Table of contents

Supported by I-Shou University and Xi'an University of Technology, the 7^th International Conference on Water Resource and Environment (WRE2021) was successfully held online via Microsoft Teams Meeting from November 1-4, 2021.

About 150 participants from 31 countries and areas, including United Kingdom, Uruguay, Romania, China, Russia, Germany, Thailand, Japan, India, Malaysia, United States, South Africa, Portugal, Canada, Indonesia, Norway, Poland, Vietnam, Philippines, Greece, Slovakia, Uzbekistan, Italy, etc., have joined the conference. The technical program of WRE2021 comprised 4 keynote speeches, 24 invited speeches, 72 oral presentations and 21 poster presentations.

Two welcome speeches were delivered separately by the Conference General Chair Prof. Jiwei Zhu from Xi'an University of Technology (lasted for 10 minutes) and the Technical Program Committee Chair Prof. Chih-Huang Weng from I-Shou University (lasted for 10 minutes). Four keynote speeches were delivered by Emeritus Prof. S. A. Abbasi from Pondicherry University (India), Prof. Dominic C. Y. Foo from University of Nottingham Malaysia (Malaysia), Prof. Teik-Thye Lim from Nanyang Technological University (Singapore) and Assoc. Prof. Rengui Jiang from Xi'an University of Technology (China), each keynote speech was lasted for 45 minutes including questions and answers.

List of WRE2021 Scientific Committee Members are available in the pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

• Type of peer review: Single-blind

• Describe criteria used by Reviewers when accepting/declining papers. Was there the opportunity to resubmit articles after revisions?

• International reviewers need to provide excellent feedback on the submitted articles after carefully analyzing merits of the paper with regards to scope, applications, research methodology, experimental techniques, data interpretation and grammar.

• Authors were asked to revise their original manuscripts in alignment with the reviewers' comments and suggestions for publication.

• An opportunity will be given to the authors to resubmit their manuscripts after revisions.

• Conference submission management system: http://www.academicconf.com/Identity/Account/Login?confName=wre2021

• Number of submissions received: 138 full paper submissions and 262 abstract submissions

• Number of submissions sent for review: 78 full paper submissions

• Number of submissions accepted: 25 full paper submissions

• Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100): 32.05%.

• Average number of reviews per paper: 3 reviewers

• Total number of reviewers involved: about 150 reviewers, please check http://paper.academicconf.com/reviewers.aspx?confname=wre2021

• Any additional info on review process: We used Ithenticate to check the plagiarism issue during the review process

• Contact person for queries:

Prof. Dr. Chih-Huang Weng

I-Shou University, Taiwan

chweng@isu.edu.tw

The man-made impact on hydro-ecological state of water-bodies affects every stage of water ecosystem formation. Such a load has certain patterns of spatial formation distribution of coastal geosystems with different stages of digression as a result of direct recreational impact on hydrological natural monuments Southern Urals - Lake Turgoyak and Lake Uvildy. The current paper researches a degradation level of the coastal zones of the Lakes Turgoyak and Uvildy (Russia). To prepare for measurements and measure recreational load, the methods of trial areas, transect, mathematical-statistical and registration-measuring methods were used. The level of digression at the test site was determined by an integral generalized assessment of fifteen characteristic criteria for anthropogenic transformation of geosystems on a five-point scale. The trophic status of the studied areas of the lakes was determined by the Carlson Trophic State Index (TSI). Determined that, landscape and recreational zones with various degrees of digression were formed around the lakes under the influence of dispersed recreational load. On the territory of camping sites located no further than 30-50 m from the water-bodies, the 4th-5th stage of recreational digression prevails. At a distance of 50-200 m from the lakes, there is a 2-3 stage of digression. At a distance of up to 100-150 m – the 3rd stage, and from 150 m – the 1-2 stage. Within recreation centers, spatial differences in recreational digression are expressed slightly, and geosystems are more often characterized by a 3-5 stage of digression. It is established that the littoral zooplankton is more diversity in those parts of the lake water area where there are optimal conditions for its development, the lowest recreational load and the lowest degree of digression.

The current paper aims at analyzing the species structure of the phytoplankton community of two reservoirs on the territory of South Ural. The given water bodies are of different trophicity, namely, oligotrophic Lake Turgoyak and oligomesotrophic Lake Uvildy. Both lakes, being natural monuments, are subject to intensive recreational use. A large flow of tourists is a serious problem for the ecological state of the water bodies coastal areas. Also, tourist activities can affect the state of aquatic biocenoses. In this work, the degree of recreational degression of the selected study sites was assessed. The analysis was carried out according to the state of landscapes, vegetation and trampledness of the surveyed area. Based upon the research the current paper reveals spatial patterns in the distribution of recreational load on the coastal geosystems and the level of anthropogenic transformation of the territory. Mainly due to the high density of recreational centres and camping areas, the coastal area is characterized by a high degree of regression. Some signs allow forecasting changes in the species composition of phytoplankton communities and the trophic status of the lakes depending on the degradation of the coastal zones. Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) have been dominant in plankton phytocoenosis of Turgoyak and Uvildy. At the same time, in the oligomesotrophic lake (Uvildy), the number of diatom species is significantly reduced in areas with a higher degree of regression. Thus, diatoms are sensitive indicators of anthropogenic impact on aquatic ecosystems. Green and blue-green algae biodiversity has grown in the water body. However, no relationship was found between their species diversity and the level regression. But the following tendency is observed for the oligotrophic Lake Turgoyak. The species diversity of green algae grows with an increase in the degression degree. To forecast the further state of the studied water bodies, the revealed patterns in the change of the phytoplankton species structure depending on the degradation level of the coastal territories can be used as eutrophication signs.

This paper presents the experimental investigation results from the modalities of variation of the hydraulic conductivity scaling law for a confined aquifer, varying the porous medium that constitutes it. In four subsequent stages, different confined aquifers were built up, each with a different typological configuration of a porous medium. For each of the aquifers considered, various hydraulic conductivity (K) measurements were performed by slug tests. The effective porosity (n_e) was set as a scale parameter, therefore the scaling laws K = K(n_e), already determined and reported in previous studies, were taken into consideration for each of the four artificial aquifers considered. The same variation law of K vs n_e was also determined by means of some of the well-known empirical and semi-empirical relationships. The latter are based on the particle size distribution and are suitable for application to the porous media considered here, which can be classified as coarse sand. The comparison between the different scaling laws mentioned above allowed us to discuss, through graphical analysis, the reliability of the models considered here. This will facilitate researchers and practitioners working in the field, in the methodological choice of the most appropriate model that should be used for this type of porous media.

Droughts have been found to have serious repercussions on humans, animals, and plants' lives and they are likely to intensify under increasing global mean temperature. Monitoring drought conditions help in designing appropriate adaptations and mitigation strategies. This paper monitors the evolution of drought conditions in Africa over the past 30 years and the potential repercussions posed by this disaster event. We analyze and compare trends in surface temperatures, precipitation, soil moisture, Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR), and Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). We use the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis, the University of Delaware, the Climate Prediction Center (CPC), and the DAI PDSI gridded data for the period 1984-2014. Results from the NCEP/NCAR, University of Delaware, CPC, and the DAI PDSI gridded data show an increasingly warmer, drier, and less cloudy Sub-Saharan climate but with an intensification of the West African monsoon rainfall. Moreover, more than 80% of the continent shows strong evidence of droughts with an average increase in drought severity index. These conditions will likely have a negative effect on the agricultural sector which accounts for more than 70% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of this region thereby posing a serious threat to regional food security. We recommend the research into and the development of new crop varieties that can tolerate higher temperatures and need less water. Additionally, our findings can also be used in Sub-Saharan Africa's water management systems.

This study used GMS-Modflow to investigate the ten-year groundwater potential in Concepcion, Tarlac. This region in Central Luzon, Philippines, with limited surface water, depends on groundwater as its primary freshwater source. The water demand projection estimated an increase of 38.5% from 2020 to 2030; hence, higher groundwater abstraction is perceived in the next ten years. To deviate from the risk associated with reliance on groundwater, this study, through GMS-MODFLOW, developed a groundwater model to mimic the aquifer's current condition and investigated its behavior in response to future spatial and temporal variables. The simulation results generally showed a sustainable groundwater supply in Concepcion, Tarlac, for the next ten years, with no significant decline in hydraulic heads.

This article presents a new algorithm for detecting the Inverse Distance Weighting Algorithm parameter (IDW) using an evolutionary technique. The algorithm was applied to interpolate 51 series of maximum annual precipitation series. Comparisons of its results with those of IDW and the optimized OIDW (a version of IDW optimized with PSO) are provided. The best performances are those of the actual approach.

One of the most used processes for wastewater treatment is filtration, still having unknowns related to the new possible absorbent materials which can provide better pollutant removal. This project proposes a column test bench capable of working with different materials, particle diameters (> 0.35mm) and densities and densities with three columns of 1.5 m length and 4 inches of diameter.. To perform this project, the type of reactive material for the filter medium was identified, considering the nominal and critical size of the fine sand (0.35m), as a basis for determining the design of the length, diameter of the and thickness column. The design conditions were taken so that the hydraulic system can function as a slow and rapid filter. The most critical operating conditions were selected, Qmax: 16.72 lpm and Filtration Rate: 19.80 m / h. Under these operating conditions, a hydraulic head loss of 2.77 m was obtained within the sand column. The result of this research is the design of a column test system that can work under different hydraulics conditions and absorbent materials with sizes greater than 0.35 mm, intended for the investigation of wastewater treatment from car washers and the removal of heavy metals. The final cost of building the column test is about 25% of the commercial price system.

The consumption of drinking water has increased over the years worldwide, therefore, the analysis of daily consumption in a certain sector is important, to know the existing demand of the population of the sector under analysis. The study of water consumption not only allows the knowledge of the amount of water consumed in a population, it also enables future projects for the design and redesign of potable water distribution networks. The main methodology for this analysis was the daily record for a period of 60 days, in each of the sectors corresponding to the urban area of Ambato city; this methodology allowed the analysis of the typical week of the sector and therefore the amount of water consumed per day in the urban sector,it was concluded that the San Francisco parish presents the highest demand for water consumption per capita with a requirement of 256.48 L/inhab/day, the predominant type of residence in the urban area of the city of Ambato is type B, which is characterized by having a typical structural system in which reinforced concrete predominates.

Microplastic in marine sediments is nowadays considered an environmental pollutant. Seaports are particularly susceptible to microplastic pollution through series of human activities occurring in these areas. In the Philippines, research on microplastics is still limited and there is still no study determining the occurrence of microplastics in the harbour of Manila Bay, Philippines. Hence, this work conducted a preliminary investigation of microplastics in the sediments of Baseco Port area, Manila Bay. Nine stations within the study region were sampled. The types of microplastics found are fragments, foam, fiber, film, pellet, and filament with an average size measurement of 1.6±1.4 mm. Results from this study suggest that anthropogenic impacts are most likely the dominant sources of accumulation and distribution of microplastics in the sediments of Baseco port. This study provides preliminary assessment of microplastics contamination in the area that may serve as important reference for further studies.

Basin-scale monthly and annual evapotranspiration (ET) is estimated for Urmia Lake Basin by applying the Global Change Observation Mission for Climate (GCOM-C) global ETindex estimation algorithm to thermal imagery observed by the GCOM-C satellite. In total, 297 satellite images acquired during 2018-2019 were used in this study. ET estimation accuracy was examined for an area dominated by apple fields using traditional surface irrigation. The estimated ET was 15% lower than the standard crop ET, which was computed using a procedure suggested by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations on a monthly timescale, and was 8% lower on an annual timescale. Comparison of estimated ET with a satellite-based ET map derived by using the Mapping EvapoTranspiration at high Resolution with Internalized Calibration (METRIC) model showed a similar difference. The 8%–15% differences among the different sources of ET were small, given that a similar or wider range of uncertainty is frequently available even in ground-based ET measurements. Comparison between the estimated ET and the MODIS ET Product (MOD16) revealed a greater difference in the evaluated area of the apple fields. Given the climatic ET demands and the irrigation practices of the area, ET estimation accuracy is more likely to be higher using the dataset derived from this study than using MOD16. The GCOM-C satellite started routine surface observations in January 2018. Its contribution to agricultural water management, such as by estimating ET as presented in this study, will increase as the amount of historical data stored continues to accumulate.

Degradation of organic pollutants by heterogeneous Fenton-based advanced oxidation processes has been proved to be an efficient method. The use of naturally occurring catalysts as H₂O₂ activators is of particular interest in environmental remediation. This work applied a low-cost and eco-friendly natural mineral under UV-light irradiation to degrade organic dye in water. To study the performance of the natural mineral in photo-Fenton oxidation, methylene blue (MB) was employed as a model dye pollutant. The morphology and chemical composition of the natural mineral were characterized using various techniques. The effects of different experimental conditions such as the initial pH of the solution, the amount of catalyst, and initial dye concentrations on the degradation efficiency were investigated. The degradation of methylene blue reached 91.3% at optimum reaction conditions; 0.1g catalyst and 100 mg L^‒1 H₂O₂ concentrations for 10 mg L^‒1 initial dye concentration after 180 min of treatment. The pseudo-first-order kinetic model exhibited a better correlation coefficient (R² > 0.98) in explaining the degradation kinetics of MB. The applied natural mineral showed good catalytic activity and will open a door towards large-scale wastewater purification from dyes. Furthermore, the plausible mechanism of the heterogeneous photo-Fenton oxidation is discussed.

The normalization of the Meander River in the past caused environmental problems, changed the river's ecology, and required heavy maintenance such as stabilizing riverbanks with revetments, sheet piles and other constructions. Pesanggrahan River, located at Southern Region of Jakarta, Indonesia which has a meander channel at the border between the middle reach and downstream reach. The river was normalized at the end of the year 2012 with several modifications such as resection, realignment and cutting-off meandering bends. Analysis the effect of normalization consisting of meander cut-off and riverbank stabilization presented in this paper in term of the behaviour of sediment transport along the channel that has been normalized. HEC-RAS program is used to track the Pesanggrahan river flow from upstream to downstream before and after normalization. The Ackers-White equation used to calculate the amount of sediment for each section based on the change of the river section due to sediment motion after normalizing of the channel river. From the results of the study, it is proposed that a river naturalization or low impact development (LID) approach, such as floodplain management especially at the meander bend with riparian ecosystems that maintain stabilization at the riverbank also maintain habitat heterogeneity, is an important factor for the long-term survival of several rare and endangered species.

In Bantul, Southern Yogyakarta, groundwater is the main source of domestic water needs. Therefore, knowing the hydrogeochemistry of groundwater is crucial in order to manage a sustainable groundwater resource. To characterize the compelling geochemical processes that control the groundwater chemistry, further hydrogeochemical examinations were directed in the area. Thirty groundwater samples were collected from shallow dug wells during the early dry season (April 2021). Sampling procedures and chemical analysis were carried out as per standard methods with secondary data obtained in 2006. The geochemical evaluations were depicted using several graphical plots dependent on the ionic constituents, hydrochemical facies, and controlling factors of groundwater quality. Two major hydrochemical facies were identified: alkaline-earth water with higher alkali; bicarbonate predominated (62%) and alkaline-earth water; bicarbonate predominated (32%). Weathering of silicate minerals occurs in 70% of recent samples and predominantly regulates major ion chemistry such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium. Chloro-alkaline indices 1,2 values signify that there are two potential rock-water interaction processes in the study region, namely the ion exchange and reverse ion exchange. Concentrations of nitrate, sulfate, and chloride indicate that the water chemistry has not been heavily contaminated by the land use in the area and is still mainly controlled by geogenic processes rather than anthropogenic activities.

An experimental study is conducted on hydraulic jump characteristics for understanding the impact of slope in an open channel flume. Hydraulic jump on different channel characteristics (horizontal smooth & rough and sloping smooth & rough) were analysed. The measured characteristics of hydraulic jump with different channel roughness and different slope were compared. The results showed that the sequent depth ratio (y₂/y₁) increases with the increase in Froude number (Fr₁) for smooth horizontal bed and horizontal rough bed. It was also observed that with an increase in Fr₁, a decrease in y₂/y₁ in smooth sloping bed condition and decreases for rough sloping bed. New empirical relationships were also developed with the experimental data and results were found similar with the observed hydraulic characteristics data.

Water management in cities and villages is fraught with difficulties. Infrastructure systems that have been in use for a long time are deteriorating. In an urbanised landscape, appropriate rainwater management or blue green infrastructure (RWM or BGI) is the solution. The quality of water management is influenced significantly by urbanization. The higher the influence on the area's hydrological cycle as an urbanised landscape develops without proper RWM, the greater the impact on the area's hydrological cycle. The hydrology of the site reflects the changing environment of the area, as trees, meadows, and agricultural land, which captured and absorbed precipitation and created depressions in the area that temporarily held water, are being replaced by urbanised areas on a uniform slope with impermeable areas. Because the goal until recently was to drain rainwater from the urbanised area as rapidly as possible, the altered sites present the prospect of rapid conversion of rainwater into surface runoff of rainwater. The capabilities of currently utilised technical solutions in metropolitan areas, as well as the possibilities of their application, are discussed in this article. The paper focuses on the available literature on rainwater management by Slovak and foreign authors to get insight into the execution of measures in urban settings. The article's major purpose is to provide appropriate rainwater management measures in the urbanised landscape based on characteristics deriving from the conditions in the study area and current understanding about rainwater management options.

In Uruguay, the Santa Lucía Chico watershed has been studied in several hydrologic/hydraulic works due to its economic and social importance. However, few studies have been focused on water balance computation in this watershed. In this work, two daily rainfall-runoff models, a distributed (SWAT) and a lumped one (GR4J), were implemented at two subbasins of the Santa Lucía Chico watershed, with the aim of providing a thorough comparison for simulating daily hydrographs and identify possible scenarios in which each approach is more suitable than the other. Results showed that a distributed and complex model like SWAT performs better in watersheds characterized by anthropic interventions such as dams, which can be explicitly represented. On the other hand, for watersheds with no significant reservoirs, the use of a complex model may not be justified due to the higher effort required in modeling design, implementation, and computational cost, which is not reflected in a significant improvement of model performance.

Considering the dilution of sewage and the interaction between river water and bottom sediments, a mathematical model for the conversion of pollutants in water bodies has been developed. Taking the small rivers in northern Vietnam (Ban Thi River and Dai River in the Red River Basin) as an example, it shows that more than 60% of the chemical composition of the river waters studied is determined by the interaction of the following factors: Co-precipitation of sediments and trace elements on solid particles, and sediments at the bottom of the river. The impact of water runoff is first manifested in the change of solid runoff, and to a lesser extent in the process of regulating the water, which takes longer to establish equilibrium in the solution. On the basis of the proposed model, a simplified version of the model and a standardized pollutant discharge method have been developed for whether there is an option of river water chemical composition observation data. In this case, the influence of interaction with bottom sediments is indirectly considered through the structure of the model and its parameter values. The simplified model was tested with the Jinjiang River in the Poyang Lake Basin as an example.

Based on hydrological data from 1966 to 2019, quantitative estimates of the water balance of the Baksinskoye and Obskoye fens. The decrease in surface evaporation of the swamp and the increase in water runoff occurred in the main distribution of the swamp. This will exacerbate the degree of swamping in the area. The impact of marsh water on groundwater is most likely to occur during the dry season in summer and autumn. During this period: 1) possible overflow of bog waters into underground horizons in areas of 800–900 m; 2) increased permeability. When the water mass is discharged from the fens plain into the river, the impact of the fens water reaches its maximum during the subside of the flood.

In the context of industrial transformation and green development, the strategic position of the alternative fuel vehicle industry has been continuously improved, and it has become a long-term key support object for China's industrial policy. With the acceleration of the industrial development process, the market competition has intensified, and the phenomenon of insufficient enterprise research and development has gradually become serious. This paper uses the literature analysis method, the method of combining theory and practice, and the case analysis method. Take the alternative fuel vehicle emerging company NIO Inc. as a case to analyze the role of taxation policies in research and development (R&D) input and output, identify existing problems and make suggestions for improvement. This study can promote the development of China's alternative fuel vehicle industry, adjust the relevant upstream and downstream industrial chains and the business structure of industry enterprises, and build an environmentally friendly society as soon as possible. It also has theoretical guiding significance for the overall construction and adjustment of China's fiscal and taxation policies.

In Ecuador, contaminated water is discharged directly into the sewage system. The treatments carried out for the elimination of wastewater pollutants are classified into three types: Physical, Chemical and Biological. One of the treatments that is frequently used is the physico-chemical treatment in which various reactive substances are used, which is why in this research several reactive substances of Ecuadorian origin, including activated carbon, peat, limestone, volcanic pyroclasts, zeolite clinoptilolite and zeolite modernite, are physically characterized. For this purpose, some laboratory tests were carried out based on national and international standards in order to obtain the granulometry, compactness coefficient, porosity, sphericity and permea-bility.

The damage assessment caused by floods, earthquakes, hurricanes among others phenomenons in the world are analyzed with methodologies such as "Vulnerability curves". In Peru, disasters caused by hyperconcentrated flows are alarming due to a climatic variability such as the "El Niño Costero" phenomenon. Therefore, this research has developed vulnerability curves for 1 and 2-story confined masonry buildings in Urb. San Idelfonso, Ica - Peru; linking the variables: flow depth, associated with the event produced by heavy rains at the top of the "Quebrada Cansas" caused by the "El Niño Costero" phenomenon in 2017, and the percentage of the damage based on the methodology of the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), whose formula is the repair value and total building value. The monetary amounts and items of the buildings are obtained from the RM 415-2017-VIVIENDA of the Ministry of Housing, Construction and Sanitation of Peru. The process consisted of hydrological modeling in HEC-HMS, hydraulic modeling in FLO-2D, damage percentage estimate and vulnerability curves production. Finally, the vulnerability curves for hyperconcentrated flows were contrasted with similar studies regarding curves for flooding and debris flow. The results of the investigation showed that the "El Niño Costero" phenomenon in 2017 had an economic impact of at least 1.3 million soles in Urb. San Idelfonso. In addition, at least 24 buildings had a complete damage and 21 buildings an extensive damage.

UAE is marked by the increasing demand for water and electricity due to demographic, environmental and economic factors, coupled with the dependence on water desalination process, which is costly, consumes a lot of energy and is non-environmentally friendly. Like most of the authorities in UAE, Dubai Electricity and Water Authority is facing the challenges of balancing supply with demand and responding to consumer requirements, from one side, and addressing the continuously increasing consumption and slowing it down from another side. Therefore, policy makers can benefit from statistical data analysis in order to make informed decisions. This study aims to equip decision makers with useful tools and analysis to address some of their short- and long-term objectives related to production and consumption. The current study focused on three main objectives: (i) analysing the production of the desalination plants in Dubai, (ii) comparing the consumptions of water and electricity based on the four categories residential, commercial, industrial and others, and (iii) segmenting the various communities in Dubai depending on their consumption behavior. The data used for this study is collected from the open government data and SAS Programming is adopted for data analysis. The results of the analysis revealed that the desalinated water production follows an upward trend, yet still not in line with the consumption growth. Furthermore, there are significant differences between the four categories for both water and electricity consumptions. The highest levels of consumptions are associated with the residential and commercial categories. Finally, the cluster analysis technique revealed fifteen clusters of communities depending on the consumption levels.

Failaka Island is the second-largest and one of the most important islands of Kuwait from the point of view of tourism located in the north Arabian Gulf. It has a marina constructed in 1979 and managed by the Ministry of Communication (MOC) and a tourism enterprise, and is widely used for its ferry landing facility. The coastal waters around Failaka are turbid and current velocities tend to be as high as ~0.5 m/s during spring tide. The marina basin, with axial plan view dimensions of about 285 m by 260 m experiences shoaling of naturally flocculated fine (cohesive) sediment and coarse sand in the entrance channel and more generally in the southern half of the basin. A particularly noteworthy zone of heavy and visible shoaling is along the inner side of the south breakwater close to the entrance. The marina at Failaka Island is suffering from siltation and sediment deposing issues. This study was carried out numerically to assess the annual sedimentation, sediment direction, and longshore current from locations around the existing marina to help in a suggestion of the solutions to reduce the siltation and sediment deposing based on sediments transport direction on marina entrance. A newly developed numerical solution for annual longshore sediments transport was used to estimate the total sediment transport and its direction. The study shows that the annual sediment transport directions which affect the Fialaka marina entrance are coming from the south to north due to wave action.

Heavy rains and El Niño phenomenon are recurring natural phenomena at a national level. These can cause floods due to the overflowing of rivers, which, when close to cities, can cause both human and material losses. The district of Catacaos, located in the city of Piura, was the one with the highest number of injuries due to the flood caused by El Niño phenomenon in 2017. This phenomenon causes a large amounts of rainfalls due to the presence of abnormally warm waters along the northern coast of Peru [1]. It is for this reason that the need arose to carry out an analysis of the physical vulnerability due to instability of people through static equilibrium, in said district, in order to present maps of unsafe areas in the face of this phenomenon. In this investigation, flood hazard maps are generated simulating the one presented in 2017, using 2D hydraulic modeling. For the generation of vulnerability curves, the instability analysis is performed by moment and drag force. Finally, maps with unsafe areas are made using ArcGis software. Where the results obtained indicate that 29.37% of the city was flooded. Likewise, the vulnerability maps generated show us that women and men over 18 years of age in the city of Catacaos would be vulnerable to dragging and overturning in the face of floods in 16.54% and 13.21%, respectively, of the total studied area. This information will be useful for the development of future evacuation plans during floods, carried out by national entities.

Predicting hourly potential evapotranspiration is particularly important in constrained horticultural nurseries. This paper presents a three-step-ahead predictor of potential evapotranspiration for horticultural nurseries under unsettled weather conditions or climate sensor failure. The Seasonal AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average model based on climate data was used to derive a predictor using data generated according to prior knowledge of the system behavior; the aim of the predictor was to compensate for missing data that are usually not considered in standard forecasting approaches. The generated data also offer the opportunity to capture variations of the model parameters due to abrupt changes in local climate conditions. A recursive algorithm was used to estimate parameter variation, and the Kalman filter to model the state of the system. The simulations for steady-state weather and unsettled weather conditions showed that the predictor could forecast potential evapotranspiration more accurately than the standard approach did. These results are encouraging within the context of predictive irrigation scheduling in nurseries.