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International and National Seminar on Fisheries and Marine Science (ISFM) is an annual event held by The Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science Universitas Riau Pekanbaru, Indonesia. This annual event has been conducted since 2011. In ISFM X 2021, students and researchers with topics on the basics and applications of fisheries and marine are invited to join the conference. This conference cover topics related to the main issues on "Sustainable Development Goals". In 2021, Indonesia and many other countries still facing the COVID-19 pandemic. This pandemic caused travel restrictions as well as gathering activities for offline conference activity.

The virtual 10^th International and National Seminar on Fisheries and Marine Science (ISFM X 2021) was conducted on September 15-16, 2021. The whole event was conducted through zoom meeting application. The conference committee invited 7 speakers from 5 countries, namely Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, and Taiwan.

The seminar was attended by 349 participants; whether present in the conference room, via zoom, and watching live via YouTube. These participants were coming from Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Taiwan, and Singapore. There were 130 papers presented and 97 papers were selected to be published in this proceeding. Those researches were findings in the sector of fisheries and marine science, including research on the COVID-19 pandemic related to this sector.

The committee is herewith extending the thankfulness to all the involved persons who are actively contributing to the implementation of the program. We are grateful for the attendance of the keynote speakers, Prof. Emmanuel M Vera Cruz from College of Fisheries Central Luzon Stated University, Prof. Liu Kwang-Ming from Department of Marine Affairs and Resources Management National Taiwan Ocean University, Prof. Dr. Muhammad Rizal Razman from Research Centre for Sustainability Science and Governance, Institute for Environment and Development University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Prof. Dr. Soottawat Benjakul from Department of Food Technology Prince of Songkla University, Assoc. Prof. Janice Alano Ragaza from Department of Biology Ateneo de Manila University, and Assoc. Prof. Indra Suharman, Ph.D from Department of Aquaculture Universitas Riau. Special thanks were presented to Prof. Dr. Aras Mulyadi, DEA (The Rector of Universitas Riau), Prof. Dr. Almasdi Syahza, SE, MP (The Chairman of The Institute for Research and Community Service Universitas Riau), and also Prof. Dr. Bintal Amin, M.Sc (The Dean of Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science Universitas Riau) for the support provided during the conference.

Finally, we would also send gratitude to all participants and committee members who have helped this conference.

The Chair of ISFM X 2021

Dr. Trisla Warningsih, S.Pi, M.Si

List of Organizing Committee, International Scientific Board, The Editors, Conference Photographs are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science has been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

• Type of peer review: Single and Double-blind

• Conference submission management system: via email isfm.faperika@ict.unri.ac.id

• Number of submissions received: 130

• Number of submissions sent for review: 130

• Number of submissions accepted: 97

• Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100): 74.61

• Average number of reviews per paper: 3

• Total number of reviewers involved: 10

• Any additional info on review process: A Review criterion follows 3 main components, namely: (1) The paper should be related to the theme of the conference, (2) Clearly research background, method, and result, (3) The manuscript is written according to IOP template.

• Contact person for queries:

Dian Iriani

Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science Universitas Riau, Indonesia

Email: dian.iriani@lecturer.unri.ac.id

The tropical ornamental fish industry requires the stock to be reared in captivity before being sold; thus, exposing them to various handling- and transport-related stressors. A number of commercially available anesthetics are used during fish husbandry procedures, but these products are expensive and not readily available to small-scale ornamental fish operators. The use of sodium bicarbonate as an inexpensive anesthetic during routine husbandry activities in molly, Poecilia sp., a freshwater ornamental fish was assessed in terms of its effect on sedation, recovery and survival post-exposure in three independent experimental runs. Juvenile molly were exposed to sodium bicarbonate at a concentration of 100 g L⁻¹ and the time to sedation and recovery were monitored. It took longer for the fish to be fully sedated than their recovery. Survival of the fish a week post-exposure ranged 40-60%. Simulated transport of fish for 6 hrs in water containing 1 g L⁻¹ of sodium bicarbonate showed survival ranging 70-100% a week after transport. These findings demonstrated that sodium bicarbonate could be potentially used as a low-cost anesthetic during handling and short-term transport of ornamental fish. Future studies shall focus on discovering the underlying physiological mechanisms in fish following sedation with this chemical.

Feeding on vanamei shrimp culture in pondsis carried out on average 4 to 5 times a day. In aquaculture activities with a large number of ponds, the sound of kentongan becomes a time reference for the operator in providing feed. The purpose of this article was to describe the process required to turn the kentongan sound into a command input for an automatic feeder. The sound of kentongan will be used as input data (commands) for the microcontroller is translated as a command for the feeder to carry out its activities of feeding. The methodology used the following points: first, field observations of the use of kentongan sounds as a sign of the feeding process for feed operators; second, literature study covering sound frequency and sensor system; third, the creation of a chart in the form of step by step logic from input in the form of kentongan sounds to the process of feeding using an automatic feeding device; fourth, the design of the hardware that will be used and the creation of the software in the form of a command flow chart. The result was realized in the form of a chart from input in the form of kentongan sounds to the process of feeding using an automatic feeder. This includes hardware and software design. There were two important things in automation design. The identification process of kentongan sounds becomes a function of frequency against time, where this frequency had certain characteristics which were expressed by graphs that have certain equation values. This kentongan sound with a certain frequency will be the input for the microcontroller to carry out its task of giving orders to the feeding device to provide feed for vanamei shrimp in ponds.

This paper discussed domestication strategies of Tinfoil barb from different populations for evaluation of potential fish candidate for freshwater aquaculture development. Collection and maintenance of wild-caught adult fish was the first step in domestication strategies followed by characterization of fish, broodstocks selection and maturation, control of fish reproduction, and larval rearing. The Tinfoil barb presented an excellent performance to adapt to the new environment. This was indicated by survival rate of the fish acclimated in the captive environment of about 69.28 ± 19.64% for five weeks. Phenotypic characterization revealed that Tinfoil barb collected from Borneo, Java, and Sumatra have different morphological characters. Based on genetic characters, polymorphism percentage and heterozygosity of the Borneo tinfoil barb population provided the highest performance followed by Java and Sumatra. The growth model of all Tinfoil barb populations was allometric negative indicating a faster increase in length than in weight. Reproductive performance presented that the fecundity of Tinfoil barb female from Borneo was the highest (2795-5099 eggs/gram) followed by Sumatra (1822-2976 eggs/gram) and Java (2210 eggs/gram). The artificial reproduction performance of broodstock from Borneo also presented more excellent performance than other population after hormonal treatment. Fertility rate and hatching rate were 94,33+0,29 % and 77,44+1,03%, respectively. Java Tinfoil barb had fertility rate 93+0,05% and hatching rate 73,67+3,15%, while it was no fertility rate and hatching rate obtained from Sumatra brood-stock group. Wild-caught adult Tinfoil barb from Borneo population presented the best performance used for potential brood-stock regarding genetic characters, reproductive performances, and response to artificial reproduction. Future studies need to be concerned with the acceleration of gonad maturation and the improvement of larval rearing technology for improvement of domestication strategies of Tinfoil barb as a potential candidate for freshwater aquaculture development.

Nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria can be used as a bioremediation agents in aquaculture. The purpose of this experiment is to evaluate the optimal growth and survival performances of catfish rearing with the application of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria. A completely randomized design was performed with the following treatments: A) nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria NP2-DP1; B) nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria NP2-DP2; C) commercial bacteria and D) without bacterial isolate (control), each with 3 replications. Twelve containers (34 x 34 x 45 cm) were used with a volume of 20 L equipped with aeration. The catfish used (Pangasius sp) has a body weight of 8.33 g ± 0.1 and stocking density of 20 fish / container reared within 30 days. Feed was applied to the fish at 3% of their body weight for three times a day at 08.00 am, 12.00 and 15.00 pm . . Inoculation of bacteria on day 10^th and; 20^th, that is 10⁸ cfu / mL. The parameters measured were growth rate, survival rate, and water quality. Sampling was carried out every 10 days. The results showed that the application of NP2 and DP1 was the optimal to increase the growth and survival of catfish.

Social stress is known to regulate several aspects of the teleost physiology. This study explored the influence of limited period of physical interaction on growth and hepatic insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of the fish. Twenty all-male Oreochromis niloticus were isolated for 10 days and were used in a social pair study. After the social interaction was settled, dominant and subordinate individuals in a pair were reared separately in one aquarium separated by glass divider. The fish were fed at the same rate daily to remove the possible effect of nutrition. The glass divider was removed 10 min daily for social interaction. Weight was monitored on Days 2, 7 and 14 during the experimental period, then hepatic IGF-I mRNA expression was quantified. During the 14 days social experiment, mean specific growth rate of dominant fish (1.6%·day⁻¹) was significantly higher (P<0.01) than that of the subordinate fish (0.9%·day⁻¹). Dominant fish also had 2.5 fold significantly higher (P<0.05) mean IGF-I mRNA expression than that of subordinate fish. These indicate that even under limited period of physical contact but with period of visual communication, social status regulates growth and hepatic IGF-I gene expression in this species of fish. There was also a significant positive correlation (r = 0.52; P<0.01) between growth and IGF-I mRNA level which supports the previous studies that hepatic IGF-I gene expression has a potential utility as an instantaneous growth rate indicator for O. niloticus.

Curcumin is an antibiotic agent extracted from Curcuma longa. To understand the effectiveness of curcumin in curing the gill of Clarias batrachus infected with Aeromonas hydrophila, a study was conducted from August to November 2020. There were 3 treatments applied, namely turmeric enriched pellets 0.7g/kg (P1); 0.9g/kg (P2) and 1.1g/kg (P3). Prior to the treatment, the fish was infected with A. hydrophila (0.1 m of A. hydrophila culture, 1.0x10⁸cells/ml). The infected fish was kept for 6 days until the clinical signs of MAS disease occurred. By the 7^th day, the fish was feed with turmeric enriched pellets. For negative control (Cn) the fish was not infected with A. hydrophila nor treated with turmeric, while the positive control (Cp) was infected, but no turmeric treatment. The fish was reared for 30 days and by the end of the experiment, the gill was removed and processed for histological study (5L sliced and HE stained). Result indicated that the gill of the negative control fish was normal, while that of the positive control shown abnormalities such as hemorrhages, necrotic cells, fused lamellae and enlarged cartilaginous cells. The turmeric treated fish shown less damage in the gill. The best results were obtained in C3, as the gill structure was almost normal with slightly hemorrhage. In the C1 and C2 treated fishes, the gill shown light abnormality such as fused lamella and hemorrhage. Data obtained shown that the consumption of turmeric enriched pellet was effective to cure the A. hydrophyla infected gill.

An experiment was conducted to investigate the nutrient quality of water hyacinth leaf meal (WHLM) fermented with different doses of Aspergillus niger as fish feed ingredients. This study utilized a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and three repetitions. The doses of A. niger supplemented in WHLM were 0; 6; 8; 10; and 12%. Results of this study showed that nutrient quality of WHLM with A. niger supplementation significantly affected the reduction of crude fiber and increase of crude protein (P<0.05). Addition of 12% A. niger is the best treatment for improving protein and fiber quality of water hyacinth leaf meal.

The existence of macroepiphytes is one of the issues seaweed farmers often face. This research aimed to explore the co-existence of macroepiphytes with seaweed Eucheuma denticulatum at varying depths using verti net method. Results showed that the highest and the lowest density of macroepiphyte were obtained on day -10 in the depth of 50 cm and 200 cm at 248,4 and 121,28 ind/m²/day, respectively. On day-20, in the depth of 100 cm and 200 cm the densities were 333,54 and 270,01 ind/m²/day, respectively. The most dominant macroepiphyte y is Chatomorpha crasa. Physical and chemical parameters showed a temperature of 29°-30°C, current velocity of 0,050-0,067 m/sec, brightness 92%, salinity 30-33‰, nitrate 0,237-0,0416 mg/L, phosphate 0,0015-0,0036 mg/L and dissolved oxygen 5,7-6,2 mg/L. The obtained optimum environmental parameters and the type of the macroepiphytes did not show any significant negative effect on the growth of E. denticulatum.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of fermented rice bran used as a feed ingredient on the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of tilapia feed. The fermentation process was conducted under aerobic conditions using 2% Aspergillus niger for 24 hours. Moreover, three different types of feed were prepared with 3 replicates and these include treatment A (reference feed), B (unfermented rice bran feed), and C (fermented rice bran feed). These treatments were provided for the tilapia for 30 days. Meanwhile, the tilapia used had an average weight of 5 g/fish and reared using a recirculation system with a density of 16 fish/aquarium. The results showed that the value of ADC_energy (78.11%) in treatment C was significantly highest (P<0.05) compared to other treatments, while the lowest was in treatment B with 72.24%. The values of ADC_{dry matter} (67.56%) and feed efficiency (64.20%) in treatment C were also higher (P<0.05) compared to treatment B with 57.02% and 54.74% respectively. However, there was no significantly difference (p>0.05) in the value of ADC_protein, ADC_lipid, and SGR among the treatments. These results indicate the rice bran fermented using A. niger is potential to be used as a raw material ingredient for tilapia feed.

Energy demand for paddle wheel aerator in a shrimp pond is high and brings to second highest cost of operational behind feed supply. Most of wheel aerators are driven by electric motors than diesel engines as their easy operations. The electric motors need high electrical energy to drive wheel aerators along day and night. The common type of motor used is Alternating Current (AC) or induction motor, however Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motor has potential electrical energy saving which need to be explored. This study objectives to find out performance of BLDC and AC motor as paddle wheel aerator driver. The motor's performances were compared in term of operation of paddle wheel at various static loads. Both motor also challenged by On/Off running every 5 minutes, the treatment goal was to determine their reliability. Parameters observed included consumption of power, wheel rotary, torque, and efficiency, motor temperature as well. Results showed energy consumption of BLDC motor 51% lower than AC motor, and BLDC motor attained 89.99% of maximum efficiency while AC motor efficiency had 73.16%, however rotary wheel and torque both of them were similar. The On/Off treatment caused rising temperature of AC motor but did not affect the temperature of BLDC motor. Therefore, applied BLDC motor as paddle wheel aerator driver could be alternative way to reduce energy consumption without reducing its performance.

Clorophyll is the colour pigment most common found in phytoplankton. Its concentration is one of the indicator of the high of productivity of aquatic area, especially in coastal area. Information of chlorophyll concentration and distribution is very important to determine the suitable location of marine aquaculture and prediction of fishing ground. The aims of this research were to: 1) find out and analyze the concentration of chlorophyll and its distribution in Borneo Island Indonesia and 2) the pattern of chlorophyll distribution for each provinces using modis terra data for five years (from January 2016 to December 2020) in monthly and annually data series. In addition, it used Seadas 7.5.3 for data visualization. The result of this research showed that the chlorophyll concentration ranged 0,045 – 20 mg/m³ and clorophyll distribution affected by the location that seen in all variation data series. In annually time series data, the highest value of concentration shown by west borneo province and central borneo province with the distribution area were larger as well. The distribution of chlorophyll in monthly data showed almost same with annually data time series. The difference was just in large area distribution. The pattern of chlorophyll distribution also showed that in the west Kalimantan and central Kalimantan area had the highest values.

Coastal and coral reef ecosystem areas in the Sorkam Barat Tapanuli Tengah may be potential sites for seaweed culture. To understand the suitability of that area for planting the seaweed, an initial study was conducted using a Geographic Information System (GIS). The environmental conditions as well as water quality parameters were analysed. The physical and chemical oceanographic factors parameters measured were wave height, temperature, salinity, depth, tide, brightness, pH, current velocity, and dissolved oxygen. While the water quality parameters measured were Total Suspended Solid (TSS), nitrate (NO₃) and phosphate (PO₄). Results shown that the water quality of the Sorkam Barat could be categorized as appropriate and quite suitable for the cultivation of Eucheuma cottonii. The suitable area for culture was 3,625.96 ha (92.5%) and the not suitable area was 294.18 ha (7.5%). The recommended planting method is the long-line system path method.

Lake Ie Sayang provides habitat to several variety of aquatic animals including small fish such as Rasbora sp. However, their existences in nature are increasingly decline due to overfishing and degradation of its natural habitat. The objective of this study was to investigate some habitat characteristics, biological and ecological aspects of bileh fish (Rasbora sp.). Water quality parameters were recorded in situ and fish samples were collected from the water in four stations during April to July 2021. Fish sex ratio and body length-weight were measured ex situ. The data are presented in table and analyzed descriptively. The result revealed that this fish was mainly found at station 1. This station is characterized by the presence of several aquatic plants as feeding ground and fish sanctuary. This fish was easy to find in the mid-water level to water surface and near the land. The water quality parameters revealed that the temperature was in the range 30.2°C to 31.9°C, pH 6.13 to 6.35, DO 3.0 mg/l to 5.25 mg/l, and transparency 47 cm to 58 cm. Fish sex ratio showed that the overall number of females was higher than males with the average range of fish body length-weight were 34.05 mm to 41.33 mm and 1.25 g to 1.58 g respectively.

The Osteochilus melanopleurus (Bleeker, 1852) is one of the endogenous fish in the Siak River waters of Riau province which has high economic value. However, the fulfillment of needs still depends on the catch in nature. Efforts to overcome these problems are the availability of mature gonads. Broadly to accelerate the maturation of gonads through hormone induction until the fish are ready to be spawned to produce fish fry continuously. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of gonadotropin and anti-dopamine hormone induction with the trademark "Oodev" on the final gonad maturity (TKG) of the prospective broodstock of O. melanopleurus. The research was conducted from April to August 2021 in the fish rearing column and the experimental pond, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science. The research method was a Completely Randomized Design with 4 treatment levels and 3 replications, while the treatments were P0 (without Oodev injection), P1 (Oodev dose 0.5 mL/kg), P2 (0.7 mL/kg), and P3 (0,9 mL/kg). Measured responses: percentage of broodstock that reached TKG and egg diameter. The results of the research that have been carried out, the measurement of the diameter of the eggs produced showed that the use of the Oodev hormone at a dose of 0.7 mL/kg body weight of O.melanopleurus given every week for twelve weeks was able to stimulate the development of the gonads of O.melanopleurus. Ovaprim injection of 0.7 mL/kg body weight produced 89,566 eggs with a latency of 4 hours. oodev injection dose of 0.7 ml/kg BW or P2 treatment has succeeded in achieving a TKG of 82%.

The aim of this study to find out the optimal level of salinity for the growth and survival of the mud crab (Scylla serrata). The weight of crab seeds were about 47.65-51.32 grams and the carapace length ranged from 64.35-71.30 mm, then put into 12 tanks (1 m x 1 m x 0.4 m) with a density of 4 crab seed per tank. During the maintenance of this test, mangrove crab was fed with fresh chicken intestines as much as 10% of its body weight per day. Water changes are carried out more than 150% per week. At the beginning of the experiment, each tank was conditioned to the same water salinity in all experimental units, namely 33 ppt. To see the effect of differences in salinity levels on the growth and survival of mud crabs, 4 treatments were made consisting of (A) 33 ppt salt content, (B) 31 ppt salt content, (C). The salt content is 29 ppt, and (D) the salt content is 27 ppt. From the results of this experiment, it is known that a decrease in the salt content of 4 ppt is the best treatment for the growth of mud crabs, but has no effect on the survival value.

Pekalongan waters, a part of the Java Sea, has potency to develop marine fisheries sector to increase regional income and community livelihoods. The fluctuation of marine fish production every year requires serious attention in planning and policy strategies for the utilization of the fishery resources. Time series fish production data can be used to predict fish production in the following years through the forecasting process. The data used in this study is fish production data from Pekalongan Fishing Port, Central Java, from January 2011 to December 2020. The method used is data exponential smoothing by comparing three exponential smoothing methods consisting of single/simple exponential smoothing, double exponential smoothing and Holt-Winters' exponential smoothing. The criterion that used to measure the forecasting performance is the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) value. The smaller MAPE value shows the better the forecasting result. The smallest MAPE value is obtained by finding the optimal smoothing constant value which is usually calculated using the trial and error method. However, in this study, the constant value was calculated using the add-in solver approach in Microsoft Excel. The forecasting results obtained show that forecasting using the Holt Winter Exponential Smoothing method is reasonable with a MAPE value of 37.878.

Salted fish is an important source of protein and income in Bandung City, Indonesia. Meanwhile, salted fish products that are contaminated with aflatoxin-producing molds can pose a considerable hazard to consumers' health. This study aims to determine the presence of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus sp. that contaminates salted fish products. A total of 8 samples of dried salted anchovy and 7 samples of dried salted cotton fish from 8 retailers in traditional market were analyzed for fungal contamination, sample physicochemical factors, and prevalence of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus sp.. This research was divided into 4 stages, namely, total mold calculation, identification of molds through morphological observations, isolation, screening, and molecular identification of aflatoxin-producing molds. Using internal transcribed spacer (ITS), Nor-1, and Ord1 primers, 8 out of 66 mold isolates from salted fish samples were isolated and identified.The results showed that the dominant genera in dried salted anchovy and cotton fish are Aspergillus sp. (36.8% and 53.6%), followed by other genera (36.8% and 28.6%) and Penicillium sp. (26.3% and 17.9%). The total fungal counts in the dried salted anchovies and cotton fish ranged from 2.50 × 10² to 4.00 × 10² cfu/g, and 5.00 × 10⁰ to 1.40 × 10² cfu/g. The prevalence of dried salted anchovy samples was 13.16% (3 of 28) and in the dried salted cotton fish sample was 12.12% (5/38). In general, the characteristics of positive aflatoxigenic samples have a temperature of 26.3 to 38.0°C, relative humidity of 44% to 59%, salt content of 3.06% to 16.06%, aw 0.71 to 0.79, and pH 6.13 to 8.75. The presence of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus sp. in salted fish sold in the Bandung market poses a potential hazard to consumer health.

The El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon causes changes in environmental conditions such as water temperature, salinity, and rainfall. In fisheries sector, the changing environment has affected the fishing seasons and Catch per Unit Effort (CPUE) of some pelagic species. This research was conducted by calculating CPUE and fishing season index for several small pelagic fishes in Makassar Strait, Bali Strait, and Aceh waters, then comparing the index value with the fishing season pattern in two extreme periods that are 2010-2011 and 2016 - 2017. An ANOVA test was conducted to assess the significant difference between normal and extreme conditions. The results of the analysis showed that there was a significant different in CPUE between average normal condition and ENSO period. Every single species showed different response to ENSO event, mostly decreased in CPUE relate to El Nino event, except for sardine in Bali and Makassar Strait and scad in Makassar Strait. ENSO affects shift in the fishing season of big-eye scad, scad, sardine, and neritic tuna in Makassar Strait, Bali Strait, and around Aceh waters. Indian mackerel in Makassar Strait showed no change in fishing season but the CPUE showed lower than normal condition. This study shows that ENSO was significantly affected fisheries in Indonesia waters.

Export quality yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) from the handline fishery in the Banda Sea (Ambon and Seram) is vital in supporting coastal communities. To ensure its sustainability, information on their biological parameters is essential, especially for harvest strategy purposes. A combination of port sampling and fisheries surveys were conducted from January to October 2016 to monitor the catch, effort, size (length and weight), and maturity level of yellowfin tuna. An equal catch proportion of yellowfin and bigeye tuna was found during surveys in Masohi, Seram Island. In contrast, two-thirds of the catch landed in Ambon was dominated by yellowfin tuna. The catch rate varied between 25.5-71.9 kg/day. Length of samples distributed between 65-152 cm FL (mode=104 cm FL), whereas estimated live weight ranged from 6.12-148.92 kg. Both females (W=0.000001*FL^3.7190) and males (W=0.000001*FL^3.7438) possessed allometric growth. The proportion of males was twice that of females (1: 0.5), where most (47%) of samples were found to be mature. The estimated total mortality (Z) is 1.04/year, with the natural mortality (M) and fishing mortality (F) is around 0.55/year and 0.49/year, respectively. The stock condition allegedly reaching its optimum level tagged by the length at first caught (Lc) was slightly higher in comparasion to length at first maturity (Lm₅₀) and utilization rate (E) below 0.55/year.

One of the benefits of probiotic bacteria is to become a source of protein that can be used as a product in the field of biotechnology with high use value. Proteins derived from bacteria are less widely used compared to animals and fungi. The aim of this study is to analyze the composition of the media and the optimal time for the growth of a consortium of Bacillus cereus bacteria. The experimental method used is a consortium of B. cereus bacteria isolates (5 Strains) six treatments in each B. cereus consortium, namely the addition of a different protein source (eggs and skim milk, the same carbohydrate source, namely Sago) and 3 different concentrations in each protein source (8%, 10%, and 12%) so that the treatment obtained was 6 treatments with 3 replications in each treatment. Measurement of bacterial culture growth was carried out every 6 hours for 24 hours using two methods, namely the TPC method and bacterial cell biomass. Optimal growth was found in sago media which was added in different concentrations, namely 12% due to growth in this medium which was close to the same results as growth in positive control. Growth on biomass measurements showed similar results to the growth pattern similar to TPC. While in milk sago media, the growth is less because the exponential and stationary phases are shorter.

Bacillus toyonensis has been isolated in Dumai mangrove ecosystem of Riau Province. One of factors affecting the growth of the bacteria is growth substrate. Tofu wastewater is rich in nutrition which can be used as substrate for bacterial growth. This research aimed to observe the growth of B. toyonensis in different concentration of tofu wastewater. The bacteria was grown in tofu wastewater at concentrations 8%, 10% and 12% was supplemented with 0.1 g K₂HPO₄, 0.15 g KH₂PO₄, 0.15 g NaCl and 0.5 g vitamin B12 in 100 mL distilled water. The bacterial growth was observed by using spectrophotometer at λ 610 nm and by analysis the total plate counts on plate count agar (PCA) at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hour cultivation. Spectrophotometric observation showed that the highest bacterial growth of all tofu wastewater treatments indicated by the addition of 12% tofu wastewater, although the absorbance value was lower than culture in tryptic soy broth (TSB) as control. Exponential growth occurred between 0-24 hour incubation, and the highest growth indicated in substrate contained 12% tofu wastewater. Similarly, total plate count (TPC) analysis indicated that the highest bacterial growth of all treatment occurred at 24 hours incubation, and the highest count was also indicated by treatment of 12% tofu wastewater (2.42±0.06×10⁸ CFU/mL). In conclusion, tofu wastewater can be an alternative substrate for the bacterial growth.

Variations in the concentration of cork fish liquid in jelly were used in the investigation of the effect of cork fish liquid on the quality of jelly products. To establish the textural profile and level of preference of the panelists, the jelly was blended with the Cork fish juice. The different concentrations of Cork fish juice, such as K (0%), A (5%), B ( 10%), C (15%), and D (20%) v/v. After being mixed with Cork fish liquid according to the procedures, the jelly was packaged in plastic cups with a capacity of 50 ml each and refrigerated at a temperature of 10-15oC overnight. The purpose of this experiment was to see how cork fish juice affected the texture and sensory quality of jelly. The results reveal that panelists are willing to eat jelly mixed with Cork fish liquid, but that the more the concentration of Cork fish liquid added, the lower their preference level. Treatment A produced the best results among the cork fish liquid treatments, with a panelist preference value of 5.60, which was similar to syneresis 10.80, elasticity 0.83, cohesiveness 0.57, gumminess 419.50, elasticity 339.40, resilience 0.23, hardness 847.30, and gel strength values of 534.85 g/cm2, respectively.

Edible coating is a thin layer that can be made of several materials, one of which is polysaccharides, such as alginates, carrageenan, agar, chitin, chitosan, pectin, starch, cellulose derivatives, and gums. The application of food products with edible coatings has been widely carried out and has been proven to improve quality and extend the shelf life of the product. Antibacterial agent can be added to improve the performance of edible coating. This study was aimed to explore the potential of lemongrass essential oil as an antibacterial agent in alginate based antibacterial edible coating solutions, especially against pathogenic bacteria. Edible coating is made of alginate powder, modified cassava flour (Mocaf), beeswax, glycerol and antibacterial agent. The additional levels of lemongrass essential oil into edible coating formula were 0.25, 1.50 and 0.75%. The antibacterial activity of the edible coating solution produced was tested against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by employing a disk diffusion testing method. Antibacterial agents used in previous studies to develop alginate-based antibacterial edible coatings and potential applications of the developed alginate-based edible coatings incorporated with lemongrass essential oil were identified by browsing through the internet. The results showed that various antibacterial agents have been explored to improve the performance of alginate based edible coatings. An antibacterial activity study exhibited that the highest antibacterial activity was found in the edible coating with the addition of 0.50% lemongrass essential oil, except for S. aureus at the addition level of 0.75%. This study suggests that the addition of lemongrass essential oil for the manufacture of alginate based edible coating solution is 0.50%. The potential uses of edible coatings made from alginate with the addition of lemongrass essential oil are to coat various animal and plant based food products.

Sea cucumber (Stichopus ocellatus) is one of the bioresources that has not been utilized optimally. Samples were collected in the coastal sea of Lengkang Island, Batam. This study was aimed to determine the bioactive compound and antibacterial activity of sea cucumber extract against Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli. The research method used was an experiment with a series of experiments, namely the extraction of sea cucumbers with ethanol as a solvent. Parameter analysis were identification of bioactive compound (phytochemical) and antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli using well diffusion method. The treatment for the antibacterial activity test used various extract concentrations consisting of 125, 250, 375, and 500 g/mL with three replications. The results of the identification of the bioactive compounds of sea cucumber extract showed that the ethanolic extract of sea cucumbers contained saponins, alkaloids, and phenolics. The analysis of the antibacterial activity of the sea cucumber extract showed that the diameter of the inhibition zone of the ethanol extract at a solvent ratio of 1: 5 (w/v) and at a concentration of 500µ/mL against B. cereus was 14.66 ± 0.37mm and E. coli was 15.45. ±0.17mm. The results showed that the highest antibacterial activity of sea cucumber extract against E. coli bacteria.

Analog rice is a food product resembling rice made from starch sources other than rice, such as starch from tubers (taro), corn and sago. The advantage of analog rice is that it has a lower glycemic index than rice. This analog rice product can help efforts to diversify the food consumption patterns of people in Indonesia in order to improve the nutritional quality of the food consumed and at the same time considering that analog rice is currently rich in carbohydrates and poor in other nutrients such as protein, fat and fiber, the product needs to be fortified with functional components of food. Functional components of food are foods that contain bioactive components that provide multifunctional physiological effects for the body, including strengthening the body's immune system, regulating the rhythm of physical conditions, slowing aging, and improving people's nutritional status and reducing dependence on imported rice. For this reason, alternative food is needed, namely analog rice with high nutritional content. This study aims to analyze the characteristics and added value of processing sago analog rice fortified with high nutritional fish oil supplements as a superior product in the Riau region, because Riau is one of the highest sago producing regions nationally. The research method used is an experimental method, which is to experiment with making sago analog rice fortified with nutrient-rich fish oil supplements from previous research. The treatment given was in the form of analog rice formulation with two levels, namely: sago analog rice fortified with 3% fish oil (M₃S), and sago analog rice fortified with 5% fish oil (M₅S). Data obtained were homogenized, then tabulated and analyzed quantitatively descriptively. The results showed that based on organoleptic preference test, and proximate composition, sago analog rice (M₅S) was the best analog rice, namely sago analog rice fortified with 5% fish oil and met SNI quality standards. Furthermore, the added value produced to produce sago analog rice is IDR 3,000/kg and analog rice mixed with sago and taro is IDR 11,000/kg.

Kampar Regency is one of the national catfish cultivation development clusters, and there are many catfish processing industries, especially fish fillet processing. The processing of catfish fillets always left by-products in the form of small pieces of meat, skin, bones, and abdominal fat, which amounts to around 50% – 60%. The by- products are mostly disposed to the environment around the industry, causing pungent odor pollution, as the byproducts contain protein, fat, minerals and crude enzymes which are suitable habitat for the growth of spoilage microbes. Therefore, it is very possible for these by-products to be processed further in order to obtain new products in the form of industrial raw materials that have economic added value. The objectives of this research are (1) Optimizing the utilization of by-products from fish fillet processing starch into raw materials for food industry that have economic value; and (2) understanding the characteristics of organoleptic quality and the proximate composition of the food industry raw materials produced. The research method used is an experimental method, namely experiments on processing by-products into raw materials for the food industry in the form of fish meal, fish oil and bone meal. The results showed that the number of by-products produced from processing the catfish fillets was arround 60% with, consisted of head, tailbone and fins by 37%, small pieces of meat 5%, viscera 10% and abdominal fat 8%. Furthermore, that raw materials having organoleptic quality and proximate composition that meet the SNI standards.

Belulang grass (Eleusine indica) is a plant in the Poaceae family that is commonly found in the coastal area of Dumai, Riau Province. Eleusine indica is characterized by narrow leaves, concave stems that can reach up to 95 cm high and strong roots. E. indica is known to be very tolerant of its environment, including the environment contaminated with heavy metals. The ability of E. indica as a phytoremediation agent in absorbing heavy metals has been widely known as the role of metallothionein (MT) protein. MT is believed to have a function in the metal metabolism and detoxification process through the metal chelating interaction between the cysteine amino acid residues. This unique function prompted the interest to isolate the MT gene from E. indica. This method involves the isolation of genomic DNA from E. indica followed by the process of amplification of the MT gene using specific primers, namely MTFS and MTRS by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology. The success of the MT gene isolation process from E. indica was evidenced by the presence of a single band size of around 172 bp via the visualization process on 1% agarose gel. Furthermore, the results of the PCR product are purified for the purpose of sequencing activity. The results of sequencing analysis of the 172 bp fragment showed 99.31% identical similarity with the complete metallothionein gene from E. indica (DQ082855.1) by using the BLASTN tool, NCBI website.

Peatlands are terrestrial wetland ecosystems formed from piles of organic matter that decompose into organic deposits. Peat soil has a high potential to produce cellulose which, can be reused by cellulolytic bacteria. This study aims to find out the potential strain of cellulolytic bacteria isolated from peatland ecosystems. The method used was experimental, sequentially, the stages are isolation and screening for cellulolytic bacteria, quantitative testing of cellulolytic activity, characterizing the morphology and physiology of bacteria, and the identification of bacteria based on Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. The screening results obtained seven isolates of cellulolytic bacteria capable of hydrolysed cellulose on 1% Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC) Agar Medium, namely SPS1, SPS2, SPS 3, SDG1, SDG 2, SPW1, and SPW4. Three of seven isolates obtained the highest cellulolytic index sequentially, namely SPS2 of 2.82, SPS3 of 2.65, and SDG1 of 2.47. The cellulolytic activity was indicated by the value of a halo zone around the colonies on 1 % CMC medium after being dripped with Congo red. The halo zone is an early indication to determine the ability of bacteria to decompose cellulose. Based on Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology showed that the three isolates had the same characteristics as the genus Bacillus, Lactobacillus and Corynebacterium.

Reflecting the level of welfare of the fishers and fish farmers, terms of trade index (namely NTN/NTP) is believed to have decreased as the result of the Covid 19 outbreak. And, recognizing the important role of fisheries in the economy, understanding what have occured to the index is relevant. This paper aimed to: (i) analyze the impact of the outbreak on NTN/NTPi and (ii) identify what changes in variables have significant contribution to the NTN/NTPi decrease. The analytical method used is descriptive quantitative. The primary data consisted of: (i) fisher and fish farmer terms of trade as published by the Central Bureau of Statistics, (ii) variables that compose the price index received by fishermen / fish farmers and the index of prices paid by fishermen / fish farmers. The results showed that the decline in NTN and NTP occurred in all provinces in Indonesia. For fishers and fish farmers, variables of received price index that had the most significant effect on the decline is basic need cost such as food, drinks, cloth and transportation while variables of paid price index that had the most significant effect on the decline is capital goods.

Indonesia is known as a 'Paradise under the Sea,' with the richness and beauty of its coral reefs. This ecosystem is an important asset that has high economic value and a potential source of community income. However, this wealth has not been utilized optimally by coastal communities, especially fishermen. This is backed by their poor economic conditions. This paper discusses the dynamic of fishermen's income and the influencing factors on the West and East Coasts of Sumatra Island. The fishermen's income on both coasts is dominated by income from capture fisheries, which fluctuates throughout the year. The income of east coast fishermen is higher and more varied than west coast fishermen. This paper identifies three factors that influence the differences: 1) technological capacity of the fishermen's fleet and fishing gear, 2) fish marketing and seasonal variations throughout the year, along with the degradation of coastal resources, and 3) policies and programs for fishermen's empowerment and development in coastal areas. This paper uses quantitative and qualitative methods from the assessment of social aspects of coral reefs conducted by the COREMAP LIPI team. The authors also utilize secondary data from related documents, research results, papers and books.

This study aimed to determine the patterns of development and implementation of community-based ecotourism management and identify the impact of the community-based ecotourism in Gasan Gadang Village on the economic, social, and environmental aspects of the surrounding community. The methodology used was descriptive analysis with a new institutional economics approach and the Kruskal-Wallis Test analysis. The patterns of development and implementation of community-based ecotourism management with all levels of social change analysis, including formal and informal rules such as culture, customs, habits of Gasan Gadang villagers, institutional and governance management, and even the economy, are considered good. The Community-based ecotourism management has adopted the theory of resource allocation among stakeholders of Gasan Gadang Village. The findings of this study showed that community-based ecotourism institutions and management bring positive impacts on economic, social, and culture. There was no significant difference among economic, social, and environmental impacts between the non-authorities and community-based ecotourism authorities of Gasan Gadang Village. Thus, it could be said that the benefits of community-based ecotourism received by the community were all the same. Everyone got positive benefits. However, based on the findings, it could be seen that the biggest difference was the economic impacts followed by the social impacts, while the smallest difference is the environmental impacts. From this situation, it could be concluded that the performance of community-based ecotourism authorities in Gasan Gadang Village was good and positively impacted the economic, social, and environmental aspects of the Gasan Gadang Village fishermen community.

Tourism is an important sector that can increase coastal country's economies. The industry of tourism has been increasing in recent years and it can generate job opportunities, reduce outward migration, increase the income level, and improve the livelihood of local communities. This paper outlines the potentials and characteristics of natural and human resources as a proponent of the development of marine coast tourism based on community empowerment. This study aims to analyze the potential of resources and the suitability of tourism area which is supporting the attraction of tourists factor to come to Bahari Jawai beach and to develop a strategy for developing the marine tourism area of Sambas Regency based on natural resource potential, perceptions, participation, and aspirations of tourists and the community local. This research method is a descriptive method with the nature of a case study. Data collection was using observation and literature review and was analyzed with quantitative and qualitative analysis on each indicator. The development strategies in this study are 1). Strengthening marine tourism management; 2). Optimizing promotion and socialization on internet media; 3). Optimizing institutional roles in improving coastal security systems and health protocols; 4). Development of accessibility such as supporting facilities for coastal facilities and infrastructure.

Koto Mesjid Village, XIII District Koto Kampar is a long-known smoked fish-producing village in Kampar Regency. The large potential of smoked catfish resources in Koto Mesjid village has led to high public interest in processing fish as an effort to improve the family economy. This study used sociological juridical research method, namely field research. Data collection techniques used the method of observation, interviews and purposive sampling. The purpose of this study was to find out what are the roles of women in the smoked fish processing business in area, what are the inhibiting factors and efforts to increase the role of women in the smoked fish processing business. The results showed that the role of women in the smoked catfish business in Koto Masjid Village, was very important. Starting from the process of availability of raw materials, provision of equipment and processing materials, washing, fish division, involving the role of women, but still done traditionally.

This survey study aims to analyse the role of communication as a mediator of the commitment effect on the marine fish supply chain performance to bangliau (distributors' fish landing site) in Bagansiapiapi, Riau Province, Indonesia. The unit of analysis for this study was 40 units bangliau, namely a place of collection, distribution, and marketing of fish. Respondents were 40 bangliau owners/managers who were taken by the census method. The data was collected using a closed questionnaire, containing several statements measured by a 5-point Likert scale. The data collected includes communication (language, clarity of message content, communication frequency, decision without pressure, and communicates honesty); commitment (affective, avoiding opportunists, normative, continuous improvement, goal oriented, confidence); and supply chain performance (the smoothness of the goods flow, money flow, and information flow). There were two hypotheses proposed in this study: commitment has a positive and significant effect on the marine fish supply chain performance in bangliau (H₁); and commitment mediated by communication has a positive and significant effect on the marine fish supply chain performance in bangliau (H_1a). The data were analysed using the Structural Equation Model (SEM) method, using the Smart Partial Least Square (SmartPLS) software version 3.0. The results show that commitment has a significant effect on the marine fish supply chain performance, but the role of communication as a mediator can further increase the commitment effect. The reason is that communication can increase understanding and help equalize perceptions of the marine fish supply chain among the entities involved.

Rokan Hilir Regency is situated east coast of Sumatera in Riau Province. Fish production of the area dominated by capture fisheries (80.67%) compared to aquaculture production (19.33%), however, there is a demand for strengthening the role of aquacuture. This study aimed to analyze the prospects and strategies for developing aquaculture in this area. Primary data was obtained by measuring of water quality, observations of aquaculture objects and other supporting facilities. Interviews and discussion were conducted with fish farmers, community leaders, the fishing industry, local government officials and other stakeholders. Secondary data were obtained from government and private institutions. This area has the potential for freshwater aquaculture of 102.80 ha, brackishwater aquaculture of 3,049.25 ha, and marine aquaculture of 118.330 ha. In 2019, aquaculture only utilized an area of around 2,879,107 ha, including 47,107 ha of freshwater (ponds), 10 ha of brackish, and 2,822 ha of shellfish ponds. Aquaculture production in 2019 was 15,006.34 tons consisting of fish production from ponds (blood clams and shrimp) 9,009.34 tons which was the main production, followed by fish production from ponds of 5,997 tons. In coastal waters, it is recommended to cultivate blood cockles and Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). While in inland waters, the recommended fish culture included tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), striped catfish (Pangasianodon sp), kissing gouramy (Osphronemus sp), and African catfish (Clarias gariepenus), both in ponds and floating net cages. The recommended development strategies include; training on aquaculture human resources, training on making their own feed, building seed and brood centers, and providing business stimulants in the form of seeds, making ponds and floating net cages as well as sustainable guidance from the fisheries industry and the government.

This current work was conducted on July 2021 in Rupat Island, Regency of Bengkalis, Province of Riau. The study aimed to estimate visitor's Willingness to Pay (WTP) and analyze factors contributing to the funding in attempt to develop ecoutourism of Rupat Island. Outcome of this work can be beneficial to tourism management in relation to improvement of service and facilities that support tourist activities. Primary and secondary data were collected using interview and field observation. Population of the study included travelers in ecotourism of Rupat Island, while those accepting interview were regarded as sample or respondents. In this regard, number of respondents reached 30 persons. Data were collected through Contingent Valuation Method approach and then analyzed using logistic regression. As the results, average value of visitor's WTP was Rp15.429, with the lowest and highest of IDR3.000 and IDR30.000, respectively. For a month, total visitor's WTP could reach IDR231.428.571. Furthermore, analysis on factors contributing to WTP significantly revealed that visitor's income showed positive correlation with WTP, while travel cost and distance showed contrast result. Other factors, i.e. age, education and sex, showed no effects on decision of WTP in development of Rupat Island as ecotourism in Bengkalis.

The purpose of the study was to analyse the impact of social activities related to cultivation and outside the cultivation business as well as economic activities before and after covid-19. The method used in this research is a survey method. Data collection was carried out on 20 farmers, three fish seller, and two fish feed sellers. Data analysis was carried out quantitatively and qualitatively. The results showed that before the pandemic, 80% of FNC cultivators' social activities were done face-to-face and after the pandemic, only 40% were face-to-face and the rest were through mobile phones. Social activities outside the FNC such as worship, marriage and other attendance frequency is reduced by 5% - 25% after the pandemic. The economic activity of aquaculture has decreased after the Covid-19 outbreak by 50% in 2020 and 37.5% in 2021. In 2021 cultivators have made a profit but it is lower than the profit before the covid-19 pandemic. The economic activity of aquaculture has decreased after the Covid-19 outbreak by 50% in 2020 and 37.5% in 2021. In 2021 cultivators have made a profit but it is lower than the profit before the covid-19 pandemic. The economic activity of aquaculture has decreased after the Covid-19 outbreak by 50% in 2020 and 37.5% in 2021. In 2021 cultivators have made a profit but it is lower than the profit before the covid-19 pandemic.

Food security during the Covid-19 pandemic is a condition in which all Bajo households have access to food both physically and economically for all their family members so that they are not at risk of losing both access during the Covid-19 pandemic. This study aims to determine the household food security of the Bajo community in the West Muna Regency during the Covid 19 pandemic. This research was carried out in March-May 2020 in Latawe Village, Napano Kusambi District, West Muna Regency. The research location was selected purposively considering that the village is a coastal village where most of the population living is Bajo people who work as fishermen as many as 180 families. Many as 64 families determined the number of research samples using the Slovin formula and sampling using a simple random sampling technique. Data analysis was carried out using a descriptive method to measure the food security of Bajo households during the Covid 19 pandemic, which was estimated using the share of food spending where if the percentage of food spending was <60% of total spending, the household was food-secure and if the share of food spending was 60% of total expenditures, are households that are food insecure. The results show that 46.88% of Bajo households are food secure, and 53.12% are food insecure.

A strategic step on food security was directed by president to the Ministry of Defence. Coastal communities are key actors in the realization of the blue economy and are the determinants of the successful implementation of Indonesia's policy to becoming the Global Maritime Fulcrum. There are ten provinces on Sumatera which have marine coastal areas with abundant fishery potential. However, that potential has not been fully utilized. This article aims to review opportunities and strategies in realizing the blue economy by empowering coastal communities in the Sumatra. The method was a qualitative exploratory method with SWOT and combined with SSM analysis. The data sources were obtained through secondary data from literature studies, comparisons through multi institutions data. The study found that community empowerment can be done by considering the potential of fishery resources and the community's interest in managing the fisheries sub-sector. The development of national food barns should be focused on the Blue Economy sector and can be started through the Sumatra region. Stakeholder synergy can be integrated in fostering, supervising and mobilizing coastal communities in supporting their welfare.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a tremendous impact on various aspects of life today. The tourism sector is one of the sectors affected by COVID-19, especially by the policy of social restrictions and foreign tourist visits. Derawan Island is one of the leading tourist destinations in East Kalimantan which has been affected by the COVID-19 infectious disease. The purpose of this research is to find out the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on marine tourism on Derawan Island. The research was conducted in December 2020 – March 2021, using survey methods based on primary and secondary data. COVID-19 causes changes in habits, visit patterns, and the number of visits to Derawan Island marine tourism. The number of tourist visits decreased by 58% from the previous year, even as of December 2020, diving tourism actors are the parties most affected by COVID-19 due to the absence of diving tourists since the reopening of the leading tourist destination Derawan Island. The decline in tourist arrivals causes a decrease in income in the tourism sector, especially the income of tourism actors on Derawan Island.

Meranti Islands Regency has coastal natural resources. On the other hand, this area also has the potential for natural disasters (coastal) and non-natural disasters that threaten the sustainability of resources and community welfare, so disaster mitigation efforts are needed. This study aims to formulate a model for developing Fisherman communities with a disaster mitigation perspective. This study uses MPE analysis and prospective analysis. The strategic basis for developing fisherman communities is increasing food security through the developing coastal based green industries, capacity building for local competitiveness and conservation of endemic species, and allocating budget proportionally to create local-based economic infrastructure and facilities development. The potential natural disasters that are more dominant in Meranti Islands Regency are abrasion, landslides, high waves and tidal flooding. A non-natural disaster is Covid-19 pandemic. Mitigation must be done is planting mangroves, building sheet piles, social engineering policies must be done by planting mangroves, building sheet piles, social engineering policies, and planting mangroves, building sheet piles, social engineering policies, and alternative livelihoods. The model for developing Fisherman communities with a disaster mitigation perspective in Meranti Islands Regency is optimizing coastal areas' productivity and livelihood support systems.

People in Tanah Merah Village, Tanah Merah Subdistrict, Indragiri Hilir Regency generally have a livelihood as fishermen. Fishermen can be said to be prosperous if they have good control over their livelihood assets. Livelihood assets consist of human, natural, social, financial and physical resource assets. This study aims to: (1) find out the meaning of the sustainable livelihood approach, (2) find out the livelihood assets of small-scale fishermen and (3) determine the condition of the livelihood assets of small-scale fishermen. The research was conducted in Tanah Merah District, Indragiri Hilir Regency, Riau Province. Respondents from this study were 45 people. The method used in this research was survey method. The data analysis used was descriptive analysis. Descriptive analysis was used to generate an overview of the data that has been collected based on the respondents' answers through the distribution of items from each variable. The presentation of the data was done by cross tabulating according to the parameters of several aspects of the assets that support fishermen's livelihoods. The result showed that the livelihood assets of small-scale fishermen namely natural assets, human resources, social, financial and physical are in the medium category. The acquisition of this value can indicate that the control of the livelihood assets of small-scale fishermen in Tanah Merah Village is not sustainable.

Covid-19 had a major impact on people's lives, including the fishing community. Mitigation strategies are needed in order to reduce the impact of Covid-19. This research was conducted in March 2021 at Sungai Kayu Village. This village is one of the coastal villages located in Sungai Apit District, Siak Regency, Riau Province. The purpose of this study is to identify structural and non-structural mitigation and analyze the mitigation strategies carried out by fishing households in Sungai Kayu Ara Village. The method used in this study using the Survey Method. The population was fishing households totaling 48 households. The technique of determining the respondents is by census, which takes all the population as respondents. Data was collected by means of observation, in-depth interviews, documentation, literature studies, and online searching of data and information. The data that used: qualitative descriptive analysis and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Structural and non-structural Covid-19 mitigation in Sungai Kayu Ara Village, Sungai Apit District, Siak Regency is more focused on implementing government policies stipulated by the Regent's regulation on handling infectious diseases and the Regent's regulation on the application of administrative sanctions for the enforcement of health protocols in handling infectious diseases. Mitigation strategies for fishermen households in Sungai Kayu Ara Village, Sungai Apit District, Siak Regency due to the main social engineering of the covid-19 pandemic are: Selling fish caught by fishermen online, receiving protection fund and empowering fishermen, owning a plantation business (alternative business), receiving social assistance and have saving and emergency fund.

This research was conducted in August-October 2020 in Rokan Hilir Regency, the largest central of the fishing industry in Riau Province, Indonesia. The research objective to analyse the effect of trust on the fishing industry supply chain performance in the regency. Respondents were set 270 fishing companies based on the Slovin formula. They were taken purposively in four fishing centres, namely Panipahan (Pasir Limau Kapas district), Bagansiapiapi (Bangko), Kubu Babussalam, and Sinaboi. Collecting data using a closed questionnaire, containing a number of statements measured by a 7-point Likert scale. The data collected includes trust (credibility, top management capability, and government support), and supply chain performance (smooth of goods flow, financial flow, and information flow). Data analysed using the Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) method with the help of SmartPLS 3.3 software. The results showed that the trust has a positive and significant effect on the fishing industry performance in Rokan Hilir. This happens because the relationship between fellow entities of fishing industry supply chain occurs based on trust. The relationship between fishing companies (fisherman) and tauke (fish collectors, agents, and exporters) is based on patron-client ties, while the relationship between fellow tauke is based on family/blood ties. Both types of relationships have existed for years.

Natural resources are the largest contributor to state revenues. The management of fishery resources must be utilized for the welfare of the community, so that in its implementation must involve all parties including indigenous peoples. The involvement of people, especially indigenous peoples in the management of natural resources, becomes important as an effort to preserve indigenous values in the management of fishery resources. This research aimed to find out; (1) Management of fisheries resources by indigenous peoples in Lubuk Siam village; (2) The concept of sustainability in the management of fishery resources by indigenous peoples in Lubuk Siam village. This research uses qualitative research methods with a rationalistic approach. Use qualitative methods and implementation of qualitative methods. Although the rational approach emphasizes the process of analyzing and researching problems, it searches for data from the main source (such as face-to-face interviews). The respondents in this study were the Head of Lubuk Siam Village, Ninik Mamak Adat Suku Melayu, Community and Youth Leaders, and related Village Institutions. The existence of the community with its customary law is an important social capital to maintain the balance of natural resources, especially in the field of fisheries through local wisdom that maintained from generation to generation. This becomes important to avoid patterns of massive and excessive exploitation. The results show that; (1) The management of fishery resources by indigenous peoples in Lubuk Siam Village is based on the value of local wisdom under the coordination of Ninik Mamak and the Village Government which includes lubuk management, river management, and lake management. (2) The concept of sustainability in the management of fishery resources by indigenous peoples in Lubuk Siam Village is reflected in customary orders and prohibitions and customary sanctions agreed as part of maintaining the sustainability of fishery resources.

HDI of fisherman communities is an important indicator to measure the success of developing the quality of life of fisherman communities. HDI is used to see the development of fisherman communities in the long term. This research was conducted in May-August 2021 in Ransang Island, Meranti Islands Regency, Riau Province, Indonesia. This study used a survey method, the sampling method was carried out by multi-stage cluster sampling as many as 40 fisherman spread over several sub-districts. Data analysis for determining HDI is calculated based on the geometric mean of the health index, knowledge index and expenditure index which refers to the UNDP calculation model. The HDI value of the fisherman community of Ransang Island in 2020 was 57.83. The HDI value is composed of a Health Index of 75,08; Education Index of 62,57; and the Expenditure Index of 45,88. The value of the health index is influenced by child mortality. The low Education Index is caused by accessibility, facilities and infrastructure constraints and costs. The expenditure index value is influenced by low productivity, one of which is the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic. HDI of fisherman communities is an important indicator to measure the success of developing the quality of life of fisheries communities. HDI is used to see the development of fisheries communities in the long term.

The condition of fishermen's households that are less food secure can be triggered by poverty. As a developing country, Indonesia still has a fairly high poverty rate of 34.96 million people, of which 63.47% are people living in coastal areas. According to the Food Consumption Survey of Lampung in 2017, 2018, and 2019 conducted by the Food Security Agency of Lampung Province, it is known that the amount and level of energy consumption of fishery households in Bandar Lampung City has decreased from 1,815.1 kcal/cap/day or by 93, 1% in 2017 to 1,666.4 kcal/cap/year or 84.0% in 2018, and decreased again to 1,568.0 kcal/cap/day or 75.1% in 2019. This study aims to analyze the level of food security of fishermen's households in and the level of energy and protein adequacy of fishermen's households in Teluk Betung Selatan District. This research was conducted in Teluk Betung Selatan District, Bandar Lampung. The research was conducted on March to July 2021. The sample of fishermen in this study was 50 fishermen from 1,207 fishermen in Teluk Betung Selatan District. Sampling was done by simple random method. The results of this study are (1) the food security of fishermen's households in Teluk Betung Selatan District is mostly in the food security category (78%), while the remaining 22% are in the food insecurity category; (2) the level of energy adequacy of fishermen's households in Teluk Betung Selatan District is mostly in the poor category (52%), but the level of protein adequacy is mostly.

This study aims to provide insight knowledge on the potential reason for low blood cockles (Tegillarca granosa) production in Sungai Buloh Selangor by comparing the condition indices and histology of the gills and gonad with samples from a high yield farm at Sungai Ayam, Johor. Samples were collected in September 2020 and grouped for histological analysis and for condition indices. About 60% individuals from Sungai Buloh and 20% of samples from Sungai Ayam found with degenerated gill filaments. The sex ratio were found identical (50%:50% male to a female) in samples from Sungai Ayam, while 40%: 60% of male to female from Sungai Buloh. The gonad of males found at Stage 2 (developing) and Stage 3 (developed or ripe) and the ovaries at Stage 3 and Stage 4 (spawning) for Sungai Buloh, and between Stage 2 to Stage 4 from Sungai Ayam. The total condition index (CI Tot) was significantly differences between farms. Findings indicate sample from Sungai Buloh has low health status due to poor gill's filaments condition, and ripe ovaries found in lightweight (2 g) T. granosa. Hence being the potential reason for low survival rate in the Sungai Buloh.

The COVID-19 pandemic has become a planetary concern that affecting the sustenance of the human population all around the globe. The effective measured has been taken in Malaysia to control the virus transmission by limiting the human vitality which unsurprisingly propitious to the environment. A monitoring study was conducted to assess the water quality status of surface seawater along the Port Dickson coast based on the Malaysian Marine Water Quality Index (MMWQI) and Malaysian Marine Water Quality Standards (MMWQCS) with an interval period of a year (March 2020-March 2021). In situ, water quality parameters incorporate temperature, pH, salinity, conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO), and total dissolved solids (TDS) were measured at 14 sampling sites to evaluate the biochemical characteristics of water. Surface water samples were collected from the same sites and transported back to Universiti Putra Malaysia for nitrate (NO₃-), ammonia (NH₃), phosphate (PO₄), biochemical oxygen demands (BOD), fecal coliform (Escherichia coli), and total suspended solids (TSS) analyses. The MMWQI showed the status of surface water from the Port Dickson coast was classified as moderate quality (50.41 - 64.05) for both sampling events. However, there are some indexes that showed significant decreases (p< 0.05) in the latter year. The concentration of nutrient pollution such as phosphate, nitrates, ammonia, fecal coliform as well as oil and grease, was decreased by 11.12%, 77.39%, 82.4%, 90.26%, and 99.9% respectively. The water parameters namely TDS, pH, and BOD levels were significantly decreased by 1.77%, 20.73%, and 77.16%. Certain parameters listed in the MMWQS such as temperature, pH, ammonia, fecal coliform, oil and grease were classified as Class 1 in March 2021. These occurrences recorded were greatly influenced by the reduction of the substantial human activities around the recreational beach of Port Dickson followed by the declaration of Movement Control Order (MCO) in Malaysia.

Mangrove forest in Kuala Selangor has seen to be depleting over the years. This study believes that domestic waste disposal is considered as one of the treats to mangrove forest. Local community must play their role in protecting the mangrove forest. This study aims to determine the level of knowledge of the community on the importance of mangrove, level of awareness on the impact of domestic waste disposal to mangroves and their level of practice on proper domestic waste management. Besides, this study aims to identify the correlation between community awareness with knowledge and practice. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data and analyzed using SPSS version 26 software. The finding shows that the level of knowledge of the community on the importance of sustaining mangrove forest is high (n=256, 85.3%), the level of awareness of community on the impact of domestic waste disposal is also high (Mean=4.48), while the level of community practice on proper domestic waste management is moderate (Mean=3.9). The correlation test showed that there was a negligible correlation between knowledge and awareness of community (r=0.14, <0.05, n=300) and also weak positive correlation between awareness and practice with (r=0.33, p<0.01, n=300. The finding suggests community with great knowledge does not necessarily have great awareness as well not necessarily with great awareness, community will practice good waste management to secure mangrove forests. Thus, this study recommends strictly enforcing all parties to comply/implementing control at source method, or develop appropriate management plans to reduce domestic waste disposal at mangrove areas.

Catching of wild freshwater prawns in Palawan is done by using different fishing gears, including baited traps. However, there are only limited studies related to the efficiency of these traps on catching freshwater prawns. In this study, the efficiency of four different traps (traditional plastic traps, bamboo traps, modified traps, and rattan traps) and three baits (low-valued fish, grilled coconut, and octopus) was tested in catching live Macrobrachium spp. from the rivers of two localities in the Barangay Bagongbayan, Roxas and Sitio Catama, Dumaran, Palawan at two sampling events with 12-hr intervals along the river bank. Each trap was deployed randomly 5-8 meters apart in the collection site late afternoon and retrieved the following day. The highest catch was obtained using plastic traps with low-value fish as bait. All samples from the different traps were collected alive. Modifications are underway to improve the design of these traps to improve catch efficiency. Regulating the collection of Macrobrachium from the wild by developing it into broodstocks will support the sustainable aquaculture industry using hatchery-produced seedstocks instead of sourcing it from the wild.

Nutrients are needed for the growth of phytoplankton as a basic component in the marine food web. The concentration of nutrients in waters relates to primary productivity and it will influence fisheries stocks. So far, research on nutrients in the deep sea is rarely carried out in Indonesia. This study aims to determine water quality, horizontal and vertical distribution of nutrients in eastern Indonesian waters, which can be used as baseline data for deep-sea nutrients in Indonesia. The study was conducted from October 29 to November 15, 2017. Sampling was carried out in 20 stations with seven layers. Nutrient measurements were conducted based on Strickland and Parsons (1972). Our results showed that the concentrations of phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, and silicate ranged from 0.000-0.060 mg/l, 0.001-0.321 mg/l, 0.000-0.009 mg/l, 0.004-0.024 mg/l and 0.085-1.090 mg/l, respectively. In general, the highest concentration of nutrients was found in Maluku Sea. The vertical distribution of nitrate, phosphate, and silicate shows that the increasing concentrations as increasing depth, except for nitrite and ammonium. The maximum nitrite concentration appears in the northern area, while the ammonium distribution has homogenous pattern.

Karimun is one of islands located in the Kepulauan Riau Province that has high anthropogenic activities which produces a certain amount of wastes, including plastics. The plastic wastes will be degraded into small-particles called microplastics. Due to its small size and widespread distribution, microplastics could be consumed by marine organisms, such as deposit feeder organisms including sea cucumber Paracaudina sp. The aim of this research was to determine type and abundance of microplastic particles and its correlation with the sea cucumber body size. Samplings of sea cucumber for microplastic analysis were taken from two stations by digging the sediment from each station. Separation of microplastic particles from sea cucumber organs was carried out through 4 stages, (a) dissection, (b) separation of organ from its body (c) submersion using KOH 10% solution (d) incubation for 3 weeks and (e) sorting visually. The results of this research found only 3 types of microplastic (fibre, film and fragment). The abundance of microplastic in Paracaudina sp. was found between 289.40-1380.00 particles/individu with fibers being the dominant type. Fibers are the most abundant in both stations followed by films and fragments. Independent t-test analysis revealed that the abundance of microplastic between the two stations was significantly different (p<0.05). Possitive correlation between microplastic abundance and the body-size of Paracaudina sp were found, indicating that the larger the size of sea cucumber, the higher microplastic particles contained in the body of the organisms.

The Rupat Strait is located at the eastern coast of Sumatera Island, Riau Province,Indonesia, under the influence of the current system flowing from the Malacca Strait into the Strait.The primary purpose of this study is to identify the topographyof Rupat Strait prevailed by bathymetry changes, which was analyzed using oceanographic and satellite images.This study was conducted in the Rupat Strait in July 2018 through two steps of research: 1) oceanographic observation; 2) bathymetry measurement.The study of oceanographic observation was carried out along the coastal areas of Dumai City and Rupat Island. The depth of Rupat Strait (bathymetry) was measured using an echosounder at 60 stations in July 2018. The changes in the depth of the Strait were analyzed by comparing data between depth in 1990 by satellite images and the depth in 2018 by the measurement. The results of study indicate that dominantly, the depth of the Strait has increased by 1.5-2.7 meters for 28 years. The depth of the Rupat Strait, based on the interpretation of the satellite image data of MIKE C-MAP (1990) ranges from 0.9 to 29.4 meters, and of the measurement in 2018, ranging from 2.4 to 32.1 meters.The dominant factor causing the changes are the current system flowing from the Malacca Strait through the Strait during high and low tides, and the surface bottom sediments are transported out the Strait by the current, including the bottom current.

Anthropogenic activities in the coastal waters of Bengkalis Island, Riau Province are thought to have increased due to human activities (settlements, ports, agriculture, households and industry). This caused an increase in organic matter in water and sediment in coastal waters. The content of organic matter in water and sediment can be used as an indicator of the quality of coastal waters. The research aimed to analyze the content of organic matter in water and sediment in the coastal waters of Bengkalis Island. The used purposive sampling. The research was carried out in April – July 2021, consisting of 4 research stations and each station consisted of 3 sampling points. Sampling was carried out in the intertidal zone in the north and south of Bengkalis Island, namely station I (Air Putih Village), Station II (Jangkang Village), station III (Selat Baru Village) and station IV (Liong Estuary). The results of the analysis of organic matter content in seawater ranged from 32.39-34.89 mg/l, the highest was at station I and the lowest was at station II. The results of the analysis of organic matter content in sediment of Bengkalis Island ranged from 0.01-0.31%, the highest was at station I and the lowest was at station II. A simple linear regression test showed that the relationship between the organic matter content of seawater and sediments in the coastal waters of Bengkalis Island was classified as a strong relationship with a correlation coefficient (r) 0.720 and a coefficient of determination (R2) 0.518. The results also show that the coastal waters of Bengkalis Island have a type of sediment fraction which is dominated by sandy mud.

Riau Province has the Koto Panjang reservoir which is generated from the damming of the Kampar River flow for hydroelectric power generation and other utilization activities. The increase in community activities in reservoir waters and on land causes water quality dynamics that can affect fish farming activities. The purpose of this study was to determine the dynamics of reservoir water quality. The survey was conducted in March – August 2021 at seven sampling points, where water samples at each sampling point were taken at a depth of 1 m as much as 1 liter using a van dorn water sampler and preserved and analyzed according to standard methods. Data from measurement and analysis were tabulated and analyzed descriptively including temperature, pH, turbidity, TSS, TDS, DO, nitrate, ammonia, total nitrogen, BOD5, COD, and total phosphate. The results obtained indicate that the values of temperature, turbidity, TDS, TSS, pH, DO, ammonia, nitrate, and phosphate are still below the quality standard, except in the range of BOD values of 4.30 – 5.75 mg/L and COD of 17.90. – 23.73 mg/L is an indication of organic matter originating from other activities on the reservoir land, such as plantations, agriculture, settlements, tourism, apart from floating net cage cultivation activities.

Fish morphoanatomy is affected by environmental condition such as photoperiod duration. A research on the effects of shortened photoperiod on the morphoanatomy of Pangasionodon hypopthalmus has been conducted. There were 3 treatments applied, namely, 24 hours dark (24D), 18 hours dark (18D) and natural photoperiod (control). The fish, 8 cm total length (TL) and 4 gr body weight (BW) were reared in circular plastic tanks filled with 100 L freshwater and completed with aerators and circulation pumps, 30 fishes/tank. The fish was reared for 8 weeks and fed with commercial fish feed pellets, twice/day, at satiation. The dark condition was created by placing the tanks under dark tarp tents. Morphoanatomy data were studied by the end of experiment. Results shown that the survival of fish was 100%. The growth of fish reared in 24D and 18D was better, more than 20 cm TL and 85 gr BW, while that of the control was 18 cm TL and 72 gr BW. The condition factor as well as the liver condition of fish in all treatment was not different, it was around 1.2. The liver was reddish brown color, smooth and oily in which hepatosomatic index (HSI) value 0.023 in 24D; 0.027 in 18D and 0.048 in control. The visceralsonatic index (VSI) was 0.090 in 24D; 0.70 in 18D and 0.161 in control. In most of fishes reared in 24D and 18D, the gonad were in the 1^st maturity stage (gonadosomatic index; GSI 0.0058 to 0.0068), while the gonad of some control fishes were in the 2^nd maturity stage (GSI 0.0080). Data obtained shown that the morphoanatomical data (HSI, VSI and GSI) of the fish reared in lengthened dark were lower, but the growth data (TL and BW) was higher than those of the control, indicated that the fish reared in dark condition may allocated more energy for growing.

Most of inland water in DKI Jakarta Province are highly polluted caused by the increase in urbanization, industrialization development and reclamation process. This research intend to conduct an initial characterization of the water quality in Jakarta. The survey was conducted in 9 location namely Kali Sunter 1, Kali Sunter 2, Cakung Drain, POM Vyle Pluit, Waduk Pluit, Museum Bahari, WTC Mangga Dua, Mookenvart and Pesanggrahan. Based on the level of salinity, the rivers are categorized into fresh water (Cakung Drain, WTC Mangga Dua, Mookenvart and Pesanggrahan) and brackish water (Kali Sunter 1, Kali Sunter 2, Pluit Village, Waduk Pluit, and Museum Bahari). The physicochemical measurement using Water Quality Checker reported turbidity and Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) concentration were very high at all sampling locations. The Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP) value can be used to determine the pollution status. Pesanggrahan is the only river with a positive ORP value of 22 mV. It can be said that the pollution level of the Pesanggrahan is very low. The other rivers have a negative ORP value and the largest is in Kali Sunter 2. Serious efforts need to be made in dealing with inland waters pollution located in Jakarta.

Anthropogenic activities along watershed area are often causing river pollution. This will affect the sustainability of aquatic resources, such as fish. One of the fish species in Brantas River that can be employed as bioindicator of water pollution is Wader fish (Puntius, sp.). The aim of this research was to analyze the health of Wader fish based on tits hematological profile. This study utilized descriptive method and conducted in three sites of Brantas River that located in Malang city, Indonesia. We took water quality parameters data to obtain Pollution Index of the river and blood samples to evaluate the hematological profile of wader fish caught in research area. Further analysis to evaluate relationship between water quality factors and hematological profile of Wader fish was performed by using Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) with the support of PAST software version 4.06. The results showed that pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), ammonia and total suspended solid (TSS) of the study area were within the normal range, while the biological oxygen demand (BOD) value was above the standard. In addition, Pollution Index of this research suggested that Brantas River condition was low polluted. Meanwhile, the analysis of hematological profile of wader fish in terms of erythrocytes and hemoglobin were below than the recommended value, leukocytes were normal, and micronuclei were above the standard.

The Lekok Coast is part of Pasuruan Regency which has various community activities. The condition of the waters is influenced by natural and anthropogenic factors which receive a lot of input loads from the mainland. These input load can come from human activities such as aquaculture, industry and domestic waste that enters through rivers and then empties into the coasts. These conditions can affect the fertility of eutrophic, mesotropic or oligotropic waters. This study aims to determine the conditions of the waters based on the abundance of phytoplankton and the physical and chemical parameters of the waters to see the fertility status of the waters. The descriptive method is the method used in this study and the determination of the sampling point uses the purposive sampling method, the research was conducted in April – May 2019. Based on the results of the abundance of phytoplankton in the coastal waters of Lekok, it is classified into waters that have oligotrophic fertility levels. The results of observations and measurements of physical and chemical parameters in the coastal waters of Lekok showed that several parameters that support the growth of phytoplankton are less than optimal, such as temperature, brightness and nitrogen elements.

Research on the potential fishing ground for demersal fishing is a way to determine the areas that have the potential for fishing activities. Potential fishing ground mapping can be done by observing the dynamics of oceanographic parameters. The use of satellite imagery helps in providing oceanographic data in order to study the variability of oceanographic parameter. The aim of the study was to analyse the relationship between oceanographic parameter and demersal fish catch in order to validate potential fishing grounds for demersal fish. This research has been conducted in the waters of the Riau islands. Field observations and data collection including surveys of fishing grounds and identification of fish catches were carried out during March to August 2020. To support the analysis, Aqua-Modis Level-3 satellite data was used to observe the oceanographic variations. The data used in the analysis consisted of fishing grounds coordinate information, catches, sea surface temperature, chlorophyll-a, water depth, and salinity. The results showed that during the period 2010-2020, oceanographic dynamics did not experience significant changes or tended to be stable. Most of the research areas indicated appropriate categories for fishing activities based on the research parameters analysis. The correlation of the research parameters described a significant effect on fishing activities.

Application of safety assessment and risk analysis using a risk-based approach for ship stability in ship operations at sea. However, there are currently no specific criteria and computational methods for risk assessment of ship stability. Based on the stability requirements for fishing activities at sea, the ship stability criteria will be explained in detail in this study. Calculation of stability used to obtain the GZ enforcement arm is carried out with the help of software for the shaking period using the International Maritime Organization (IMO) formula. Next, how to calculate parameters and determine certain coefficients for risk assessment of ship stability, and how to redraw the stability curve. Finally, proposed method is applied to ship model with comments and recommendations for monitoring to provide and overview. The study result indicate that the five loading conditions that occur on the ship have good stability by the criteria set by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The value of GMt in each condition includes condition 1 and so on, 0.48; 0.48; 0.47; 0.46; 0.43. The results are presented in the form of F-N. Finally the sensitivity of the model is evaluated along with the assessment of associated uncertainties. The FN graph represents acceptable areas and unacceptable areas. Based on the results of data processing, the highest GM at GM Load-case 5 0.638 meters is in the Acceptable area. While Load-case 1 to Load-case 4 GM values sequentially Load-case 1: 0.487 meters; Load-case 2: 0.488 meters; Load-case 3: 0.47 meters; Load-case 4: 0.468 meters; is in an unacceptable area Unacceptable.

The Sail River has been polluted by various types of pollutants in Pekanbaru. Raffia-cord is shaped like a feather duster, made of raffia rope that has been smoothed and then woven like a feather duster. This research was conducted as an effort to reduce the river pollutants (nitrate, phosphate, ammonia, Pb, Cr, COD, and BOD₅. The study was carried out in Sail River in March – April 2019 using the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method with density variations: low density (P1), medium density (P2), and high density (P3). The average results showed that the decrease for nitrate was 0.075-0.117 mg/L (35-44%) from 0.136-0.347 mg/L; phosphate 0.205-0.267 mg/L (29-40%) from 0.339-0.381 mg/L; ammonia 0.027-0.076 mg/L (28-58%) from 0.093-0.108 mg/L. The decreasing effectiveness of P1, P2, and P3 for Pb were 67.146%, 70.465% and 67.242%; for Cr were 81.346%, 83.335% and 81.893%. The average COD reduction effectiveness were 38.7%; 46.9%; 42.5% while BOD₅ were 71.4%, 74.1% and 69.5%. It was concluded that raffia-cord could be used to reducing nitrate, phosphate, and ammonia levels, raffia-cord was able to reduce the concentration of Pb and Cr but raffia-cord had no significant effect on decreasing COD and BOD₅.

Fishery resources in Mandah Subdistrict, Indragiri Hilir Regency in Riau Province, has considerable potential and are important resources for the community. However, the utilization of these fishery resources is sometimes carried out in ways that violate the provisions, both positive legal provisions and provisions in customary law that live in the Mandah community. For this reason, it is necessary to examine the role of traditional leaders in conserving fishery resources in Mandah District. The research method used is sociological legal research, with the main data source being primary legal materials, namely binding legal materials, both written and unwritten. The result of the research is that traditional leaders have an important role in conserving fishery resources. They act as institutions that disseminate customary provisions, receive reports on violations of the law that occur and become mediator or judges for violations of the law, especially in the field of fishery resources. Traditional leaders in Mandah play an important role in preserving fishery resources due to the geographical location of Mandah Subdistrict which is quite far from the Regency Capital, causing the government apparatus and legal apparatus on duty in Mandah to be limited in number. In addition, through sanctions against perpetrators of violations, traditional leaders contribute to the protection of fishery resources in Mandah District.

Kampar River, Siak River, and Rokan River have different watersheds, and the water from these rivers is not interconnected. The results of this study can be used as a basis for managing aquatic resources in the Kampar River, Siak River, and Rokan River, Riau Province, Indonesia. This research was conducted in April 2017 – March 2018. The collection and measurement of water quality for each river consisted of three stations which were carried out based on SNI through the survey method twice, namely in the dry season and rainy season. The observed water quality parameters include physical, chemical, and biological parameters. The results of the next analysis are calculated using the STORET method using a value system from the United State-Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) which is adjusted to the Class III Water Quality Standard based on PP. 22 of 2021. The results of the analysis of the rain index value in the highest dry season is a score of -44 on the Rokan River, classified as class D with a score of -31 heavily polluted. The STORET score in the Kampar River and Siak River obtained -24, each classified as Class C, is included in the moderately polluted category. Meanwhile, in the rainy season the pollution index with the same pattern is highest in the Rokan River -40, then Kampar River, and Siak River each -20. The water quality standard used in this study is class III because it still supports fish farming activities. Based on Government Regulation Number 22 of 2021 concerning water quality standards, class III is water whose designation can be used for freshwater fish aquaculture, animal husbandry, and gardens irrigation. The Storet method is carried out by collecting water quality data and measuring data from each water parameter compared to the value of class III water quality standards.

Nothing is known about the population dynamics of Macrobrachium spp. or freshwater decapods in Palawan that hence received little attention to conservation studies that are imperative to establish sustainable management proposals. Thus, this paper provides information on the natural distribution and abundance of Macrobrachium spp. in Palawan to address threats to their survival. Preliminary findings through key informant's interviews suggest the distribution and abundance of these species in Palawan's river system. Generally, Macrobrachium spp. are present in all river systems in the province. However, the respondents observed that the population started to decline during the late 1990s attributed to the rampant use of organic pesticides/insecticides for agricultural purposes and intensive quarrying activities stretched along with the river systems in some of the municipalities in Palawan. Results also annotated that the local populations use these animals as food without official regulations, which may be additional pressure on freshwater prawns. The abundance of the Macrobrachium spp. is affected by human interventions and the destruction of their natural habitat and populations. Management measures should be considered from the economic conditions of freshwater prawns for effective management strategy and conservation efforts for future generations.

Embryos of the genus Oryzias have long been used as sentinel organisms in ecotoxicological research. Compared with animal models from mammals, Oryzias embryo offers several advantages such as being cost-effective, more sensitive, rapid and produce very little waste. In ecotoxicological studies, it is necessary to have inter-laboratory calibration on used techniques between one laboratory and another, so that the used techniques are reliable. Inter-laboratory calibration between laboratories requires transferring embryos from one laboratory to another. For this purpose, research has been carried out to compare the survival of embryos reared in water and non-water (dry) media until they hatch. The results showed that the embryos reared with dry media hatched one day faster than those raised in water media. The dry-incubated embryo also had an average total length longer than those incubated with embryo rearing media (ERM). In this study, it was concluded that fish embryos of Oryzias celebensis could be transported dry for up to five days.

Corbicula moltkiana is a mussel species in Lake Maninjau and one of the targeted fisheries resources in the lake. This study aimed to determine the feasibility of a controlled growth experiment of mollusk biota in describing their natural growth. The assessment was carried out in areas with different habitats in shore lake, namely sand and gravel-stone substrates. A consecutive 12 month- sampling was carried out from June 2013 to May 2104 using a Surber sampler at a 1-3 m depth were used to assess the wild population growth. Moreover, the growth of the controlled population was observed by rearing various sizes of mussels in artificial substrate namely three small baskets which installed in the shore area with 1-3 m depth at each station for four months. Monthly sampling was carried out to measure the shell length. The growth of C. moltkiana on wild population by VBGF methods show that at the gravel-stone substrate was higher, but the growth a controlled population in artificial substrate seemed in the sand substrate was higher than that in the gravel-stone substrate. The growth of aquatic biota in a controlled system (especially C. moltkiana) does not always reflect similar conditions to their wild growth.

Cirata Reservoir is a place for fish cultivators who mostly cultivate tilapia using floating net cages. However, water quality conditions, especially dissolved oxygen levels, which play an important role in tilapia culture in floating net cages are always uncertain and affect the growth of tilapia. Therefore, artificial aeration is needed that is able to increase dissolved oxygen levels so that it is suitable for tilapia culture by using Aearator Dua Lapis (ADL) engine. This study aims to inject dissolved oxygen into the surface layer of the reservoir by applying the ADL engine with gasoline. ADL operated at 1800, 4500, and 5500 rpm with a torque of 3.5 N/m² and the DO value is recorded every 10 minutes up to 1440 minutes, the results of DO value were recorded and analyzed by using descriptive statistic and statistically using ANOVA with a single factor showed that the rotation has a very significant effect on the resulting DO value (p<0.01). For ADL operation in floating net cages, 4500 rpm rotation was used at certain depth (0.4 m; 1 m; 1.5 m) and the DO value measured at 4.00 am to 2.00 am (22 hours) in aerated floating net cages and without aerated floating net cages.Aerated floating net cages have a higher DO value, especially at a depth of 0.4 m. ADL as an aerator in floating net cages has a very significant effect (p<0.01) in increasing the DO value in floating net cages at a depth of 40 cm to 1.5 m. This proved that the use of ADL is able to increase the DO value in floating net cages in the first layer with a depth of up to 4 m and ADL also can be used as emergency aeration or supplemental aeration for tilapia culture.

Global warming and climate changes were of the main environmental concern of marine scientist in the last three decade. As a biodiversity hotspot, marine coastal ecosystem faced an environmental threat because of increasing sea surface temperature (SST) and land base effluent, which in turn had an impact on the biodiversity of megabenthic faunal on coral reef community. The present paper studied the current condition of reef ecosystem as well as biodiversity of megabenthic community in Petong Island, a core zone of Batam Marine Management Area (BMMA), Riau Archipelago Province. Gradual changes of physical and chemical properties of seawater originated from coastal activities presumably has caused an effect on benthic faunal community structure. It revealed that benthic lifeform coral cover account for 30,53%, categorized into fairly good, whereas abiotic sand cover of 16,53%. The lifeform consists of Acropora (AC)1.73% and non-Acropora 28,80%. Death coral with algae (DCA) account for 40,40% and death corall (DC) 2,80%, Soft Corall (SC) 1,20%, fleshy seaweed (FS) 0,07%, other fauna (OT) 1,47%, and rubble (R) 7,00%. Apparently, only 4 of target species megabenthic fauna from eight, were eccounterred including; seaurchin (Diadema sp.), topshell (Drupella sp.), giant clam (Tridacna sp.), trochus (Trochus sp.), with density of each megabenthic fauna calculated 5929, 1857, 71 and 71 ind/ha, respectively. It appeared that sea urchin were the highest density and followed by topshell (Drupella sp). Sea urchin were noted as a bioindicator of reef ecosystem health. High density of sea urchin may indicate that reef in unhealthy state. The presence of Diadema Sitosum indicate that dead coral were present and it feed on algae growing in dead coral. High density of sea urchin may indicate that reef in unhealthy state

A survey of marine bivalves for species diversity was conducted at five locations in the current study; Three stasiun at Dumai city beach those are Silensing, Bandar Bakau, Basilam Baru, Sri Tanjung, and Pulau Payung beach of Rupat Island Strait, Riau Povince. Indonesia. The goal of this study was to learn more about the marine bivalves that live in the Rupat Island strait. From July to August 2020, marine bivalves were collected during spring low tides from intertidal zones and shallow coastal waters. From the Strait of Rupat Island, 13 bivalves belonging to 11 genera, 11 families and 8 orders were discovered. During the research, bivalves from the families Pectinidae, Placunidae, Arcidae, Trapezidae, Veneridae Ostreidae, Corbiculidae, and Psammobiidae were recorded during the study. The number of bivalves in each family reveals that two species belongs to the Arcidae family and two to the Cyrenidae family. Corbiculidae, Placunidae, Trapezidae, and Psammobiidae each had one species reported. The abundance of each species found was extremely low, it is not feasible to be presented quantitatively. The most common species encountered in the strait were Anadara granosa, Polymesoda erosa, Polymesoda expansa, and Pharella acutidens. The anthropogenic activities of Dumai city and Rupat Island, such as the discharge of industrial wastes, residential sewage, overfishing, habitat loss, overharvesting and tourism, could cause variations in bivalves abundance in the Strait of Rupat Island.

The Sail River flows through the Pekanbaru City area which functions as a hydrological reservoir and main drainage channel. This river is affected by tides. Development along the Sail River Basin may affects the aquatic ecosystems. The research was conducted to determine the quality of the Sail River water and how it relates to the tides. Sampling was carried out two times during June-July 2021 in high and low tide conditions. The water quality parameters measured were temperature, TSS, pH, dissolved oxygen, BOD, COD, oil and fat, and Pb metal. Results showed that the temperature, COD, and Pb were significantly different at high tide and low tide conditions. On the other hand, during low and high tides condition, the value of TSS, pH, dissolved oxygen, BOD, oil, and fat were not significantly different. Dissolved oxygen levels during high and low tide ranged from 2.00 -3.00 mg/l and 1.00 -1.70 mg/l respectively. The Pb content during high and low tides ranged from 0.12-0.16 mg/l. In the present study, the values of dissolved oxygen and Pb content does not meet the water quality standards of Government Regulation No. 22/2021 (Class III).

The mangrove ecosystem is one of the coastal ecosystems that has important ecological roles and functions in supporting marine and fishery resources. Marine and fisheries resources are largely determined by the contribution of mangrove litter. The aims of this study was to determine the production of Rhizophora mangrove leaf litter in Sungai Bersejarah mangrove ecosystem, and to determine the value of environmental parameters related to litter. The research was conducted in January until March 2021 in Sungai Bersejarah mangrove area Kayu Ara Permai, Siak Regency. Line transect plot were used to calculate the density of Rhizophora. Rhizophora litter production was measured using the trap net method placed at three sampling site. Three litter trap nets measuring 1 m x 1 m are placed at each station. Rhizophora tree density ranges from 316 - 444 ind./ha. The production of Rhizophora mangrove leaf litter in Sungai Bersejarah mangrove ecosystem was 0.82 – 1.39 g/m²/day (3.00 – 5.09 ton/ha/year), average was 4.11 ton/ha/year. Analysis of variance test showed that there was a significant difference in Rhizophora leaf litter production between sampling points with different Rhizophora tree densities (p<0.05). Mangrove vegetation density has a moderate relationship (r=0.43) to the production of Rhizophora mangrove leaf litter. Environmental parameters indicate that the condition of the Sungai Bersejarah mangrove ecosystem is still good and can support the life of mangrove vegetation.

This research was carried out in August to September 2019 at Bengkalis Waters, Riau Province. This study goals to describe the water quality statues and to determine the species composition, abundance and biological index of planktonic diatom in the Bengkalis waters. Survey method was applied in this research which are 5 stations established, with 3 sampling points in each station. The stations were determined purposively based on antrophogenic activities conducted in that area. Diatom samples were filtered from surface water as much as 100 liters by using plankton net number 25, and the samples were then observed using an Olympus CX 21 microscope (magnification 10 x 10 and 10 x 40) and were identified. The value of water quality at each station indicates that the water is in normal range and it may support the growth of diatoms. There were 20 spesies of planktonic diatoms recorded in the Bengkalis waters. There were 2 species, namely Coscinodiscus sp. and Navicula sp. that were found in each station. Meanwhile, the abundance of plankatonic diatoms ranged from 23,041.80 to 286,693.18 ind/l. The average of biological indices values are as follows: diversity index 1.39-2.32, dominance index 0.24 to 0,48 ind / l, and the uniformity index 0.55 to 0.87 ind / l. The biological indices values indicated that the Bengkalis Waters can be categorized as moderate polluted water and there is no dominant species.

Bivalves is the second most diverse group of molluscs after gastropods, they are also one of the most important members in marine ecosystems. Their taxonomic classifications are based on their morphology which tend to represent adaptation responses to ecology. The samples of bivalves examined in this study were taken in the South Bintan waters by Marine Geological Research and Development Center, Bandung. Identification of the bivalves shell samples was with the aid of a microscope and NIS-Elements software and identified using an identification book. There were 34 species of bivalves found in South Bintan Waters belong to 14 families. The highest abundance was in Station 1 the location close to the overflow of the river and a harbor (1162.5 ind.m-2) and the lowest was in Station 10 the location Station 10 the location close to a small island which is usually used as a tourist spot (62.5 ind.m-2). Their diversity and eveness index were included in the medium category with H' value of 0.58-4.12 and e value of 0.11-0.89 respectively. There was species dominance in Station 3 (Liralucina lyngei of Lucinidae) and 10 (Cardites bicolor of Carditidae) but not in other stations. Both species was the most frequent species. Bivalves in South Bintan waters showed many different morphologies which represented their adaptation. The bivalve shells found were of different morphology. There are several forms of bivalve shell morphology that have shape round like species Chama japonica, triangular like species Gemma gemma, fragile like species Dendostrea rosacea. The shell decorations found in the bintan Bivalves samples are Spinose, Commarginally, Commarginally and radially ribbed. The hinge teeth are heteroodont, isodont, and schizodont.

Citanduy river is one of the priority watersheds in West Java. Information on capture fisheries resources in Citanduy, however, river is limited. The aim of this study was to assess the information of capture fisheries resources in that river. The method used in this study was a survey method, by collecting data in the field, and then analyzed it in the laboratory. This research was conducted in 2018. Samples of fish were collected through the active participation of fishers with various types of fishing gear. The identification of fish and fishing gear used some references. Some fish caught were preserved in formalin solution and identified. The dominant catch in Citanduy River is Mystacoleucus marginatus and Cyprinus carpio. Other economic fishes catch in Citanduy river are Oreochromis niloticus, Osteochilus vittatus, O. mossambicus, Trichogaster trichopterus, Hemibragus nemurus, Hampala macrolepidota, Channa striata, Moolgarda seheli, and Glossogobius giurus. The fishing gears used by fishers are hooks and lines, cast nets, scope nets, traps, and gill nets. The inland capture fishery in Citanduy river is still a secondary sector for the interests of local government.The current condition of capture fisheries in Citanduy is not the main livelihood for fishers. The inland capture fisheries in Citanduy is still using a simple fishing gear and do not have more complex tools. Citanduy river has potential source of economic and protein food, particularly for local community. Regarding in these potential, management of environment could be the major domains in fisheries management. The policy of local government in handling non-selective fishing gear and restocking activity could be maintain the sustainable fish resources in Citanduy river.

Dugongs are generally shy animals, so observing their existence is very limited to hundreds of meters. In contrast to the behavior of Dugong who lives in the coastal waters of Mali, Kabola Regency, Indonesia. Its uniqueness can interact with humans at a very close distance and can even be on the back. It is, therefore, necessary to explore other behavioral patterns and habits and biophysical habitats of Dugongs as information to maintain their survival. This research aims to find out the behavior and biophysics of dugong habitat in the coastal waters of Mali, Kabola Subdistrict, Indonesia. The study uses direct observation methods in the form of observing the characteristics and biophysical conditions of dugong habitats including (1) determining dugong activity areas using GPS coordinates; (2) observe habitat characteristics and biophysical conditions by observing biotic and abiotic conditions, and (3) measuring physicochemical parameters, namely temperature, salinity, and pH. Next, to observe the daily behavior of dugongs when interacting with their habitat environment in the form of time: breathing, going around the boat, swimming at the bottom, swimming on the surface, swimming in the water column, resting at the bottom, eating and exposing the back. In the observations, dugongs swimming around the ship immediately responded and then approached and rubbed his body to the leg then through the pectoral fins that tried to hug to get a leg on the model being tested. Then turn under the boat and remove the penis. In general, the biophysical conditions of sandy and dense habitats are overgrown with seagrass.

Lakes have an important role in hydrological and biochemical cycle. It also has some other crucial role such as domestic and industrial water use as well as irigation. The monitoring and management of this aquatic resources is crucial. But with many numbers of lakes, it is very challenging to manage them all. Clustering lakes can provide the answer so the management of the same cluster lakes may be done efficiently. Within this study, morphometry data of 6 lakes in Kampar Regency, Riau Province, were analyzed by using one of artificial intelligence branch which is machine learning. Morphometrical data are collected by using information geographic system. These data then categorized by using python language. This categorization based on data mining categorization algorithm named K-means. Based on the K-means machine learning clustering, the optimum cluster based on Elbow methid is k=3. But there is a possibility to look around for k=2. Based on K=3, cluster 3 is defined as the lowest values of all atribute. Based on k=2, the lowest value of morphometry data wiil be in the cluster 1.. These data will not only provide basic data such as total area, shape, width and length, but also help to understand the large scale hydrological models.

Macrobrachium rosenbergii in Riau Province are almost found in all inland waters, especially in the big rivers, namely Indragiri, Kampar, Siak and Rokan. This species are still the main catch of fishermen even the catch has decreased. Deforestation along the watershed, decreasing water quality and habitat have a very bad impact on Macrobrachium rosenbergii. This study was conducted to determine the relationship of carapace length-weight and the condition factor of Macrobrachium rosenbergii in the rivers of Riau Province. The study used a survey method from May to June 2021. Data collection was carried out in the rivers of Riau Province at the center for giant prawns. Sampling was done randomly from the catches of fishermen. The biological parameters measured were carapace length and weight. The results showed that the relationship between carapace length and weight of giant prawns in the Siak River, Rokan River and Kampar River are 0.0008L^2.8473, 0.0049L^2.3906 and w = 0.0014L^2.643, respectively. The length of the carapace can determine the weight of prawns up to 78.62-96.62%, where the relationship between carapace length and weight is very close. The growth pattern of giant prawns is allometric and the condition factor is 1.03-1.05.

Eel has a savory meaty taste and contains high levels of Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The purpose of this observation was to determine intensive rearing techniques for eel (Anguilla bicolor bicolor) at the UPTD KPSDKP for Conservation and Supervision of Marine Fishery Resources of Sicincin, West Sumatra. The preparations conducted for rearing the eel consist of providing seeds, pond preparation, water supply, feed management, water quality control, disease control, growth sampling, and harvesting eel for consumption size. The eel seeds were obtained from natural catches of glass eel in the Cimandiri river, Pelabuan Ratu, West Java. Preparation of the eel pond included cleaning the concrete pond, filling the water by observing the water input into the eel pond. The provision of water for eel rearing was obtained directly from the Kapalo Ilalang Sicincin irrigation channel to the holding tanks before flowing to the eel rearing pond. Feeding management was carried out 2 times a day, namely the percentages of feeding in the morning (35 %) and at night (55%) with a feeding rate of 3%-5%. The feed provided to these eels was in the form of a paste made of powdery pellets. Measurements of water quality for eel rearing during observations were temperature (27-29°C), pH (6-7), DO (5.9-7.8 ppm), salinity (3-4 ppt) and NH₃ (0.02-0.07 mg/l). In our observations, parasites shaped like cotton were discovered, which attacked the eel body, causing death. In growth sampling, the measurement of the length and body weight of the eel once a month is necessary to be done.

Cymothoid isopod research is relatively scarce in the Philippines, despite the local economic significance of bigeye scad as an inexpensive source of protein and other nutrients. Isopod parasitism has also been shown to have detrimental effects on their fish hosts. The current study aimed to define the host-parasite relationship between cymothoid isopod and bigeye scad by determining cymothoid isopod prevalence, intensity, and host-parasite length correlations in bigeye scad (Selar crumenophthalmus) hosts sourced from Batangas, Philippines. Fish samples were sampled from the Tagaytay City Market in Cavite, which sources fish directly from Batangas. Fish samples were immediately measured and inspected for isopods in the branchial and buccal cavities. Isopods found were extracted, measured, and preserved in ethanol for identification. The isopods were identified as cymothoid isopods and consisted mostly of Norileca indica specimens and one Glossobius impressus. Prevalence and mean intensity of cymothoid isopod infections in bigeye scad were 30% and 1.6, respectively. A possible correlation between isopod size and host size was speculated for non-ovigerous female isopods, but data for male and ovigerous female isopod specimens were inconclusive. The host-parasite size relationships between bigeye scad and isopods are less likely based on body size of either the host or the parasite and are more likely based on other factors such as host cavity size.

Dried fish has become one of the favourite food for Indonesian. The drying technology has been passed down through generations especially in the coastal communities due to its simplicity. Despite the long history of dried fish in Indonesia, some problems need to be addressed. Maintaining the quality for both domestic and global markets in an integrated and sustainable manner is still standing as the major problem. Formalin residue had been found in some dried fish products in several areas in Indonesia. This safety matter is also drawn both researcher's and policy maker's attention. Several possible solutions are offered to iron out the issues. The development of new technology which easy to adopt and low cost is needed. A combination drying machine can be an alternative to solve the problems. The machine is designed to be able to operate using both electrical and solar sources. The machine can yield a good quality product which can be used throughout the year.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Indonesia have grown quite rapidly and play an important role in modern economies. Many innovative products have been developed; however, the monitoring of product quality is rare. The aim of this study was to perform a comparative evaluation of the characteristics of agar sheet products from local MSMEs in Java Island, Indonesia. Moisture content, acid-insoluble ash content, total mould count, heavy metals (Pb, Zn, and As, Cu, Sn, Hg) and gel strength of three different agar sheet products were evaluated. Moreover, evaluation of its commercial packaging was carried out according to the regulation of the National Agency of Drug and Food Control (NADFC). The results reveal that the moisture content of agar sheets ranged from 17.48 % to 21.64 %, the acid-insoluble ash contents were lower than the maximum limit by Indonesian National Standard (INS), whereas according to the sensory inspection, the presence of mould was not found. Heavy metals were found at low levels, below the maximum allowable limit by INS. However, all agar sheets have poor gel strength (approximately 32.24 g/cm² – 77.49 g/cm²). The result of packaging evaluation showed that neither packaging design, nor packaging label of all agar sheet products were excellent. The packaging label was prepared inappropriately according to NADFC. In conclusion, these agar characteristics and packaging quality were lack the minimum standard required. Therefore, product enhancements, such as processing and packaging innovations can be introduced to meet the minimum standard and improve the quality.

The edible film is a thin sheet that functions as a coating or packaging material on foods that may be eaten simultaneously as packaged products. The ingredient that is often used is alginate made from seaweed. The advantage of using seaweed as a bioplastic material is that it can be produced in a large quantity, low price, and is non-toxic; it can also produce bioplastic that resembles conventional plastic. The experimental method with two components of Completely Randomized Factorial Design was employed in this study (CRFD), the concentration of Gracilaria seaweed powder with four levels (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 1%) and concentration of alginate with three levels (1%, 1.25%, dan 1.5%). The result showed that the concentration of seaweed powder and concentration of alginate that used in the making of the edible film had a significant effect on the quality of the edible film on all parameters, which is thickness, moisture content, tensile strength, elongation, water vapor transmission rate, water-solubility, color, opacity and surface morphology. There is an interaction between the concentration of seaweed powder and concentration of alginate at the significant effect on the quality of the edible film, which is a concentration of seaweed powder at the level of 1.5% and concentration of alginate at the level of 1.5%. The film has a the thickness of 0.25mm, moisture content of 6.94%, tensile strength of 54.29 Mpa, elongation of 3.26%, the water solubility of 64.41%, water vapor transmission rate of 3242 g/cm²/24 h, and opacity of 81.7%.

Skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) is an essential part of tuna, skipjack tuna, and mackerel tuna trades in Indonesia as the species is an economic commodity with export value. Tomini Bay is one of the areas in Indonesia with intensive skipjack tuna exploitation activities using purse seine fleets. Such a high fishing rate requires management efforts to maintain the species population's sustainability. This study was conducted in April 2018–December 2019 at a fish landing site in Gorontalo City with a total sample of 8,833 skipjack tunas. The population dynamics, recruitment, and utilization rate were analyzed using FISAT II application and ELEFAN program. The results showed that the length at first capture (Lc) was 31.8 cmFL (in 2018) to 32.2 cmFL (in 2019) at around 1.3 year old. The fish recruitment occurred all year long, peaking in May at 16.12%. In addition, the utilization rate (E) of the species was 0.47, meaning that the species was already moderate to fully exploited. The suggested practical management efforts to maintain the population of the skipjack tunas in the area are to stop the fishing efforts from growing and control the size of the mesh for fishing.

Toman fish (Channa micropeltes) is a type of freshwater fish that belongs to the genus Channa which is the largest size compared to the others and has high protein. This study aims to obtain the isolate of toman fish protein (Channa micropeltes) by the method of pH regulation using star fruit acid. Wuluh star fruit acid is used as a substitute for HCl in making fish protein isolates to reduce pH. This research method uses a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The treatments consisted of (P1 = pH 4, P2 = pH 5, P3 = pH 6). The results showed that star fruit acid can replace HCl as a protein precipitant and P1 (pH 4) obtained the most isolates, namely an average protein content of 91.64% (db), a moisture content of 1.67%, ash content of 2.06 % (db), fat content of 2.74% (db), yield of 88.46%, and total amino acid composition of 61.30%, where the type of amino acid that dominates is glutamic acid (12.30%). Glutamic acid amino acid is the one that influences a lot in giving pH isoelectric point, in the treatment of P1 with pH 4 making isolates of toman fish protein to be the best treatment, because glutamic acid has an isoelectric point of 3.22 which is the closest to pH 4 plus also the pH of isoelectric point from other amino acids.

Berunok has been a commodity with low economic value, so it is necessary to use Berunok which has high nutritional value. This study aims to determine the proximate content of P. australis. Parameters measured were yield value and proximate analysis of berunok flour. This study consisted of two stages, namely sample preparation and manufacture of berunok flour, analysis of the chemical composition of berunok flour. The research design used a completely randomized design (CRD). The results showed that berunok flour had a dry texture, very smooth, and brownish in color. While the chemical composition contained in Berunok flour is water content of 8.19%, ash content of 37.21% (db), protein content of 48.78% (db ), fat content of 3.44% (db), and carbohydrate content by a difference of 10.57% (db). The average yield value of 83.34%.

Composite flour is a mixture of fish flour and sago flour to increase nutrition in food products. This study aims to increase the nutritional value of food products with sago flour as raw material. Composite flour from fish and sago flour were 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% Biang fish to the amount of sago flour. The results of the research on fish flour Ilisha elongata showed a yellowish-white color with a whiteness degree of 75.8%. Fish flour has a yield of 28.9% with a fineness level on a 100-mesh sieve. The results show the characteristics of the composite flour of Biang fish and sago, respectively, the color of the flour was white-gray to cream color; having nutritional characteristics, respectively, the moisture content is 9.62%; 9.57%; 9.55%; 9.42%; 9.26%, and 9.20%. The protein content was 0.25%; 3.58%; 4.09%; 4.99%; 5.98%, and 6.39%. The fat content was 0.41%, 0.24%, 0.29%; 0.37%; 0.40%; 0.42%. The ash contained 0.27%, 0.34%, 0.50%, 0.57%, 0.69%, and 0.76%. The carbohydrates were 89.45%; 86.27%; 85.57%; 84.65%; 83.67%, and 83.23%. The calcium content was 1130 mg/kg; 1901 mg/kg; 2687 mg/kg; 2770 mg/kg; 2827 mg/kg and 2869 mg/kg. The addition of fish flour can increase the nutritional value of composite flour made from sago flour and has the potential to develop nutritious food products.

Edible film is a thin layer used to coat food. One of the biopolymers that can be used as a base for the edible film is fish gelatin. Gelatin can be obtained from the skin of Lethrinus lentjan. However, edible film is usually brittle if only gelatin is used, so other materials, such as pectin, are needed to form an elastic film. This study aims to determine the effect of pectin addition on the characteristics of the edible film. The method used in this research was the experimental method with five treatments of pectin concentration (0%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%). Physical and chemical characteristics (thickness, tensile strength, elongation, water vapor transmission, and moisture content) of edible films were analyzed. The results showed that different concentrations of pectin significantly affected the characteristics of edible film. The best characteristics of edible film (0.12 mm thickness, 15.40 MPa tensile strength, 26.50% elongation, 6.99 gram/m2 24 h water vapor transmission rate, and 8.745% moisture content) were obtained as 0.2% pectin added in making the gelatin-based edible film.

Indonesia has many potential marine source, such as tuna (Thunnus albacares) fish, and supported with rich biodiversity including Moringa oleifera leaves. Tuna fish is a very potential protein source which can be develop in many potential food product, such as fishball. This research was conducted to determine the effect of Moringa oleifera leaves addition on the characteristic of tuna fishball. The fishball were made from tuna fish, mixed with local flour, i.e. modified cassava flour (mocaf) flour, tapioca flour, and sago flour. Fresh moringa leaves was added to fishball with three different concentration (10%,20%,30%) and followed by the evaluation of chemical characteristic, including water content, ash content, protein content, fat content, carbohydrate content, antioxidant activity, and sensory characteristic, including hedonic test and descriptive test. The chemical analysis of the fishball showed that the addition of moringa leaves increased the water content to 4.84%, protein content to 7.25%, antioxidant activity to 3.03% and decreased the fat content to 0.18%. The most preferred fishball product from the sensory analysis was the fishball with 10% moringa leaves addition. The hedonic sensory test showed that the overall acceptance of the fishball with 10% moringa leaves addition was not significantly different with the fishball without moringa leaves addition. This study indicated that a healthy fishball could be made from tuna fish mixed with local flour and moringa leaves.

There have been many efforts to increase agricultural productivity as a step to improve farmers' welfare, one of which is through food diversification. Processing sago into various kinds of processed food products is a strategic to accelerate sago diversification. The market potential for sago starch in Riau Province is quite growing along with the local food products development. The purpose of this study was to analyze practical steps as an acceleration of sago food diversification so that opportunities could be identified in improving the welfare of sago farmers in Riau Province. This study used a survey method through interviews and direct observation regarding raw materials and processing methods for sago-based food products and the development of sago diversification products. As a support, secondary data is used through documents and reports related to local processed food in Riau Province, nutritional aspects, community and farmer empowerment, as well as increasing added value of products as supporting economic aspects. It was analyzed through a comparison between the increase in population and the potential for sago production. The existing diversified sago food products have good consumer acceptance and nutritional aspects.

This research aims to determine the chemical composition (proximate) of chitosan and chitin, The best deacetylation temperature for obtaining chitosan, and the yield of chitosan and chitin from mud crab. This research was conducted in two stages, that is: 1) Preparation of mud crab flour and 2) Extraction and analysis of chitin and chitosan. The experimental design used for chitosan isolation was Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The process of deacetylation chitin becomes chitosan by using 50% NaOH with varying heating temperatures (120, 130, and 140°C). Parameters observed were yield, moisture content, ash content, and degrees of deacetylation. The result showed that the best chitosan was obtained by chitin deacetylation process into chitosan using a temperature of 130°C (KO2). Characteristics quality of the chitosan mud crab shell produced are KO1: yield 61.00%, moisture content 6.47%, ash content 17.18% (db), and degree of deacetylation 49.63%. KO2: yield 59.94%, moisture content 6.48%, ash content 14.85% (db) with degree of deacetylation 51.13%. KO3: yield 53,97, moisture content 6.54%, ash content 14.66% (db) and degree of deacetylation 52.63%. Characteristic quality of chitin included yield was 27.81%, moisture content 7.29%, ash 44.05%, and degree of deacetylation 33.09%.

Post-harvest handling and processing of fishery products is an aspect of the development of the fisheries industry in an area. Rokan Hilir Regency is one of the main fish-producing areas in Riau. This study aims to describe the profile of processed fishery and its development prospects in the future. This research was conducted from July to September 2020. Primary data was obtained through direct field observations of fish processing objects and accompanied by interviews with the owners and workers of the fish processing businesses. Interviews were also conducted with community leaders, related industries, government officials and academics. Secondary data was collected from reports of government and other agencies. Includes SWOT analysis, situation analysis, participatory analysis, problem analysis, objective analysis, and development analysis. Processed fish products in Rokan Hilir are; dried prawns, salted fish, prawn powder, fish meal, dried trash fish, fish lamps, shrimp paste and smoked fish. The centers for producing fish are sub-districts; Bangko, Pasir Limau Kapas, Sinaboi, Babussalam and Rantau Kopar. The long distance to consumers, difficulty in accessing production centers and limited supporting infrastructure are problems in processing fishery products in this area. The types of processed fish products that are more prospective are shrimp flour, salted fish and smoked fish. The recommended development strategies include; human resource training in the field of business management, providing stimulants and ongoing guidance from the government and industry.

This study aimed to determine the processing of gelatin of catfish skin using the papain enzyme in 3 different concentrations. The method used was an experiment with a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The experiment consisted of 2 factors, namely papain enzyme concentration and the immersion time of the enzyme with 3 replications. The first factor consisted of 3 levels, namely the use of papain enzymes P1 (2%), P2 (4%) and P3 (6%). The second factor, the immersion time consisted of 3 levels of 25 minutes (W1), 35 minutes (W2) and 45 minutes (W3). The data were analyzed by using CRD. The results showed that the combination of P2W1 showed the best viscosity and gel strength (6.77 CP and 115.17 g bloom).

Biscuits are additional food for toddlers. Biscuits on the market are biscuits that contain trans fatty acids which are less safe for toddlers to consume. Because it is necessary to create biscuits that are safe for toddlers to consume by adding fish oil in their manufacture, then biscuits can be given to children who are malnourished. Applications for biscuits are 50 grams/day for children whose body weight is less than WHO standards, 40 grams/day for children whose body weight is less than WHO standards, and 30 grams/day for children whose body weight is according to WHO standards. Every week (for 8 weeks) a toddler's body weight is measured, as well as observing motor, cognitive, language and social emotional development. Based on the initial weight of the child without the addition of biscuits, it is known 33.3% have a normal weight gain and 66.3% have a late weight gain. After biscuit administration, it was found that weight gain was in a better direction, with 87.4% having a normal weight according to their age and the remaining 13.6% still having late weight development, children whose initial weight was very less than WHO standards. Weight gain is greatly influenced by the number of biscuits given to toddlers. So anatomically, growth will occur in a child's body structure that increases proportionately with age. A lack of initial body weight will hinder the rate of weight gain of the child, can directly inhibit the growth of the child, as a result the proportion of the body structure of the child is not following their age which in the end it will have implications for other developments. Growth that occurs will affect the development of gross motor and fine motor skills, cognitive, language, and social-emotional toddlers.

Excessive use of non-alcoholic hand sanitizers irritate to the skin, moreover a burning effect, that alternative natural active compound is required, namely Sargassum plagyophillum extract. S. plagyophillum extract contains secondary metabolites that can act as antibacterial and can moisturize the skin. This research aimed to determine the microbiological and physical characteristics of S. plagyophillum of the non-alcoholic hand sanitizer. The sample used in this research was 2% S. plagyophillum extract obtained by maceration using methanol. The production of non-alcoholic hand sanitizers was conducted using other ingredients such as carbopol, triethanolamine, methyl paraben, propilen glycol, and distilled water. The test parameters were testing for gram-positive and gram-negative antibacterial activity, pH, and viscosity. The results showed that non-alcoholic hand sanitizer containing 2% S. plagyophillum extract had characteristics in the form of a gel with gram positive antibacterial activity (Listeria monocytogenes) with an inhibition zone of 2.50 mm, while gram negative antibacterial activity (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) with an inhibition zone of 4.33 mm. Subsequently, the pH value produced from the hand sanitizer containing S. plagyophillum was in accordance with recommended skin pH of 7.33. Meanwhile, based on the value of the viscosity, the hand sanitizer containing S. plagyophillum had a viscosity value according to the viscosity standard, namely 2600 cPs.

Chlorella sp. is a type of micro-sized green algae obtained in fresh or marine waters. However, many factors need to evaluate the growth of Chlorella sp. mainly the culture conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the culture conditions in optimizing the growth of Chlorella sp. newly isolated from Bagansiapiapi marine waters. The experiment was carried out at temperature ±25°C, light intensity 2300 Lux using TL-D lamp (36 W). There were six treatments as culture conditions for the cultivation of Chlorella sp.:1). Bean Sprouts (Vigna radiata) Extract Media (BSEM) with light continuously, 2. BSEM with a Photoperiod light:dark (10:14h), 3. Tofu waste media with light continuously, 4. Tofu waste media with a photoperiod light:dark (10: 14h), 5. Fish pellet solutions media (25%), 6. Fish pellet solutions media (50%). The parameter observed was the growth, cell density and the specific growth rate of Chlorella sp. every 2 days for 14 days of cultivation. Based on the results shown that the marine Chlorella sp. from Bagansiapiapi waters could be adapted to all treatments. Nevertheless, the use of BSEM light continuously obtained the highest cell density (27.75 x 10⁵ cell/ml) on 12 days and continues to increase until 14 days, while the other treatments had decreased. Furthermore, the Chlorella sp. obtained the specific growth rate was 0.42. Therefore, the marine Chlorella sp. from Bagansiapiapi could be cultivated in BSEM light continuously for further development as a functional food or bioactive source in pharmaceutical products.

This article has been retracted by the authors following an admission that this article is a duplicate publication [1].

IOP Publishing has investigated in line with the COPE guidelines, and agree that this article should be retracted.

The authors agree to this retraction.

[1] Wati N, Kasim M and Salwiyah, 2021, The existence of epiphyte on thallus Eucheuma denticulatum (Rhodophyceae) in varying depths cultivated with vertical net method. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 869 012008

Retraction published: 09 May 2022