natural material that suffers from intrinsic spatial variability resulting from natural factors and their influence on the soil. It became controversial and debated how to estimate the characteristic value of soils to obtain a reliable geotechnical design with low cost and less effort. Usually, foundations are not built on the same site as the screening; investigations are carried out to excavate a little at essential sites. In this paper (423), test wells were collected in the study area to be obtained and tabulated in Excel. The kriging statistics is applied using a python script to predict the values of geotechnical site properties and reliability of the method in estimating spatially varying soil properties values based on measurement data and prior knowledge. The program implements probabilistic kriging statistics and predicts the desired value by entering the coordinates of the locations whose properties you want to know and based on the previously prepared Excel file of known points, coordinates, and property values. The program will be used in two soil sites in the city of Nasiriyah to predict its properties. These points were selected from the examination of soil investigation reports to determine the reliability and accuracy of the program in predicting values. To get more reliable probability values using the kriging method and python scripts. A huge database of prepared and analyzed engineering soil properties has been created based on field investigation reports for projects in Nasiriyah.

In the present experimental work, the effect of air circulation on increasing heat transfer rates within the duct was studied. Three air circulation speeds are implemented: 2400, 1800, and 1200 rpm. In addition, the effect of the distance between the heat source and the location of the circulating fan on heat transfer rates was investigated using three different distances: 20, 40, and 60 cm. The Exhaust fan, placed at the outlet of the duct, changed its speed to three values: 2850, 2140, and 1425 revolutions per minute. The Reynolds range ranged from 65,000 to 175,000. The results showed that the best thermal performance is achieved when the exhaust fan speed, air circulation speed, and the distance between the heat source are 1425 rpm, 2400 rpm, and 60 cm, respectively.

Soil cracks affect the geotechnical characteristics of clay soils frequently used in engineered earth structures. In this work, numerical simulation and laboratory tests using Wenner- Schlumberger array of Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) method are adopted to detect soil cracks in compacted clay soil. 3D numerical simulation showed that air-filled cracks have an anomalous high resistivity signature that can be differentiated from the background due to the high resistivity contrast between cracks and the surrounding soil. Depth, geometry, and extension of the simulated cracks are reasonably indicated. At the laboratory scale, quasi-3D ERT experiment was conducted. The results showed that soil resistivity is significantly affected by an artificially introduced crack as the crack forms a barrier that disturbs the flow of electricity in the soil. Similarly, depth, geometry, and extension of the crack are detected. Both numerical and experimental findings demonstrated that ERT method can effectively be used to identify cracking in clay soils. It is suggested that ERT, as a non invasive method, can be adopted with other traditional geotechnical methods for detecting cracks in clay soils.

Due to high temperatures and increased traffic loads, most of Iraq's streets suffer from permanent distortion problems, especially in streets where there are checkpoints, therefore, there are needs for reports and researches specialized in improving the pavement layers and increasing their resistance to temperatures and high traffic loads to reduce the rut depth. In this research, the VESYS 5W program was used to find a potential value for rut depth, where ordinary asphalt mixes and improved asphalt mixes were used using SBS polymer at 4% by weight of asphalt were it is evaluated according to different properties of these mixture and the resilient modulus one of these properties for it is importance. The results showed that when the value of the resilient modulus increases, the rut depth decreases, as the rut depth was reduced by 42.5% for the surface layer and 73% for the base layer

The interest in reducing carbon emissions due to the large number of industrial wastes led to the civil engineering sector's interest in using these products for easy access and for their unique advantages in improving raw materials after mixing them and determining their optimal use ratios. Through experiments and continuous studies, three types of geopolymers were used for this study based on poor sandy soil and mixing it in certain proportions with geopolymers, recording and analysing the results and using it in the practical experiment by using a special model to shed the loads on a square footing and drawing the load - settlement curve that showed the improvement of the sandy soil's ability to resist shear by increasing the loads and reducing the settlement in the foundations. the laboratory test proved improvement in the shear strength parameters in sandy soil after blending with geopolymers.

This research focused on examining Alkali-Silica. Reaction (ASR) of foamed concrete mixes containing1different1types of1crushed waste glass (CWG) with different chemical compositions. The reactivity was determined in sodium hydroxide solution by adopting mortar bar test. Four types of waste glass with different particle sizes and different percentages content were used. From the test results of recorded expansion of these mixes, it was noticed that the coarse glass resulted in more expansion than that of fine glass. Lead-silicate1glass (CR) exhibits the maximum expansion followed by1soda-lime1glass (SL) and boro-silicate glass (BS), while less expansion was recorded in mixes with green glass (GG). As compared to reference mix (FC), it was noted that the mixes with crushed waste glass (SL), (BS), and (CR) undergo notable expansion, while the expansion of the mixes with (GG) slightly increased compared to the reference mix (FC).

One of the most recently important heat exchangers is the Printed circuit heat exchanger especially in the nuclear power plant and aerospace applications due to its very compact geometry and small print foot. This paper presents a 3D numerical investigation on the thermo-hydraulic performance of PCHE with new non-uniform channel design configuration. The new channel design is a rectangular cross section with repeated converging diverging sections or periodic diamond shape. The influence of three design parameters on the heat exchanger performance was studied and optimized, pitch length (p), length ratio (β) and the converging diverging angle (α). The computational models investigated in this study based on the operating conditions of the intermediate heat exchanger of very high temperature gas cooled reactor with helium as the working fluid under operating pressure of 3Mpa and inlet temperature of 800 K. The Reynolds number varied from 200 to 2000. Different Pitch lengths were used (1.59, 3.18, 6.36, and 12.73) mm, and different C-D angle (0, 4.5, 6, 7.5, 9, 10.5 and 12) and also different length ratios were used (0.2, 0.25 and 0.333). Three performance parameters were studied the Nusselt number, friction factor and the overall performance evaluation factor. Results show that the thermal performance enhanced with decreasing the pitch length and with increasing C-D angle and it was shown that this enhancement was found only at high Reynolds number above 1400. The best performance obtained at p=3.18, α=6 and β=0.25 based on the overall evaluation performance.

Photovoltaic panels can convert solar irradiance into (electrical and thermal) energy. The (PV / T) system was developed, created, and its performance tested in this experimental analysis. The main objective of this study was to design, manufacture and evaluate the work of the PV/T system as a thermal collector to enhance heat transfer, by using distilled water as a working fluid used to cool (PV/T) system. The experiment was performed with flow rate of water from (1 L / min to 5 L / min) on the PV / T collector channel. A theoretical and practical study was conducted on the effect of cooling the panels by immersing (PV) from (upper and lower) in a distilled water parallel flow forced circulation. Numerical result obtained by using Comsol Multiphysics program have been used as a computational fluid dynamic (CFD). The numerical study was conducted to determine the optimal depth of immersion of the panel to experiment with it, simulation results showed that the optimum depth of immersion is (5mm). The experimental results were conducted at the Technical Engineering College of Najaf with indoor test conditions that were controlled, _Tin=20 °C, h=5mm. The results have been shown that the electrical efficiency of traditional photovolatic panel without cooling varied between (10.5-11.6) %, while the electrical efficiency of PV/T system varied between (14.6-14.7) %.

This paper present outside strengthening with precast substructures, is a relatively new retrofitting approach that has recently attracted the attention of researchers. Outside strengthening with precast substructure, in contrast to member-level strengthening technologies (e.g., FRP strengthening, enlarging member section areas, and replacing rebars), is a structure-system reinforcement method that integrates the substructure and the original structure, improves overall seismic performance, and changes the deformation mode of the entire structure. The seismic capability of the exterior strengthening with precast bolt-connected steel-plate reinforced concrete is critically evaluated in this paper (PBSPC) Case studies are used to demonstrate the working principles, numerical methodologies, and design approaches. The simulation results were similar with prior studies, demonstrating that the numerical model was effective. The use of building steel representations reduces construction time, increases efficiency, and lowers costs. The goal of this technology is to lower the seismic displacement demand of nonductile. Current RC structures have steel frames connecting to the building floors. These frameworks run parallel to the structure of the building. Ganjan Life City, a building in Erbil, Iraq, is being used as a case study. The ISC 2017 and ASCE 7-10 earthquake codes were used to evaluate the building's seismic performance before and after the reinforcement. The analysis' findings suggest that the recommended technique is correct.

in geotechnical engineering, foundation piles are ideal for deep foundations that cannot bear higher loads. This architectural expansion places a great deal of responsibility on the engineer to anticipate the appropriate load for the constructor. Unfortunately, calculations of the pile's bearing capacity are not accessible. It has always been a source of concern for geotechnical engineers, as the structure's safety depends on the pile's bearing capacity and gives it a safe value. These research tests are previously known pile load test data from several locations in Nasiriyah to determine the ultimate load-carrying capacity using various interpreting methodologies. A database that was used to test the pile load for three different areas in Nasiriyah, southern Iraq: The Main Drain River Bridge Project, the Al-Eskan Interchange Project, and the Al-Hawra Hospital, as determined by analytical methods, as well as evaluating the final loading values resulting from the methods used, by ASTM D-1143, American and British Standard Code of Practice BS 800. The final capacity for the pile bearing is estimated using these approaches, which are depicted in the form of a graph-based on field data. Chin-Kondner and Brinch Hansen algorithms anticipate the highest failure load for all piles based on the comparison. On average, Chin–Kondner's ultimate load is 22% higher than Hansen's maximum load for the 22 pile load tests. Decourt and DeBeer, and Mazurkiewicz's techniques yielded the closest average failure load. Buttler-Hoy approach yielded the smallest failure load.

A research aim was to achieve a finite element model for predictive pavement cracking implementing ABAQUS software ver.6.12.1. A simulation model for pavement structure was implemented to analyze the propagation of cracks within flexible pavement. The X-FEM method adopted in this research based on the functions of interpolation that can characterize the displacements near the crack zone, initial crack was defined at the bottom of asphalt layer. The estimated results illustrated that X-FEM was efficient for the simulation of cracks in pavement structures without the need for re meshing during crack propagation evolution process. Finally, inclusive simulation results probed the considerable effect for improvement of bonding layers to enhance the service life of pavement in terms of decreasing the rate of crack propagation. The crack was propagated upwards from depth end of asphalt layer to pavement surface and deviated from center of applied pressure with an inclination of almost 30⁰ in the third upper zone of asphalt layer while the pre-crack point was always located in the bottom of asphalt layer in pavement model because of the different characteristics of their bonding bases. In the crack zone the permanent deformation was increased gradually from the crack edge along vertical direction of crack spread due to tensile stresses concentration at the crack zone. The action of horizontal and vertical stresses affect crack propagation and growth vertically to the direction of higher horizontal tensile stresses, and along direction of higher compression vertical stresses.

Samples of pure polyurethane (polyol + isocyanate) were prepared as well as other samples by adding urea powder, and when adding urea powder, the flexibility and cohesion of polyurethane improved, as well as its thermal conductivity decreased and its density increased, as well as flame and fire resistance. The best ratio was 5g of urea for each 12cm³ polyurethane.

1-dimensional zinc oxide (ZnO) - silver oxide (Ag2O) – silver (Ag) nanowire was prepared using a simple and inexpensive bottom-up chemical method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed the presence of diffraction peaks of ZnO and Ag2O with hexagonal wurtzite phase of ZnO. Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) results showed the presence of energy peaks of Zinc (Zn), Silver (Ag), and Oxygen (O) elements. Filed Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) results showed that the surface morphology is nanowire (1-dimensional structure) with shapes similar to hedgehog spines and have small nanoscale diameters. The present work represents a promising step in the preparation of a 1-dimensional nanowire.

The steal turbine blades, operating in steam electricity production plants are subjected to periodic circular stresses that cause fatigue failure with the passage of time. The chemical composition so steam turbine blades show that is steel 52 it has a wide range of applications, mostly in welded construction, All kinds of welded construction, wind turbines, load-lifting equipment, platform components, cranes, bridge components, and structures. This research aims to study the microstructure of these turbine blades before and after the occurrence of fatigue, and for the purpose of improvement the fatigue resistance, the blades were treated with a laser and the amount of improvement in fatigue resistance was calculated and also the change in the microstructure after laser treatment was studied. The remelting process applied with this parameter Pulse energy = 8 joules, Pulse width = 4.5 Ms., Pulse frequency = 12 Hz, Laser Average Power = 96 W, Laser peak power = 1.78 KW. The results show, after remelting process the microstructure of the specimen is smooth and increase the cyclic of fatigue comparison with specimen without leaser remelting process. So, the fatigue resistance is increased.

Due to the importance of these alloys in the manufacture of aircraft, coatings, radiation shields, and electronic circuits, the study's objectives include investigating previously unstudied structural properties of some aluminum alloys, alloy A (Al-Zn-Mg-Ti) and alloy B (Al-Zn-Mg-Mn) were prepared using the casting method, and their structural properties were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques (granular size and theoretical density). The results of analyzing the X-ray diffraction data and determining the phases formed on the two alloys after matching them with the international standard cards (JCPDS) revealed that it is polycrystalline, with structures (cubic and hexagonal) on alloy A and structures (cube, hexagonal, and anorthic) on alloy B. The results revealed that the average grain size estimated by the Debye-Scherer method is less than that estimated by the Williamson-Hall method, and that the grain size of alloy A is less than that of alloy B due to the presence of titanium in alloy A's composition, which works to reduce particle size. The theoretical density of Alloy A and B that was used in X-ray diffraction was calculated. SEM analysis of the spherical shape of the grains on the surfaces of alloys A and B revealed that the average grain size on the surface of alloy A is smaller than on the surface of alloy B, which is consistent with the results of XRD analyses.

To ensure safe design of structures against settlement, it is necessary to determine the compressibility parameters of the underneath soil especially compression and rebound indices. In this paper, an approach to forecast the compressibility parameters of gypseous soils based on index parameters was developed using Artificial Neural Networks technique. Two equations were developed to estimate compression and rebound indices using back propagation algorithm to train multi-layer perceptron, in which good agreements were achieved. The input parameters used were: the depth, gypsum content, liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, passing sieve No.200, dry unit weight, water content and initial void ratio. Two output parameters were determined including compression index and rebound index. A parametric study was also conducted to investigate the generalization and robustness of both models. The findings indicate that both models were reliable within the range of utilized data. It was found that gypsum content has the highest effect on the compressibility index followed by water content, plasticity index, dry unit weight and plastic limit, while other parameters have lower effect. The gypsum content has the highest effect again on the rebound index followed by passing sieve No.200, initial void ratio, plastic limit and plasticity index, while other parameters have lower effect.

Using agrowaste as a source of recycled materials is a hot topic among experts and technologists these days. Waste materials can be converted into energy and new products by using them. As a rice waste, rice husk (RH) is a rich source of pure silica that is recyclable. The pure silica in RH was sulfonated by agitating and reacting it with diluted sulfuric acid. Various sulfate concentrations were loaded on silica (5, 10, 15, and 20%), andthe catalyst was designated as RHASO4. As the sulfate content increased, the specific surface area decreased. TEM analysis showed different forms of catalyst, including spherical, cylindrical, and fibbered forms. The catalyst was used for the in-situ generation of nitrose acid to prepare a diazonium salt for aromatic coupling reactions. Our experiment indicates that azo dyes can be produced at 68 percent over the catalyst at 10 degrees Celsius, while traditional catalysts cannot produce them above 5 degrees Celsius. For the highest yield of azo dyes, a 20% sulfate loading is optimum. A simple laboratory procedure is followed to reuse a catalyst without deteriorating its properties.

Pyridine is considered a heterocyclic aromatic chemical that is poisonous and carcinogenic to a variety of living species. The use of plant and endophytic- bacteria to improve the efficiency of pollutants extraction is considered a viable technique since the endophytic bacteria help in the adaptation of the plant itself in various ecosystems and have significant ecological importance because they improve the soil fertility and quality. This research aims to stimulate the pyridine phytodegradation by Phragmites australis plants using the endophytic bacterial strain, Acinetobacter by inoculation these bacterial cells to the plants to see if it might increase plant growth and pyridine phytodegradation. In the present study, the system of pyridine phytodegradation basins with the vertical subsurface flow (VSSF) was adopted, since this system has better ventilation. In addition, the retention time is several hours due to the penetration of water molecules to the layers of packing materials of the basin, which have a relatively high hydraulic conductivity. After conducting the experiments, samples were collected and tests were done to find out the optimum conditions. The results were recorded as 40 plants of P. australis/m² of VSSF systems; bacterial cells concentration, 250 mg/L; pyridine concentration, 400 mg/L; temperature, 35 °C and pH, 8±2 for 10 hrs incubation duration. As a result, endophytic bacteria can break down toxic organic substances in combination with certain plants. When the endophytic bacterium, Acinetobacter was not used to enhance the role of Phragmites australis plants in the pyridine-phytodegradation process, the rate of phytodegradation was reduced to less than 30% at a pyridine concentration of 700 mg/L, indicating the importance of this endophytic bacterium in the pyridine phytodegradation process.

Every year, the world produces one million tons of glass garbage. Once the glass has been broken down, it is dumped in landfills, where it will remain inert for hundreds of years. glass is mainly made of silica. For long-term infrastructure development, ground glass as a partial cement substitute may be a major advance (environmentally friendly, energy-saving, and economic). Secondary calcium silicate hydrate is expected to be produced when glass waste is crushed into microscopic particles and then reacts with cement hydrate through pozzolanic interactions (C-S-H). There were experiments done on concrete utilizing (0-35 per cent) ground glass and superplasticizer, silica fume, fine sand and fibres, with the water to binder (cement + glass) ratio maintained constant for all degrees of replacement on compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and tensile strength. Steel is a fixed quantity that applies to all conceivable configurations. Concrete cube samples were made and tested for strength (28 days curing). It was discovered that the recycled glass concrete outperformed control samples in compressive strength tests. Compressive strength, tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity are all greatest in the 25 per cent glass powder. It was decided that using recycled glass trash in place of 25 per cent of the cement was a good idea because of the economic and environmental advantages.

Iraq faces a major environmental problem represented by severe deterioration, which threatens its food security. Many natural and human factors combine to make it, and it has dire environmental, economic, social and cultural consequences, most notably the loss of productive lands, the movement of sand dunes, severe sand and dust storms, and the resulting increase in air pollution. This study attempts to identify the development of the problem, analyze its causes and consequences, and propose a number of solutions to address it. In this article Remote Sensing techniques have been used to monitoring land degradation in ( Alluvial Plain ) of Iraq for the stage (1976 - 2021) using different sources of data such as satellite images (Landsat 1-5 MSS 1976, Landsat 5 1996 TM, Landsat8 2016 and sentinel 2 2021), also more than one software was used such as ENVI 5.3 and Erdas image 2015 to extract information from above images, Erdas imagine 2015 was use to sub set area of study, layer stack, merge resolution and classification stage, Arc GIS 10.7 use to make database and maps production), the article used supervise and unsupervised classification techniques to obtain the results, the article indicated that there is a big problem in the year 1976, this problem almost disappeared in the second station of work 1996, but it returned back after that through the results for the years 2016 and 2021. Finally, the article found a deterioration in the soil class during the stages from 2016 (988.547 Km2) to 2021(1342.398 Km2) and a decrease in the area of vegetation cover from (1931.596 Km2) in (2016) to (1632.695 Km2) in (2021).

Concrete curing is one of the most significant factors in the development of compressive strength, and a high temperature difference during curing may reduce strength. The microcracks created in the concrete as a result of the constant temperature change cause this exudation. Internal curing has become popular for decreasing the risk of early-age cracking in high-performance concrete by limiting autogenous shrinkage (HPC). This study looks at the effectiveness of internal wet curing offered by a new kind of aggregate called "recycled waste porous ceramic fine aggregates". The evolution of measured mechanical characteristics is examined on three distinct HPCs, both with and without internal curing materials. Ceramic fine aggregates were used to replace two different quantities of regular weight fine aggregate. Ceramic fine aggregates were shown to be quite beneficial for internal cure. It has been discovered that incorporating 20% ceramic fine aggregates into HPC improves the properties of the material, resulting in low internal stress and a large improvement in compressive strength. It should be emphasized that, unlike some traditional lightweight aggregates, no loss in compressive strength has been seen for the various quantities of ceramic fine aggregates introduced at either early or later ages.

In numerous countries, one of the most significant pieces of background records is a religious endowment that usually called (WAQF), which have a cultural, and economic value. For instance, in Iraq, religious endowments comprise a large number of dispersed real estates and lands usually required effective administration methods. Agricultural lands that belonged to religious endowments lack of sufficient systems, which are combined statistical and spatial information in terms of spatial monitoring and informatics updating such as ownership and existing condition. Recently, geospatial techniques such as GIS showed a feasibility in the management of information belonged to lands management. Therefore, in this study we proposed a method based on GIS technology for the management of lands of Islamic endowments in Babil province, Iraq. The proposed methodology included the integration between field works using GPS equipment and Geospatial database. The developed database is considered as the first geodatabase related to the agricultural lands of the religious endowment in Iraq included almost all coordinates and specific details for each piece of agricultural lands that owned by the endowment. Furthermore, the output geodatabase is a flexible database included various features like query, search, and statistical computation.

Public transit in the city of Al-Kut faces great challenges due to the weakness of the local government abilities in providing adequate conditions for public transport such as wide vehicles, comfortable seats, and other environmentally friendly means of transport that are almost non-use in the city of Kut, where the dependence is heavily on Mini Bus (Kia) and a medium-sized bus, most of which are old, do not operate in an integrated way, compete with each other for the passengers, reduce the flexibility of movement. This study attempts to estimate the demand for the proposed bus rapid route in the city of al Kut as a modern public transport that can contribute to reducing congestion in the city. In this study, the demand for the current public transport network lines in the city was studied, which are 12 lines using boarding / alighting values to determine passenger loads and assess flow on each route in the transportation network using the origin-destination (OD) data from on/off data, then repeat the application on the BRT route, this was done using assignment model in TransCAD software, where the results showed an estimated value for passenger demand on BRT route about 7,616 passengers/hour, which is equivalent to 40.12 % of the transport lines service.

Lightweight aggregates (LWA) are building materials with a lower bulk density than standard construction aggregates. In recent years, the contribution of industry to the circular economy has become a serious concern. Among these, the mining sector is confronted with significant problems relating to the management of a huge quantity of generated waste. The major contemporary task is to address a number of interconnected challenges, including waste management and recycling, conservation of scarce natural resources, reduction of energy use, and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Natural aggregates are consumed by the construction materials industry in the range of 8 to 12 billion tons per year. According to reports, the construction materials sector consumes the most energy and scarce natural resources (rocks, aggregates, and water) while also emitting greenhouse gases. In general, using waste material as lightweight aggregate decreases the concrete's overall weight. The materials used as lightweight aggregate in concrete are discussed in this study. According to research, utilizing trash as a lightweight aggregate not only improves the characteristics of concrete but also gives a sustainable approach to minimize global waste.

The complicated and costly of concrete structures as well as the exposure to risk, owing to several factors such as ecological, design and construction, has resulted in a wide variety of methods for residential concrete structures, such as ferrocement sections technology, steel section technology, FCRP technology, and nano-material technologies. In this article the four approaches employed for rehabilitation of damaged concrete were compared. The questionnaire is given to 100 construction engineers and project management professionals to determine their preferred methods and advise them on their strength, effort, time and cost. To confirm the results, the researcher conducted an experiment to compare among these methods. research result, recommendations for future research, and conclusions were discussed in detail.

One of the most significant factors for a good transportation system is the quality of the road pavement. As a result, many steps have been made to address the concerns of moisture damage to roadways, including increasing pavement quality and structural design approaches. In the last few years, there has been an increase in the attention of respective engineers to enhance the asphalt performance and provides various types of modifiers and substituting the virgin of asphaltic materials with recyclable products, to attain sustainable while reducing the price of modified pavement mixture. This article discusses the performance of modified asphalt mixes and the most commonly used recycled product, crumbs rubber, which is used as a modifier in asphaltic mixes at various contents (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, and 15% by asphalt weight), and investigates the impact of the addition rubber particles on a critical characteristic of asphalt mixtures, particularly regarding their resistance to damage of moisture. The results showed that modification of asphalt binder with CR increased Marshall's Stability, and the inclusion of 10% of CR recorded the highest increment, increasing by 30.25%. According to increased TSR and IRS, the addition of CR improved the asphalt mixture's moisture resistance. The addition of 7.5 % of CR resulted in the largest values of TSR and IRS, increasing by 8.8% and 12.9% respectively. Additionally, this study aims at understanding the benefits and drawbacks of recycling rubber tires and to build a concept for effectively incorporating waste materials into road pavement.

The application of appropriate chemicals is a widely used strategy for soil stabilization. The drive of this study is to determine the possibility of using the biopolymer carboxymethyl cellulose as an environmentally acceptable soil stabilizer. In this work, Atterberge limits tests, specific gravity, compaction, and consolidation tests were used to determine the engineering parameters of soils treated with varying amounts of biopolymer. Additionally, changes in the morphological properties of the soft soils were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was estimated that as the soil's biopolymer content increases, the specific gravity drops down, though the optimum water content (OMC) is extended. The outcomes showed diverse effects on Atterberg's limits by cumulative the liquid limit(LL) and plasticity index (PI) though decreasing the plastic limit as the bio-polymer content increases. By the addition in polymer gratified, the combination boundaries (Solidity index Cc and recompression index Cr) decline.

In this paper, the laboratory data were compared with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) Flow3D for predicting the beginning of sediment incipient motion in rigid boundary channel for two types of sands, irrigation, and sewer types, in rectangular flume (0.5*0.5)_m cross-section. Tests were made for soil samples with different diameters, specific weights. The testing was performed in slopes ranging from 0.001-0.003 for irrigation types and 0.0025-0.025 for sewer types depending on the original parameter. The Flow-3D software has simulated the laboratory work using scouring models MPM and Nielsen. the relation between sediment incipient motion velocity, particle size, and channel bed slope was predicted. The results were relatively more than laboratory data for the MPM model, while grating convergence for Nielsen model, especially for small diameter sediment. Also, the laboratory results are more close to the results of Flow3D using the Nielsen model when the value of bed slope of the channel is greater, and vice versa when the slope decreases.

The investigation of natural convection in an annular space between two concentric cylinders partially filled with metal foam is introduced numerically. The metal foam is inserted with a new suggested design that includes the distribution of metal foam in the annular space, not only in the redial direction, but also with the angular direction. Temperatures of inner and outer cylinders are maintained at constant value in which inner cylinder temperature is higher than the outer one. Naiver Stokes equation with Boussinesq approximation is used for fluid regime while Brinkman-Forchheimer Darcy model used for metal foam. In addition, the local thermal equilibrium condition in the energy equation of the porous media is presumed to be applicable for the present investigation. CFD ANSYS FLUENT software package (version 18.2) is used as a solver to this problem. Various parameters are examined; Rayleigh number, Darcy number, and thermal conductivity ratio to study the effect of them on fluid flow and heat transfer inside the annuli space in the suggested design of metal foam layer. current model is compared with the available published results and good agreement is noticed. Results showed that as Rayleigh number increases the dominated of convection mode increases and Nusselt increases. Also, Nusselt is larger at the higher Darcy and thermal conductivity ratio. It was found that at Rayleigh of 10⁶ and thermal conductivity ratio of 10⁴ Nusselt reach its higher value which is 6.69 for Darcy of 0.1 and 6.77 for Darcy of 0.001. A comparison between this design and the traditional design was established for Darcy 0.001 and thermal conductivity ratio 10², and its showed a good enhancement in Nusselt number and the greatest enhancement percentage was 44% at Rayleigh equal 5*10⁴ while the lowest percentage is 6% for Rayleigh equal10⁶.

Piles with helices are a kind of foundation that is capable of withstanding compression, tension, and lateral loads. However, for almost 25 years, this kind of Pile was widely used across the world. Its behaviour is unpredictable and terrifying, especially in Iraq. The present study analysed this kind of Pile using the finite element method. It was recommended that the helical pile geometry be modeled by numerical model technique and the computer program Plaxis 3D. The plaxis 3D software is a well-known geotechnical engineering tool that numerically analyses soil and simulates experimental work in terms of curve matching and outcomes. Furthermore, an analysis of variables was conducted. The primary variable research investigates the influence of the number of helices and the tapered helix distance under static and cyclic load. The final finding is that the more helices in a pile, the smaller the displacement (or amplitude) in comparison to one helix under the effect of uplift static and cyclic load. As a result that the effect of helix number on soil behaviour is more than the effect of changing the distances between helix.

Few studies discussed the continuous deep beams CDB behaviour in spite of its great importance in building constructions due to the usual use in bridges and tall buildings as a load distributer. The behaviour of CDB shows a different behaviour when comparing with the simply supported one, so the expected behaviour of SDB does not match with the CDB. So, this paper deals with reviewing the behaviour of CDB in the past researches. It has been concluded that, the CDB resist the applied loads by flexural and shear together, the flexural behaviour appears at the first loading stage then the beam start to resist by shear capacity. The amount of resistance of beam by flexural depends on a/h ratio, main and web steel reinforcement and concrete compressive strength. Flexural behaviour may not appear for very small a/h ratio or over main reinforcement. Also, main steel reinforcement at both top and bottom of beam does not reach to yielding point expected one case, which is, the main steel ratio is less than 0.6%, thereby, tie failure will governs.

Nickle based super alloys such as Inconel 600 are being extensively used to manufacture turbine blades for jet engines since their superior mechanical characteristics at higher working temps. The chemical composition of steam turbine blades show that is steel 52 it has a wide range of Energy, Tanks, Rail, Yellow Goods, Engineering, Bridges, Construction, applications. Laser cladding seems to be a surfacing method that uses lasers to improve the characteristics of a component's surface and/or renew it. Laser cladding involves absorption of laser light that melts a small area of the substrates against which the substance was being introduced and fuses the coating substance to the substrates, resulting in the formation of a new layer. This research aims to investigate the fatigue and fatigue corrosion behavior of these turbine blades before and after exposure to laser cladding. The cladding process applied with this parameter Pulse energy = 11 joules, Pulse width = 6 Ms., Pulse frequency = 12 Hz, Laser Average Power = 132 W, Laser peak power = 1.83 KW. The results show, after cladding process the microstructure of the specimen is smooth and increase the cyclic of fatigue comparison with specimen without laser cladding process. So, the fatigue resistance is increased.

Accessibility has an important impact on shaping human activity patterns on all of the spatial scales. This study presented an evaluation of accessibility levels with private to commercial centers for three selected routes in Baghdad city. The study involved more than 45 days transport survey for private vehicles in Baghdad city using Global Positioning System (GPS) probe for recording indicators of traffic performance. Gravity model was used to measure accessibility index as an implementation of GIS-based model by using link geography and the spatial boundary of analysis in order to build route networks at three routes in Baghdad City, Bayaa intersection - Bab Al-Muatham intersection (Route 1), Bayaa intersection - Bab Al-Muatham intersection (Route 2) and 14 Ramadan Street - Bab Al-Muatham intersection (Route 3). It was found that Route 1 has the high accessibility index with 0.67 in compare with Route 2 and 3 (0.58 and 0.59), respectively. The reason that Route 1 had the highest accessibility index due to the high access point and low traffic volume as compared with the other two routes.

Electromagnetic wave is transferred by the GPR (ground penetrating radar), and A geotechnical application may benefit from this non-destructive test. This study is proposed to estimate the type and soil problem location that causes differential settlement of a structure (pumping station) by GPR surveying. The survey is achieved before and after the treatment by cement injection method to identify the locations that took cement injections as a full injection, partial or not at all using two types of antennas (160,450) MHz. The study also will estimate the thickness of the foundation by GPR and comparing it with actually executed. The results showed the creeping soil has occurred in some parts of the soil under the foundation, and after soil treatment, most of these parts were taken injection, and others did not. Also, it was found the relatively high accuracy of GPR for detecting the thickness of the raft foundation.

In most work sites, it is a priority to keep the work going well and to avoid unforeseen incidents. Fluctuations in weather conditions are one of the factors affecting the continuity of work in construction projects. Indeed, for example, the temperature is important in concrete and asphalt works, and wind speed is important in lifting and high construction works. Therefore, taking the appropriate decision, starting and completing the work, is very important to maintain the quality of the project. This research aims to demonstrate the reliability of short-term decision-making through data taken from the weather site five days before the time to work. The data was collected for a month, five days before the intended day and on the same day, day and night, for different weather factors by weather location such as temperature, humidity, possibility of rain, Uv index, wind speed. By analyzing the data, it was found that there was little difference in those predictors of all the factors recorded. To conclude at the end of the study that it is possible to rely on the decision-making on the weather location in small and medium projects, but in large and sensitive projects, they need to rely on more accurate data than relying on weather location data.

Roads are utilized by many vehicle kinds and heavy vehicles among these may be seen as the most essential for cargo loading, causing paving failure and increasing expenses for rehabilitation and maintenance. In this study, in analyzing a finite element employing Abaqus 6.14, composite effects for wheel loads and temperature were addressed. The asphalt layer was designed as an elastic material, while the base and sub-bases were modeled according to the Mohr coulomb model like an elastic material. And studying the impact of wheel loads on flexible pavement settlement and the main output of analyzing pavement structure is almost represented by the vertical stresses and the surface deformation which are considered as the critical response point. A truck type 2S-2 was tried with two thicknesses of asphalt layer 140 mm and 250 mm and considering that base and subbase layer thicknesses remained constant so it does not affect the variation of displacement. It was found that the increase of asphalt layer thickness from 140 mm to 250 mm leads to a decrease in the vertical displacement of about 0.59% and studied the effect of modified asphalt with polymer and how it effect pavement vertical displacement with an obvious reduction from 0.590 mm to 0.265 mm under the repeated load of 36 ton and The vertical stress decreased from 5.036 kPa to 1.899 kPa

Drought is a natural disaster associated with a shortage of water availability for specified region within a specific time period. The impacts of drought are significant and extend to damage many important life aspects such as environmental, economic, and social activities. The forecasting of the drought events is an essential element for planning this disaster, reducing its effectiveness and response. The three characteristic frequency, intensity, and time period are the key parts for forecasting and assessment of droughts. Here, two drought indices (The Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI), standardized precipitation index (SPI)) were used for forecasting of the future drought within Al Najaf city, Iraq. Thirty years meteorological data (average monthly precipitation and temperature) were used for the period (2021–2050) downloaded from the site of the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) for five grid points to cover overall study area. The computation of these indices conducted at a 12-month time scale and included the calculation of potential evapotranspiration by Thorthwaite method. The temporal drought intensity as well as drought frequency configurations were calculated and analyzed for each drought index. The results showed that the general average drought level expected will mildly dry while the maximum drought level expected will extremely dry. The more severe seasons of drought were forecasted in the years 2038, 2034 and 2021, respectively. Also, the prevailing event will be a one year drought and the maximum drought interval occurred within the study period will four consecutive years, with a 3.33% exceedance probability.

Highway pavements are being exposed to increasing traffic loads and severe environmental conditions, resulting in reduced service life. A lot of studies have been conducted to modify asphalt by using different materials, especially to replace the ordinary filler. Because the behaviour of the hot asphalt mix is influenced by the fillers. The use of unusual materials as fillers in asphalt mixes can help to improve the mix's characteristics. As a result, this study uses cow dung ash materials with various replacement ratios as fillers to investigate the mechanical properties of asphalt. In the asphalt mix, a replacement percentage of limestone (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 80%, and 100%) was utilized. After that, various tests were performed such as Marshall stability, Marshall flow, voids in mineral aggregate, theoretical maximum specific gravity, air voids. The results revealed a significant improvement in the asphalt mix's behaviour, as well as an increase in the replacement percentage. According to the findings, the 50% replacement rate has the highest Marshall stability which is equal to 11.11 with a 33.5% rise and the lowest flow of 3 with a 17.83% decrease when compared to the reference mix. As a result, cow dung ash can be used as a filler to modify the mechanical properties of the asphalt mix.

Internal curing has long been utilized to decrease self-shrinkage and consequently the increased danger of concrete cracking prematurely. The measured mechanical characteristics of concrete were studied in five mixes, both with and without internal curing. Two of these mixtures have a 10% replacement rate, with one using ceramic and the other Attapulgite, while the other two have a 20% replacement, with one using ceramic and the other using Attapulgite, and the fifth is a reference mixture with no replacement for comparative reasons. With an increase of 27.93%, the ceramic combination with a 20% replacement rate is judged to have the highest compressive resistance, followed by the Attapulgite mixture with a 20% replacement rate with an increase of 34.2%. The results showed that the ceramic and Attapulgite internal curing purposes were highly effective, especially with a 20% replacement. The use of crushed ceramics and attapulgite as internal curing materials improves the characteristics of concrete.

In some concrete structures, openings are placed because of the need for several utility requirements. These openings could affect the strength of the structural members. So the behavior of reinforcement concrete (RC) cantilever slab containing openings and its effect is the subject of the study. Opening shapes, numbers and sizes are the main variables that have been studied in this research. Five RC cantilever slabs were cast and tested; one is without openings and the other four slabs are with openings. It is found that there is a significant effect of openings on the behavior of these slabs. Where, the decrease in the ultimate load (from 39kN to 24.7kN), while the decrease in the deflection at ultimate load (from 67 mm to 35 mm).

The fuel injection timings, equivalence ratio (Ø) and exhaust gas recirculation are considered the most important parameters can effect on combustion process and lower exhaust emissions concentrations. The influence of 15% EGR technology and operating parameters (Ø and injection timing) on NO_X emissions and particulate matter (PM) using oxygenated fuel (ethanol and methanol) blends were investigated in this experimental study. The results showed that the NO_X emissions concentrations with increasing the equivalence ratio (Ø) and applied EGR for all fuels studied. Besides, the E10 and M10 decreased the PM concentrations compared to the diesel fuel under various equivalence ratios (Ø). The applied EGR increased the PM concentrations, but when combination of oxygenated fuels and EGR leading to the decrease in the PM formation. The NO_X emissions concentrations decreased from the combined effect of EGR and oxygenated fuels by 16.8%, 22.91% and 29.5% from the combustion of diesel, M10 and E10, respectively, under various injection timings. It is indicated that NO_X emissions decreased with retarded injection timings, while the PM decreased under advanced injection timings.

In this paper a new model has demonstrated that it operates in a moderate performance scale to generate hot water. In its early stage, the preliminary model, which built with double pass water tube inside evacuated tube, was investigated experimentally. The model was tested inside room under different operation conditions in terms of solar radiation 300, 400, 500 and 600 W/m² and water mass flow rates 0.00305 and 0.0083kg/s. In the first case, there was a problem because of the air gap inside the tube and surrounding the double pass water tube, so In the second stage, two different filling medium inside the evacuated tube was proposed to modify the preliminary model. The mediums cases include porous media (stainless steel wire mesh and Aluminum fiber metallic). The results show that maximum efficiency without porous media was 62.4% at 0.0083 kg/s and heat flux 600 W/m², but after porous media applied, the efficiency reached 79.4% at 99.997% porosity of Aluminum fiber metallic and heat flux 600 W/m² with same water mass flow.

Ground Control Points GCPs are the only way to obtain accurate positions in aerial surveys. At least three points should be utilized, and the model will get increasingly accurate in X, Y, and Z coordinates as the number rises. The accuracy of the 3D model created from aerial photography is also affected by the arrangement of GCPs. The goal of this research is to determine the optimal number and arrangement of GCPs in order to obtain the lowest possible error in point positioning. A conventional UAV called DJI Mavic 2 pro was used to photograph one and a half square kilometer site at an elevation equal to hundred meters from earth's surface with nadir camera configuration. GSD (ground sampling distance) of 2.3 centimeters was used to collect 1515 pictures. 62 GCPs were observed in PPK (Post Processing kinematic) method using a DGPS (differential global positioning system) receiver GS 15 from Leica. The study area was split into two areas, one with a straight arrangement of GCPs and the other with a diagonal arrangement of GCPs. The pictures were processed using 3Dsurvey and 3DF Zephyr software utilizing a full bundle adjustment procedure with increasing GCPs number beginning with three GCPs and ending with twenty-six GCPs for both arrangement layout, with the other points serving as check points for the model's accuracy at each attempt. The check point coordinates obtained were compared to the DGPS coordinates. The result indicates the optimal GCP number needed for the most accurate position and spread layout. That the minimum gap between adjacent GCPs ought to be not over than 100 meters and spread homogenously.

Recycling asphalt is a significant stage in pavement industry, yet it can be unfavorable to the durability of the recycled mix due to the loss of binder charachteristics, thus the mixture will be weaker to the external factors like moisture. This study aims to evaluate the influence of nanoclay montmorillonite k10 powder (MMT) on Marshall's characteristics and moisture resistance in Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) mixtures. Three percentages of rejuvenated RAP were used, 30%, 40%, and 50% of the total mixture, these percentages were modified with 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5% nanoclay (MMT) of the neat binder's weight. Asphalt Cement AC(85-100) was used to rejuvenate the RAP. The Marshall test was conducted on modified RAP to detect the effect on the Marshall stability and flow and air void, indirect tensile strength tests (ITS) were also conducted before and after nanoclay powder addition to compare and assess the resistance of moisture to rejuvenated RAP mixtures. The results of the laboratory tests have shown that the use of 5% nanoclay in the regenerated RAP mixes offers superior performance than without it, where it enhanced stability by 15%, reduced flow by 14.3%, and increased moisture damage resistance by 3.66% all for 50% RAP mixtures.

The increasing demand to decrease the greenhouse gas emissions leads to find clean fuel and renewable fuel such as ethanol and methanol that good replacement of oil-derived transportation fuels. The combined effects of alcohols blends (ethanol-diesel and methanol-diesel) and with and without EGR on NO_X-PM Trade-off in diesel engine were investigated under variable engine loads and speeds. The EGR is considered efficient technology to reduce the NO_X emissions in compression ignition (CI) diesel engines. The current study highlighted on the trade-off between nitrogen oxides (NO_X) and particulate matter (PM). The oxygenating content in the ethanol blend (E10) and methanol blend (M10) decrease the PM concentrations in the exhaust pipe compared to the diesel fuel for different engine operating conditions with keep NO_X emissions in the moderate level. It was found that the NO_X/PM concentrations significantly decreased from the combustion of E10 and M10 under variable engine loads and speeds.

Pavement is a complex structure consisting of several layers of different materials that influence its stressful behavior. Permanent deformation can occur in pavement layers of insufficient hardness at high temperatures. Significant rutting normally only occurs during hot weather, especially when the flexible pavement surface temperature is 60 ° C or higher. 2D model analysis using ABAQUS software can predict the rutting behavior. The modeling procedure assumes that all materials performance is a linear elastic. Surface, base, subbase and subgrade layers consist of models. Models in every pavement model, subgrade layers are supposed to have endless depth. This paper presents an element-finite model (FE) for the behavior analysis of the dynamic loading unreinforced and geogrid reinforced paving. Increased loading of the model and critical pavement responses for unreinforced or geogrid-reinforced flexible paving, such as vertical stress and vertical surface deflection, were determined. The results indicated a difference in the displacement results when adding the geogrid layer. The results also showed a significant improvement in the behavior of the pavement system. A parametric study was carried out on a type of Truck (3-S1) and the applied pressure was 36 tons with different thicknesses of the asphalt layer once 150 mm and again 25 cm at different temperatures of 20, 40 and 60 ° C. It was found that the higher the temperatures, the higher the displacement as well.

Collapsible soils are problematic soils that have substantial strength while dry but lose strength when wet, resulting in excessive settlements. Soil collapse occurs when increasing moisture weakens chemical or physical connections between soil particles, allowing the soil structure to collapse. The existence of these soils, often with significant gypsum concentration, created serious challenges for structures and major projects. The primary goal of this study is to conduct a series of model tests subjected to static vertical stress to assess the ability of soil stabilization using geosynthetics material by employing single, double, and triple geotextile layers put at various places. A unique model test configuration was employed for this testing. The gypseous soil used was brought from near Sawa Lake by coordinates (31◦18'42.83''N, 45◦00'49.36''E) in Al-Muthanna Governorate. The gypsum content was more than (37%). It was found that, the ultimate bearing capacity of dry and wet gypseous soil models had been determined by using Two Tangent Intersection technique. The results show the Settlement Reduction Factor (SRF) % and the ratio of decreasing the collapse magnitude (Δed )

As a result of the advancements that have occurred in the technical field of geomatics, particularly after the development of developmental programming environments, they have become the most important machine for conducting image analyses of satellite data, creating and modifying spatial analysis tools, and performing large data analyses at a fast rate without the need for high-end specifications on the personal computer. This study has several objectives, including the definition and popularization of the use of the power of Google Earth Engine (GEE) in the speed of conducting spatial analyzes, which cite by conducting a classification at the level of a governorate and obtaining results with speed and relatively good quality. By using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform and through Javascript programming language, a classification of the land cover of Wasit Governorate, Iraq was created under the supervision of a satellite image (Landsat 8) by creating a training sample, Google Maps' High Resolution basemap imagery was used to create this map to identify classes of landcover (water, bare soil, vegetation, and urban). Each source pixel is assigned to one of the previously mentioned classes. Then to create a land cover map of the region using the Statistical Machine Intelligence and Learning Engine (SMILE) classifier from the JAVA library, which is used by Google Earth Engine (GEE) to implement these algorithms. The result is an array of pixels (raster data). The pixel value represents the class that was previously determined by the samples.

The stone column technique is an effective method to increase the strength of soft cohesive soil, which results in a reduction in foundation settlement and an increase in bearing capacity. The topic of restraining creep settlement through the use of stone columns techniques has gained increasing attention and consideration; because stone columns are widely used to treat soft soil deposits, caution should be applied in estimating creep settlement. We discovered a reversible relation between shear parameters and the creep settlement in floating stone columns; while, in case of end-bearing stone columns shows a direct positive relation between shear parameters and the creep settlement, and the creep settlement began at the primary settlement. The shear parameters affected the improvement factor (n) of creep settlement in both floating and end-bearing stone columns. The standard creep coefficient's n values in floating and end-bearing conditions were more significant than the low creep coefficient's n values in forwarded geometric conditions. The stress in both floating and end-bearing stone columns was increasing and uniformly distributed along the length of the floating stone column and in the case of end-bearing stone column was limited to the stiffness layer; the maximum vertical stress was in the central point of the embankment. The embankment's maximum horizontal displacement occurred on the edge.

Parking demand rates are one of the essential keys to urban city planning around the world. Most cities produced the most suitable parking rates, and models relied on their local conditions, regulations, and people's habits. In Iraq, there is a lack of parking studies, and therefore, there is a lot of missing information which if be found, will be very valuable for better enhancing and managing the transportation network system. Institutional land use or Government Ministries are the land use type in which this research tries to find its parking generation rates. The goal is to produce models and rates for parking generation by using certain independent variables according to the characteristics of the land-use type. The research study area is the urban areas outside Baghdad CBD. Several sites were selected located in different parts of Baghdad. The number of study sites is three. The collected data about sites are the total number of site employees, site gross floor area, and maximum parked vehicles at each site for an Am and Pm period. Each site has a clear parking lot; besides, the sites were selected relied on particular criteria. The field survey was done at each site for defining days and times. The final stage is a data analysis and producing parking generation rates and models to determine the required parking demand for this land-use type. Statistical analysis of data, model generation, was done by the computer program (SPSS). It concluded that the institutional land use produced 0.94 spaces per 100 m² of GFA and 0.1 spaces per employee.

One of the most important elements in the development of compressive strength is concrete curing, and a large temperature differential during curing may decrease strength. This exudation is caused by microcracks in the concrete caused by the continuous temperature fluctuation. By minimizing autogenous shrinkage, internal curing has become popular for reducing the danger of early-age cracking in high-performance concrete (HPC). The efficacy of internal wet curing provided by fine Attapulgite aggregate is investigated in this research. On three different HPCs, both with and without internal curing materials, the development of observed mechanical properties is investigated. Two different amounts of normal weight fine aggregate were replaced with attapulgite fine aggregates. Internal cure has been found to benefit from attapulgite fine aggregates. It has been found that adding 20% Attapulgite fine aggregates to HPC enhances the material's characteristics, resulting in low internal stress and a significant increase in compressive strength. It should be noted that, unlike certain conventional lightweight aggregates, the different amounts of Attapulgite fine aggregates added at various ages have shown no decrease in compressive strength.

Assessment of the quality of minerals, especially heavy ones, in crude oil by identifying spectral lines is very important to determine the quality and specifications of crude oil and the following treatments in production of the lines. In this study heavy metals lines (HMs) found in crude oil extracted from Iraq south field were identified that are unique spectral lines by using the laser-induced plasma spectroscopy (LIPS – mechanism), which were analyzed later by spectrometer based on the principle of finger print. The optimum spectrum (analytical lines) of metals emitted from the crude oil plasma in air were selected and determined. By determining the optimization behavior for evaluation procedure, the important condition was laser spot number (scan area). Comparison was performed between the fundamental wavelength and harmonic generation (HG) used in the laser beam to determine the optimum spectrum and optical insulator to cover the selected sample at atmospheric air pressure and room temperature. The results obtained from the actual raw spectrum were determined to represent the emission lines without the influence of foreign light (no noise) using the optical isolator, and unique new analytical lines were identified when increasing the number of lasers points up to 5 points, and a balanced spectrum was determined with good absorption when using a basic wavelength of 1064 nm. Difficulties were presented due to the characteristics of the crude oil as organic liquid case. The optimum results obtained indicated that the LIPS technique is effective and a control technique to well identify the spectrum lines of the heavy metals (HMs) presented in the crude oil.

This study investigated the feasibility of using sodium hypochlorite as an advanced oxidation process to remove Acid Orange 12 azo dye from wastewater. For this purpose, batch reactor experiments were done. Several variables to address the efficiency of using this process were considered. These variables are initial pH (5, 7, and 9), the concentration of hypochlorite (50 – 250 mg/l), temperature (20-50) degrees Celsius, and time of electrolysis (1-75) min. also investigate the effects of UV on the process was done. Experimental results showed that the color removal efficiency using NaOCl with UV is more effective than NaOCl alone. The highest removal efficiency was obtained by increasing the concentration of NaOCl from (50-250mg/l) at PH=5. When the solution temperature was increased from (20-50) °C, the removal efficiency increased, and at the same time, the time required was reduced from (20-5) minutes to obtain the highest removal efficiency. The kinetic study also showed that the oxidation process follows a second-order reaction. The thermodynamic functions indicate that the response is spontaneous, endothermic, and increases randomness.

This study discusses the results of simulation a finite element analysis of the load-settlement curve using soft soil model of shallow foundation subjected to axial load rested on three different types of clayey soils, it was considered different shear strength parameters (C=16, C=25, and C=70). It was concluded for clayey soil of C=16, there was a match to the experimental load – settlement curve using the soft soil model. It was also observed increase in the foundation width led to an increase in bearing capacity, however, bearing capacity increased by around (79 %) for an increase in footing width of (6.25), so it was about (144%) for (12.5).

In this study, four types of flood routing approaches were studied which give significantly varied results represented by the differences between computed and observed flows and also differ considerably on the friction coefficient and bed slope of the channels. First two approaches use a hydraulic solution to solve the equations of unsteady flow, while the third approach uses the hydrological solution, and the fourth algorithm solves Muskingum approach with seven parameters. All these approaches were run with the same input parameters, the results were compared and tested with four Error Measurement Indices, Sum of Squared Deviations, Error of Peak Discharge, Variance Index, and agreement index. Diyala River was selected for this application. Dynamic wave method gave accurate results, followed by the characteristic method, and then the linear Muskingum-Cunge method, but Symbiotic Organisms Search Algorithm not gave any senses due to change in roughness or bed slope and gave very identical values with recorded outflow in all conditions, which means that the hydraulic solution is better compared to the hydrological solution. The results also showed that the difference between the calculated and observed flows diminished with a decrease in the coefficient of friction and an increase in the bed slope channel.

One of the most significant issues that people throughout the world will confront in the future years is a lack of clean and safe water. Anthropogenic activities, in particular, are polluting water systems. With rising population, urbanization, and climate change, water reuse has become a requirement in some areas of the globe, putting pressure on the development of effective water treatment methods for a range of contaminants. High biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), oil-grease, and other pollutant loads define dairy sector effluent. Improved technology is required to address these issues. Electrocoagulation is a new type of therapy. It's simple to use, ecologically friendly, and removes a wide range of contaminants from a variety of water types. The goal of this study was to see how operational factors such applied voltage, number of electrodes, distance between electrodes, electrode shape, and reaction time affected the electrocoagulation of actual dairy effluent. Aluminum and iron electrodes are used for this purpose. It was discovered that raising the applied voltage, reaction time, and decreasing the distance between electrodes improved COD, BOD, EC, TDS, color, and oil-grease removal efficiency. Moreover, switch between square, triangular electrodes and perforated cylindrical. The data show that electrocoagulation is effective at the maximum COD, BOD removal efficiency of first electrode at 20 holes of cylindrical shape is (88.03) %, (87.97) %, respectively. Second triangle shape is (100) %, (100) % respectively. Third square shape is (99.38) %, (99.42) % respectively. the maximum removal of TDS, EC efficiency of first electrode at 20 holes of cylindrical shape is (67.57) %, (62.34) %, respectively. Second triangle shape is (77.45) %, (67.68) % respectively. Third square shape is (81.96) %, (71.25) % respectively. The maximum color and oil-grease removal efficiency of first electrode at 20 holes of cylindrical shape is (100) %, (100) %, respectively. Second triangle shape is (100) %, (100) % respectively. Third square shape is (100) %, (100) % respectively. Electrocoagulation methods for the treatment of dairy wastewaters were shown to be successful in the research. Finally, the findings indicated that electrocoagulation is a technically feasible method for removing contaminants from dairy wastewaters.

In this study, nano sized yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) suspension in organic solution was deposited by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method as a protective layer on substrate that was previously plasma sprayed thermal barrier coating (TBCs). In order to improve the performance of TBC from degradation by melt ingression of fuel impurities. Design of experiments (DOE) by Taguchi method was used to optimize the controlled variables of EPD process. A crack free YSZ overlay coating was carried out at different variables; applied voltage (20, 40, 60) V, deposition time (3, 5, 7) min and suspension concentration (5, 10, 15) g/l using DC current. Morphological appearance and cross section of the investigated coating specimen were done using optical and field emission scanning electron microscope. Optimizing process and analysis of variances (ANOVA) were performed by "Minitab 18" software. The results indicate that best condition of coating thickness can be obtained at 40V, 5min and 10g/l when applying signal-to-noise ratio "Larger is better".

The coated surfaces first layer Ti and second layer TiO2 as coating Nanostructured thin films of using DC sputtering on structural steel (AISI l018) and study characterization of coating SEM/EDS inspection shown a clearly perfect incorporation of layer by dc sputtering a granular structure of the layer with a variable hemisphere's forms varied from 33 to 46 nm in size.

X-XRD test complete for specimen indicates was found anatase phase titanium dioxide, the resulted coating layer of the target of Ti powders gives different morphology from the Ti layer alone The Specimens roughness average of coated Ti and TiO2with respectively was 4.831nm, 7.93 nm. Found that titanium layer will show a major part in increasing the bonding with improving the bond between the substrate steel AISI (1018) and the titanium oxide layer. The Vickers hardness increases when the coating with a layer of titanium with an oxygen content of ceramic layer is formed from 192.3 HV to 227 for Ti as well as important increase was detected in the Tio2 coating to 240 HV. In addition, Ti and Tio2 thin layer considered as a good barrier for hydrogen permeation through steel structure especially at cathode protection in pipelines.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of using biocontrol fungi - Trichoderma harzianum. Australian (T.h.a). and Trichoderma harzianum. tahadi(T.h.t) and Chaetumium elatum( C.e) isolates on contents of rice leaves ) Oryza sativa L. (class jasmine of phenols, alkaloids, and hormones( zeatin, gibberellic acid, indol acitic acid). To attaining these aims, two experements were carryied out in two regions at Rice Research Center(RRC), and Agriculture college - AL-Najaf province. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: The suspension (10)-4 of biocontrol agent T.h.a gave a significant difference in concentrations of phenols in rice leaves for treatment: Soil + hay + NP + T.h.a which reached 0.378, 0.363 ppm in RRC and college of agriculture fields, in compare with control treatment which gave 0.251,0.245 ppm, respectively. T.h.a. gave a significant differences in concentrations of alkaloids in rice leaves for treatment: Soil + hay + NP + T.h.a which reached 1.67,1.51 µg/ml in RRC and college of agriculture fields, in compare with control treatment which gave 1.19,1.15 µg/ml., respectively T.h.a attained the highest concentrations of hormones ( zeatin, gebberllic acid, indol acitic acid) in rice leaves for treatment: Soil + hay + NP + T.h.a which reached (0.0941, 53.84, 0.287) ppm, at RRC and (0.0835, 44.52, 0.268) ppm for college of agriculture fields, in compare with control treatment which gave ( 0.0712, 51.12, 0.210) ppm with RRC and (0.0523, 42.10, 0.174)ppm for college of agriculture, respectively.

Increasing the cross-sectional area of piles leads to an increase in the lateral bearing resistance and reduces displacements near ground level. This increase compensates for the reduction in soil stiffness at the seabed level. Installing wings near the mudline level is one approach for increasing the area of the pile in mudline level. This research paper discusses a number of small-scale laboratory models and FEM models to study the benefit of adding wings on the variation of bearing capacity of laterally pile loaded embedded in sandy soil. To determine the advantages of adding wings to the pile, four embedded ratios (4, 6, 8, 10) were used to model both flexible and rigid pile types with various wing numbers and dimensions. The results revealed that adding wings to the pile improves lateral load resistance and greatly reduces lateral deflection. So, to achieve better resistance, wings must be linked with the pile shaft perpendicular to the lateral load applied nearer the top of the pile head. Increasing the number of wings results in a large increase in lateral pile capacity. The ultimate lateral applied load is proportional to the rise in relative density at the same (L/D) ratio.

Water pollution is now a major threat to the existence of living beings. Accordingly, Water quality monitoring is an important activity toward restoring water quality. As wetland eutrophication is one of the essential ecosystem elements, devastation of this element is a significant issue. The Trophic State Index (TSI) provides information about trophic condition of water bodies. This paper aims to conduct spatiotemporal monitoring for the eutrophication of the west part of Al-Hammar Marsh for the period 2013-2020. To this end, a satellite-based TSI computation model was developed and implemented by using a series of OLI Landsat satellite images. The results showed that there was no improvement in the eutrophication state in the marsh, the percentage of the low class of TSI decreased in 2015 and 2018 to 7.9% and 2.6% and increased in 2017 and 2020 to 39.8%, and 56.3%. In general, the TSI was in the poor class in all the considered periods. Fluctuation of quantity and quality of the inflow prevents restoring the eutrophication of the marsh because this process requires stability in the levels of inundation above the critical limits for the water depth and periods. Therefore, it is necessary to find suitable alternatives to provide water drainage in quantities and quality that ensure the sustainability of the marsh ecosystem.

Today, photovoltaic modules have become accepted by the public and scientists in the production of clean electricity and as a possible alternative to electricity produced from fossil fuels. These modules suffer from a deterioration in their electrical efficiency as a result of their high temperature. Several researchers have proposed the use of high-efficiency hybrid photovoltaic (PV/T) systems that can cool PV modules and also produce hot water. Improving the PV modules' electrical efficiency increases the investment attraction and commercialization of this technology. The possibility of restoring the electrical efficiency of the photovoltaic panel that was lost due to its high temperature was investigated in this study. A PV/T system designed to operate with a paraffin-filled thermal tank attached to the PV module was used. Inside the paraffin is a heat exchanger that circulates inside a nanofluid. This design is adopted to cool down the PV module temperature. The study was carried out in the climatic conditions of the month of May in the city of Baghdad - Iraq. The proposed PV/T system's electrical efficiency was compared with similar systems from the literature. The proposed system has achieved an obvious enhancement as its electrical efficiency was 13.7%.

Slurry infiltrated fiber concrete" composites (SIFCON) are a novel type of concrete with improved strength, ductility, and crack resistance. In this study, infiltrating fibers (SIFCON) were used to reinforce of specimens of ferrocement one way ribbed slabs. The laboratory work consists of cast and testing of eight specimens with dimensions of 750 mm in length, 500 mm in width and 50 mm in depth. These samples have the same wire mesh reinforcement and the same shape as the ferrocement slabs. Two reference ferrocement slab without ribs contains SIFCON and six ferrocement slabs with ribs contains SIFCON. The variables were the volumetric ratio of fibers in the ribs, which were (2, 4 and 6)% and type of steel fiber (hook-end and hybrid fiber). Hybrid fibers contain two type of steel fiber (hook-end and micro steel fiber) with equal ratio. All samples were tested under line load up to failure with mid deflections for each test with simple supported. The results of the test showed that the presence of steel fibers in the ferrocement ribs, for both types of steel fibers, improves the resistance to the final loads and the ability to reduce deflection and increases the ductility and stiffness significantly.

Congestion has a significant impact on the environment. It's the predominant source of pollution, as noise and air pollution. The sound produced by vehicles as well as horns creates the worst possible environment. High motorized traffic flow nowadays is the major contributor to rising externalities, vehicle emissions, and other pollutants that impact the environment and the atmosphere, which result in negative atmospheric phenomena, global warming, and climate change. Vehicle emissions cause numerous vulnerabilities, so a serious consequence may arise in the long term, both regional and global. This study investigated Noise and pollution for different roads in the different cities based on field data at peak periods of traffic flow, shows that the major pollutants that are emitted from engines are: nitrogen oxides (NOX), carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbons (CxHy), sulfur oxides (SOX), solid particles, including aerosols, as well as carbon dioxide (CO2).

Acoustic conditions, considered an indicator of the level of comfort, are a major concern in educational facilities since they are linked to students' well-being and learning capacity. In this study, measurements of the acoustical comfort conditions were performed using portable IEQ meter have been assessed in four selected areas of environmental engineering department building (The classroom for fourth year, student's corridor, teacher's corridor and reception area) in the University of Babylon in Hillah City. This was done by analyzing the data measured for 13 months from August (2020) to August (2021). Statistical analysis by using the linear regression test was performed to determine the relationship between the selected areas. Noise is the major parameter for the educational areas that can interfere with the students' activities and eventually, this will have a detrimental effect on the students' physical and psychological health. The acquired results were compared to the reference values specified in the handbook to international standards for noise compliance in academic educational facilities. The results show that all the studied areas in the Environmental Engineering Department had back-ground noise levels out of the recommended threshold limit values (>50 dB) revealed that the indoor environment of these areas was of poor quality, indicating the require for interventions. This study can be considered a pilot study for future comparable research on Iraqi universities.

The recent ground motion results indicated that the RC buildings are required to be retrofitted by different strengthening techniques. Nowadays, the external strengthening gain interest since its easy, cost effective and not required redesign of buildings. The CFRP sheets are suitable solution and utilized by a number of researchers. However, the numerical cyclic performance of connection strengthened with different thicknesses of CFRP need to be well investigated. This study assessed the performance of RC exterior beam column connection strengthened with CFRP sheets First, two grades of concrete are utilized to be control specimens, normal concrete compressive strength (C20) and high concrete compressive strength (C50) then, the specimens are retrofitted with different thicknesses (1.2, 2.4, 3.6mm) of CFRP sheets. The stresses and damage states showed the importance of connection retrofitting. The CFRP shift the plastic hinge zone away from the panel zone. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that by increase of CFRP thickness the connection resistance will be improved. The comparison between the hysteresis curves demonstrated that the yield and ultimate loading were enhanced for strengthened connection for both concrete grades and the incremental in thicknesses also increase them. The outputs also exhibited that the stiffness and ductility has increased for retrofitted specimens indicating that the CFRP comprehensively overcome the applied cyclic loading and the beam column connection is able to resist such type of loading.

The bridge bent is the most critical structural component of short span bridge that highly affected by different types of loadings. The bent failure has been observed due to in plane and out of plane loadings. Strengthening techniques are utilized for existing bridges. However, a replacement technique can be used for the new bridges to avoid bent failure. Moreover, the effect of combined loading on bent performance need to be evaluated. Therefore, this study assessed the performance of bridge bent under in plane, out of plane and combined loadings. Furthermore, replace the traditional flexural and shear steel reinforcement of the columns with CFRP bars. The performance of bent is assessed numerically by finite element analysis. For this purpose, six numerical bent models are developed. The first three models with traditional steel bars and the remaining models with CFRP rebars. The results demonstrated that out of plane loadings has more impact on the bent structural performance than other loading cases. Flexural and shear failures are observed in the columns for models with steel rebars. The failure started from lower side of the column for both in plane and out of plane loadings showing low resistance. The steel rebars yielded in early stage of loading indicating limited stiffness. However, the bent performance has been enhanced by replacing rebars with CFRP. The bent stiffness has slightly improved by replacing with less diameter of CFRP rods and stirrups. In addition, the CFRP bars showed considerable resistance and hardly showed plasticity during apply loading indicating that the CFRP is suitable material to replace steel reinforcement.

Recently, the bridge unseating prevention devices are widely used in active seismic zones. These devices are stiffness dependant, velocity dependant and energy dissipation devices. The energy dissipation devices are designed to overcome the energy that transfers from bridge substructure to superstructure. However, the current devices are not controlled to function with different ground motion intensities and should be replaced after yielding. Therefore, this research introduced a slotted plate energy dissipation device with three parts, each part function in known deformation range. The slotted plate behavior has been evaluated numerically by finite element method. Displacement control and load control analysis has been done, and then the effect of steel grade is studied to predict the suitable steel properties for designing the plate. Moreover, the slotted plate behavior is applied in 3D bridge seismic analysis to assess the multi-level performance and the ability to overcome the seismic effect on the bridge in longitudinal direction. The results approved the capability of the plate to dissipate energy in multi-stage of deformation. The lower steel grade is suitable for low to moderate earthquake zone and the high grade can be used in severe ground motion areas. Furthermore, the bridge longitudinal behavior has enhanced with different steel grades of the slotted plate.

Recent seismic events showed the importance of understanding the structural performance of RC column that can be predicted numerically. The accuracy of column performance depends on type of the analysis and representation of seismic effect. Therefore, in this paper a nonlinear time history analysis has been performed to assess the seismic performance of bridge column using fiber hinge concept with time integration method using sap2000 software. A long bridge RC column is utilized and subjected to seismic excitation. The column has been divided into different size and numbers of fiber to assess the accuracy of the analysis and time consuming to analyze each case of fiber hinges. In addition, this paper used three-time integration methods, Newmark, Hilber-Hughes-Taylor, and Chung & Hulbert to predict the most suitable method to be used in column seismic analysis. The time history displacement and base shear in addition to moment rotation of the column are the most important factors to evaluate the column seismic performance. The analysis results demonstrated that the most suitable time integration method is Hilber-Hughes-Taylor for such type of the analysis since it gives more stable base shear result than other two methods. Furthermore, the results indicated that the accuracy of seismic performance increased by number of fibers incremental. Moreover, the number of steel fibers should be equal to the number of bars with same area and location. The unconfined and confined concrete should be divided into small areas to get accurate prediction of column seismic performance.

Soil texture affects many physical and chemical properties of soil. Knowledge of soil texture is essential for all water and soil studies. The aim of the research is to draw a map of the spatial distribution of soil texture in the region of eastern Wasit province and know the relationship of texture to the soil's hydrological groups. Laboratory tests were conducted on 25 soil samples. With a depth of 50-75 cm, were selected from locations that represent the study area. According to the unified classification system, The results showed that the soil texture for the samples locations was 40% sand, 16% for both silt loam and sandy loam, 12% for loamy sand, 8% for both sandy clay loam and sandy loam. A soil texture classification map was produced for the study area. The first soil texture map for the area differs significantly from the World Food and Agriculture Organization soil texture classification map. It adopts signed tests of the site. The statistical analysis showed that the per cent sand's standard deviation was 22.65%, silt 19.247%, and 6.416% clay. It turns out that 52% of the soil models from hydrologic group A, 24% from hydrologic group B and 24% from hydrologic group C, Arc GIS software was used to produce maps.

The idea of a car-free city represents a solution to the problem of fuel consumption and air pollution caused by the use of cars and replaces the idea of owning and using private cars with an efficient transportation system, and it doesn't mean living without cars, because cars have become an integral part of a modern city. On the contrary, people can still drive in city but will not park their cars at home. Instead, they park elsewhere on their way home. Research problem: Weak regulation of the movement of vehicles in the center of the holy city of Najaf, which leads to the danger of pedestrian movement in the city center. The aim of the research: to provide a safe and effective movement for pedestrians in the center of the holy city of Najaf. Research hypothesis: The use of the car-free zone strategy in the city center transportation system achieves security for the population in the old city. The research examines reasons behind suggesting free-of-vehicle areas It gives a number of policies to achieve the strategy in the center of the holy city of Najaf, including the provision of public transportation, furniture and comfort for pedestrians in the streets, as well as easy access for the residents of the area. Thus, it is possible to draw the conclusion that there is a possibility to achieve this strategy in religious centers according to a number of policies that suit the specificity of the area.

: The importance of research has emerged by focusing on sustainable green zone planning to solve the problem of degradation through sustainable strategies, to make green areas determine buildings, not the other way around using GIS, by working on a hypothesis (green areas planning according to an appropriate strategy can sustain cities). The principle of urban planning, urban sustainability, sustainable planning and sustainable cities, as well as urban sustainability and many strategies that support green zone planning and rely on a number of factors for sustainable cities, have been addressed. The research was based on how to plan green areas sustainably, what constraints the planners face in the Dora area south of Baghdad, and the reasons for their deterioration in the urban environment, and after analysing and comparing the changes that occurred over three periods of time (2004 and 2009 and 2019) for 10 residential stores to assess the state of the green areas during that period and how they changed, what problems led to the reduction of areas, increased areas built at their expense, compared to the standards of urban and rural housing in Iraq and the basic plan of the company Paul Servis in 1971, Sustainable planning thus creates a balance in the environment, economy and social values so that these new places meet the work and life needs of the local population and their interests, as one of the indicators of sustainable cities environmental, social and economic, measured by the availability of green and preserved areas relative to population density and coverage, which are one of the most important components of the blocs of urban areas to continue the quality of urban life and environmental and social sustainability, and the ratio of green areas to areas built in a sample of the shop Housing in the study area is very few in most stores and is not in line with international standards, so the current standards need to be adjusted and increased from what they are now, as well as laws in general need to be updated because they are in their current state to achieve the sustainability of green areas in the study area. The most important proposals and solutions that address the problems of green areas (developing a specific strategy, developing some laws on the protection of green areas and setting environmental performance standards for green areas). The research recommended the need to review the planning standard for the individual's share of green spaces as it does not correspond to the increase in population density, and to guide the pursuit of sustainable strategies within the plans prepared by the long-term municipal departments supporting green areas and work to support environmental performance within municipal circles by presenting the award for outstanding environmental performance on conservation capacity and increasing green spaces, urging a focus on the sustainability of Iraqi cities as they suffer from increased desertification and dredging of green areas and current climate change.

The ability of an organism or system to restore form and position elastically following a disturbance or interruption of any type is the true meaning of resilience. How often does the term "resilience" appear in regional or metropolitan contexts to allude to a local socio-economic system's ability to rebound from a shock or disruption? Resilience can be characterized in a variety of ways. Another term is buffer capacity, which refers to a system's ability to absorb disturbances and the quantity of disturbance before the system's structure is altered by modifying the variables and processes that influence behavior. The study concludes that industrial activities affect the city in general and the city's environment in particular through the pollutants caused by these activities. In order to develop planning solutions to address any change in the city under the concept of environmental resilience, the researchers paid attention to this aspect, which provides treatments, solutions, and suggestions in order to preserve the city from crises and Industrial activities that negatively affect the environment of the city, that the city of Bazian contains industrial factories for the manufacture of cement and bricks because it is rich in raw materials. Of the importance of industrial activities that contribute to the production of an economic resource for the region, but there are deficiencies in the ecological systems that maintain the direct impact of these industries on the environment, the insufficiency of regulations and legislation within the framework of industrial determinants.

This study was conducted for the purpose of estimating the soil and water quality of the Gharraf River Basin in the north of Dhi Qar Governorate using geomatics techniques represented by geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing (RS) and positioning systems (GNSS). Which is about (90 km) from the city center. The chemical analyzes of the water samples showed that the degree of interaction was between (7.84-7.7) and the electrical conductivity (dS.m^¯1.1-1.05), and the total dissolved substances were between (1106-1051ppm), and the mathematical statistical relationships were weakly correlated with the ratios of the visible space bands. pH, electrical conductivity and total dissolved materials. Calcium ratios in the study area ranged between (ppm 47.4-107) and there was a significant correlation with the range (B/R + B) with a value of (R² = 0.51), and the results showed the ratios of magnesium in the study area between (ppm 9.67 - 26.61.) Between it and the band ratio (B/R + B)), a correlation relationship with a value of (R²=0.525), potassium recorded an average between (3.1-ppm 5.5), and there was a significant correlation between it and the band ratio (B/R +R) and it reached (R²=0.665). ), found a statistical relationship between sodium and the ratio of the band (B/R + R)) and a significant correlation was recorded with a value of (R² = 0.527). - 102.52) And there was a correlation between the presence of chloride and the ratio of the range (B/NIR + G) as it was recorded (R² = 0.593), the bicarbonate recorded ratios between (ppm 1.8-2.7), and there was a statistical relationship between the bicarbonate and the ratio of the range (C / R). ) amounted to (R² = 0.573), nitrate values were recorded in the study area between (4 - 3.45 ppm) and there was a significant correlation between them and the range (B5) as it reached (R2 = 0.581), sulfate values were recorded between (207.25 - 277.5 ppm) and through Statistical analysis found that there is a correlation between The presence of sulfate with the ratio (C + B + G + R + NIR) which amounted to (R² = 0.596), the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) was calculated, as its values ranged between (3.192 - 0.147) and most of the statistical relationships were weakly related to the spatial ratios and were gradually The hardness values in the study area are between (99.7 - 198.1)(

In determining the economy of the region, freight transportation plays a major role. Usually, efficient freight distribution networks take care of reducing the cost of transporting goods to and from transportation facilities. The purpose of this analysis is to find an alternative route for the Jisr Diyala entrance, using aggregate freight data and Spatial Analysis techniques from GIS, in particular, to analyze the travel pattern of intercity truck traffic. Shipping data is obtained through roadside surveys and interviews which represent the primary source of data for this study. The study concludes by determining the best route for trucks, which reflects the current path in fact, and proposing a path to split trucks from small vehicles to avoid the current problem, as the questionnaires revealed that the largest amount of goods type was for construction materials by 32%, with the majority of commercial areas intended for users. The path and the study of the paths that link them. Using GIS techniques, various assessments of freight demand are made, and producing this analysis is helpful for decision-makers to apply the right decisions.

Overview of assessment in geographical areas (GIS) and model reviews, positioning (GNSS), positioning, this study was conducted for the purpose of estimating the soil quality of the Gharat River Basin in the north of Dhi Qar Governorate using geomatics techniques represented by geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing (RS) and positioning systems (GNSS). Which is about (90 km) from the city center. In nature soils and the correlation (B / C) reached (R2 = 0.907) for sand, while the clay was correlation with the range (B / R) and it was (R2 = 0.763) in While the correlation between the silt and the band (B/R) was recorded (R2 = 0.730), the ph record (7.8-8.42) as it was classified as a neutral slant to the basal and it was clear from the statistical analysis that there is a relationship with the range (C / B) as it reached (R² = 0.583). The results showed a decrease in the values of soil samples between (0.2 - 1.7%) and the results of the analysis. 0.114% -0.197%) and the results of the statistical analysis showed the correlation of the range (C/NIR) and gypsum with a correlation value of (R2 = 0.686) in the proportion of lime ranged between (64.5% -21.5%) and the statistical analysis showed a correlation between calcium carbonate and the relativity of the range (C / NIR) as recorded (R2 = 0.513), the results of the analysis of samples from the study samples ranged between (26.86-395.55), and through the statistical analysis it was found that there is a relationship between the rate of sodium adsorption and the ratio of the bandwidth of the satellite visual correlation amounted to (R2 = 0.736), and it ranged The electrical conductivity values for the soils of the study area (5.79 -44.2 dS.m^¯1) and it was a correlation (G / R) and the correlation value was (R2 = 0.602), the calcium values in the area. The study ranged between (400-1944 ppm) and the correlation numbering (R2 = 0.640) and the rates of magnesium in the study table ranged, the correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.602), the sodium record between (50-1307 ppm) and the correlation range was (C / NIR) ) Correlation coefficient reached (R2 = 0.920), calcium carbonate ratios were found in the study stations (64.5% -21.5%) and its ratio reached with the range (C / NIR) as the proportion of gypsum in the region was calculated. The correlation coefficient of gypsum and range (C / NIR) was calculated) where it reached (R2 = 0.686), the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) was calculated and meals were between (26.86-395.5) and there was an association with the range (B / R + NIR) as it was recorded (R2 = 0.737)

The discharge of water from oil fields It has become one of the most significant environmental concerns associated with the oil sector. Hydrocarbon spills and crude oil fuel spills are a continual hazard to aquatic ecosystems. Inexpensive and sustainable sorbent materials are needed to mitigate the environmental damage of this pollution. To meet this need, this study features a low-density polysulfide polymer prepared by Sulfur and used cooking oils react directly. Since both sulfur and cooking oils are hydrophobic, the polymer is close to hydrocarbons such as crude oil and diesel fuel and can easily remove them from seawater. Oil can be recovered and polymer can be reused in oil spill treatment. Polysulfide is unique in that it is prepared from completely recycled waste. Sulfur is a by-product of the petroleum industry, and used cooking oil can also be used as a raw material. Therefore, waste sulfur from the petroleum industry is used to make effective anti-pollution adsorbents from the same sector According to the study's findings, 98.55 percent of the oil was removed from the north.

By modifying the wavelength of the open path tunable diode laser spectrometer (TDLS) in the near infrared region, theoretical research was implemented to improve the detection limit of carbon monoxide gas. To adjust the correct wavelength in the NIR area, MatLab code was created. Following that, frequency domain measurements were performed in order to extract the second harmonic as an indicator of gas presence. According to the results, the correct wave length in the NIR area is (1584.877 nm), and the lowest limit of CO gas concentration is (0.012 ppb).

This study includes the effect of using different dosages of integral waterproof Admixture and silica fume on some mechanical properties of concrete. Concrete improved by using different ratios of integral water proof admixture(IWP admixture) to increase strength and durability, this admixture used as percentages from cement weight in each mix ranged from 0.0% to 2% ( 0.0, 1.0%, 1.2%,1.4%,1.6%,1.8%, and 2%), compressive strength test done for cubes with (10*10*10) cm for each mix. The flexural strength test was done by (10*10*40) cm beams and tested after 28 days of curing. comparison study was made between silica fume mixes properties and mixes without silica fume. Adding IWP admixture leads to increase mechanical properties of ordinary concrete, the reference mix shows compressive strength equal to 26.38 MPa, while mixes with 2% IWP gives 38.8 MPa in this study. The study also includes the effect of using 2 main dosages of silica fume to the mixes that contain IWP, the new concrete with two admixtures show better values of compressive, tensile and flexural strength comparing with mixes with only IWP, the compressive strength increased from 38.8 MPa for ordinary IWP mixes to 52.3 MPa for 10% silica fume concrete mixes, and also the flexural strength increased from 4.8 MPa for mixes with only IWP to 7.3 MPa for mixes modified with 10 % silica fume. Study include also using waste glass as fine aggregate in mixes contain IWP and 10% silica fume and that show more increment in mechanical properties also.

Soil corrosion is a major hazard to subterranean infrastructure including gas and oil transmission pipes, underground storage tanks and others. The impacts of soil engineering characteristics on buried mild steel coupons' metal loss are investigated in this work. Soil characteristics such as soil clay and moisture content are the focus of the present research in Al-Kut city near Tigris River. For a twelve month period, 100 pieces of mild steel coupons were put underground in five different sites across to look into the effects of the aforementioned variables on loss of metal owing to corrosion of soil. Every three months, the samples were recovered to evaluate the rate of weight loss and corrosion rate development. The data show that the high moisture content of the soil is linked to rapid corrosion development. Corrosion on clay soil, on the other hand, takes longer to start. According to the qualitative assessment, soil moisture content has a greater impact on corrosion dynamics than clay content.

Water purification of pollutants is a major challenge to the sustainable development of health in arid and arid regions of the world. Organization of water purification by the river bank filtration is a natural technique. Therefore, this survey was conducted to evaluate the shoulder of the Kufa River in purifying water from pollutants in an inexpensive and natural way. Six water samples were taken from six different locations of the river course, and six corresponding water samples were taken from the well locations near the river. The chemical analyzes of the samples were conducted during the month of December of the year 2020. The statistical analysis was carried out using the SAS program. The results showed that there were significant differences, as they showed the superiority of the concentration of phosphorous, cadmium, lead, copper, iron, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, and the total number of bacteria in river water compared to their concentration in well water. While it was observed that the concentration of total dissolved salts, sulfate, nickel and chlorine was superior in well water compared to river water. From this, it is clear that the effectiveness of the river shoulder technology in purifying the water of the Kufa River is low because the process of pumping water from wells is not continuous. It is assumed that to achieve the effectiveness of this technology, we need continuous months of pumping until the work of the river shoulder technology is achieved.

The use of nano clay to improve the qualities of construction materials and engineering applications has attracted a lot of discussion in recent years. This review article summarizes the influence of nano clay as a cement substitute and supplement on the performance of conventional and high-performance concrete. The addition of nano clay to high performance concrete revealed an increase in compressive and flexural strength, as well as durability attributes such as resistance to elevated temperatures and sulfate attack, while simultaneously decreasing porosity, permeability, and water absorption. This enhancement is a result of nano clay's roles as nano reinforcements, nanofillers, nucleation sites, and reactive pozzolans, which promote hydration and increase material characteristics.

In general, roads are a very important infrastructure to facilitate people's access to their social and economic activities, so knowing the things that affect the efficiency of these roads is very important and how to maintain them. One of the aims of this research is to shed light on previous studies that showed the relationship between traffic characteristics and noise intensity on the condition of the breakable Pavement. The results of previous studies show that flexible Pavement has 19 potential failures and how to address them. There is a relationship between the characteristics of traffic flow and failures that occur in flexible paving. It is also possible to calculate the road condition by knowing the types of faults on the road using several roads or by using specific formulas to calculate the road condition index. There are relationships between the road condition index, the vehicles' speed, and the models that link Noise to speed. And that most of the relationships that were used to calculate the elastic pavement condition index and its relationship to the movement characteristics are statistical relationships using ANOVA, recreation, and R2

The isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria were uncovered in the soil surrounding the roots of palms and public gardens in Baghdad for the production of lipase enzyme. The lipase enzyme has many applications that are included in the textile and food industry, and the manufacture of detergents and medical preparations. Several tests such as temperature change, incubation period, change of lipid sources, nitrogen sources such as peptone and tryptone, and carbon sources such as glucose and lactose were carried out to choose suitable conditions for bacterial growth. The results indicated studying the conditions affecting production, it was noted that the best production was when using the culture medium to which 1% of corn oil was added, pH 7, at a temperature of 37 °C and an incubation period of 24 hours in vibrating incubator at 151 rpm, The soil surrounding the roots of the plant is a good reservoir for the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria

Power transformers characterize the biggest section of capital investment within the distribution substations as well as transmission. Additionally, outages of those transformers have a substantial economic influence on the functioning of an electrical network due to the fact that the power transformers are one of the utmost overpriced constituents in an electricity structure. A suggested thermal model for a distribution transformer is investigated. The temperature distribution in the three-phase transformer (250 KVA 11/.416 KV core type, mineral oil) was obtained using "COMSOL PROGRAM" after a 3D simulation utilizing a transient analysis in light of the Finite Element Method (FEM). Meanwhile, the suggested model is being used to examine the impacts of different types of oil on HOST. To test the effect of nanoparticles on heat transfer process, the insulation oil was changed with Nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids; For present work, can be concluded when add nanofluids (Al₂O₃, CuO, SiC) for oil of transformer under different concentration ratio (0.3,0.5,0.8,1,1.2,1.4 % wt) and add hybrid nanofluids (oil+ Al₂O₃+CuO), (oil+ Al₂O₃+SiC), (oil+ SiC +CuO) at different concentration ratio (1,1.2,1.4 % wt). The concentration of nanofluids show a direct influence on the temperature reduction for the studied cases. Finally it can be said, the proposed model was succeeded in simulating the distribution transformer, which is in good agreement with the experimental tests adopted for this work, and it could be used as a design tool with assist of COMSOL Multiphysics Package. The present model successfully accomplished for expecting the temperature distribution at any locations in the transformer when compared with practical measurement.

Study the consequence of adding fly ash (FA) on the Atterberg limit; cohesions and internal friction of angles of the verified soil was the aim of this search. The tested soil according to the system of unified soil classification was (CH) group. Fly ash (FA) was added to the tested soil samples in 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 & 18 % by weight of samples. This study shows that once the tested soil mixed with (FA); the values of cohesion reduced; while the values of the angles of internal frictions increases. The drop in the soil sample cohesion when mixed with 18% of (FA) was 34%, were noteworthy increase in the angles of internal friction. For all soil samples as the percentages of adding (FA) increase, the decrease in the index of plasticity amounts increase also at different rates. The adding of (FA) produced a reduction in the liquid limits; plastic limits and henceforth the plasticity index of the tested soil sample at rate of 43%, 48% and 37% correspondingly. The plasticity index losses took place at the first 3%, at a lesser rate, then the rate increased at 18% of additive and because nearly constant.

The urban management, municipal councils and their local committees, in addition to the laws, and regulations enacting them, play an important role in defining economic, social and environmental scenarios, and directing them towards achieving sustainable development. Sustainability in all its forms. The research seeks to identify the mechanisms and concepts of urban management in general and the management of urban land uses in city centers in particular, and how to use them optimally and achieve the best distribution of their uses in order to be sustainable and achieve sustainable development in the city center by integrating the principles of sustainability in the urban management process to become As a result, we have a vibrant sustainable center. In the theoretical framework, concepts related to the city center, its importance, characteristics, components and limits were presented. The concepts of sustainability and sustainable development were also presented, and what are its objectives, dimensions, standards, and approaches, in addition to defining the sustainable city center and its components and how, and through the theoretical framework, indicators of sustainable urban management were extracted. On the practical side, the researcher used the field surveys of the study area (the old Rusafa Center) in addition to distributing the questionnaire form to the specialists from the planning and executive departments of the study area to show the extent of their agreement and disagreement about the extent of the application of sustainable urban management indicators within the context of the work of the current urban management system. The results of the research showed a shortcoming in the adoption of the principles of sustainability within the context of the work of the current urban management, as the results of the questionnaire showed the non-conformity of most of the indicators that were applied to the current urban management system.

Infinitely variable transmission (IVT) is a system which delivers the ratio between two turning elements to a continuous (non-discrete) variation (including zero). This article uses Solidworks software to build and simulate a cam-based IVT system. There are two identical units in the system under examination. Each unit comprises a cam with an oscillating slot connection that swings on a hinge and can be vertically shifted by changing the transmission rate. This modifier can be a power screw or a hydraulic ram. In addition, a grooved wheel and followers or an actuator are included in the system units. The raised wheels swing rotating movement, such that they are coupled by a single-way clutch to the output shaft (ratchet) to move the output shaft one way.

During the performance research, cam shapes are considered and examined inside the mechanism. a mixture of the unchanging speed and 1-5 polynomial shapes, used for the current investigation and tailored for

The results produced from the simulation generally reveal the theoretical results expected in accordance with the layout of the current IVT system. For all parts in these units, the findings imply a uniform velocity while each unit is powered. In this investigation, nevertheless, the ratchets used cause remarkable fluctuations in the angular speed of the output axis. Further research is therefore urgently needed in the choice and investigation of more efficient ratchets.

Photovoltaic panels can directly generate electricity by converting solar energy, but the panels temperature reduce the efficiency of photovoltaic cells. The photovoltaic thermal PVT system technology is used to improve the electrical performance. In this study, the daily and monthly global solar radiation on a horizontal surface for Iraq have been measured and presented then used with PVT water system. ANSYS software is used to simulate the water temperature differences behavior and measure the surface temperature of PVT model using the collected irradiation with the mass flow rate at 0.01 and 0.02 kg per second. The CFID results were validated with previous studies and observed a good agreement. The simulation tests apply a constant input temperature to the PVT system in all the yearly weather conditions in order to enhance the surface temperature. The results observe the PVT thermal efficiency behavior and show the maximum enhancement which is reached to 61% with the mass flowrate 0.03 kg per second and constant low input temperature.

The accumulation of construction and demolition waste is one of the major problems in modern construction. Hence, this research investigates the use of waste brick in concrete. Seven different concrete mixes were investigated in this study: a control concrete mix, three mixes with volumetric replacement (10, 20, and 30)% of natural aggregate with brick aggregate, and two mixes with the addition of nano brick powder at a percentage level of 5– 10% by weight of cementitious materials. And the last one was mixed with 10% nano brick and 10% coarse brick aggregate. The experimental results for the additive of nano brick powder showed an enhancement in mechanical properties (compressive, flexural, and tensile strength) compared to the control mix for all ages, while the mixes with 10% coarse brick replacement also showed a slight improvement in the mechanical properties up to 5.33%, 2.79%, and 2.38% for compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strength, respectively, at 28 days. The nano particles modified the mechanical properties of the CBA concrete when mixed with 10% nano brick and 10% coarse brick aggregate, up to 11.54%, 8.56%, and 3.3% for compressive, flexural, and tensile strength, respectively, at 150 days.

Chalcones (A1-A4) compounds were prepared by reacting an aldehyde (Cinnamaldehyde or terphthaldehyde) with a ketone (4-aminoacetophenone or acetylacetone) in the presence of 30% NaOH as a catalyst and ethanol as a solvent. Derivatives of 1,5-benzodiazepine (A5-A12) were prepared by reacting these prepared chalcones with orthophenylene diamine or 4-methylorthophenylene diamine in a basic medium of sodium hydroxide 10% using the microwave method. Some prepared compounds were used as scavengers of some heavy metals (iron and lead) from heavy water in ecosystems, as the results indicated the ability of these compounds to reduce or withdraw these elements from heavy water. The stability of these compounds was also tested against laser rays, as they showed resistance and stability towards laser rays.

The main objective of this study is to compare the structural behavior of composite steel– concrete beams using cellular beams with and without steel ring stiffeners placed around the web openings. An IPE140 hot rolled I-section steel beam was used to create four specimens: one without openings (control beam); one without shear connectors (non-composite); a composite steel–concrete beam using a cellular beam without strengthening (CLB1); and a composite steel–concrete beam using a cellular beam (CLB4-R) with its openings strengthened by steel ring stiffeners with geometrical properties Br = 37mm and Tr = 5mm. CLB1 was fabricated with openings of 100mm diameter and a 1.23 expansion depth ratio, while CLB4-R was fabricated with openings of 130mm diameter, a 1.42 expansion depth ratio. Both beams were 1700mm in length with ten openings. The results of this experiment revealed that the loads applied to CLB1 and CLB4-R at deflection L/360 exceeded the load applied to the control specimen at the same deflection by 149.3% and 177.3%, respectively. The results revealed that the non-composite beam had an ultimate load 29% lower than that of the control beam. The ultimate load on CLB1 was 5.3% greater than that of the control beam, and failure occurred due to web-post buckling. While the ultimate load of the CLB4-R beam was 18.43% greater than that of the control beam, the Vierendeel mechanism was indicated as the failure mode.

Environmental and civil engineering projects frequently employ the open channel side intake structure. However, the commonest among the issues faced in most of the lateral intakes include sedimentation and sediment delivery. This involves several problems namely, decreased flow discharge capacity in the irrigation canals and the threat of water blockage during times of low water flow. Besides, this problem with the sediment either lowers the performance levels or causes failure of the facilities that this sub-channel serves. Hence, the engineers focused on designing an intake with the features of high flow discharge and low sediment delivery. This paper attempts to review and summarize the literature relevant to the branching channel flow and submerged vane technique to minimize the sediment-related issues. The present review highlights that most of the earlier research work done dealt with the characteristics of the flow in a right-angle branch channel possessing rigid confines. Also, more investigations are required regarding the implications of the submerged vanes. Besides, no comprehensive studies are available on the saddle point itself, and a high percentage of the studies have been part of earlier investigations that had focused on only briefly outlining this subject.

In this research, the relationship between the regional development program and achieving spatial development goals (a comparative study between Babylon and Maysan provinces for 2019) will be discussed, as well as the factors that lead to a kind of moderation in the development of the provinces, and whether these factors help to distribute the spatial budget between administrative units, based on the application of development fundamentals and in accordance with planning standards in order to achieve the development goals of the regional program. Distributed (100) forms divided into (n=50 samples of executives and administrators from Babylon province, n=50 samples of executives and administrators from Maysan province) who are employees working in different administrative units in both provinces. Applied the statistical package program for social sciences( statistical package for social science(SPSS) v.2 Through it, the link tool was used Correlation In applying this questionnaire, it was found that there is a correlation between the dimensions of the predictive variable program of the development of the regions and they are (institutional dimension, economic dimension, urban social dimension, environmental dimension), and also that there is a correlation between the dimensions of the predictive variable program of regional development and (spatial dimension) of the variable achieving the objectives of spatial development for the province of Babylon and Maysan. Based on the above, we have found that the improvement in the dimensions of the predictive variable program of the development of the provinces leads to the achievement of the objectives of spatial development and in accordance with the planning standards of the province of Babylon and Maysan, either weakness in the axes or dimensions of the predictive variable leads to weakness or failure to achieve development goals in the provinces of Babylon and Maysan.

The current study was carried out to improve ionic exchange for potassium in sandy and gypsiferous soils to obtain an increase in absorption of potassium ions in NPK fertilizers, the improving process includes two stages; The first is adding NPK fertilizer with concentrations (0.020%, 0.040%, and 0.070%) by weight for two samples, the exchange potassium concentration was measured and notice the increasing from 124 ppm to 140 ppm in sandy soil and from156 ppm to 180 ppm in gypsiferous soil when using the highest concentration (0.070%), the second stage included adding grinded bentonite ore (10%, 20%,30%) by weight to the two samples after treated with NPK fertilizer in same concentrations above, potassium exchange increased to 340 ppm in sandy soil and to 450 ppm in gypsiferous soil by using NPK fertilizer and bentonite ore concentrate (0.070% & 30%) respectively.

Achieving energy efficiency is a very important step of applying the concepts of sustainability, this will reduce the financial costs that coming from energy consumption for the purposes of operating HVAC system so this concept will give a great effect on the environment and the economic aspects. Bank buildings are represented of the financial strength of the country, as they have a strong and direct impact on the reality of society and urban reality, and these buildings often consume a large amount of energy for cooling and heating purposes in the hot and dry climate of Iraq, so the research problem is focus on the knowledge deficiency of the importance of the role of technologies of sustainability in advancing the banking work at the design and performance level.

Therefore, the aim of research was to find the knowledge aspects of designing the external envelope of the banking building in a sustainable manner that contributes to achieving energy efficiency and reducing the negative impact of banking buildings on the environment, as a result technique of sustainability and technological developments have led to the change and innovation in designing an advanced environment in banking buildings, such as achieving communication in the work environment in addition to providing comfort to the occupants in it, and this will lead to improved performance and production.

This work is focused on the upper part of the prosthesis which is called a socket, it is in contact connect with the amputated part. The shear force between skin and socket, local pressure, sweating, and bacteria generation, all lead to skin inflammation and a bad smell. Consequently, the prosthesis became uncomfortable for a patient. To address this issue silicone rubber liners is proposed to use because it can absorb moisture, stress distribution, and anti-bacterial. The curing time and temperature are important factors for determining crosslink density, from the results obtained, can be noticed that, the cross-link density can greatly affect the silicone rubber properties, it can have a direct effect on the tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, percentage of elongation as well as the water absorption, and the cure time (15 min.) shoes the best resalt. As a result, using it making the prosthesis more comfortable and acceptable to the patient. In this paper, the effect of cure time on physical properties was studied.

The proper design of a road's surface layer can result in pavements that are not only better in terms of ride comfort and safety, but also in terms of noise reduction. The use of low-noise pavements may be an effective measure to reduce the acoustic pollution generated by road traffic This study aims to consider the effect of changed pavement features on the noise level. Tire/pavement noise is a major contributor to traffic noise at highway speeds. The effects of pavement properties, including air-void content, gradation properties, roughness, texture, pavement surface condition are major contributors to traffic noise at highway speeds. As the overall texture and IRI, increase noise levels. The results showed that greater air void content decreases the level of high-frequency noise.

This article has been retracted by IOP Publishing following an allegation that this article contains tortured phrases.

IOP Publishing has investigated in line with COPE Guidelines, and agree that the paper contains a significant amount unconventional terms and nonsensical phrases, masking overlap with other sources.

The evidence gathered by IOP Publishing to date, combined with the lack of author response, considerably reduces confidence in the work to the extent that IOP Publishing has made the decision to retract the work. We would welcome receiving their account of events.

IOP Publishing wishes to credit PubPeer commenters for bringing this issue to our attention.

The authors neither agree nor disagree to this retraction.

[1] Cabanac G, Labbe C and Magazinov A 2021, Tortured phrases: A dubious writing style emerging in science. Evidence of critical issues affecting established journals arXiv:2107.06751v1

[2] https://pubpeer.com/publications/F105C0D455D5CDB88C374576548BE9

[3] Zahraa Maamoon Mohammed Amin and Seroor Atalah Khaleefa Ali 2022 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.961 012003

Retraction published: 29 September 2023