Table of contents

Welcome to the Proceedings of the2021 Fourth International Conference for Agricultural and Sustainability Sciences (ICASS2021).

(ICASS2021), which was held during 4-5 October 2021, Babil, Iraq.

There are many practices usually used by people working in sustainable agriculture and sustainable food systems. Farmers may use techniques to improve soil health, reduce water usage, and lower contamination levels on the field. Customers concerned with sustainability can look for foods that are produced by environmentally friendly techniques. researchers in sustainable agriculture usually combine biology, economics, engineering, chemistry, community improvement, Though, sustainable agriculture is more than a bunch of practices. The International Conference on ICASS2021 will be a paramount and valuable event for scientists, researchers.

Hosted by College of Agriculture/University of Al-Qasim Green, The aim was intended to provide a technical conference and research studies on food, agriculture, environment, pollution, and how these techniques are effective on community development0 The Conference of AL-Qasim green university aimed to attract researchers, academicians, scientists, students together to share and present the latest research findings, and applications related to multiple regards of agriculture engineering, organic agriculture, agribusiness, animal nutrition, animal production, veterinary sciences, food science and technology, Environment, Soil Pollution food safety, and sovereignty, IT for Agriculture, renewable energy and other researches.

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All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

• Type of peer review: Single-blind/Double-blind/Triple-blind/Open/Other (please describe)

• The peer review of all research at the Fourth International Conference for Agricultural and Sustainability Sciences (ICASS2021) was double-blind, and every reviewer responsible for two research.

• Conference submission management system:

• A temporary account was used in the open conference system (OCS), for pkp company with help from University of Al-Qasim Green.

• Number of submissions received:

165 submissions received

• Number of submissions sent for review:

only 140 research sent for reviewers because 25 research did not comply with the conference instructions in terms of scientific creativity or scientific plagrisim less than 20%.

• Number of submissions accepted:

140 research was accepted only.

• Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted/Number of Submissions Received X 100):

Acceptance Rate equal (84.84 %)

• Average number of reviews per paper:

2 reviews for each paper.

• Total number of reviewers involved:

63 reviewers.

• Any additional info on review process:

The reviewers do not know the names of the authors, and the authors do not know who reviewed their manuscript.

Contact person for queries:

Name : Dr. Mohammed Ahmed Mohammed

Affiliation: University of Al-Qadisiyah

Email : mohammed.ahmed@qu.edu.iq

This work is done in rental house at Shaqlawa/Erbil city and It has been adapted to be a typical miniature field for experiment. (two month rearing ),for native layer at age (35week). Aimed of this experiment to investigate the effect of dietary 5% individual powder of black seeds, garlic and grinding of lettuce leaves on performance and egg quality traits of layer Hens. Atotal number of 64 layer distributed for four treatments, each of treatment included 16 hen and 4 cock, The treatments were as follows : T1 (control) without any addition, T2: 5% black cumin seeds powder, T3: 5% garlic powder, T4 : 5% lettuce leaves grinding. Result observed that T4 impact to improve the egg performance and color yolk egg, best value pointed in T1 for eggs phenotype characterized further for Albumin, yolk length/cm and significant (P≤0.05) with other treatments. Results also shown in T3 were the best value for egg shell strength (Kg/cm²). T2 observed better value for thickness, egg shell weight/g and percentage of egg shell. T3 obtained best value for yolk height and yolk Albumin index egg and H.U, followed by T2.

This study was carried out in two locations (the field part), first in the Ruminants Researches Station (20 km west of Baghdad), and the second in the Aldawar research station located in Anbar governorate (Up to 35 km west of Ramadi city), which included 87 animals from Awassi sheep. As for the laboratory part, it took place in two locations, the first in the Animal Breeding and Improvement Laboratory of the Ruminant Research Department, and the second in the Scientific Progress Laboratory/Baghdad. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between polymorphism of mtDNA-COI gene and growth traits, milk yield, and lactation period in Awassi sheep. DNA was extracted from the blood and the polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique was used to amplify the COI gene. DNA sequencing analysis. The results showed that there are 6 SNPs in a COI gene, there polymorphism for this gene also appeared (TT, CC). The 1^st site (5566), CC polymorphism achieved the highest percentages (39.09) compared with TT polymorphism, with an allelic frequency of 0.57. While it appeared in the 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, and 6^th sites the polymorphism TT and CC with percentages (79.31 and 20.69)%, (58.42 and 41.38)%, (20.69 and 79.31), (79.31 and 20.69)%, and with the allele frequency (0.79 and 0.21), (0.59 and 0.41), (0.21 and 0.79), (0.79 and 0.21) respectively. there were significant differences (P<0.05) of COI polymorphism in birth weight, weaning weight and gain from birth to weaning as the TT recorded the highest average for both traits (3.82, 25.39 and 21.57 kg respectively). The mean of daily milk yield for TT polymorphism was 330.21 gm/day, which significant (P<0.05) the CC polymorphism, no significant between COI polymorphism and lactation period. It was possible to conclude from this study the possibility of COI gene polymorphism in the development of genetic improvement strategies and breeding programs that achieved the best productive performance sheep.

This experiment was conducted at the poultry farm/Department of Animal Production/College of Agriculture/Al-Qasim Green University And for two experiments, The first for the period from 27/4/2019 to 7/6/2019 and the second from 1/7/2019 to 4/8/2019 for the second experiment to see the effect of adding different levels of astaxanthin to the broiler diet on some immune characteristics of broilers raised under environmental conditions Natural and elevated. Use 240 unsexed birds of one day age ROSS 308 strain, distributed randomly into five treatments by 48 birds/treatment and the birds of each treatment were divided into three replicates (16 birds/replicate). The chicks were fed on three diets that included the initiator, growth and final 23, 21.5 and 19.44% crude protein respectively, and the representative energy was 3000.5, 3100.7 and 3199.25 kcal/kg feed, respectively, in addition to the astaxanthin powder at levels 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 mg/kg of feed for T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatments, respectively. The results of the first trial showed a significant superiority (P<0.05) for treatment T2 in the relative weight of the fabrichia gland and for the fabrichia index, and significant superiority for treatment T5 and T3 in the size standard of antibodies directed against Newcastle disease, while treatment T2 and T3 outperformed the size criterion of antibodies directed against camboro disease compared With the control treatment T1, and the second trial, the additional factors T2, T3, T4 and T5 achieved significant superiority (P<0.01) in all the immunological characteristics studied by treatment T1. It is concluded from this study that the addition of astaxanthin to the broiler meat diet led to an improvement in the immune characteristics of broilers raised under normal and elevated environmental temperatures.

The estrogen receptor 1(ESR1) and estrogen receptor 2 (ESR2) plays a crucial role in the growth and development of follicles and ovulation in chickens. Fork-head box L2 (FOX L2) gene and its protein is active in several tissues, such as the ovaries, it has a pivotal role in ovarian development and function, like regulation of egg formation in poultry. This study aimed to detect the polymorphism of ESR1, ESR2 and, FOXL2 genes and investigate interaction between ESR1 and FOXL2 in the productive performance of brown local Iraqi chickens (BLIC). A total of 104 BLIC, at 17 weeks of age. Four novel single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs). Every polymorphism a number had been given according to its location within gene, one of them in ESR1 (T57198C) intron 3 with three genotypes: Wild(TT), Heterozygous(TC),and Homozygous(CC), and two SNPs within ESR2 were assessed, one of the identified SNPsT39565C transition located within intron 7 with two alleles(T and C)and three genotypes were found: Wild(TT), Heterozygous(TC),and Homozygous(CC), another SNPG40100A transition within (3 prime UTR), with two alleles (G and A)and three genotypes were found: Wild(GG), Heterozygous(GA)and Homozygous(AA) and the SNP in FOXL2 (C919T) gene with two genotypes: Wild(CC) and Heterozygous(CT) within encoding region were identified through PCR-DNA sequencing. An interaction between the ESR1 and FOXL2 genes has been proposed, and six haplotypes (H1=TTCC, H2=TTCT, H3=TCCC, H4=TCCT, H5=CCCC, H6=CCCT) were obtained due to interaction between these two SNPs. Chi-square analysis showed no significant in genotypic and allelic frequencies for each SNP which revealed those genes were agreement with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Association analysis of haplotypes with production traits revealed that individuals have H4 genotype achieved higher body weight at sexual maturity, at 60 weeks of age and egg weight at 45 and 60 weeks of age, whereas, the higher number of eggs were exhibited to individual with H6 from onset egg till 60 weeks of age. The two genotypes; TCCT and CCCT showed better combination than others with respect to production performance. In conclusion, our findings provided new evidence that the two SNPs (ESR1 and FOXLl2) with special interaction may have potential effects on productive traits of chickens and beneficial effects in laying breeding programs.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of adding chia (Salvia hispanica) to Japanese quail diet on productive performance and egg quality. A total of 240 female were randomly distributed into four treatments with three replicates per each (10 bird/replicate). The experimental treatments were as follows: T1 control (without any addition), T2.T3 and T4 involved adding 4,8 and 12 g chia seeds/kg diet respectively. Results showed a significant increasing in egg production% in T4 at most of experimental weeks, moreover, egg mass was increased in all addition treatments. Feed consumption was significantly increased in T4 at 4^th,5^th, and 8^th weeks, from other hand, T2 showed a significant improve in feed conversion ratio. With the progress in age, a significant increase was found in egg albumin and yolk height in T4. We can conclude from this study that adding chia seeds to Japanese quail female diet could increase egg production and feed consumption with the progress in age especially with the rate12g/kg diet.

The experiment was conducted in the poultry field of the Animal Production Department belonging to the college of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University for the period from 2/3/2020 to 3/16/2020. The 225 broiler chickens of Ross-308 were used in the experiment, aged one day, and provided with free feed and water, adlibitum, and the chicks were distributed into 5 groups and the groups were as follows, T1, without adding (control treatment). T2,T3 addition Resveratrol at a concentration of (250, 500 mg/kg feed) respectively. T4,T5 addition Oleuropein at a concentration of (250, 500 mg/kg feed) respectively. The results, Resveratrol and Oleuropein addition treatments were significantly excelled to the T1 control treatment in average final body weight and weight gain, and adding Resveratrol was better than Oleuropein, and the total gain, and the improvement of the feed conversion ratio for the addition treatments compared with the control treatmentT1.

lactobacilli, Bacillus subtills, Bifidobacterium, Saccharomyces cerevisiae were applied to produce fermented feeds (FF), The FF was pelleted to investigated for its influences in production performance for laying hens, the (FF) was ferment with 10 g/kg feed of the probiotic with a wetting ratio of half a liter/kg of feed for 48 hours where it was used at rates 0, 25%, 50 %, 75%, and 100% for the treatments T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5 respectively, and the duration of the study lasted for seven periods, each period was two weeks, as for the following study results: Significant superiority (P<0.05) for treatment T5 during The first and sixth period and the treatment T4 during the second, third and fourth periods compared with the control treatment in the percentage of egg production, in egg weight significantly increased (P<0.05) of treatment T3 in the second, sixth and seventh periods, and treatment T4 during the third period exceeded treatment T5 during the fourth period, men while in the feed conversion factor, T4 treatment improved significantly (P≤0.05) during the third period and together with The treatment of T5 during the fourth period and all treatments of (FF) in the fifth period and the treatments T3, T5 in the sixth period and the treatment T3 in the seventh period, a significant (P<0.05) superiority was obtained for the treatments T4 and T5 during the second, third, fourth and sixth periods in the cumulative egg production and egg mass.

The study was conducted on Pinus brutia Ten. trees growing in Atrosh region northern Iraq, which are natural forests of different age. We have taken different measurements of (200) trees to estimate the growth efficiency in both basal area and volume depending on crown projection area of the tree as independent variable. Several linear and nonlinear equations have been obtained through which we can estimate growth and know the role of each of these elements in growth efficiency. For Crown efficiency depending on the basal area (CE_Bg) denoting the crown projection area (CPA) the nonlinear equation {CE_Bg=-0.9996+(CPA)^-000009851} was chosen, as R² (72.52) and SE (0.00002 ) and D-W (1.87). We also found The efficiency of the crown depending on the growth of base area (CE_Bg) denoting the of the crown projection area (CPA) and the height of the tree (H). Also the nonlinear equation was chosen depending on the scales used {CE_Bg=-1.99964+(CPA)^-000009904 +(H)^000001599} was the value of R² (75.77), SE (0.00002) and D-W (1.81).For Crown efficiency depending on the growth in volume (CE_Vg) in terms of Crown projection area (CPA) the nonlinear equation{CE_Vg=-0.998015+(CPA)^{-0 0004362}} was chosen as R²(70.11) and standard error SE (0.0001) ) and D-W (1.53), we also found Crown efficiency depending on the growth in volume depending on crown projection area and the height of the tree, the nonlinear equation{CE_Vg=- 1.9992+(CPA)^{-0 0005513}+(H)^00007631} was chosen which the value of R² (69.44), SE (0.0001) and D-W ( 1.55 ).

This study aimed to reduce the severity of stress on incubating chicks as a result of long staying in hatcheries and exposure to food fasting as well as evaluate its subsequent growth performance. In present study, 750 fertilized eggs were used with divided into 5 treatments, each treatment contains 150 eggs, the first treatment (T1) is a negative control treatment without injection and the second treatment (T2) is a positive control treatment injected with distilled water. The treatments (T3, T4, and T5) were injected with a solution containing vitamin E, nano-selenium at concentrations of (15, 30, 45 mg/ml), respectively. The hatching chicks were divided from the injected egg treatments, where each treatment was divided into 3 replicates and the chicks were starved for 48 hours without providing them feed and they provided with water only. According to results, a significant increase occurred for the treatments (T3, T4, and T5) in weight at hatching and weight at age of 48 hours compared to positive and negative control treatments (T1 and T2). Significant increase occurred for the T5 treatment in the glycogen content of liver with a significant level and for the age at the hatching of (12, 24, 48 hr of bird age), respectively. Significant increase occurred for the treatments (T3 and T5) in the concentration of cardiac glycogen at hatching and at the age of (12 hr). The significant of the T5 treatment continued at the age of (24 and 48 hr) compared to the rest of the treatments. Significant increase occurred for the treatments (T3, T4 and T5) in the concentration of muscle glycogen compared to the treatments (T1 and T2). The results showed that nano-selenium and vitamin E improved the performance of embryonic growth and increased the weight of hatching chicks as well as increasing the level of glycogen in the liver, muscles and heart muscles.

Relative humidity can be inferred from the dew point values. When the air temperature and dew point temperatures are very close, the air has high relative humidity. The converse is true when there is a large difference between the air temperature and the dew point temperature, indicating the presence of low humidity air. To understand the expected changes in the climatic elements in the atmosphere, changes in temperature behavior, dew point, and relative humidity have been studied This study used data obtained from the European Center (ECMWF), which includes monthly and annual mean temperatures, dew, and relative humidity during the period (1988-2018) for selected stations in Iraq. The highest values of temperature and dew were recorded in July and August, and they were accompanied by a decrease in relative humidity. The highest value of relative humidity was recorded in December and January, accompanied by a decrease in temperature and dew, as we note through the results that there is an inverse relationship between relative humidity, temperature, and dew point Relative humidity changes when the temperature rises or falls, and the relative humidity may be higher in the morning when the temperature drops. The lowest amount of relative humidity during the day is when the temperature rises, the highest temperature value was recorded on 21July 2017 (12:00 PM) for Basra Station, while the highest relative value is humidity in Basra Governorate. Mosul station on January 21, 2014 (12:00 AM), and the reason is due to meteorological factors and the nature of the geographical area.

The current study aimed to determine the phytochemicals present in the leaf extract of two papaya varieties grown in southern Iraq. The phytochemicals present in the ethanolic extract of papaya leaves were identified using the GC-MS detection system. The results showed the presence of more than thirty phytochemicals in the ethanolic extract of papaya leaves. The main phytochemicals present in papaya leaf extract in terms of their relative abundance are Oleic Acid, Tocopherol, Sitosterol, Neophytadiene, Butyl 9,12,15-octadecatrienoate, n-Hexadecanoic acid, Phytol, Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen, Dasycarpidan-1-methanol, acetate (ester), Campesterol, Squalene, Octadecenoic acid, Stigmasterol and D-Limonene. The present study revealed that the papaya leaf extract was composed of a variety of metabolites and therapeutic active substances, in addition to novel substances. These substances can be isolated and evaluated experimentally to confirm their biological and medicinal activities as well as verify their mechanism of action.

The study was carried out in the greenhouse of the Department of Forestry/College of Agriculture and Forestry/the University of Mosul for the period from 15/9/2020 to 15/8/2021 to study the effect of spraying with N.P.K nano and mineral fertilizer on some growth characteristics of Pinus brutia seedlings. The spraying process was carried out using two types of N.P.K nano fertilizer, the first is (20: 20: 20) and the second is (12:12:36), and N.P.K mineral fertilizer was used in two types, the first is (20: 20: 20) and the second is (12:12:36) at a concentration of 5 g. L-1 for both nano and mineral, and by four sprays (2 autumns + 2 spring). The results showed the superiority of nano fertilizer (20:20:20) over the rest of the treatments in terms of the increase in longitudinal and diagonal growth, root length and diameter, and the wet and dry weight of the vegetative mass, which amounted to 28.3167 cm, 3.8383 mm, 58.5333 cm, 5.52000 mm, 32.4703 g and 13.9210 g respectively. The mineral fertilizer (20:20:20) also showed significant superiority over all treatments as it gave 27.4833 cm, 3.5939 mm, 57.1778 cm, 5.26278 mm, 29.7901 g and 13.3387 for the studied traits, respectively, an increase in longitudinal and diagonal growth, root length, root diameter and wet and dry weight of the stem. The interaction between the two fertilizers N.P.K nano (20:20:20) and mineral N.P.K (20:20:20) was significantly superior by giving the highest average growth of all studied traits, as it gave 30,717 cm, 4.2680 mm, 61,000 cm, 5.8493 mm, 36.135 g and 15.8160, respectively.

Maize is a very fertile and widely environmental grown crop and it globally cultivated. The purpose of our research was to determine genetic variation among three Zea mays L. cultivars (Al maha, Drachma and Talar F-1). The primer ITS1 and ITS4 used as a molecular marker in a conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with a 290 bp ampli- fication outcome. The nucleotide sequences of amplification products were analyzed, sequence alignment was significantly revealed which confirming Zea mays diagnosis. Furthermore, analysis of genetic relationship revealed a neighboring relationship between Talar F-1 and Almaha cultivars(93),whereas phylogeny schematic diagram clearly showed presence of Drachma cultivar in other cluster(77).

The impact of sowing depth in planting machine (Nordsten type) on wheat varieties (VW-Iba'a 99 and VW-Alnoor ) were tested during planting machine at three sowing depths of SD-5.4, 7, and 8.6 cm. The experiments were conducted in a factorial experiment under a complete randomized design with three replications. The wheat cultivar (VW-Iba'a 99) was meaningfully better than (VW-Alnoor ) in all studied parameters. For (VW-Iba'a 99), the germination ratio, length plant, plant vigor index, root length, root fresh weight, root plant dry, and grain yield, were 90.369%, 68.04cm, 57.14%, 17.09 cm, 1.42 g, 0.54g, and 4.441 tha^-1, respectively. The sowing depth (SD -5.4cm) was significantly better than (SD-7 and 8.6cm ) in all studied parameters. The greatest assessments have come from the overlap among the SD -5.4cm, and VW_Iba'a 99.

An experiment was carried out in Al-Rifai District - Dhi Qar Governorate, to study the effect of the distance between drippers and their discharge on friction losses, coefficient of variation, and emission consistency of the drip irrigation system. Spiral drippers with a design discharge of 4 and 8 L.hr"¹. While the emitters were installed at distances of 20, 40, 60 (cm). The actual discharge of the droplets was measured and the friction losses, emission consistency coefficient, and discharge variance ratio were calculated. The results showed that the distance between the emitters 60 cm gave the lowest percentage of friction losses, which amounted to 0.165, 0.204 (m) for drippers with design drainage of 4, 8 L.hr^-1. The best values of the emission consistency coefficient and the variance ratio in the emitters discharge were 95.44 and 28.41% when using the 8L.hr^-1 and the distance between the emitters is 60 cm, respectively.

The impact of local thresher machine on maize Syn12 cultivar was tested at two CL - 0.5, and 0.7 mm at three ranges of MOI - 16%, 18%, and 21%. The experiments were conducted in a factorial experiment under a complete randomized design with three replications. The CL- 0.7 mm was significantly more than CL -0.5 mm in all studied parameters. While the corn grain moisture content at a range of 16% was significantly superior compared to the other ranges (18 and 21%) in all parameters. For the CL -0.7mm and MOI 16%, the P_P,P_R,T_E,B_R,P_CG,W_G and G_C were 1.566 t.hr^-1and 1.715 t.hr^-1, 9.155 Kw and 9.028 Kw, 86.009% and 89.587%; 3.228% and 3.064%;2.184% and 2.013; 81.14% and 81.69%and 90.743% and 91.587%, respectively.

The experiment was conducted on cuttings of Rosa damascena mill L. During the period from mid-March of 2014 until the end of 2015 before the period of formation of flowers for picking at the College of Agriculture/University of Karbala According to the design of complete random sectors, The research included a global experiment with three different factors of the first chemical fertilizer nitrogen fertilization and three levels (0, 0.5 and 1 gm N. Kg ^-1 soil) and fertilization with the element phosphorus with three levels (0, 15 and 30 mg P²O₅. Kg ^-1 soil) and three levels of Potassium (0, 100 and 200 mg K₂O. Kg ^-1 soil). The results showed that the single effect of the fertilization treatment with nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium resulted in a significant increase in the characteristic of plant height and number of leaves, and the fertilization treatment with nitrogen and phosphorus component separately resulted in the production of seedlings that were characterized by a high dry green weight compared to the comparison treatment. The data of the bilateral overlap between nitrogen and phosphorous indicate the presence of significant differences, as the treatment with nitrogen component gave a concentration of (0.5 and 1 g. Kg^-1) overlapping with the component of phosphorus concentration (30 mg. Kg^-1) with the highest significant rate of (39.66 cm). The treatment of the triple interference between nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium gave a significant effect on all the studied traits.

The experiment was carried out in lath house, College of Agriculture/University of Kirkuk for the agricultural on 15-3-2021. The concentrations of Abscisic acid (ABA) were (0, 10, 20, 40) mg.l^-1, Gibberellin (GA₃) were (0, 50, 100, 200) mg.l^-1. Results showed that Spraying with a concentration of 40 mg.L^-1 of ABA and a concentration of 100 mg.L^-1 of GA₃ gave a significant increase in most of the vegetative and flowering characteristics, as it was superior in plant height, number of plant branches, leaf area, chlorophyll percentage, wet and dry weight. As for the characteristics of flower growth, it was significantly superior in number of flowers, flower diameter, vase life, number of flowering branches, wet and dry weight of flowers.

This research aims to effect of supplementing alcoholic and aqueous extract of khalal and seedless date and date seed khalal AL-Zahdi date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) to drinking water on some of the physiological, histological and microbial traits of broilers reared under high temperature, As the study included the use of 300 chicks of one day age and with an average weight of 41 g, the unsexed rose strain, and it was distributed to five treatments, where one treatment contained 60 chicks, with three replicates for each treatment (20 chicks/replicates ) for a period of 6 weeks, the birds were exposed to temperatures at an average of (28-36 -30 ± 2 ° C) and the degree of humidity at an average of (40-60-50 ± 2%) for the times (700-1200-1900). The chicks were distributed randomly into five treatments as follows: - The first treatment (T1), the control treatment, without any addition to drinking water, the second treatment (T2) and the third (T3), adding 300 mg/liter of water from the aqueous and alcoholic extract for Al-Zahdi khalal, respectively and the fourth treatment (T4) and the fifth (T5) adding 300 mg/liter of water from aqueous and alcoholic extract for the Al-Zahdi khalal seed, respectively. The results of the study indicated that there was a significant improvement in the weekly body temperature, a significant increase in the number of lymphocytes and a significant decrease in the number of heterophill cells and the percentage of heterophill cells to lymphocytes (H/L) for all addition factors compared to With control treatment, As well as a significant increase in the concentration of total protein in blood serum and all oxidative enzymes in blood serum, noting that a significant decrease occurred in the concentration of both glucose and cholesterol at the age of 21 days and the AST enzyme and ALT enzyme at the age of 42 days. The preference was in favor of T3 and T5, as was the significant increase in all the studied histological traits. Also, there was a significant decrease in the number of E. Coli bacteria in the ileum area only, and a significant increase in the number of Lactobacilli bacteria in the jejunum and ileum regions. We conclude from the study that the use of these extracts contributed to the improvement of the studied physiological, histological and microbial characteristics of broilers reared at high temperatures, noting that T3 and T5 recorded the best results for all the studied traits.

Three rice varieties (Goura, Chakhao and Local) were grown during two seasons 2019-2020, aimed to assessment of different levels of spraying of phenylalanine on performance of the grain yield components in different rice varieties. The selected three varieties (sub plots) were grown under the influence of four levels of phenylalanine spraying (main plots), included amino acid treatments occupied the main plates 50, 100 and 150 mg.L^-1 as well as the control treatment (spraying distilled water only), the experiment applied in split plots arrangements in RCBD with three replications. The results showed a significant superiority of the Goura genotype selected by giving the highest averages in plant height, total grains number per panicles, 1000 grains weight, grain yield, Biological yield, percentage of harvest index and tillers number plant, that reached to 118.47 cm, 144.25 grains.panicl^-1, 23.44 g, 6.70 tons.hectare^-1, 12.06 tons.hectare^-1,54.82% and 18.40 tillers.plant^-1 respectively, while the genotype significantly superior to Local Selected by giving the highest averages in the leaves content of total chlorophyll pigments SPAD, which amounted to 39.13 SPAD. The spraying of the amino acid phenylalanine at a concentration of 50 mg.l^-1 was significantly superior by giving the highest averages in the indicators of vegetative growth, yield and its components.

Escherichia coli in fresh minced meat was injured by cooling at 4 °C. A bacterial population has three different physiology which are uninjured or normal cells, sublethally injured cells (or injured cells ), and lethally injured cells (or dead cells). Cell injury is defined as any damage to the components of cells themselves by any stresses which weaken the ability of cells to survive or multiply. This will increase the sensitivity of cells to any harmful factors. The cells can repair their injury which can be extended 48hour depending on the nature of stress and degree of injury. The purpose of this study was to: supplemented some cultural media and preparation new cultural media to isolated E.coli with compounds that supplemented the bacterial growth such as yeast extract, sodium pyruvate, n-propyl gallate, catalase, and Tween. Various concentrations of the compound were tested minced beef meat with mixed it and compared with traditional media. The rest of the compound had variable effects on the recovery of cold stressed cells but they weren't as efficient as needed. It is, therefore recommended that 0.5% of both catalase and tween 80 be used to supplement tryptic soy agar (TSA) in the repair detection procedure.

This study was conducted to find out the sweetener and bioactive compounds in the Stevia plant's enzyme extract and its antioxidant and antibacterial effect. The enzyme extract was used in a ratio of 1:15 (w: v) with the use of sodium phosphate buffer solution (pH=4) in an equal mixing ratio with the enzyme. Extraction was carried out at 55°C with a time of 25 minutes to extract and determine steviol glycosides using HPLC. Stevioside and Rebaudioside-A (5.101 and 3.027 mg/g) were obtained, respectively. The study showed that Stevia contains high amounts of phenols and flavonoids (83.052 and 71,765) mg/ml, respectively. The enzyme extract gave an antioxidant activity of 71.367% compared to BHT which gave an activity of 77.267%. It gave the highest inhibitory activity against Bacillus subtilis, which was 14 mm, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. The bioactive compounds were diagnosed by GC-MS and contained important bioactive compounds such as Hydroxydehydrostevic acid (steviol), 1,2-Benzenediol, 4-Ethylcatechol, 9-Octadecenamide, (Z)-, Isosteviol methyl ester, gamma-Sitosterol.

Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) is among the most aggressive cereal pests worldwide. The pest causes economically heavy crop loss. Chemical insecticides were used for the control of multiple insects. However, the harmful consequences of these chemical products are well known. Seeking more ecological alternatives, respect to the environment is, therefore, a necessity. The phytochemicals are known for their various biological activities of pharmaceutical and agri-food interest. Several plant species have been found to have effective bioinsecticide properties against a variety of insects. In this study, the plant Rosa canina (L.) has made the objective of an in-silico research using molecular docking by screening the inhibitory potential of its polyphenolic compounds against the enzyme acetylcholinesterase of R. padi (L.). The enzyme 3D structure was first modeled, then its stereochemical quality was validated. The result of molecular docking allowed the selection of seven phytocompounds (Ellagic acid, Dihydroquercetin, Bilobalide A, Luteolin 5-methyl ether, Rosmarinic acid, Kaempferol, and Quercetin) with binding energy lower than that of the commercial insecticide Malathion. These components showed intense links with the catalytic site key residues of the enzyme, indicating their high inhibitor potential. The environmental and health safety of these components and their bio-availability were also validated by the verification of several pharmacokinetic and ADMET criteria, suggesting the interest of the plant R. canina (L.) as promising bioinsecticide material against the pest R. padi (L.).

A field experiment was carried out in one of the plastic houses belonging to the College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim green University to Studying the possibility of cultivating cucumis melo var. flexuosus inside greenhouses to improve growth and yield using microelements and ethephon. Microelements (Zn + B) at a concentration of 250 mg/L -1 and the growth regulator Elathyphon at a concentration of (2.5, 1.5, 0) ml/L -1 were used as a spray on the shoots. A factorial experiment was applied with the split plot system and randomized complete block design (RCBD) according to the least significant difference (L.S.D) test under the significance level of 0.05. The results were as follows: The interaction between (Zn + B) had a positive and significant effect on indicators such as leaf area 206.88 dm^-1, number of female flowers 22.33flower^-1, and the total yield 4327 kg, the percentage of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium in the leaves was 0.6733, 2.691, 2.927, and the percentage of zinc and boron in the leaves was 19.626,14.282.The yield of one plant and the weight of the fruit 2575.5 g, 121.44 g, respectively. As for the interaction between Zn + B + 1.5, a significant effect on leaf area trait 239.91 Number of female flowers 26.33 flower^-1, Total yield 5494 kg The percentage of PK in leaves 0.7233,3.080 and the percentage of boron in leaves 14.560 while the yield of one plant 3270.4 g

Fall season 2020, six inbred lines of sunflower were crossed by half-diallel crosses to obtain 15 single hybrids. The genotypes (parents and first-generation hybrids -F1) were planted in randomized comlete block design (RCBD) with three replications in a field/Babylon Governorate during the spring season 2021. The study aimed to estimate Heterosis of the first generation hybrids from the mean of the parents for the traits; stem diameter, head diameter, number of seeds per head, weight of 100 seeds, seed yield and oil yield per plant. Furthermore, estimation of genetic distance among genotypes using cluster analysis. The results of the analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences at the probability level (0.01) for all the studied traits of the parents and the first generation hybrids. The two hybrids (I×Q) and (Q×C) were distinguished a high significant positive heterosis for most of the traits measured. The cluster analysis showed that the two genotypes that include hybrids (Q×C) and (Q×F) had the highest Euclidean distance (175.92 and 183.66) respectively. This indicated to high degree of genetic diversity between the two hybrids and the rest of the studied hybrids, which it positively reflected on the performance of the hybrids for the studied traits. The results of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Dendrogram showed that (Q) genotype was far from the rest of the genotypes and isolated to a single group, whereas the remaining genotypes separated into groups to two separed branches, especially the two genotypes (C( and )Q). The reason may be due to the distinguish genetic difference of these interested genotypes which have the ablility to transfer from parents to the its progenies, which resulted from a presence of the clear genetic distance between them, while, other genotypes lacks the of this genetic variation case.

A field experiment was carried out during winter agricultural season 2020/2021 in Babylon Governorate in at Tajieh region, southeast of Hilla city, to study the effect of planting dates and nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and yield of safflower. The experiment included two factors: planting dates (1 and 15 November and 1 December), and nitrogen fertilizer at levels (0, 90, 120 and 150 kgN.ha-1), the treatments were distributed in a factorial experiment with a randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The results showed significant superiority of planting date at December 1 on most growth and yield components parameters, it recorded the highest averages on seed yield, dry matter yield and harvest index amounted to 1576.2, 6126.0 kg.ha-1 and 25.6% respectively. However, nitrogen fertilizer at concentration 150 kg N.ha-1 affected all growth and yield and its components, it gave the highest averages for seed yield, dry matter yield and harvest index amounted to 1762.2, 6626.8 kg.ha-1 and 26.6%, respectively.

The study was conducted to obtain the alcoholic extract of the licorice roots plant and to test its effectiveness against diagnosed bacterial isolates. This research was conducted at the Food Contamination Research Center/Department of Environment and Water/Ministry of Science and Technology. The results showed the following: 1-80% ethyl alcohol was used to obtain the alcoholic extract using a saxolite device, and the activity of the extract was tested against four bacterial isolates diagnosed in the Food Contamination Research Center, which included two gram-negative isolates of Escherichia Coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and two gram-positive isolates of Bacillus Cereus and Staphylococcus aeastureus by a method, in addition to yeast by Diffusion method. The study included two treatments of biscuits with alcoholic extract (A) at a concentration of 10% and compared to the control treatment (B) without any adding and for preservation periods (1, 4, 8, 15, 22) days, and microbial tests were conducted for the biscuits. The alcoholic extract showed a lethal activity to microorganisms and no bacterial cell appeared in the biscuit samples except for the incubation period (22) days for storing biscuits, which recorded the presence of fungi (2) cells/ml. Conducting sensory evaluation of the treatments (A, B) for biscuits where there were no significant differences (P<0.05) for sensory attributes except for flavor and flakes of biscuits.

Chicken meat consumption and demand have significantly increased in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) after 2003, which has led to the growth of poultry production and risen import from abroad. Consumer preferences study can be a determinant factor for poultry production development strategies to fill local demand gaps and global market competition. This study aimed to identify the consumer preference of chicken meat regarding the type, size, parts, marketplace, and other vital aspects considered by consumers when buying chicken meat, and the internal and external factors that affect consumer preference in the chicken meat purchasing choice. A descriptive study was conducted in Sulaymaniyah city, and the data were collected through a structured questionnaire form. This study indicated that 47.7% of the respondents prefer local Kurdish chicken (Mrishki Kurdi). 50% of the consumers in the Sulaymaniyah city prefer to buy whole chicken weighed between (2-3 Kg), 35.4% at the nearest or trusted meat shop, 38.5% at the wet markets, and 69.3% alive chicken slaughtered at the wet market at the time of purchase. Additionally, the internal factors (sensory features and perceptual features) were more dominant (sum total=4.084) than External factors (information, social environment, and physical environment) (sum total=3.599). Conclusions derived from the results suggest that the current study can contribute to a better understanding of consumers and improve the agribusiness value chain in KRI. The results from this study are recommended to examine consumer behavior and preference for agri-foods to build an integrated sustainable food production system based on consumers' needs and demands in the KRI and compete with the imported products.

Aseries of experiments were conducted laborators of biollogical control in the postgraduate laboratory at the Al-Mussaib Technical College, AL-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University-Iraq in 2020, The larval and adult phase of Hippodamia variegate and Coccinella Septempunctata.L were reard on different densities of Bemisia tabaci nymphs to reveae theis predation and the effect on this longevity too: The average number of predation whitefly nymphs per day from each age larvae and adults of the thirteen-spoted ladybird H. variegate and the seven- spoted ladybird C. Septempunctata. L was in direct proportion to the increase in the density of the whitefly nymphs supplied for it daily, The highest average of thirteen point ladybird larvae was (48.60) at density (64) nymphs/whitefly at the first larval phase. While the lowest rate of first-stage larvae was (6.40) at density (2) nymphs/whitefly for the same larval phase, while the highest average of fourth-stage larvae was (131.20) at density (64) nymphs/whitefly. While the lowest average of the fourth larvae phase was (39.20) at density (8) nymphs/whitefly, As for the seven- spoted ladybird, the highest average of first-phase larvae reached (53.80) at density (64) nymphs/whitefly, while the lowest average of first-phase larvae reached (5.40) at density (2) nymphs/whitefly for the same larval phase. While the highest average of fourth phase larvae was (160.40) at density (64) nymph/whitefly, while the lowest average of fourth phase larvae was (46.00) at density (4) nymph/whitefly. The number of whitefly nymphs preyed by the thirteen- spoted ladybird H. variegate is less than the number of whitefly nymphs preyed by the seven- spoted ladybird C. Septempunctata. L. The daily average of predation for male predation ladybirds understudy for whitefly nymphs is less than the daily average for females with significant differences.

The experiment was investigated the effects of degradability crude protein on some blood parameters of ruminants, two experiments were conducted for three sources dietary crude protein: Soya, whey protein and urea. First experiment, soya was replaced with whey protein, while second experiment, soya was replaced with urea. Fifteen male lambs were used for each experiment and randomly distributed to five treatments T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. Concentrated was fed at 3% of body weight as DM basis, while alfalfa was fed ad-libitum. Jugular blood was sampled from lambs after 90 days of experiment before feeding morning. Results of replacing soya with whey protein showed decreased blood protein and cholesterol, while, blood urea was increased and blood glucose had a linear increase with increasing whey protein intake, 45.75, 48.5, 52.5, 66.0 and 89.75 mg/dl for T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. In second experiment, the results of replacing soya with urea showed decreased blood glucose and cholesterol for 2% urea in contrast with control, while blood urea was increased for 2% urea 36.11 mg/dl in contrast with 22.73mg/dl for control. In concluded, feeding high soluble crude proteins, decreased cholesterol and increased blood urea nitrogen.

A field experiment was carried out at winter season of 2020-2021 in Babylon Governorate, region of Bernon, at 8 km north-east of Hilla town between 44.27 ° north and 36.32 ° east latitude, to study the effect of planting distance and Humic acid on growth, yield and antioxidant activity of petals and seeds of the safflower, the treatments were distributed in a factorial experiment with randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replicates, the first factor was the distance between plants (10, 15 and 20 cm) and second was spraying Humic acid at concentrations (0, 125, 250 and 500 mg.l-1), data were collected and means were tested according to least significant difference test (LSD) at probability level 0.05.

The results showed superiority significant of planting distance at 20 cm and spraying humic acid at concentration 500 mg.L-1 on growth and yield parameters, while plants distance at 10 cm excelled on plant height and content of petals and seeds of antioxidant activities. The results showed superiority significant at interaction treat 20 cm × 500 mg.L-1, it produced the highest rates in most considered qualities and yield of dry petals and seed yields were 79.658 and 2197.5 kg. ha-1, while interference treat 10 cm x 500 mg.L-1 produced the highest means on total phenolic compounds and total oxidative activity and scavenging free radicals reached 41.47, 212.7, 58.07, 38.72 and 33.59 mg.g-1 DW, 67.7 and 47.0% in petals and seeds respectively.

The study included the genotoxic effects of lead and cadmium on DNA damage of 60 workers of some fuel stations in Hilla city. The results revealed a significant differences (P<0.05) of lead and cadmium, the concentrations of Pb+² in blood of control (mean ±SD) was 6.3±0.41 μg/dl while in blood of workers who exposed to fuel for one year, three years and five years were significantly increased and reached (15.5±2.46, 27.4±11.6 and 44.5±17.8) μg/dl respectively. Cadmium concentrations in blood of control was nil while in workers were significantly increased (5±0.72, 12.2±2.6 and 15.3±4.21) μg/dl respectively. Damage criteria was increased significantly (P≤ 0.05) with time of exposure to fuel in comparison with control.

This study was undertaken during the seasons of 2019-2020. The xperiment examines the impact of Humic acid and Seaweed extract at three concentrations on growth, flowering and yield as a foliar spray and their interactions on growth, chemical composition, production and quality of strawberry at two strawberry cultivars (Fragaria X ananassa Duch.) Albion and Rubygem.The results showed that the higher leaf dry weight, root dry weight, number of flowers, yield per plant, with Rubygem, higher value of Nitrogen % in leaf, phosphorus %, anthocyanin (Mg/100g F.Wt.) observed for Rubygem. As well as the higher value of root dry weight (g. plant -¹), yield per plant (g. Plant^-1) Nitrogen % in leaf recorded with Humic acid, treatment. Moreover, the combined treatment between organic fertilizers and two strawberry cultivars exhibited the significant effect in root dry weight (g. plant^-1), Nitrogen % in leaf, phosphorus (%), number of flowers, yield per plant (g. plant^-1) and anthocyanin (Mg/100g F.Wt.). As well as the combination between organic fertilizers and concentrations and organic fertilizers, two strawberry cultivars and concentrations had significantly effect in all the studied traits.

The white cochineal of the date palm is a very serious pest in the palm groves of the Ouargla region (South-East Algeria). Our attempt at biological control of this pest was based on the use of two coccidiphagous ladybirds Pharoscymnus ovoideus and Pharoscymnus numidicus and aqueous extracts of two Saharan plants Solenostemma argel and Azadirachta indica with two doses in two palm groves in the Ouargla region. The results obtained are very encouraging. White cochineal infestation rates of treated plants decreased considerably especially for the high dose of two treatments. The infestation rate decreased from 52.54% to 35.49% with P.ovoideus (120 ladybirds/tree) and from 54.03% to 18.88% with Neem extract (dose 5%), to 11.01% with Argel extract (dose 7.5%). The two ladybirds and the two extracts used showed highly significant differences (P=0.000), as did the two doses used (P< 0.0001). Our control attempt also showed an efficiency that increased with the increase of the dose used. It is 0.119±0.20 with the low dose of P. ovoideus to reach an efficiency of 0.324±0.23. For the extract-based treatments, the highest efficacy was recorded with the high dose Argel (0.812±0.22). It should be noted that the low doses used for both treatments gave insignificant results compared to their controls with the high doses, which showed very high significant differences with P=0.000 for the ladybird releases and P<0.0001 for the high doses of the water extracts.

The objectives of this study were to examine microwave oven (MO) and entails conventional heating (CH) under normal condition and difference times to produce popped of popcorn in some parameters of expansion popping volume, un-popped kernels and flake size, as well as the preservation of nutritional value and sensory tests of two types of popcorn (A and B), which were bought from local market and used. The results obtained that the size/shape of samples A and B were 6.31 mm³ (Medium Round (MR)) and 5.95 mm³ (Medium Flat (MF)), respectively. The highest significant of expansion volume was recorded in sample (A) under cooked by (MO) after 4 min (16.55 cm3/g) whereas, sample (B) under cooked by (CH) after six minutes (7.19 cm/g) was recorded lowest expansion volume. The flake size values of both samples (A) and (B) after (MO) were ranged between 1.88-2.18 and 1.72-1.98. The percentage of un-popped kernel was dramatically decreased from 30.67 to 1.67% and 38.67 to 1.66 % by (MO) and 10 to 1% and 7 to 1% by (CH) with increased time from 4 to 6 min of popping in both samples. Otherwise, the highest variation value of carbohydrate, oil and protein were observed (2.72, 1.51 and 0.33) respectively, in sample (A) under (CH) after 6 min, while the lowest variation value of carbohydrate was recorded (0.12,) in sample B under cooked by (MO) after four minutes, as well as the lowest variation values of oil and proteins were investigated (0.15 and 0.03) in sample (A) under cooked by (MO) after 4 min. Regarding the minerals (Fe and Zn) were slightly decreased with increased time of popping. Hence the highest values for each parameters of tenderness, crispiness, adhesives and overall acceptance were observed (8.33, 8.33, 9.0 and 8.55), respectively, in sample (A) by used (MO) for 5 min.

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) is an invasive pest of tomato native to South America, where it is responsible for extensive damage. The study of this bioaggressor under greenhouse tomato in the region of Ouargla by pheromone traps showed that the global dynamics of populations T. absoluta 5 shows the difference in successive generations of six months is the growth cycle of tomato. There were a maximum of 1922 individuals in the three greenhouses studied. The life cycle of T. absoluta in tomato plants (T: 34 ° C H%: 50 - 60%) lasts 23.85 days. This pest has caused losses of up to 100% in leaves and fruits of tomato in February. Observation and direct capture to identify the natural enemies of T. absoluta as Chrysoperla carnea Coccinella algerica. and the parasitoid Trichogramma sp. Damage is directly related to the reduction of plants photosynthetic capacity and of production levels in tomato crops; indirect damage can be also caused by secondary infections, with pathogens developing on the infested plant and fruit tissues.

The fruits of sumac Rhus coriaria L. are widely used in traditional folk medicine as spices and flavors, especially in meats, because they are a rich source of natural antioxidants and also their tremendous potential in improving the quality of meat. The study aimed to use different concentrations of sumac fruits extract ( SFE) prepared with a concentration of control T 0, T_1: 0.05% and T₂: 0.1% and studying their effect on inhibiting protein and lipid oxidation of beef patties stored in Freeze - 18±1 °C for 90 days. The T₂ could significantly inhibit an increased carbonyl content, PV and TBA value (P<0.01) and inhibition of pH value at (P<0.01) while the thiol content and water content significantly (P<0.01) decreased finding. The SFE may be used as natural antioxidant compound in helping to extend the period of meat products.

This study was conducted on apricot trees Royal cultivar 9 years old in a private field located northern Kirkuk city - Iraq during The period 2020-2021, to study the spraying whit Cal-boron and potassium humate on fruit quantity, quality characteristics of apricot with three levels of Cal-boron (0, 1and 2) ml.L^-1 and three levels of potassium Humate (0, 3 and 6) g.L^-1. In addition to the control treatment (untreated plants). Combination of 2 ml.L^-1 Cal-boron and 3 g.L^-1 of Potassium humate excelled on leaf area Leaves content of chlorophyll, Vitamin C, and T.S.S. parameter compared with treatment with distilled water (control). A Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) was used to implement the experiment, with three replications.

The experiment was carried out on Papaya seedlings (2 months old) to determine the effect of humic acid (HA) and Salicylic acid (SA) on seedlings growth under local environmental conditions of in a private orchard in Diyala governorate. Humic acid (HA) sprayed at 4 concentrations (0, 1, 2 and 3%), whereas Salicylic acid (SA) was used at three concentrations (0, 200 and 400 mg.L^-1). The results showed that spraying with the high concentrations of both acids gave the best results in most studied traits, in addition these treatments decreased significantly leaves proline content.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of using whey protein concentrate (WPC) as a fat replacer and its role in improving the physicochemical, rheological, and sensory properties of low-fat soft cheese by adding four different ratios of (WPC) as (1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5) % to reconstituted bovine skim milk in four treatments (W2, W3, W4, W5)respectively, besides control cheese treatment (W1)which was made of whole bovine milk. The chemical tests included the percentage of moisture, protein, fat, lactose, and ash. The physical tests included the percentage of total acidity, pH, springiness, and compression ability besides cheese yield percentage, total energy, and sensory evaluation after cheese making and throughout the 14 days of storage time at (5±1)°C. Results showed that all (WPC) treatments have high moisture percentage compared to the control treatment, though all the treatments had a decrease in moisture values with storage. Results also showed a decrease in fat content for all the skim milk treatments with (WPC) addition. Lactose percentages were converged in all treatments. The results also showed an increase in total acidity and a decrease in pH for the (WPC) addition treatments. Microbiological results showed increased total count for the (WPC) addition treatments compared with the control. Furthermore, the results showed that adding (WPC) led to improving the springiness and compression ability and increased the cheese yield. On the other hand, it decreased the cheese energy compared to control. Sensory properties were improved by added WPC.

This experiment was conducted at the poultry farm of Animal Production Department - College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad, for the period from 11/22/2020 to 2/1/2021, to demonstrate the effect of partial and complete replacement of raw and germinated red sorghum instead of yellow corn in the diets on productive performance of broilers. A total of 225 one day old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were naturalized in the farm and randomly distributed to five treatments, each treatment divided to 3 replicates and each replicate content 15 chicks (10 males and 5 females). The initial weight of the chicks was from (42 to 44 g). Chicks were fed on the starter diet from 1 _ 10 day of age and grower diet from 11 _ 24 days of age and finisher diet from 25 _ 42 days of age. The raw and germinated red sorghum was partial and total replaced with yellow corn by (24 and 48%) respectively. The data of growth performance were taken at the end of each period. The birds were fed on the one of the following diets: T1: control treatment (content 48% yellow corn); T2: (48% raw red sorghum + 0.0% yellow corn); T3: (48% germinated red sorghum + 0.0% yellow corn); T4: (24% raw red sorghum + 24% yellow corn); and T5: (24% germinated red sorghum + 24% yellow corn). The growth performance data represented by body weight, weight gain rate, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were taken. The results were showed no significant differences between all transactions in growth performance during the first age period (0-10 days). In the second period (11-24 days), a significant superiority of the T1 and T2 treatments as compared with T3 and T4 treatments for the body weight and weight gain..For the last period (25 - 42 days), no significant differences were observed between all treatments.

Field experiment was carried out in the fields in Al-Mahaweel district of Babil Governorate during the agricultural season 2020-2021 to estimate the effect of biological fertilization on the content of some fatty acids in flax varieties seeds. A factorial experiment was applied according to a Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) with three replications. The experiment included two factors, the first included eight varieties of flax (Indian, Giza11, Giza10, Sahka5, Sahka6, Giza8, Syrian Thorshansity72), The second factor, biological fertilization included four treatments: (control, bacterial fertilization, fungal fertilization and a bacterial-fungal mixture). The fatty acids (a-Linolenic acid, Oleic acid, Linoleic acid, Palmitic acid, Stearic acid) in seeds were determined using HPLC High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. The results showed that Sahka6 Variety was significantly superior on other varieties in seed content of (Oleic acid and Linoleic acid) amounted to (29.70, 28.39) %, respectively, while Indian Variety superiority in seed content of Palmitic acid and Stearic acid amounted to (21.28, 25.27)% respectively. Bacterial fertilizer + Mycorrhiza were significantly superior to the other fertilizer treatments in all indicators of study, and the interaction between a variety and biofertilization did not show any significant differences except for the seed content of (a-Linolenic acid Palmitic acid).

The study was conducted in one of the research farms belong to Department of Animal Production/Faculty of Agriculture at Tikrit University for the period from 11/9/2020 to 16/10/2020 to determine the appropriate diets from energy and protein and impact on the production performance of the developing quail bird. Two Hundred – Forty eight quail chicks with age of 7-35 days. The birds were divided into two treatments, each treatment contained four replicates with 31 birds per replicate. The first treatment was fed on a diet containing 20% protein, energy ( 2800 Kcal/kg). the second treatment was fed on a diet containing 22% protein, energy ( 2900 Kcal/kg).The results showed no significant differences in body weight during first, second and fifth weeks, while there were significant differences during the third and fourth weeks while the second treatment recorded an increase as comparison with the first treatment in this descripton. And the presence of significant differences during the period 2 to 3 sevenths in the rate of weight gain and the absence of significant differences during the remaining periods and there are no significant differences between the treatments in the rate of consumption of feed during the second and third week and the presence of significant differences during the fourth week where the second treatment recorded an increase as comparison with the first treatment and the absence of significant differences during the fifth week and the total period there are no significant differences between the treatments in feed conversion efficiency during the first week and the presence of significant differences during the second week where they recorded an increase as comparison with The first treatment is on the second treatment. There were significant differences between the treatments during the third week, where the second treatment recorded an increase as comparison with the first treatment. There are no significant differences between treatments during the fifth week and total conversion efficiency.

This study was conducted at the Poultry Research Station of the Agricultural Research Department/Ministry of Agriculture in Abu Ghraib for the period from 25/2/2019 to 7/4/2019 (42 days) with the aim of using several levels of Spirulina (SP) Spirulina platensis in broiler diets. And their effect in the concentration and types of fatty acids, oxidation indices and sensory characteristics of the broiler carcass, 400 birds were used in this experiment One day old broiler birds of the Ross 308 strain are un sexed, with an average starting weight of 40 g/bird, and the birds were randomly distributed into five treatments with four replications per treatment (20 birds/duplicate). The following treatments included: the first (T1) control treatment (the basic diet without additives), the second (T2), third (T3), fourth (T4) and fifth treatments (T5) were used in the basic ration algae SP by 1%, 2% and 3% And 4%, respectively. The two treatments T4 and T5 showed significant superiority (P<0.05) compared to the control group in the concentration of oleic acid, palmitic acid, and the concentration of docosahexaenoic acid and linoleic acid for the treatments T3, T4 and T5 compared to the control treatment. The value of peroxide (PV) was significantly decreased (P <0.05) in the 30-day storage period for treatment T5 birds compared with the two treatments T1 and T2 and the value of thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and total volatile nitrogen (TVN) for all treatments compared to the control treatment, and for the storage period of 60 One day, all oxidation indexes (PV, TBA, TVN) were significantly decreased (P <0.05) for all treatments using Spirulina. No significant effect of spirulina was shown on sensory evaluation scores for the chest and thigh cuts compared to the control treatment.

Citrus (oranges, lemon, mandarin, limes and tangarines) has significant nutritional value in human foods. It is rich source of vitamin C, sugar, organic acids, amino acids, minerals like Ca, Mg and various other phytochemicals (flavonoids, hesperidin etc) compounds that are responsible for good health. Citrus is growing in more than one forty countries of the world including Pakistan, Brazil, China, Mexico, USA, Spain and India.Viral infection and inflammation triggers the production of oxygen free radicals and these radicals severely damage the cells, however hesperidin and vitamin C is reported to counteract these damages. Intake of plentiful citrus fruits is one of amongst the many possible approaches to prevent from COVID-19 role of nutrition. Citrus fruit are very rich in important substances with a potential beneficial for health such as modulating the immunity and in protecting cells from oxidative stress related with infection. Flavonoids and hesperidin two major key compound found in citrus have affinity to treat Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Hesperidin has a low binding energy, both with the coronavirus "spike" protein, and with the fundamental protease that alters the primary proteins of the virus (pp1a and ppa1b) into the complex liable for viral replication hence these compounds could work as an antiviral function. Pakistan is amongst top ten citrus producers in the world. Citrus is one of the best commercial fruits of Pakistan cultivated on a large area, however, in Pakistan yield of citrus has been affected due to attack of insects and pathogens (nematode, fungal, bacterial and viral) which causes heavy losses both in quality and quantity. The purpose of this article is to focusing on the controlling the pathogens of citrus to boost citrus production in country as these beneficial plants are well known for its essential vitamin and flavonoid contents to control COVID-19.

This study was conducted in the animal farm of the College of Veterinary Medicine/Tikrit University for the period from 01/10/2019 to 31/12/2019 to investigate the effect of using different kinds of aromatic oils on some productive traits in Awassi lambs. Twenty Awassi lambs aged between 5-6 month and divided according to weight into four group and hens in an individual cages, the study lasted for 90 day. concentrate diet provided to the lambs at 3% of their body weight. the treatment were as follows : T1 was a control group without drenching, T2 drenched with sage oil, T3 drenched with clove oil and T4 drenched with laurel oil. drenching process was done manually by using water-soluble capsules each one contain 500 mg of oil, each lambs was given one capsule/day. which is pushed by using a plastic tube in to the beginning of esophagus. to study the effect of these oils on weight characteristics, body dimensions and wool characteristics. The results showed that there was no significant effect of the treatments on body weight characteristics. As for the measurements of the body dimensions after a month of the experiment, laurel oil, clove oil and sage oil had a significant effect on the chest circumference, the width of the body at the front, the width of the body at the back and BCS, and also the parameters had a significant effect on the measurements of body dimensions At the end of the experiment, the characteristics of the height of the body at the front, the height of the body at the back, the circumference of the chest, and the length of the body. As for the characteristics of the wool, the oils used led to a decrease in the percentage of clean wool and an increase in the length of the fiber compared to the control.

Two specis of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), Steinernema riobravi, symbolized by Sr, and Heterorabditisbacterophora, symbolized by Hb,were tested by using five concentrations: 125, 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 an infectiousphase, ml of the type Sr and four concentrations of 500, 1000, 2000 and 3000infectious phase/mlof the type Hb against Cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculates,Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium, and Rust red flour beetle Triboliumcastaneum, using three exposure times of 24, 48, and 72 h. The mortalityrate increased withincreasing in concentrations and the exposure period. The results showed that the highest mortality rate was 16.67 whole insects recorded for the 2000 infectious phase/ml with Sr nematodes after 72 hours post- treatment ofC. maculatus. The results showed that the highest rate mortality,which is 20 larvae, was recorded for the infectious phase dose of the genus nematode (Hb), all of which are 500, 1000, 2000 and 3000 gastricphase/ml, and for all exposure periods used between 24 hours and up to 72 hours against the larvae of the T. granarium. The results showed that the highest rate of mortality 10.00 whole insects was recorded for the dose of 3000 Infectious stage/ml and at the exposure time 72 hours, while the lowest rate for this mortality of 1.33 adult insects for rusty flour beetle was recorded for the dose of 500 infectious stage/ml and for the exposure time only 24 hours. The resultsindicated that mortality rate was increasing against any increase in both the exposure time and the dose of nematodes of the genus Hb.

This experiment was conducted in the poultry farm of the Animal Production Department/College of Agriculture/Anbar University, for the period from 8/12/2019 until 23/3/2019 for (42 days). The experiment aims to compare the addition of two different levels of Chitosan and one level of antibiotic to the wheat-soybean diet and their effect on the productive performance of broiler chickens from the age of 7-42 days. The experimental treatments were T1: control (without any addition), T2: addition of 0.2 g Oxytetracycline/kg feed, T3: addition of 1 g Chitosan/kg feed and T4: addition of 2 g Chitosan/kg feed. The birds were randomly distributed to four treatments, with 3 replicates per treatment, and 12 birds for each replicate, where 144 chicks, 7 days old of Ross broiler chickens with an average weight of 168.7g were used in the experiment. The results showed that there were no significant differences in live body weight, weight increase and the relative growth rate of broiler, while significant differences occurred between treatments in the feed consumption rate during the first and fifth week and the duration from 7-21 days The T4 decreased significantly from T2 and T3, after which there was a significant decrease in the treatment of T3 from the T1 and T2 treatments in the fifth week. As for the feed conversion factor, there was no significant difference, as well as the percentage of mortality during the 7-42 days.

This study was conducted in the laboratories of Al-Musaib Technical College, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University with the aim of studying the effect of adding sodium triphosphate salts at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2% and sodium lactate at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2% on the microbial count of ground beef and cooled for 24 hours at a temperature at 4 C. The results of the study indicated an increase in the rate of the total count of bacteria, psychrophilic bacteria, coliforms, yeasts and molds in all ground meat samples, not treated with salt, than the permissible limits. As samples of ground meat not treated with trisodium and sodium lactate salts recorded the highest rate in the total Count of bacteria after 24 hours of cold storage at 4 ° C, when they reached 6.544 CFU The Count of these bacteria decreased by increasing the concentration of salts, so the minimal count of bacteria was at a concentration of 2% when adding both salts of sodium triphosphate and sodium lactate together as 3.426 CFU. also found a clear reduction in the count of Psychrophilic bacteria at a concentration of 2% for both salts as recorded the last treatment rate 2.127 CFU It is the minimal count compared to the other treatments, while the control treatments recorded the highest count 6.400 CFU. Also, the addition of different concentrations of sodium triphosphate and sodium lactate led to a gradual decrease in the counts of coliform bacteria, with an increase in the salt concentration, as it reached 1.204 CFU At aconcentration of 2%, while the control treatment was recorded 6.431 CFU It is a the highest value. Also there is a significant difference was found (P <0.05). In the count of yeasts and molds, which were significantly decreased by increasing the concentration of both salts, as they were 1.079 CFU In the last treatment, while the highest count recorded since reached 4.361 CFU When salts are not added. This is a clear indication of the existence of a synergistic action of these salts to reduce the increasing counts of bacteria, yeasts and molds by inhibiting these microbial species with increased concentration.

The study included twenty genotypes of triticale, whose seeds were sown during 2018-2019 season at the Research Station of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kirkuk in the Sayyadah region on three dates (5 November, 20 November and 5 December) using randomized complete block design according to split plot system with three replications. The data were recorded for traits: first, second and third developmental stages, number of days to 50% flowering, plant height, flag leaf area, number of tillers per plant, number of spikes per plant, length and weight of spike, number of spikelet's per spike, number of grains per spike, 1000 grains weight, biological yield, grain yield per plant, harvest index, protein percent, specific weight, gluten percent, flour strength, moisture percent and ash percentage, The data were analyzed to identify the nature of the differences between genotypes and planting dates. Because of the significant (genotypes x planting dates) interaction, a cluster analysis was conducted with the aim of grouping similar genotypes into homogeneous groups and estimating the degree of genetic diversity between them through the use of hierarchical clustering technology to estimate distances between groups of genotypes formed for each planting date separately. The results showed that the mean squares of genotypes' was highly significant 1% for all traits except harvest index, with a highly significant interaction with dates for all traits except number of spikelet's and protein percent. The stages of the cluster analysis showed that the genotypes were distributed into 13 groups for the first date and 14 groups for the second and third dates. Some groups included one genotype, indicating the difference of these genotypes from other due to the difference in their genetic origin, which was consequently reflected on their performance, while other groups includes two genotypes. It is concluded from the results of the clustering analysis that there is a strong convergence between the genotypes of stage 18 with the genotype LIRON at the first date and with POLLMER in the second and third dates because they have the lowest euclidean distances, and this requires avoiding crosses between these pairs, while the highest distance was between CMH80 and CMH82 in the first and third dates and CENT/1715 and POPP-CAAL in the second date indicated high genetic variation between them and other genotypes, which may be due to the variation in their genetic origin or to having preferred main genes, other genotypes devoid of them, which encourages their introduction into hybridization with genotypes that showed distinct genetic variation to take advantage of the phenomenon of heterosis and its segregations.

This study was conducted at the Animal Production Research Station - College of Agriculture - Al-Muthanna University, as 5 males and 5 females from three types of local chicken strains were used in this experiment according to the color black, brown and white, after the age of sexual maturity, and some blood characteristics were studied (Red blood cells, Packed cell volume(pcv)) and some biochemical characteristics such as concentration (glucose, cholesterol, and total protein) in blood serum. During the study period, birds were fed a diet containing 17.5% protein and 2814 kcal/kg feed. The results showed no significant differences in red blood cells between the strains (black, brown, and white), while males significantly outperformed females in the numbers of red blood cells (P≤0.05). While significant differences were found between the strains in the studied characteristics of (cholesterol, glucose, and total protein), as males outperformed females in the concentration of glucose and cholesterol, while the concentration of total protein decreased in males compared to females.

The study was conducted in the lath house of the Department of the Horticulture and Landscape - College of Agriculture during the growing season of 2020-2021 inGazania plants, in order to study the effect of ground addition of marine algae extract (Tecamin Algae) at concentrations (0, 2 and 4 ml L^-1), symbolized by (A0, A1 and A2) respectively, and spraying with the nanostimulator (Proteck CalBor) manufactured according to nanotechnology in concentrations (0, 0.5 and 1 ml L^-1) and it has a symbol (B0, B1 and B2). The results showed that the treatments of adding the extract (Tecamin Algae), especially at concentration A2 (4 ml L^-1) contributed to achieving the best results for all vegetative and flowering growth traits (plant height, number of leaves, vegetative dry weight, number of offsprings, leaf content of chlorophyll, total carbohydrates content of leaves, number of flowers, flower fresh weight, flower diameter, flower peduncle length), they were (13.65 cm, 34.64 leaf plant-1, 6.38 g, 7.72 offspring plant-1, 10.94 mg g-1, 7.44%, 5.56 flower plant-1, 2.26 g, 6.08 cm and 9.75 cm), respectively. A Spraying with nano stimulator (Proteck CalBor) achieved significant effect, especially B2 (1 ml L-1) concentration, that gave the highest values for the traits (plant height, vegetative dry weight, number of off springs, leaf content of chlorophyll, total carbohydrates content of leaves, number of flowers, flower fresh weight and flower diameter), they were (13.38 cm, 6.47 g, 7.48 offspring plant-1, 10.61 mg g^-1, 7.49%, 5.40 flower plant-1, 2.41 g and 6.40 cm), respectively.

This study was designed to investigate the effects of soy sauce and some other antioxidants on some of important meat and meat products properties in cold storage conditions. Five treatment were demanded. Control group without any kind of adding. NaCl treatment with adding 10% NaCl solution. SS treatment with adding 10% soy sauce solution. NaCl+SS treatment with adding 5% NaCl+5%soy sauce solutions. And the last SS+Asc treatment with adding 10% soy sauce solution+0.05% ascorbic acid. samples in all treatment divided to groups and been exposed to five storage period (0,3,6,9,12) days at 4oc. to study the effect of treatments and storage periods on twelve properties (pH, WHC, Drip loss, Mb concentrations, TVN, TBA, P.V, FFAs, moisture percentage, protein percentage, fat percentage and ash percentage). The results showed a benefit in all studied properties related with using soy sauce with or without ascorbic acid. These natural antioxidant material may be considered as an effective natural antioxidants and good replacement instead of synthetic types.

The experiment was carried out in the fields of the Department of Horticulture and Landscaping, College of Agriculture - Anbar University for the period from 1/4/2020 to 31/1/2021 to experience the effectiveness of adding SAPs, spraying with organic fertilizers and the interaction between them in the vegetative and root growth characteristics of the lawn. The polymers were used in three concentrations (0, 20, 40) g kg^-1 soil, while the organic fertilizer was in four concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5) ml.L^-1. A factorial experiment was carried out according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results showed that the addition of polymers at the level of 40 g kg^-1 soil had significant differences in the average plant density, root length, dry matter percentage and chlorophyll content in the vegetative group was 47.83 plant 100 cm^-2, 25.20 cm, 36.85% and 89.36 mg g^-1 for hot season and 29.17%, 36.19 m mg^-1 for cold season. The high concentration of organic fertilizer 1.5 ml L^-1 showed significant differences in plant density, number of branches in the crown area, root length, dry matter percentage and chlorophyll content in the vegetative group was 46.00 plant 100 cm^-2, 9.10 branch plant^-1, 25.14 cm and 36.41%, 87.80 mg g^-1 for hot season and 29.04%, 33.99 mg g^-1 for cold season. The interaction treatment between the level of application of polymers 40 g kg^-1 soil and the treatment of adding organic fertilizer 1.5 ml L^-1 showed significant differences in the number of branches, root length, dry matter percentage and chlorophyll content in the vegetative group was 9.83 branch plant^-1, 27.36 cm and 39.65%, 99.31 mg g^-1 for hot season and 33.44%, 42.10 mg g^-1 for cold season.

The field experiment was carried out during the Winter/autumn cultivation season of (2021-2020) in one of the private fields in Fallujah city 60 km to the west of Baghdad at latitude 33° 19'53.6" north and longitude 43° 46'45.2" East to study the effect of foliar spraying with licorice extract and some nutrients on the growth and yield of red cabbage. A factor experiment with two factors was implemented according to the randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replicates, the first factor is foliar licorice extract application in different concentrations. The second factor is the foliar spraying of nutrients The results showed that the effect of spraying with licorice extract and some nutrients led to a significant increase in (plant height, leaf area, total chlorophyll in the leaves, Leaf content of anthocyanin, curl percentage, head weight, total yield, nitrogen percent in the leaves, Phosphorous percent in leaves, potassium percent in leaves).

The Study was aimed to determine and fixed the fat source (beef or sheep) and percentages use for production of Iraqi pasterma and to determine the best treatment from them by use measurements of the physical and chemical characteristics and sensory evaluation of the pastrama where stored at a temperature of 4 C0 for a period of 21 days. four treatments were used, the first treatment was used 800 gm of meat with 200 g pelvic and kidney fat, the second treatment used 750 g of meat with 250 g of tail fat, the third treatment used 800 g of meat with 200 grams of tail fat, the fourth treatment used 750 grams of meat with 250 grams of pelvic and kidney fat. with the addition to salt, sugar, spices, then packaged in natural casings (from cleaned cow small intestine sterilized in 15% NaCl with 1% Acetic Acid). Treatments were stored for a storage period of 1,7 14,21 days. to study the effect of treatments and storage periods on properties (pH, WHC, Drip loss, coking loss TBA, moisture protein, fat and ash percentage and sensory evaluation ). The Results was found to be superior to the fourth treatment in the sensory evaluation and have the highest estimate in moisture and lipid measurements and the lowest pH. Results obtaining the best characteristics of fermented pastrami.

The current study was carried out on a poultry farm which belongs to the Animal production department - College of Agriculture - University of Kufa,for a period of 35 days, start from October 10 to November 13, 2020, for 5 weeks to find out the effect of adding different levels of turmeric root powder and carnation flowers to the diet on some productive traits of broilers. In this experiment, 360 broiler chicks were used, a one-day-old Ross-308 hybrid. Chicks were divided randomly into 6 treatments (60 chick/treatment). Each treatment had 3 replicates with 20 chicks each.These replicate included 20 chicks with an initial average weight of 40gm and the treatments were as follows: 0, 3, and 5 gm/kg diet of turmeric root powder for T0, T1, T2, as well as 3 and 5 gm/kg diet of carnation flower powder for T3 and T4, respectively, and T5 contained 4 gm/kg diet fodder mix of both turmeric root powder and carnation flowers. Chicks were exposed to Cyclical day temperature. Results showed a significant increase (P<0.01) in the total body weight average in T2 and T5 Compared with T0, T1, and T3. Total weight gain increased significantly in T5 (P<0.01) compared to T0, T1, T2, T3, and T4.Also, results showed a significant increase (P<0.01) in the total feed consumption ratio in T1, T2, T4, and T5 compared to T0 and T3. In addition, thetotal conversion coefficient for the birds showed a significant increase (P<0.01) in T4 and T5 by showing the lowest value 1.58 for both treatments compared to T1 and T3(1.64, and 1.62), respectively.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of cinnamon and turmeric nanoscale extracts on reducing the microbial load of ground beef stored under refrigerated temperature at 2 ° C for 12 days. The study included six different treatments T1 positive control treatment (adding water), T2 negative control treatment (without addition) and T3. (Curcuma 248.3 ppm), T4 (Curcuma 496.9 ppm), T5 (Cinnamon 83.08 ppm) and T6 (Cinnamon 166.16 ppm). The treatments were kept with storage periods of 1, 4, 8 and 12 days, respectively. Some tests were performed to detect microorganisms. The results of the treatments recorded lower values for the total number of bacteria when compared with the two control treatments, and the treatment T6 recorded the lowest values. The results observed that there was a significant decrease (P< 0.05) in the numbers of cold-loving bacteria for the treatments to which the cinnamon and turmeric nanoparticles extract was added. Treatment T6 (cinnamon 166.16 ppm) recorded lowest number of cold-loving bacteria, reaching 4.47, 4.57 and 4.77, 5.22 bacterial units/gm. meat. The results of the added treatments showed a significant decrease (P <0.05) in the logarithm of the number of coliform bacteria compared to the positive control treatments (T1 and T2). In addition, T6 (cinnamon 166.16 ppm) reached lowest number of coliform bacteria and reached 3.69, 3.78, 3.87, 3.99 bacterial units/gm meat. This study concluded that the addition of cinnamon and turmeric nanoparticles extracts to fresh beef and stored by refrigerating for different storage periods. This antibacterial activity assured by a decrease in the logarithm of the total number of normal bacteria, cold-loving bacteria and coliform bacteria, compared with the control treatments for ground beef and cryogenic stock.

A field experiment was conducted in the Amiriyat al-Fallujah district of the Anbar governorate to know the effect of the combination of sulfur and organic fertilizer on the growth and yield of onion, (a local red type), under different plant densities. The experiment included two factors, first: a combination of fertilizing with decomposing Cow's manure (20 tons.ha-1) and sulfur (50 kg.ha-1), and this factor was distributed as follows (T0: fertilizer recommendation (NPK 100-100-120 kg.ha-1 It is considered a control). T1: cow waste + half of the chemical fertilizer recommendation and T2: fertilizer recommendation + sulfur addition and T3: Cow's manure + half of the fertilizer recommendation + sulfur addition and T4: double the recommendation of cow manure (40 t.ha-1 + half of the fertilizer recommendation + adding sulfur). The second factor: planting distances (S1:10×10, S2:10×15, and S3:10×20) cm. The distance between plants was fixed 10 cm and the dimensions changed between one line and another. The study was carried out as a factorial experiment with the randomized complete block design (RCBD). The results showed clear significant differences for the two study factors in characteristics of vegetative growth, yield, and the content of total soluble solids, as the T4S3 treatment exceeded by giving it the highest number of tubular blades, leaf area and the highest percentage of sulfur in the leaves, which was positively reflected on the plant yield and percentage the total soluble solids amounted to (16.57 blades.plant-1, 15.97 dm2, 1.70%, 0.64%, 104.50 g, 15.83%), respectively, The treatment of planting distances S1 achieved significant differences in the total yield (90.39 tons.ha-1 and 8.91 kg) respectively compared to plants of treatment S3, which achieved(74.29 tons.ha-1and 5.39 kg).

This study was undertaken at the Ruminant's Research Station, Office of Agricultural Research/Ministry of Agriculture (20 km west of Baghdad). 102 ewes were used in this study from 1/1/2020- 1/10/2021 to study prediction of lambs growth from milk production and its composition in Awassi sheep and description of growth cure of non–linear function. Simple regression was used to examine relationship between growth traits such as gain, weaning weight, weight at 6 months of age and milk production and its composition. Regression of weaning weight was positive and highly significant (P≤ 0.01) with daily milk yield (DMY) and significant (P≤0.05) with dam's milk protein percentage (MPP), Analysis of regression also showed significant positive increasing (p≤ 0.05) in lambs' weight at six months of age with increasing of DMY and MPP, where coefficient of regression (CR) amount to 5.006 kg/kg and 0.663 kg/% respectively. Results showed that CR of gain from birth to weaning was highly significant with dam's DMY, whereas was significant with MPP. Both DMY and MPP had significant and positive relationship with gain between birth weight and weight at six months, where amount of CR was 4.859 kg/kg and 0.619 kg/% with determination coefficient (R²) amount to 0.31 and 0.19 sequentially. Also, positive and significant regression was noticed for gain from birth to 6 months with MPP and milk Solids Not-Fat(SNF) percentages. Exponential functions also were used according to analysis of non-linear regression with calculated R² for growth in Awassi lambs. Results showed that relationship which derives from regression weight at 6 months on weight at weaning according to equation WT6^=a+b WWT² is considered the best because increasing value of R² which was 0.69. we conclude, possibility prediction in lamb's growth from birth to six months depend on DMY and MPP, also dependence non-linear functions gave an important results to describe growth curves between weaning to 6 months.

The present study aimed to Isolate trans-glutaminase EC:2.3.2.13 from some plants sources and Purified it and Studied it's Charctarestics as well as it's practical applications in the production of sausage.The enzyme was extracted from four types of plants (rosemary, chard, radish, arugula) using nine extraction solutions that included distilled water,Sodium chloride 3% solution, sodium chloride 5% solution, sodium phosphate solution 0.1 M and an pH 6.5, sodium phosphate 0.1 M and an pH of 7.5, Tris - Hcl solution 0.2 M and pH 7, Tris - Hcl solution 0.2 M and an pH 8, Tris - Hcl solution 0.1 M and an pH 7 and Tris - Hcl solution 0.1 M and an pH 8 in order to find out the best source of enzyme and the best extraction solution. chard was the best source of enzyme compared with other sources, Tirs -HCl 0.1M, pH 8 solution was the best extraction solution which gave the highest specific activity 8.104 unit/mg.Protein content for the crude enzyme extracts were concentrated using saturated ammonium sulfate in arrange 20-60%, Dialysis was done using distilled water. Then, the purification steps of the enzyme were completed using the gel filtration in the Sephadex G-100 Purification Folds 13.91 time and the yield was 20.04% %. Electrophoresise process using poly acryl amid gel in the absence of SDS observe the presence of one protein band which indicates the complete purification of transglutaminase. transglutaminase molecular weight was 42,660 Dalton when it was evaluated using poly acryl amide electrophoresis in the presence of SDS. the optimum pH for enzyme activity and enzyme stability was 7, while the optimum temperature for enzyme activity was 55°C, and the optimum temperature for enzyme stability was between 25-45°C.

Freshwater fish diversity, abundance, the ecological indices, and water quality from Main Outfall Drain (MOD) in Al-Diwaniya City/middle Iraq were studied monthly from January to December 2017 in two sites. The present study has shown that the third river (MOD) supported 15 fish species belonging to 7 families. As far as biodiversity status in fish community (IUCN-2019) is concerned, out of 15 species, eleven fish species are categorized into Lower risk least concern (LC or LR/lc), four Vulnerable (VU). Eight species were sensitive to salinity; seven species were tolerance. The results were concluded that the properties of water were tolerable for the fish community. Ultimately, it can be concluded that the sector of MOD supported the fish community. But it needs constant monitoring for the conserve and development of the diversity and the case of the healthy fish.

Bio stimulants are natural or synthetic substances that can be applied to seeds, plants, and soil. These substances cause changes in vital and structural processes in order to influence plant growth through improved tolerance to abiotic stresses and increase grain yield and quality. In addition, bio stimulants reduce the need for fertilizers so an experiment was carried to investigate the influence of water qualities with three levels (1.2, 8, and 10 ds.m^-1 ) as a first factor and the bio stimulants combinations were used of the poultry litter, Bio–booster (Zytonic F), and nano NPK fertilizer as a second factor, to study the level of tomato sensitivity to salt stress due to the scarcity of salinity studies on a tomato plant in Iraq, the experiment was conducted based on Spilt - Plot system within the RCBD design, The results confirmed that the saline water caused a drop in the vegetative growth and yield. The fertilizer combinations had been producing significant differences compared to control, The treatments, F5 (poultry manure 30 tons. ha-1 + nano fertilizer) 2g.liter and F6 (Poultry manure 30ton. ha-1 + Zytonic-F 0.2g+10g of peat moos plant-1) obtained the best rates, in most of the traits of vegetative growth and yield, and it has been decreasing the harmful effect of saline water on tomato growth.

The experiment was conducted in the Directorate of Agriculture in Najaf during the agricultural season 2020-2021 to know the effect of Foliar application of thiamine and Roselle extract on the chemical parameters of the Mathiola plant(Matthiola incana L).The experiment included two factors, the first is thiamine at four concentrations (90,60,30,0) mg.L^-1. The second is Roselle extract at four concentrations (0,2,4,6) g.L^-1, a factorial experiment was conducted consisting of three replicates, the experiment was conducted based on the Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) 4×4×3=48, The results can be summarized that thiamine at a concentration of 90 mg.L^-1 with Roselle extract at a concentration of 6.4 g.L^-1 when sprayed on the plant led to a significant increase in the study parameters as the leaves content of total chlorophyll and nitrogen phosphorous potassium, boron and the total soluble carbohydrate content of the leaves and the anthocyanin content of the flowers were increased reached to 57.27 mg.100 g^-1 and 2.45% and 0.29% and 2.96% and 13.72 mg.kg^-1 and 18.10 mg.g^-1 respectively.

In this study, nitrate and nitrite contents were determined of a total (308) samples of 15 different types of vegetable such as leek, swiss chard, celery, spinach, garden cress, green onion, turnip, radish, aubergine, squash, tomato, pepper, cucumber, mint, and tarragon. They were taken from different fields located in Sulaymaniyah province: Sulaymaniyah city (Tanjarro and Kanaswra), Bazyan (Baynjan), Halabja (Said Sadiq), and Kalar (Grda Gozena). Using spectrophotometer measurements performed by UV/VIS double beam spectrophotometer at 538nm. The highest level of nitrate (529.55 mg/kg) for garden cress in Said Sadiq, (486.74 mg/kg) for Swiss chard in Kanaswra, and (477.65 mg/kg) for spinach in Bazyan. In addition, leek and celery contained high nitrate concentrations of about (416.65 and 447.60) mg/kg in Kanaswra and Bazyan, respectively. While the lowest nitrate concentration in fruiting vegetables like a tomato was 5.934 mg/kg in Bazyan, and aubergine in Grda Gozena was 5.617 mg/kg. Interestingly, the value of the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) and the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) was lower than the standard limit, ADI for nitrate in this study was about (0.51, 2.18) mg/kg bw/day for adults and children, while the standard limit (3.70 mg/kg bw/day). Also, ADI for nitrite in this study was about (0.01, 0.05) mg/kg/bw for adults and children, while the standard limit was about 0 - 0.06 mg kg, as a result, the THQ ≤1. In summary, we can conclude that the amount of nitrates in raw vegetables was lower than the standard limit's level and that this level does not cause health problems for consumers.

This experiment was conducted inside the plastic house of the Agricultural Research and Experiments Station in the Al-Sayada area of the College of Agriculture - University of Kirkuk/Iraq, during the growing season of 2020-2021, To study the effect of spraying with calcium and boron with four concentrations (0, 100 Calcium, 20 Boron and 100 Calcium + 20 Boron)mg.L^-1 and growth regulatorbenzyl adeninewith three concentrations (0, 30, 60)mg.L^-1on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the yield of strawberry plant Rubygem variety.The experiment was carried out in accordance with Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) for simple factorial tests with three replicates and one tree per experimental unit. The results were statistically analyzed using the ready-made (SAS V 9.0) program. The averages were compared according to Duncan's Multiple Range Test at probability level (0.05).The results obtained can be summarized when spraying with a combination of calcium 100 mg.L^-1 and boron 20 mg.L^-1 led to a significant increase in the average number of flowersand fruits, set percentage and Average diameter of fruit.Whereas, spraying with calcium alone at a concentration of 100 mg.L^-1 resulted in a significant superiority in the characteristics (average length and size of the fruit, average fruit weight, average yield per plant and yield per unit area).Whereas, spraying with a concentration of 60 mg.L^-1 of growth regulator benzyl adenine led to a significant superiority in all the studied traits compared with the rest of the other treatments.The bilateral overlap between the levels of the factors included in the study had a clear significant effect in compared to the comparative treatment.

The conservation of natural resources like soil and water and reduces chemical pollution in the environment is the desired goal of the directions of improving the performance of important crops for meeting the global food demand. However,System of Rice Intensification (SRI), is a rice cropping system that is consistent with Conservation Agricultural (CA) and Sustainable Agriculture (SA). The current study was aimed to investigate the effects of SRI method on grain yield and its components in two rice varieties compared with conventional practice in farmers' fields (CFM) in different environmental conditions in Iraq. The study was conducted in the fields during the rice season 2019 in three provinces in the south of Iraq (Najaf, Diwaniya and Muthanna). Anber33 and Jasmine rice varieties were grown in each location and the traits were conducted at sites having 2 donum of land (5,000 m2).The trial was performed as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) having three blocks. The results showed superior significant of SRI method compared to CFM method in traits (plant height and panicle length, number per panicle, and percentage of unfilled grains). Furthermore, SRI method gave higher grain yield as a percentage with both varieties in each province (25.6% in Muthanna, 24.5% in Najaf, and 13.2% in Diwaniya province) compared to CFM. However, grain yield in Jasmine variety was higher than on Anber33 approximately 50% in three locations in this study. Overall, our results suggest that SRI method is the most convenient method in Iraq conditions due to the increased grain yield in rice compared to the CFM method.

The experiment was carried out in the greenhouse of the Agricultural Research and Experiment Station - Kirkuk University - College of Agriculture for the agricultural season 2020-2021. The experiment was started on 20-11-2020. Carnations were taken from the mothers before the start of the experiment and planted in culture dishes to complete the rooting process. Carnations were planted on terraces with a length of (20 m) and width (75 cm), and the distance between one line and another (30 cm) and between one plant another (30 cm) as well. Artificial lighting (white LED light factor, 40 watts) was used for four hours in addition to the natural light which started half hour before sunset. The intensity of lighting was measured by a light meter (Lux 6612). As for the mulching factor, the industrial mulching was used with white polyethylene and the natural mulching with shredded yellow corn residue with a thickness of 2.5 cm, in addition to the control treatment. The experiment was carried out in a split-plot system in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and the treatment of illumination was placed in the main plots, while mulching was placed in the secondary plots, and the results were tested according to Duncan's multiple range test at a probability level of 5%. The following characteristics were studied: plant height (cm), plant total chlorophyll content (CCI), number of days required for flowering (day), number of flower/m^2, and flower stem length (cm). The results showed the superiority of lighting and mulching treatment in all vegetative and flowering traits under study.

This study includes the production of beef substitute from wheat gluten and its introduction into the manufacture of beef Burger, the properties and sensory evaluation were tested, as the functional properties of gluten were tested. When estimating the water absorption capacity, the gluten recorded the highest water absorption at pH 7, where the water absorption amount reached 2.69 ml/g gluten. The susceptibility to binding of fat was 1.5 g oil/g of gluten, as the chemical nature of the ability to bind to the lipid molecules. As for the sensory evaluation, it included the treatment A of gluten with saline solution %3 NaCl and treatment B Solution 4% apple vinegar and treatment C 15% soaking tamarind. The treated gluten with saline solution %3 NaCl scored the highest total sensory evaluation of 78.7%, and as for the treatment of gluten with a solution 4% apple vinegar recorded the lowest sensory evaluation rate of 58.8%, and treatment C 61.9 % that all of the gluten treatment included the boiling of the gluten with the above solutions for 10 minutes, separately. The results of the microbial analysis referred to possibility of well-protected burger for 4 days in a refrigerator after preparation, where the microbial contamination is within the allowed limits for human consumption.

Somebiological aspects and morphological for Coptodon zillii inhabiting at Al-Tharthar Arm-Tigris River were studied during the period from April to September 2016. The growth pattern was positive allometric with (b) values for males 3.392, females 3.192, and for combined sexes 3.30. Condition factor values were lower than one and increased with size rangesbetween1.265and1.984 with an average of 1.665for combined sexes.Fish considered as herbivorous, six food items found in the diet, filament algae was the most important food item that occupied 57.84% of the diet, followed by plants particles' and their seeds 27.08% and organic materials 12.38%. The percentage of food items by both methods differed between sexes. The research cover, the ratios of each of twenty morphometric measurements to total length, and each of four morphometric measurements to head length and their linear regression equations. All the length-length relationships between standard length and the others measurements were highly correlated.

The experiment was conducted in field during the season 2020-2021 at The Al-sayade Research Station of the College of Agriculture/University of Kirkuk, and aimed to study the impact of three types of organic fertilization (without fertilization, sheep fertilizer, organic fertilizer), and three types of Emitter (GR, Turbo, Spiral ) and the interaction between them in the growth and yield of Broccoli ( Brassica oleracea Var.italica ) and the evaluation of the Drip Irrigation System. A factorial experiment was carried out according split split – plot design of the Random Complete Block Design R.C.B.D and obtained data was statistical analyzed by using SAS system and Duncan multi –Range test at the probability level of %5 used to compared among the mean of treatment. The results showed that organic fertilization of sheep fertilizer gave a significant increase in the height of the plant 66.27 cm. The H (250g.d^-1 in four stages) fertilizer adding showed a significantly Superiority for traits of the yield of plant and total yield of plant (902.84 g plant^-1 and 45.142 ton ha^-1, respectively). However, the treatment without fertilization has given a significant increase of total chlorophyll ratio to 25.44 mg. g^-1.Turboemitter recorded a significant increase in the height of the plant 67.233cm. whereas, the GR emitter showed a significant increase the total chlorophyll ratio by 25.830mg g^-1and superior in percentage of dry material in main head recorded by %12.694. The interaction between H fertilizer and Turbo emitter, had significantly differences of the most of the qualities traits were studied. When evaluating the drip irrigation system, it noted the superiority of the GR emitter treatement was gave the lowest plants the Coefficient of Variation 0.051 % with the highest absolute field emission uniformity reach to 98.84%, the highest efficient water distribution with 98.08% and the lowest water consumption 43.17mm.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of level of concentrate feeding and addition of monensin on blood parameters. Sixteen Awassi lambs were used at 4-6 months of age and mean initial weight of 21.27 kg. Concentrate diet was offered at two levels (2.5 and 3% of body weight, BW) with or without the addition of monensin at a rate of 30 mg/kg DM. Ground wheat straw was offered adlibitum. Results showed that increasing level of concentrate significantly increased (P<0.01) blood concentration of total protein (BTP) from 6.94 to 8.84 g.100 ml^-1, urea nitrogen (BUN), and triglyceride (TG) from 15.54 to 18.23 and 22.66 to 25.12 mg.100 ml^-1 respectively. The addition of monensin significantly increased (P<0.05) TP concentration from 7.61 to 8.17 g.100 ml^-1, whereas, BUN concentration was decreased (P<0.01) from 18.15 to 15.62 mg.100 ml^-1. All blood parameters were also affected (P<0.05) by the interaction between the level of concentrate and the addition of monensin. In the study of diurnal changes, blood parameters showed an expected response to the time of withdrawing blood samples from lambs.

The experiment was carried out during the spring season from 1/3/2019 to 1/9/2019, to study the effect of foliar spraying with a suspension of bread yeast at concentrations 0.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 g.L^-1, and the addition of the compound chemical fertilizer NPK+Trace Elements(TE)20-20-20 for soil with three levels (0.0, 0.5 and 1.0 g.plant^-1 ) and their interactions in the chemical content of the leaves of two years old tamarind young plants. The research was carried out as a factorial experiment (4*3) according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The indicators of the study showed that the foliar spraying with bread yeast suspension led to an improvement in most of the studied traits of tamarind young plants and the foliar spraying treatment with a concentration of 7.5 g.L^-1 excelled in achieving the best results in comparison with the control treatment of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and protein content in the tamarind young plants leaves. Total chlorophyll and carotene, yeast did not have any significant effect in any of the concentrations in the experiment. The compound chemical fertilizer NPK+Trace Elements improved all the studied characteristics of tamarind young plants, and the treatment at the level 0.5 g.plant^-1. While the concentration of one g.plant^-1was superior in recording a significant increase of potassium concentration in the leaves. Whereas, the interaction between foliar spraying with bread yeast suspension and the addition of the neutral chemical fertilizer NPK+Trace Elements showed a significant effect in most of the studied traits, where the treatment was superior to 7.5 g.L^-1 yeast and 0.5 g.plant^-1 neutral fertilizer in recording the highest content in leaves of element N andprotein in the leaves, while the treatment recorded 7.5 g.L^-' yeast and 0g.plant^-1 neutral fertilizer was superior in the percentage of phosphorous, while the concentrations7.5 g.L^-1 yeast and lg.plant^-1. Neutral fertilizer were superior in percentage of Potassium in the leaves of tamarind young plants achieved a concentration of 0.0 g.L^-1 yeast and 0.5g.plant^-1 neutral fertilizer an outperformance in the leaf content of total chlorophyllwhile the treatment recorded 5 g.L^-1 yeast and 0 g.plant^-1 neutral fertilizer was superior in the percentage of carotene.

The aim of this study was conducted to add low levels of Astaxanthin to the feed on some physical and chemical traits of broiler carcasses raised at 42 days of age. 240 unsexed chicks, one day age, used the ROSS 308 strain, which was distributed randomly into five treatments by 48 chicks/treatment, and each treatment was divided into three replicates (16 chicks/replicate). The chicks were fed on three diets that included the initiator, growth, and final (23, 21.5, and 19.44% crude protein), respectively. Representative energy has amounted to 3000.5, 3100.7, and 3199.25 kcal/kg feed, respectively. Astaxanthin powder was added to the diet at levels 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg/Kg of feed (T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5 treatments group), respectively. The results show the following: The treatments with Astaxanthin has recorded a significant improvement (P <0.01) in the percentages of liquids loss during cooking, drip and thawing loss, a significant increase in water holding capacity and pH in favor of the nutrient addition treatments compared to the control group. It, also, showed a significant improvement in the chemical traits of the Myoglobin and cholesterol concentration of minced chicken meat for the Astaxanthin treatments compared to the control group. It is concluded from the present study that the addition of low levels of Astaxanthin to broiler feed during the 42-day rearing period gave the best results in the physical and chemical traits of the carcass.

This study aim is to purify β-galactosidase from a local isolate of yogurt in Salah al-Din Governorate to overcome the phenomenon of lactose in decomposition. The bacteria were grown on MRS medium supplemented with 1%CaCo3. Twenty isolates of lactic acid bacteria were obtained and conducting culture tests and microscopic examinations were on these isolates. In order to classify them to the level of species, it was found that there were four types, namely: Lactobacilluse acidophilus,LactobacilluseCasei,Lactobacilluse delubrici subsp.bulgaricus,Streptococcus thermophilus, The cultivation and activation steps of the different isolates were carried out forobtaining the most productive and active isolate, which is Lactobacilluse acidophiluse. Beta-galactosidase activation processes were carried out for the enzyme and cell breakdown by lysozyme. Purification and sedimentation processes were carried out using ammonium sulfate and membrane sorting, followed by gel filtration using Lactobacillus G-150. The best extraction rate (L.acidophiluse 70%) was achieved by enzyme precipitation (4,375) units/mol, and the activity increased in the membrane sorting step to (5,900) units/mol, and in gel filtration we obtained activity of the enzyme (15.591) units/mol.

Foliar application and seed soaking has been used as a means of supplying supplemental doses of nutrients, plant hormones, stimulants, and organic components. the effects of these applications have included yield increases, and improved drought tolerance, and enhanced crop quality, so A field experiment was carried out during spring seasons in 2019 and 2020 for styding Seed soaking and Foliar Application of Ascorbic acid, Citric acid and Humic acid on Growth, Yield and Active Components IN Maize. Randomized complete block design in split plots arrangement was used with three replicates. Main-plots were for seeds soaking with ascorbic, citric (100 mg l^-1) frequently and humic at (1 ml l^-1). Sub-plots were for vegetative parts nutrition with same acids above. Results showed a significant superiority of seeds soaking in humic acid for traits of ears number per plant (1.3 and 1.6), rows number per ear (16.6 and 17.5), grains number per row (39.3 and 45.3), grains number per ear (644.3 and 793.5), weight of 300 grains (75.3 and 100.6 g), total grain yield ( 6.0 and 8.3 ton ha^-1), shelling ratio (79.3 and 85.1%), biological yield (20.7 and 26.8 ton ha^-1), harvesting index (30.4 and 31.2%), in both seasons respectively. Effect of vegetative parts nutrition or interaction between studied factors was non-significant on most traits studied. It can be concluded that soaking maize seeds in humic acid improves yield and yield components.

Experiment was conducted during summer season of 2021 to study the effect of foliar applications of Phenylalanine (Phe), Jasmonic acid (JA), Biofertilizer (Bio) and their combinations (Phe+JA, Phe+Bio, JA+Bio, Phe+JA+Bio and control) on some growth, yield parameters and anthocyanin compounds on Roselle calyces Hibiscus sabdariffa L., The treatments were distributed on Randomized Completely Block Design in three replicates, means were compared according to the Least Significant Difference test (LSD) at probability level of 0.05. The results show that growth parameters (plant height, branches number, leave area and chlorophyll) and yield parameters (fruits number, fresh weight calyces, fresh yield calyces and dry yield calyces) were increased due by foliar application Phe+JA+Bio, while the combination treatment Phe+Bio gave significant effects on vitamin C, total anthocyanin, Gossypetin, Sabdartine, Hibescitine, Delphidine and Cyanidin of calyces reached at 201.5, 184.5, 29.3, 31.2, 57.4, 35.4, 27.8 (mg.100g) respectively.

Nanotechnology is a capable approach to enhance the activity of common antimicrobial agent mainly used in human and veterinary drug. Gentamycin is a broad-spectrum antibacterial against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The study aims to determine the characterization and the biological activity of gentamicin in the Nano-form prepared by Sol-gel application using an ultrasound device by aqueous solution at temperature (80)⁰C. Nano gentamycin examined by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and antibacterial effect of both Nano and stander gentamycin were analyzed. The results showed that the average size of gentamycin nanoparticles was 68.51 nanometers with homogeneous distribution. The EDX showed large number of elements present in the Nano solution. The antibacterial effect of Nano gentamycin took a wide inhibition range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria compared to the standard substance, where the inhibition diameter for E.coli was 29 mm, and for St. epidermidis was 27 mm. The MIC of gentamicin nanostructures was the concentration 0.00125 mg/ml.

The experiment was carried out at the Research Station of the Department of Horticulture dept. of Tikrit University for the season 2020-2021 to investigate the effect of organic fertilization with treatments (control, poultry manure, and Humobacter fertilizer) and mulching type with four Mulching type (no mulching, black mulch, white mulch, and yellow mulch). A randomized complete blocks (RCBD) design and a split-plot method were used in the experiment, which included three replications. The Humobacter fertilizer treatment considerably outperformed of plant height, and overall plant yield, which were 21.69 cm, and 46.55 tons ^-1, respectively, compared to 19.03 cm, and 28.10 tons ^-1, respectively, As for the mulch treatments, the yellow mulch treatments were achieved the best values of number leaves, plant yield for one plant and the total plant yield, 16.81 leaf^-1, 50.38 cm, 1.42 kg and 47.31 tons ^-1, respectively.

During a survey in season 018, leaf spot symptoms were commonly observed on apricot (Prunus armeniaca) trees in the orchards of Al-Hussainiya district in Karbala Province of Iraq. The symptomatic leaves were gathered, the associated fungus was isolated and characterized relied on its morphological features and ITS-rDNA sequencing. The causative factor was found to be the fungus Alternaria alternata that caused distinguishable leaf spot symptoms on the inoculated leaves of apricot. Based on a review of previous references relatedof this disease in Iraq, this is the first report of the brown leaf spot disease caused by A. alternata in Karbala province of Iraq.

The research was carried out in one of the greenhouses of the Horticulture and Landscape Division nursery in the Plant Production Department - Directorate of Agriculture – Najaf Governorate for the agricultural season 2018-2019. Experiment aimed to study the effect of foliar application of organic matter and salicylic acid on the growth and yield of the Strawberry.. The study included nine treatments, which are three concentrations of organic matter of (HumiferT-ULTRA) was used (0, 3, and 6) ml.L^-1, and Salicylic Acid treatment with three concentrations (0, 100, and 200) mg.L^-1. Furthermore, it was implemented as a factorial experiment according to the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. The results showed that the treatment of 3 ml.L^-1 of organic matter was significantly achieved the heist values in plant height, percentage of carbohydrates, and anthocyanin pigment in the fruit, while the other traits were superior significantly at the level of 6 ml.L^-1. On the other hand, the foliar application of with salicylic acid resulted in significant superiority in all the studied traits, especially at the concentration of 200 mg.L^-1 except the leaf content of chlorophyll and the plant yield, which recorded a significant superiority at the concentration of 100 mg.L^-1. Finally, the interaction of the study factors had a significant effect on all the studied traits.

The study was conducted to determine the effect of adding water-soluble chitosan on some hematological and biochemical traits in the quail during rearing for meat production, twenty-seven male quail at nine weeks of age were randomly assigned to three treatments with three replicates, it was treated with chitosan for 28 days, according to the following concentrations, the first treatment (control treatment), the second and third treatments, water-soluble chitosan was added at a concentration of 0.2 and 0.3 g/L, respectively. The results showed that there were no significant differences among treatments in RBC, PCV, Hb, MCV, MCH, glucose concentration and AST and ALT enzymatic activity, while there were significantly increased WBC in both experimentsin addition treatments compared to the control treatment. The adding of the water-soluble chitosan at a concentration of 0.2 and 0.3 g/L resulted in a significant decrease in the concentration of cholesterol and triglycerides, while the adding 0.3 g/Lled to a significant increase (P≤ 0.05) in the total protein concentration, albumin and Globulin compared with the control group. We conclude from this research that the adding of water-soluble chitosan at a concentration of 0.3 g/L has the potential to improve productive performance and enhance bird health.

The attention has been paid in recent years to the biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) and their important in medical applications. This study was conducted to synthesis of CuNPs using Aspergillus niger supernatant, study its characteristic and their antibacterial activity alone or with Ciprofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus isolated from wounds infection. Then, its activity on the healing wounds was experimentally induced with Staphylococcus aureus using laboratory Hamster., followed by assaying of some blood parameters. The results indicated that Aspergillus niger supernatant was optimal for converting the CuNO3 to produce of CuNPs. The CuNPs were confirmed by UV spectrum, revealed an absorption at 225 nm, and the average size was by 20 nm after assay with the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mixing between CuNPs and ciprofloxacin had increased by 60% in the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, more than for single inhibition activity of each treatment. The CuNPs or ciprofloxacin singly or in combination treated of induced experimentally contaminated wounds with Staphylococcus aureus appeared that synergism healing effects of the mixed treated with a short time compared with single treatments. The treatment of induced wounds with Staphylococcus aureus were significantly (p<0.05) increased in number of the WBCs and decreased of platelets number. While, the treatments with CuNPs or Ciprofloxacin singly or in combination were not significantly different with the same parameters in control group. Furthermore, the Hb, RBCs and PCV were not significantly different in all treatments. Furthermore, the values of urea and creatinine further of the IgG and IgA for all animals' groups were reduced compared with the same values in infections animal group., GOT, GPT of liver enzymes values.were also showed a significant decreasing.

The objective of the current work was to induce histological lesions by BPA(Bisphenol A)and then diagnosis the therapeutic role of Moringa oleifera. 66 adult male rats were used in the present work and divided as following: Rats were administrated (orally) normal saline as control group. Rats group were administrated (orally) 5mg BPA and divided into 4 subgroups were each subgroup treated with Moringa oleifera (100mg/kg, 200mg/kg, 300mg/kg and 400mg/kg), respectively. Rats were administrated (orally) 10mg BPA and divided to 4 subgroups were each subgroup treated with Moringa oleifera (100mg/kg, 200mg/kg, 300mg/kg and 400mg/kg), respectively. The findings of BPA groups showed significant (P<0.05) elevated in urea and creatinine with different histological lesions in the kidney include damaged glomerulus, degeneration of tubules cells, and lymphocytes infiltration. After treatment with Moringa oleifera, renal parameters and kidney tissues were back to the normal state and non-significant (P≤0.05) changes compared with the control group.

A field experiment was conducted during the winter agricultural season 2020. To study the effect of humic acid and fertilizer recommendation, humic acid was supplied with irrigation water at two levels i.e., 0 and 0.25 gm L^-1. Nine levels of the fertilizer recommendation were applied according to the fertilizer recommendation of 92kg N.h-1, 200 kg P. h-1 and 150 kg K. h-1 taking the symbols of F1to F9. The results showed the superiority of the treatments of humic acid application( 0.25 gm l^-1) in the traits of plant height, Weight of broccoli head, total yield, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium concentrations, by giving 32.64 cm, 246.5 gm plant-1, 8.215 tons ha-1, 5.541%, 0.3816%, and 3. 641% respectively, the treatment of adding chemical fertilizer at a level of 125% N + 125% P + % K 125 of the fertilizer recommendation(F2) gave the highest plant height of 36.60 cm, Weight of broccoli head of 269.2 g plant-1, total yield of 8.972 tons H-1, nitrogen concentration 5.817% and concentration Phosphorous 0.3141% compared to treatment F9, while treatment F5 gave the highest potassium concentration 3.893% compared to treatment F9 (1.914%).

The current study aims to improve the quality of wastewater collected from the secondary sedimentation tank of Hamdan sewage water treatment plant, Basrah, Iraq, using C. demersum L. for phytoremediation potential in the laboratory experiment. The experiments were also designed to establish some toxicological effects of wastewater on plant physiology as a response to wastewater stresses. The selected physio-chemical parameters of wastewater were conducted. Plant analyses were also measured before and after 21st day of exposure. The results showed the efficiency of the plant in improving the water quality in a different ratio. The dilution 1:3 (T3) was the most efficient with a significant difference (p<0.05) between treatment and control for most of the measured parameters. The result showed the efficiency of Ceratophyllum demersum in removing the Total hardness, Ca+2, Mg+2, BOD5, COD, NO3-2, PO4-2, Na+ and Cl- in 1:3 dilution (55.88, 13.27, 89.55, 90, 47.37, 50.65, 48.51, 16.28 and 40.24)% compared with (17.65, 5.42, 27.31, 50, 15.79, 16.30, 13.86, 6.73 and 15.77 )% in control respectively. The Ceratophyllum demersum plant has proven to be effective in improving the quality of wastewater, and therefore it can be considered an effective candidate in phytoremediation technology.

The experiment was conducted in the Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University for the agricultural season 2020. Two factors were studied: first; foliar application of glutamic acid at three levels (0.100,200) mg.L^-1 and the second; nano zinc oxide at four levels (0,0,50,1,1050) mg.L^-1 in Randomized Complete Block Design ( RCDB) with three replication. The interaction A2Z3 treatment (glutamic acid 200 mg. L^-1 + nano zinc oxide 1.50 g.L^-1) was achieved the highest values of a-Pinene, limonene, Linalool and Myrcene Terpinen which reached (31.4, 20.3, 22.4, 27.4 and 28.2 mg.L^-1) respectively, compared to the control treatment. Whereas the interaction treatment A2Z2 (glutamic acid 200 mg.L^-1 + nano zinc oxide 1 g.L^-1) achieved the highest values of Camphene (35.6 mg. L^-1). While the interaction of A2Z3 (glutamic acid 200 mg.L^-1 + nano-zinc oxide 1.50 g.L^-1) was recorded the highest concentration of Rutin and Caryophyllene, which reached (40.1 - 253.8 μg.ml^-1 ) respectively, While the interaction treatment A1Z3 (glutamic acid 100 mg.L^-1 + nano zinc oxide 1.50 g.L^-1) was achieved the highest value of Qurcetine (192.9 μg.ml^-1).

The red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum is one of the common pests of stored grains distributed worldwide. In this study, testing the effect of TiO₂ and ZnO nanoparticles as insecticides on adults of T. castaneum was achieved. Results showed that the high concentration of TiO₂ and ZnO nanoparticles recorded high cumulative mortality of the adult insects after exposure time 1, 3, and 5 days from treatments 15.30, 23.57, and 29.85% respectively of TiO₂ nanoparticles compared with 20.42, 27.08, and 33.96 % respectively of ZnO nanoparticles. The result showed that TiO₂ and ZnO nanoparticles are effective in controlling and can be introduced in the future in integrated pest management of T. castaneum.

The main objective of this study was to find an effective way to use linear equations for the purpose of creating a balanced ration at the lowest possible cost for dairy cattle by using linear equations and solving these equations through the Solver tool provided by MS-Excel. Samples of barley, corn, wheat bran, soybean meal and wheat straw were collected from the local markets and the necessary chemical analyzes were performed for them. after that the mathematical formulas of the linear equations were developed according to the specified constraints for crude protein ratio, value of metabolizable energy and the percentage of each calcium and phosphorus, which meets the needs of a medium-production dairy cow (15 kg) and weighting (650 kg). then the data was entered into Microsoft Excel and the equations were solved by Solver tool. The results showed a superior ability of linear equations to solve the problems consisting of several variables where the feed was formed by mixing barley, Corn, wheat bran, soybean meal, wheat hay, calcium phosphate and salt in proportions ( 5, 17.91, 50, 10.76, 13.66, 1.64 and 1) respectively, The cost of the feed mixture was (268.6 $/ton), which is the lowest possible cost for a ration that meets the required needs, linear programming will provide the animal breeders efficiency with the highest production by reducing the costs and balancing of the ration through the steps described in the search.

An experiment was conducted throughout winter 2020-2021 in the experimental field of the Department of Field Crops, Tikrit University to investigate the effect of spraying cytokinin on the growth and yield of wheat bread Triticum aestivum L varieties. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used with a split-plot system and three replications. Cytokinin concentrations were 0, 100, 200 that were sprayed on two dates; during the branching stage (ZGS: 22); during the al-Battan stage (ZGS:40). Ten varieties were used included Al-Rasheed, Ibaa 99, Sham 6, Baghdad, Bohouth 22, Adana 99, Bora Italian, Sulaymaniyah 2, Al Fayyad and Al Wafiya. Nnumber of days from planting to 50% of spikes, leaf area of the flag, grain yield and biological, and protein percentage and wet gluten percentage were measured. The ten-wheat cultivars showed a significant difference in growth, yield, and quality. The Fayyad was the earliest than the other cultivars by the number of days from emergence to 50% spikes, 104.33 days, and the highest of the number of spikes per area unit, 569.22 spikes. m-2. Rashid cultivar showed the highest average of flag leaf area, 67.22 cm2, and the highest average number of grains per spike,100.88 grains. Also, it gave the highest average of grain yield, 496.77 g. m-2. Sulaymaniyah 2 cultivar was the highest in the weight of 1000 grains, 51.38 g. Spraying 200 ml. L-1 cytokinin indicated a significant difference for the most of traits such as flag leaf area, 53.56 cm², the number of grains in the 78.80 grains, biological yield 452.46 g. m-1, protein percentage, 15.02%.

A study of irrigation water was conducted Baghdad city to find out extent of its pollution by some heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, CU, Cr, Zn and Fe). Water samples were collected randomly from different sources (river, well and stream). Results showed that the concentration of studied heavy metals were as follows: Lead between 0.43-11.75 mg L^-1, Cadmium between 0.01-0.95 mg L^-1, Nickel between 0.008-0.46 mg L^-1, Cobalt between Nil - 0.185 mg L^-1, Copper is between 0.326 - 1.58 mg L^-1, Chromium is between Nil-0.068 mg L^-1, Zinc 0.398-1.182 mg L^-1, as for Iron between 0.794 - 3.253 mg L^-1, and high concentrations of heavy metals were in all samples, The most sites were higher than a critical limits permitted by the International Food and Agriculture Organization.

This study was conducted to compare two molting methods by using aluminum sulfate (2.5 g/kg) and diet withdrawal on productivity, eggs quality, and lipid profile of laying hens. A total of 180 Hy-line Brown hens 80 weeks of age were randomly assigned to three replicates of three treatments of 30 hens/treatment from 70–87 weeks of age; hens were exposed to one of the following two molt groups: T1, aluminum sulfate (2.5 g/kg) and T2, feed withdrawal(14 days). Egg production was recorded daily/hen in each cage and weekly for each treatment. Following the forced molting, feed consumption was recorded and calculated weekly. Feed conversion rate as a feed/g egg mass was calculated weekly for each treatment. Haugh unit was determined by [11]. At the end of the experiment blood samples were collected from nine laying hens/treatment from the extrinsic vein using a 5mL sterilized syringe with heparin for biochemical determination parameters. Blood samples were centrifuged at 4000rpm for ten minutes. Plasma and serum were separated and stored (- 20°C) until the biochemical measurement. Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Total Protein, Albumin, Globulin, ALT, and AST were determined in this study. The data were analyzed using (ANOVA) to analyze the difference between treatments. A significant difference was identified between treatments, by using Duncan's test for multiple comparisons. The results of this study indicated that hens subject to feed withdrawal treatment showed a significant (p < 0.05) percentage of body weight loss compared to those in the feed with aluminum (2.5g/kg). We did not find significant (p>0.05) differences in hens performance for all treatments in the post molt for 56 days. Our data showed hens had significantly lower (p < 0.05) in hen day egg production when compared with other treatments after molting, also, the egg weight showed no significant differences between treatments. The results showed a significant (p<0.05) difference in albumin and globulin between molt methods. Our experiment indicated that aluminum sulfate (2.5 g/kg) and feed withdrawal represent a viable alternative to the molting method for the successful induction of molting and retention of post molt performance.

In this study, four pomegranate cultivars were selected in Halabja City. Their physical properties such as peel, arils, juice, seed, and juice concentrate percentage, chemical properties, and some phenolic and sugars compounds of the juices and juices concentrate was compared among all cultivars. Of all four cultivars (Wonderful, Swra hanar, Salakhani, and Kaua hanar), Wonderful and Salakhani presented the highest pH values in juice and juice concentrate and they obtained a signififcant percentage of juice concentrate, total sugars, total anthocyanin, total phenols, and ascorbic acid. Other cultivars presented also individual properties such as high phenolic compounds were studied and interesting juice concentrate percentage content (Swra hanar cultivar) and the highest arils percentage and high amounts of fructose, sucrose, glucose, and ascorbic the acid in juice and juice concentrate content (Kaua hanar cultivar) and highest juice percentage (Wonderful cultivar). Thus, this work will help pomegranate producers in selecting the extreme appropriate cultivar depending on its final utilize, especially being convenient for fresh consumption or juice concentrate.

This research was conducted to study the effect of adding different percentages of octacosanol (OC), wheat germ oil (WGO), and rice oil (RO) to the ration as an indicator of fertility and hatching of quail birds. Two hundred and eighty-eight quails were used in this study, aged 45 days, and distributed into 24 cages, each cage contained 12 birds (9 females/3 males) for three months. Quail birds were fed production ration. Treatments were added according to the following six treatments: (T1) as a control treatment without any addition, (T2) adding 15 mg octacosanol/kg feedstuff, (T3) adding 20 mg octacosanol/kg feedstuff, (T4) adding 25 mg octacosanol/kg feedstuff, (T5) adding 5 ml of wheat germ oil/kg feedstuff, (T6) adding 5 ml of rice oil/kg feedstuff. After the flock production exceeded 50% and the production of the herd stabilized, 300 eggs were randomly taken from all treatments (50 eggs/treatment) and inserted into an incubator for hatching. Age at sexual maturity, production of 25 and 50%, fertility rate, hatching ratio, The relative weight of the ovaries, egg ducts, and yolk weight were measured in this study. Results found a significant increase (P≤0.05) in the fertility rate for all treatments, but not T3, compared to the control group. Also, the hatchability rate of two ratios of hatching (total eggs and hatching from fertilized eggs) showed a significant increase in T4 compared to other treatments groups. In addition, results showed a significant increase in the relative weight of the second and third yolks for T4 compared to the control group. However, no significant differences showed between all of the experimental treatments in age at sexual maturity and production of 25 and 50% for quail eggs, ovarian weight, oviduct weights, and the relative weight of the first yolk.

The study was carried out in the poultry field of the Animal Production Department of the Faculty of Agriculture at Tikrit University. The current study aimed to estimate the effects of adding different percentages of octacosanol, wheat germ oil and rice oil to the ration on egg quality traits. 96 laying quail (age 45 days), were used and divided into six treatments were included: adding the octacosanol/kg feedstuff (T1 without adding, T2=15 mg, T3=20 mg, T4=25 mg), (T5) was adding 5 ml of wheat germ oil/kg feedstuff and (T6) wasadding 5 ml of rice oil/kg feedstuff, which each treatment included four replicates. It used three female quails for each one male, during 90 days at the age of 16 weeks.

The results showed the following: no significant effect (P<0.05) of dietary octacosanol, wheat germ oil and rice oil supplementation which was recorded on relative weights of shell, yolk and albumen, and shell thickness also yolk color, egg shape index, albumen index, yolk index, egg quality of laying quail. However, there was a significant increase (P<0.05) in hough unit for the two treatments that it included octacosanol powder (20 and 25 mg) compared to the control treatment, However, there was no significant difference between the addition treatments.

The study was conducted to determined the effect of oral dosage of alcoholic anise fruit extract or Alginate nanoparticles (AlgNPs) and their interaction with the antibiotics of Cefotaxime or Metronidazole on the biological parameters of male Hamster Males experimentally infected induced with diarrhea caused by E. coli. The results showed that there was a significant decrease (p<0.05) in hemoglobin, red blood cell count and PCV in the blood of a group of Hamster Males that induced diarrhea, it was at 10.75 g/dL, 4.14 cells/mm³ and 37%, respectively compared with their values in the group of control animals, which were 14.25 g/dL and 6.72 cells/mm³ 46%, respectively. Oral dosage to infected animals of anise fruit extract and AlgNPs led to a significant increase in hemoglobin, red blood cell count and PCV to normal level. Also, it was found that orally dosage of laboratory animals with E.coli bacterium were caused a significant increase in the WBCs, liver enzymes activity ALT and AST, and the level of urea, as they were at 12.6 × 10³ cells/mm³, 112 and 143 (IU/L) and 74.5 mg/100ml, respectively, in the group of animals infected with E.coli, compared with its same values in the control group, which were appeared at 8.6×10³ cells/mm³, 44.5, 48.5 (IU/L) and 39.5 mg/100 mL, respectively.Dosing with alcoholic extract of anise fruit and AlgNPs alone or with both antibiotics Cefotaxime or Metronidazole caused a significant decrease in WBCs accounts, ALT, AST, and urea levels, which became not significantly different from their same values in the control group.

The study was conducted during the winter season 2021 at the Agricultural Research Station of the College of Agriculture, University of Basra. In order to study the effect of soil Mulching and the addition of cobalt on the growth and green yield of green bean plants grown under greenhouses conditions, the experiment included 12 factorial treatments, which consist of the four types of plastic coverings (black, white, transparent and without Mulching ) and three concentrations of cobalt as a cobalt sulfate (zero, 5 and 10) ml g L^-1, as the Mulching with white plastic achieved the best results in most of study parameters. The addition of cobalt at concentrations 5 and 10 ml.g L^-1 recorded the best values in plant height, number of leaves, leaf area and number of root nodes, and white and black caps also outperformed in pod weight, yield of plant green pods, total yield of green pods and pod length. The white cover achieved the best value in the percentage of protein of seeds, while the transparent cover was recorded best value in the percentage of dry matter in the seeds. Foliar cobalt application of concentrations 5 and 10 mlg L^-1 recorded best value in pod weight and per the yield of pods. Plant ^-1 yield., pod diameter and the percent of dry matter in the seeds, and the concentration of 5 mlg L^-1 achieved the highest value in the number of pods and protein content in the seeds.

Plants need an optimum nutrition range as well as a least necessary limit. Below this minimum level, plants start to present nutrient deficiency signs, so the experiment was conducted in a Plastic Greenhouse of the department of plant protection at the College of Agriculture, the University of Al-Anbar from 20/8/2020 to 20/6/2021 to know study the effect of the superphosphate fertilizer four levels (0,1.5,3 and, 4.5) gm/kg soil and Trichoderma harzianum with three levels (0, 5, and 10) gm/kg soil on growth of Clover Plant. Those variables were used, in addition to the interaction between them, to study the effects on the vegetation and flowering characteristics. The best results were obtained when using the at the treatment of Phosphate fertilizer P2O5 with 4.5 gm and biological fungus with 10 gm/kg soil. The result was leaf area was 12 cm², Chlorophyll 87.18 mg/100gm damp weight, Anthocyanin 40.12 per g dry weight, flower diameter 9.58 cm, and the surface area of roots was 70.74 cm².

Correlation and path coefficient analysis were worked out for ten morphological traits in 30 three-way crosses of maize. Phenotypic and genotypic correlation analysis indicated that ear length; row numbers per ear, grain numbers per row, leaf area and leaves numbers had a positive significant correlation with grain yield per plant. Further partitioning of correlation coefficients into direct and indirect effects showed that traits days to silking, row numbers per row and leaves numbers had a positive direct effect on grain yield per plant. The traits ear length, grain numbers per row and leaf area had a maximum total effect on grain yield. Furthermore, PCA analysis has gave interested results and it supported the results of correlation and path analysis. The correlation and path analysis obviously indicated that direct selection based on these attributes may be useful in raising grain yield in maize.

The experiment was conducted in the winter season of 2020 at the Agricultural Research and Experimentation Station of the Faculty of Agriculture, the University of Kirkuk under non-warm plastic house conditions and the study included three factors, the first factor, the type of dotted in the main plot (GR, Turbo, Spiral) and the second factor spraying with determination arginine subplot of concentrations. 300 mg/L and the third factor spraying with Bio-Catalyst Hortiboots10Sub subplot with concentrations (0,5, 10) ml/l and interaction between them in the specific qualities of the cherry Lycopersicon esculentum. L And evaluates the drip irrigation system carried out the working experiment according to the design of the full random sectors R.C.B.D and by arranging the system of dissident splinter panels Split Split Plot and four replication.

The results show The amino acid arginine at a concentration of 300 mg/L was significantly superior to the content of lycopene and vitamin C in the fruits and the number of fruits amounted to 29.28 mg/100g, 17.22 mg/100gm, 76.84 fruits/plant compared to control, which amounted to 22.65 mg/100gm, 12.39mg/100gm, 65.18 fruits/plant As for the effect of spraying with humic acid, we notice that 10 ml/liter of humic acid has the highest percentage in the content of vitamin C in fruits, and the number of fruits reached 17.40 mg/100 g and 74.80 fruits/plant and for the effect of the emitter type, the Spiral was superior to the vitamin C content of fruits, which amounted to 21.00 mg/100 g, while the superiority of the emitter GR in the number of fruits was 85.97 fruits/plant.

An experiment was conducted in the field of the College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul, Iraq during the season 2019-2020 to study the effect of three types of compound mineral fertilizers (F1, F2 and F3) and four levels combination of fertilizers (F4, F5, F6 and F7) also with control treatment (F0) on some growth and yield parameters of cabbage plants Chairman variety, thus the experiment included eight treatments implemented in Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) with three replications. The results were summarized as follows: the F5 fertilizer combination achieved the highest significant values in all growth and yield parameters compared to other treatment.

This research examine the role of physical design elements for healing gardens in promoting the psychological health for the patients. Many studies had presented the role of the landscape in enhancing the psychological aspects of human, and its connection with outdoor environment. Previous studies also provided a definition of healing gardens design and components, but the study of the effect of physical components within healing gardens in promoting human psychological health, was not adequately addressed. This represented the research problem. As for the research hypothesis, it states that the physical components (natural and artificial components) for healing gardens will support the psychological environment and improve the quality of life for the patients. The research adopted descriptive analytical approach for a number of hospitals healing gardens, and their positive impact on the psychological health.

This study was conducted in the laboratories of the Department of Food Sciences/College of Agriculture and in the animal house of the College of Veterinary Medicine and the Central Laboratory at Tikrit University for the period from the beginning of September 2020 to the end of February 2021, with the aim of identifying the types of fungi contaminating corn grains and their products in Iraqi stores and markets and estimating the concentration of Aflatoxin B1 toxins using ELISA technique, the results of Aflatoxin B1 tests showed that all samples contained a higher percentage of what is allowed to be used in human food, which was between (39.5-29) μg/g. The results also showed that feeding of corn samples and its products contaminated with Aflatoxin B1 to rats fed for 21 days affected the significant decrease (p<0.05) in body weight and weight gained for laboratory rats, as well as liver, kidney and spleen enlargement for those animals. There was also a significant decrease in the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin and an increase in the number of white blood cells compared with the control group. The results also showed a significant increase in the activity of liver enzymes for AST, ALT and ALP, and an increase in the concentration of renal parameters for both urea and creatinine concentrations.

This study was aimed to investigate bacterial contamination in frozen fish form samples collected from some local markets in several neighborhoods of Tikrit city. Thirty samples of frozen fish were collected for two types of fish common carp and fish fillet, laboratory bacterial isolation and diagnosis showed Staph. aurues samples constitute highest proportion of isolations which followed by Aeromonaus hydrophyla, E.coli, Psudomonas. Spp and Salmonella ( 7,6, 5 and 3) isolations. Bacterial number of isolations has been calculated where it showed a variant in number of bacterial colonies, Staph. aurues which recorded the highest rate in colonies number. Chemical analyses to estimate the amount of protein and fat showed 9.43, 7.31% of protein and 3.9, 8.66 % fat, so as to moisture was high in both carp and elephant fish 80.5, 75.72% and ash 2.31, 7% in carp and fish fillet, respectively. The results of current study shows there are an inverse relationship between both used fish in study and the moisture in the fish.

The current study dealt with the use of methods of preserving (freezing and salting with drying), cooking methods (grilling and cooking in broth and frying) and studying their effect on functional characteristics (solubility, amount of water and oil absorbed, viscosity, emulsification, foaming, gel formation) of myofibrillars and sarcoplasmic proteins separated from carp meat, common and silver carp diagnosed with electrophoresis technique, the study was conducted during the period (10/2018-1/2020). The results were as follows:

1. Dried fibrous proteins and dried sarcoplasm proteins separated from fish meat have given a good functional properties compared to commercial cow's albumin.

2. It was found that the percentage of solubility and gelatinization of commercial cow's albumin protein was higher than in the myofibrillars and sarcoplasmic proteins separated from the two types of fish, whereas the amount of water absorbed by the commercial cow's albumin protein was less than of myofibrillars and sarcoplasmic proteins, while the amount of absorbed oil, viscosity, and emulsion composition. The commercial cow's albumin was comparable to the myofibrillars and sarcoplasmic proteins, and when comparing the foam properties of the myofibrillars and sarcoplasmic proteins of common carp and silver carp with the commercial cow's albumin at a concentration of 1% and at the normal pH=7, it was found that the foam size and persistence of sarcooplasmic proteins were close to the size and persistence of the foam for the commercial protein at the normal pH, while the volume and stability of the foam for myofibrillars proteins were slightly lower than in cow's albumin.

3. It was observed that the solubility values in the myofibrillars proteins and the sarcoplasmic proteins of the samples were close to each other when using preservation methods while the solubility of the myofibrillars proteins was lower than the solubility of the sarcoplasm proteins of the cooked samples. It was found that the amount of oil absorbed by the myofibrillars proteins was higher than the sarcoplasmic proteins, but that its viscosity and its ability to bind water and its ability to form gel were lower than it, and the capacity of emulsifiers of protein myofibrillars and their stability was higher than the capacity and the stability of emulsions of sarcoplasm proteins, as for the type of fish and the type of protein stability of emulsions, it was noted that there was a slight difference in the capacity of emulsions and the stability of emulsions for myofibrillars proteins as well as for sarcoplasm proteins. The emulsification values did not seem different between the two types of fish.

4. It was found that freezing contributed to reducing solubility and the amount of water absorbed while it had a role in increasing the amount of oil absorbed to fish proteins more than salting and drying. The freezing, as well as salting and drying were reduced the viscosity of proteins a little bit, also freezing reduced stability of emulsionsfor two type of fish proteins,but salting and drying was rised it, and the degree of influence of the measured foam property in myofibrillars and sarcoplasmic proteins of the fish species by means of preservation and cooking different methods was very small because the values were closely related, and we did not find a specific pattern that we could apply in terms of challenging degree of difference, freezing and salting with drying, grilling and frying and cooking in the broth sometimes susceptibility raises values formation of foam and other reduce it.

5. The solubility of proteins that measured on fish which cooked in broth was more than the solubility of grilled and fried samples. It was observed that the solubility values in myofibrillars proteins and sarcoplasm proteins for the cooked samples were close to each other, and the amount of water and absorbed oil, foam properties and viscosity of the measured proteins in cooked fish were not affected by the cooked methods whose used because the closely related of values.

6. Generally the results showed that the solubility and viscosity values in the samples of common carp were lower than in the silver carp which preserved and cooked by different ways, but the ability of common carp to bind the oil was higher than that of silver carp when using conservation methods while the values were close at the use of cooking methods, and we noted that there were no noticeable differences between myofibrillars proteins and sarcoplasmic proteins for the two fish species in their ability to bind water and their ability to form gel. It was also noted that there was a slight difference in the capacity of emulsions and their stability to myofibrillars proteins as well as to proteins sarcoplasm between the two types of fish.

7. The fish type, preservation methods, cooking methods, and di-interference had a significant effect at the probability level (P ≤ 0.05) on the percentage of solubility and the amount of water and oil absorbed by the myofibrillars and sarcoplasmic proteins separated from the meat of these fish, but did not significantly impact the viscosity of the protein.

Twenty-eight isolates of Lactobacillus bacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere of pea plants grown in the fields of five districts in Salah al-Din, which included: Tikrit, Al-Alam, Al-Sharqat, Samarra and Baiji, diagnosed according to phenotypic and biochemical tests. Results showed the effect of L. paralimentarius 1081 on vegetative growth characteristics. Treatment of (bacterial filtrate + Ridomil in the presence of pathogenic fungi) was recording the highest values in dry weight of the vegetative and root systems, was 3.91 and 1.23 g respectively in the local cultivar, compared with the lowest values was 2.60 g and 0.76 g respectively in the Syrian cultivar. All treatments inducing plant resistance compared with healthy plants, and the highest activity of the Peroxidase and Polyphenol oxides in the treatment of (Bacterial filtrate + ridomil in the presence of pathogenic fungi), were 1.08 and 1.33 units/ml in the local cultivar, compared to the Syrian cultivar were 0.015 and 0.013, respectively. Results showed a significant decrease in the severity of infection for all treatments compared to the pathogenic fungus treatment, and the lowest infection severity of the vegetative and root systems was recorded in the treatment of (Bacterial filtrate + ridomil in the presence of pathogenic fungi), which was 14.11 and 12.47% in the local cultivar. There was a significant superiority of all treatments in productivity parameters of pea compared to the treatment of pathogenic fungi only, the highest of those parameters including weight of pods and grains weight/plant were recorded in the treatment (Bacterial filtrate + ridomil in the presence of pathogenic fungi) for the local cultivar was 18.07 g and 14.04 g compared to 10.43 g and 8.20 g in the treatment of the Syrian cultivar with pathogenic fungi only.

This study was conducted to examine allelopathic actions of Common Purslane Portulaca oleracea L. aqueous shoot and root extracts on germination of seeds and some growth parameters of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and rapeseed (Brassica napus). The experiment was performed in sterilized Petri dishes for one week at 22 °C. The experiment was arranged for completely randomized design. The concentrations were chosen for this study as (0%, 3%, 6% and 9%). The results indicated that the higher concentrations (6% and 9%) of both shoot and root extracts of common purslane caused significant reduction in seed germination whereas the lowest concentration caused the least negative impact on seed germination. Other growth polarimeters such as shoot and root length and shoot and root oven dry weight were significantly inhibited by the application of both Common Purslane aqueous shoot and root extracts at concentrations (6% and 9%) in wheat T. aestivum and rapeseed B. napus. However, dicot B. napus turned out to be more effected than monocot T. aestivum. The findings of this study suggest that common purslane aqueous shoot and root extracts can be recommended to utilize as bio-herbicide to supress seed germination and growth of weeds.

The edible coatings are a suitable method to decrease oil uptake in fried foods. In this study, the effects of milk protein co-precipitates aggregated using different types of minerals (CaCl₂: 17 mM, FeCl₃: 18 mM, ZnCl₂: 18 mM, and MgCl₂: 20 mM) and affected on the properties of fried potato strips were evaluated. Edible coating solutions were performed at two concentrations (%2.5 w/v) and (%5 w/v. According to the results, coated potato slices with edible coating solutions based on milk proteins co-precipitated by MgCl₂ (%5) recorded higher hardness value among all the salts before frying process. Generally after frying process, coated French fries with edible coating solutions were the hardest comparable with uncoated (control) French fries, at the %2.5 w/v concentration the higher hardness value was recorded by coated French fries with CaCl₂ milk protein co-precipitates and at the %5 w/v concentration the higher hardness value was recorded by coated French fries with milk protein co-precipitates ZnCl₂. The experimental results showed that the coating solutions based on milk proteins co-precipitated had a positive and great effect on reducing oil uptake. In conclusion, The edible coating solutions based on milk proteins co-precipitated prepared by ZnCl₂, MgCl₂ at concentration %5 (w/v) reduced oil adsorption more than other coating solutions and in the same time increased the moisture content of final products sequentially compared with uncoated (control) samples. According to the sensory test, coated French fries with milk proteins co-precipitated by MgCl₂ had the higher sensory evaluation degrees in appearance, color, taste and overall acceptability, while coated French fries with milk proteins co-precipitated by ZnCl₂ got the highest sensory evaluation degrees for texture.

The present study was dealt with the estimation of the chemical composition (moisture, protein, fat, and ash) and physical properties (pH and water holding capacity) of camel, duck, and tuna meat purchased from local markets. Muscle proteins were separated, including myofibril and sarcoplasmic proteins from these meats, estimation of the yield and study of their content. have been studied. the results were as follows:

1. Statistical results disclosed that there was a significant difference at a probability level (P≤0.05) in the percentage of moisture, protein, fat, ash, pH, and values of water holding capability in each of camel, duck, and tuna's meat.

2. Statistical results made a clear reference that there were significant differences at a probability level (P≤0.05) in the percentage of yield, moisture, protein, fat, and ash of myofibril and sarcoplasmic proteins in each of camel, duck, and tuna's meat. Also, a dual interference between meat type and protein type was significant in its impact on percentages of yield and chemical composition.

3. It was observed the percentage of moisture and fat in tuna meat was higher than the percentage of moisture in duck meat. As to the lowest percentage of moisture, it was in the meat of tuna, while the tuna meat recorded the highest percentage in protein and ash, then followed by the percentage of protein and ash in duck meat, while camel's meat recorded the lowest percentage of protein and ash. Besides, results indicated that the values of pH and water holding capability of duck meat were higher than that in the meat of tuna meat and camel.

4. It was found that the percentage of the yield for proteins of a myofibril of duck meat was higher than that in the meat of tuna and camels, as the percentage of yield of sarcoplasmic proteins for tuna was higher than that in the meat of duck and camels.

5. It was found that the percentage of yield for myofibril of duck meat was higher than that in the meat of tuna and camels. As to the percentage of yield for sarcoplasmic proteins of tuna meat, it was higher than that in the meat of duck and camels.

6. The highest percentage of moisture for myofibril proteins was in the meat of camels, and the lowest percentage of it was registered in myofibril proteins in tuna meat, whilst the highest percentage of moisture for sarcoplasmic proteins was registered in the meat of duck, and the lowest of it registered in sarcoplasmic proteins in tuna meat.

7. It was observed that the highest percentage of protein and fat for myofibril and sarcoplasmic proteins was registered in tuna meat, as the lowest percentage of protein and fat for myofibril and sarcoplasmic proteins were observed in duck meat.

8. The study came up with a result revealing that the percentage of ash in proteins of myofibril proteins for duck meat was higher than that in myofibril proteins for camels and tuna meat, whilst, the percentage of ash in sarcoplasmic proteins for camel meat was higher than that in sarcoplasmic proteins for duck and tuna meat.

9. Results showed that the highest concentration of sarcoplasmic proteins was in tuna meat, followed by duck meat, and the lowest concentration for these proteins was in camel meat. The values of proteins (myosin, tropomyosin, reticulin, and collagen) in camel meat, then followed by duck meat, whilst the lowest values for these proteins were in tuna meat.

The main objective of this research was to specify the hereditary variation associated with the plumage color in three local genotypes of Japanese quail which bred in two geographical locations. The birds distributed on six treatments with five birds for each depending on the feather's color and geographical locations. DNA extraction was executed from the blood samples of each treatment and amplified by thermo cycler apparatus and the electrophoresis was done using 1.5% agarose gel for DNA bands exhibiting. Genotype influence has been shown that the black color quail B1 of the agricultural research station in the city of Mosul showed maximum genetic similarity with the Black quail B2 of Tikrit University with a value of 0.9549, the highest genetic similarity between different colors found between B1 and W2 that amounted to 0.9391 based on the similarity index (band sharing). While, the least genetic similarity observed between B2 and W1, which went down to 0.8468. Genetic difference values among studied quail groups showed that the groups B2 and W1 in the higher genetic variation, whereas the least genetic difference found between B1 and B2 groups. The average of dissimilarities for each group with all others varied between the values 0.1203 - 0.0851. The present work prove that the effectiveness of RAPD markers in knowing the similarity and specify the inherited relationship within the quail varieties.

This investigation concentrated on studying the effect of gamma rays on the flight ability index and on the dispersal of irradiated males because these two parameters were very important for applying the sterile male release technique. The results of this study showed that the flight ability index of irradiated males as pupae of 3, 4 and 5 days with doses ranged from 60 to 120 Gy were highly significant p<0.05 compared with control treatment during an experiment carried out under field conditions. The results showed that there were a reverse relationship between flight ability index and gamma rays doses. Furthermore, the results of this investigation also showed that there were a reverse relationship between the mean average of males captured by the pheromone traps and gamma rays doses after 1,2,3, and 4 days from the release.

A field experiment was carried out during the 2020-2021 winter season, in Al-Alam district, east of Tikrit, to determine the effect of plant spacing and spraying with zinc in the growth and yield of the fennel. The experiment study of the effect of different distances are (10,15 and 20 cm) and three concentrations are (0,15 and 20 g/l). The experiment carried out within the system of testing the factorial experiment has been used according to random complete block design (R.C.B.D) with three blocks. Considered statistically analyzed the data according to the design of and experience and compared to averages of transactions based on test least significant difference (L.S.D) 5% Level of moral study results showed. The planting distance of 10 cm gave the highest rate of plant height reached 71.41 cm, and the planting distance of 20 cm showed a significant increase in the two characteristics of the number of flowers in the main flower and the number of flowering inflorescences in the plant with the increase in planting distance reached 197.75/flower and the highest rate of the number of flowering reached 16.89 inflorescences/flower. The result showed the spray treatment with a concentration of 15 g/liter was superior in the characteristic of the number of flowers in the main inflorescence and the number of flowering inflorescences in the plant, respectively.

Seven isolates of Pseudomonas spp. were isolated from the casing soil and 11 fungal isolates were isolated from the spent compost in the Mushroom Farm - College of Agriculture - Tikrit University. According to the pathogenicity test against Agaricus bisporus fruit bodies, the results showed that the highest infection rate was recorded in the bacterial isolate 1077by 77.45%, while the fungal isolate 1076 showed the highest pathogenicity against Agaricus bisporus fruit bodies by recording the highest infection rate reached to 81.23%. The pathogenic bacteria and fungi isolates were phenotypically identified to the species level as Pseudomonas tolaasii and Trichoderma harzianum, respectively. The results showed the alcoholic extracts of Atriplex tatarica and Haloxylon salicornicum were superior in the active substances compared to other extracts, the highest percentage of total alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phenols and flavonoids was 35.14, 44.79, 43.47, 32.05 and 31.66 mg/g in the alcoholic extract of A. tatarica, respectively, while the alcoholic extract of H. salicornicum had the highest percentage of glycosides, which amounted to 41.89 mg/g of the extract. The highest efficiency of A. tatarica alcoholic extract in inhibiting the pathogenic fungus T. harzianum, was recorded, as the colony diameter was 3.1 cm in concentration of 4 mg/mL compared to 8.9 cm in the control treatment, while the H. salicornicum alcoholic extract was superior in inhibiting the pathogenic bacteria at the same concentration, in which the inhibition zone was 15.67 mm compared to no inhibition in the control treatment. While there was little effect of alcoholic extracts of both plants on the growth of A. bisporus. The results of the dry powders effect for both plants showed that the highest inhibition against the pathogenic fungus T. harzianum was recorded by the A. tatarica powder at 2% concentration, reaching 5.01 cm, while the H. salicornicum powder showed the highest inhibition against the bacteria P.tolaasii at the same concentration in which the number of cells reached to 3.23 x 10⁷ cells/mL compared to 6.6 x 10⁷ cells/mL in the control treatment. The results also showed the highest growth of A. bisporus that reached 9 cm for all powdered concentrations of both plants.

The research included a study on the presence of some heavy metals, including copper, iron and zinc in some medicinal plants circulating in the city of Mosul, as well as the study of the presence of cyanide in some other plants, when measuring the concentration of iron in saffron was less concentrated among plants of 0.797 mg/kg, followed by anise 7.3417 mg/kg, followed by mint 10.87 mg/kg. Kg and high concentrations appeared in the coriander plant, where the iron concentration was 486.6 mg/kg, ginger bread 396.49 mg/kg and corn 200.1 mg/kg and Marjoram 154.2 mg/kg, either Measuring the concentration of potters in medicinal plants in saffron plant was the lowest concentration of all plants used in the study and was 0.304 mg/kg followed by anise 7.8 mg/kg, followed by oranges 17.58 mg/kg, and high concentrations of coriander 179.2 mg/kg, ginger 111.3 mg/kg, while measuring of the concentration of copper in the medicinal plants used in the study the ratio of copper in saffron was low and amounted to 0.377 mg/kg (Dry weight), the highest concentration of copper was in the coriander plant, which was 120.922 mg/kg, ginger copper concentration was 50.78 mg/kg, and for the rest of the plants the concentration of copper ranged from (2.93 to 36.1) 22 mg/kg), while when measuring the iron ratio in the medicinal plants used in the study, and in a study The concentration of cyanide in plants (diphtheloide, apple seeds, perfalathseeds, henna seeds, castor seeds) by Spectrophotometer has been obtained different cyanide concentrations in these plants in the diphtherty the highest ratio of cyanide is 71.4 micrograms/30g (dry weight) followed by castor seeds 64.05 micrograms/30g, followed by henna seeds 31.36 mcg/30g, while in apple seeds the concentration of cyanide was 29.6 μg/30g and orange seeds 10.95 mcg/30g.

The experiment was carried out in the vegetable field of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape during the winter agricultural season 2019-2020. The study aimed to investigate the effects of organic fertilization (Tecamine Max) at a concentration of 4 ml.L-1 and chemical fertilization with compound fertilizer N25P5K10 at average of 400 kg.ha-1 and a mixture of the two mentioned fertilizers in different levels. In addition to examine the comparison treatment in the vegetative growth and yield of broccoli. The study included 6 treatments implemented in the field using Randomized Complete Block Design RCBD with three replications. The results showed that all fertilizing treatments achieved the significant differences compare to control treatment in all studied vegetative growth traits. In general, combination of 100 kg chemical fertilization. ha-1 + 7 ml.L-1 of organic extract (Tecamine Max) showed the best values in both of head weight and the heads yield (459.72 g.plant-1 and 28,732 t. ha-1) respectively.

The aim of this study was to identify the fungi associated with canker disease on Melia azidarch trees inside Mosul University campus and the presidential palaces regions in Mosul Province, Iraq. Results of isolation showed the presenting of the fungi (Nattrassia mangiferae, Neoscylitidium dimidiatum Penz., Fusarium graminearium Schw., Alternaria brassicicola Schw., Aspergillus sp. and Penecillium sp.), which accompanied with the samples displayed cankering symptoms during the period from April to December/2020, the maximum of dominance was 85% for the fungus Neoscylitidium dimidiatum in August, while the lowest was 49% in April for the same year, followed by Fusarium graminearium with 38% in December, while the lowest percentage was 4% in October, then Alternaria brassicicola Schw. was 25% in April and the lowest value was 0% in August, followed by Aspergillus sp. and Penecillium sp. with low isolation percentages the maximum of which 25% and the lowest is 0% in August. When studying the pathogenicity of the isolated fungi, the results showed a high pathogenic effect in terms the length, diameter and the area of cankers symptom. Based on the results of the molecular diagnosis, the morphological identification was confirmed and it was clear that Fusarium austroamericanum, detection is considered the first record of this fungus in Iraq Melia azidarch trees.

The field experiment was carried out during the planting season of 2020 in one of the private sector orchards in the Saqlawiya sub-district of Fallujah district to study the effect of foliar spraying with zinc, boron and potassium on some vegetative growth traits and the yield of apples of CV. Ibrahimi, the first factor is represented by spraying with boric acid H₃BO₃ at a Concentrations of (0, 1) g. L^-1, mentioned as B0, B1, and the second factor consisted of spraying with zinc sulfate ZnSO₄ at a concentrations of( 0, 3) g. L^-1 mentioned as Z0, Z1 and the third factor is spraying with potassium sulfate K₂SO₄ at concentrations (0, 2.5, 5) g. L^-1 mentioned asK0-K1, K2 respectively. The results showed that the effect of spraying with the study factors led to a significant increase in most of the studied traits represented by (the area of one leaf, the total chlorophyll content of the leaves, the percentage of carbohydrates in the branches, the percentage of fallen fruits, the yield of one tree, the average weight of the fruit, the percentage of total sugars in the fruits, and the content of the fruits of vitamin C) reached ( 27.81 cm², 82.67mg100g^-1, 14.37%, 30.74%, 27.98kg.tree^-1, 45.13g, 8.57%, 4.87 mg100g^-1) sequentially.

A field experiment was conducted in a greenhouse north of Babylon City, during the Autumn season 2019-2020, to study the effect of two factors, the first nano-stimulator application, and the second-factor spraying micronutrients (Zn, B, Mo) on the growth and yield of common bean (Phaseolus vulgsris L). A factorial experiment was carried out using the split plots system within a randomized complete block design (RCBD), where the micronutrients (Control, Zn, B, Mo, Zn+B, Zn+Mo, B+Mo, Zn+B+Mo) were distributed in the main plots, while the nano- stimulator (sprayed with concentration 0.75 ml L^-1 water) was distributed on the sub-plots. The results showed that spraying the nano-stimulator positively affected the chlorophyll, the percentage of dry matter in the leaves, the zinc content of the leaves, and the activity of the Catalase enzyme. Micronutrients were also significantly affected in all the studied indicators.

This study was conducted in tissue culture laboratories, Faculty of agriculture, University of Kufa in 2020. The experiment included studying the effect of two factors: type of light: (mixture spectra of red and blue LED R16 : B2), (Fluorescent : normal white light) in interaction with different concentrations of cysteine( 0, 50, and 100 mg.L^-1). A completely randomized design (C.R.D) were used with two factor and three replicates. The combined spectra (LED R16:B2) increased the active compounds Di-allyldisulfide and Vinyldithiin (131.33,121.41μg.g^-1 F.W. ) respectively. Cysteine (100 mg.L^-1) was significantly superior compare to other treatments in producing Di-allyldisulfide and Vinyldithiin content (158.87, 144.35 μg.g^-1 F.W) respectively. Results also indicated that the interaction treatment between (LED R16:B2) and (Cysteine 100 mg.L^-1) gave significant increase in Di-allyldisulfide and Vinyldithiin content (184.28, 146.07μg.g^-1 F.W) respectively. While the tretment (Fluorescent W) and (Cysteine 50 mg.L^-1) gave significant increase in Allicin content (195.38 μg.g^-1 F.W).

This study was conducted in a certified citrus production nursery in Karbala province, Al-Hindiya district for the season 2020, on lime seedlings (Citrus aurantifolia) rootstock at the age of 6 months, It was sprayed with the nutrient solution Biumin 221 at concentrations (0, 1.5, 2, 2.5 m.L^-1) and Basfoliar Kelp seaweed extracts at concentrations (0, 1.5, 3, 4.5) ml L^-. The results showed that spraying the seedlings with single and combined study treatments led to a significant increase in all the vegetative and nutrition traits of lime seedlings. The treatment (2.5 g.L^-1 nutrient solution + 4.5 ml.L^-1 seaweed extract) achieved the highest averages in most of the traits. While the interaction treatment between the concentration (2.5 g.L^-1 of the nutrient solution and concentration of 3 ml.L^-1 of seaweed extract was excelled in the traits of leaf content of total carbohydrates, the percentage of nitrogen, iron, and zinc.

This study was conducted in a certified citrus production nursery in Karbala province, Al-Hindiya district for the season 2020, on seedlings of lime (Citrus aurantifolia) rootstock at the age of 6 months, Where it was sprayed with the nutrient solution Biumin 221 at concentrations (0, 1.5, 2, 2.5 g.L^-1) and Basfoliar Kelp seaweed extracts with concentrations (0, 1.5, 3, 4.5) ml.L^-1. The results showed that spraying the seedlings with single and combined study treatments led to a significant increase in the average seedling length, number of branches, number of leaves, leaf area and dry weight of the vegetative and root system, where the treatment (2.5 g. L^-1 nutrient solution + 4.5 ml.L^-1 seaweed extracts)was excelled and gave the highest average of most traits. Where the interaction treatment between the concentration (2.5 g.L^-1 for the nutrient solution with a concentration of 3 ml. L^-1 of seaweed extracts) excelled on the dry weight of the vegetative total compared to the control treatment, which recorded the lowest values.

The study was conducted in the laboratories of the college of agriculture/Tikrit University to study the effect of various concentrations of the insect growth regulator Match and the three plant extracts, F. foetida, A. vera, and C. myrrha, on some biological aspects of Callosobruchus maculatus. The study results showed that using 0.7 ml has affected the incubation period from 5.55 days in control treatment to 7.77 days when the seeds are dipped before the eggs were laid on them. Moreover, using 7.0 gm of A. vera led to increase the incubation period of the eggs to 7.33 days when the seeds of Vigna sativum were dipped after laying the eggs on them as compared to the control treatment that was 5.66 days. The insect growth regulator Match and other plant extracts have a significant effect in decreasing the average larval stage, it reached 12.88 days when the seeds were dipped after laying the eggs on them with the insect growth regulator Match with a concentration of 0.7 ml and 14.10 days when using the F. foetida extract with a concentration of 0.7 ml as compared to the control treatment that was 17.33 days. Furthermore, the three plant extracts and the insect growth regulator Match have significantly affected the average virgin stage that was 7.66 days longer when the seeds were dipped in the F. foetida extract with a concentration of 7.0 ml before laying the eggs as compared to the control treatment that was 6.33 days.

The main aim in this study is to detect and analyze changes in land cover in Amadiya district in Dohuk Governorate, northern Iraq whose area is (2775.21) km² and the district is located astronomically between longitudes (01."04 ° 43), (17."08 ° 44) to the east, The district extends between two circles of latitude, which are (16.'50 ° 36) and (30.'21 ° 37) To the north, during the period between 1999-2019 using spectral indicators, to assess the appropriateness of the spectral indicators used in determining and monitoring changes in land cover and vegetation cover. Where the values of six spectral indices were extracted from the Landsat ETM and 8 Landsat OLI satellites data, which are NDVI, NDBI, SAVI, BI, NDWI, and IPVI satellites. The study concluded the percentage of vegetation cover index represented by the two indicators NDVI, SAVI, and IPVI was increased, at the expense of the rest of the indicators used in the study, as it represented 40.483636, 40.483733 and 40.483733%, respectively, in 2019, while the percentage of 21.258759, 21.193281 and 21.176142%, respectively, in 1999 year. This indicates that the plant indicators are the best used indicators that benefit the study area. The indicators are SAVI, NDVI, IPVI, which show that the increase in the plant was ranked first in the northwestern part of the region, followed by the second rank, the northeastern part, and the southwestern part was ranked second. The third, while the southeastern part ranked fourth, which has the lowest percentage of plants in it, because this part of the region has been greatly exploited by the urban class.

This study deals with the analysis and detection of changes in land cover patterns and land uses, especially forests in Amadiya district in Dohuk Governorate. It carred out in northern of Iraq by area is (2775.21) km² and the district is located astronomically between longitudes (01/04 ° 43), (17/08 ° 44), it extends between two circles of latitude, which are (16/50 ° 36) and ('30.'21 ° 37) north, during the periods (1999-2006-2013-2019). Application of the Supervised Classification and the detection of change over time in a comparative manner and by relying on the satellite images of the Land sat ETM satellite were used. The Landsat OLI satellite with a distinctive capacity of 30 meters in the Arc map 10.6.1 program, and one of the indicators of environmental degradation in the land cover patterns, which is the NDVI index for all study periods, was used to reveal the role of natural and human factors that lead to changes in the land cover patterns in the study area. The classification revealed the existence of five types of common land cover, which included dense forests, open forests, urban areas, bare soil and water, which showed clear changes in these land coverings during the period from 1999 to 2019, which were represented by a decrease in forests, bare soil and water by a percentage of (54.76601%), (5.212329%), (2.149469%) respectively, while the Dense and urban areas by (16.35919%) and (21.51301%) in 2019, respectively. The classification accuracy of the Spatial indication was estimated based on the error matrix from there we found that the accuracy was (93.29%) this indicates that the classification accuracy is very good It is acceptable and can relied upon and recommended for classification.

This study was conducted on the vegetative and non-vegetative land cover spread in the Amadiya District of Dohuk Governorate, northern Iraq, located between longitudes (43 ° 25'24.309 "- 43 ° 11'6.839") to the east and latitudes (37 ° 12'36.359 "- 37 7'25.484") north. They rely on a spatial indication of accuracy (10 m) and are reduced to (5 m) from Sentinel -2. Using unsupervised classifications, to form a general perception of the items in the studied area. As the number of varieties and the number of spectral bands used were determined, then the Supervised Classification to classify the spatial indication at the site to determine the plant and non-plant ground targets. These two classifications resulted, using the (Arc GIS) program, we obtained 12 types when classifying the space declaration for the Amadiyah district. We noticed that the area occupied by the terrestrial targets of the site are (water, medium-density forests (sloping lands), medium-density forests (flatlands), low-density forests (sloping lands), low-density forests (flatlands), limestone rocky areas, dense forests. (Sloping lands), limestone and paved roads, barren lands, residential areas, pastures, dense forests (flatlands) and their areas respectively are (283.9 - 408.6 - 556.2 - 829.2 - 983.6 - 1022.8 - 1066.4 - 1138.8 - 1148.5 - 1172.2 - 1218.4. - 1272.4) km². The classification accuracy of the spatial indication was estimated based on the error matrix and the Kappa test. From there we found that the accuracy was (84.6%) for the error matrix and (83.34%) for the Kappa test, and this indicates that the classification accuracy is very good It is acceptable and can be relied upon and recommended for classification.

The location indication was classified as a directed classification for all 44 species of trees present at the study site based on the projection of the tree coordinates on the false-color satellite images, which were taken from the location of these trees and their reflectivity measured in the laboratory. Where the satellite image was classified, based on the points taken for trees as field training areas, the visual output image classified by the directed classification method included 23 classes and represents the distribution of trees and shrubs at the site. The classification accuracy of vegetation and non-vegetation covers was also assessed by taking (334) ground control points for the various land targets and vegetation covers to determine this accuracy. Thus, we obtained a total accuracy of the classified statement (82.1%). This indicates that the accuracy of the overall classification is good, acceptable, and reliable. The percentage was high for all varieties, reaching (93%) for the frothy mug, weeping willow, and wild amethyst, and the lowest (75%) for olives, grassy slopes, and flat barren soils, and this was also acceptable. Through this accuracy, we can determine the extent to which the classification matches these goals and covers, and the possibility of relying on the prepared map for its future use. The number of each tree type was estimated by determining the coverage area for each tree type and the total area to cover the total type in the area using the proportional method. From this, it was found that the different types of trees differ in their presence on the site and the reason is attributed to the difference in height, direction and the different organic matter in which these types were grown and the environmental conditions appropriate to the species and that these factors have an effective role in the distribution of species and their densities in the different sites of the study area. We also noticed that the highest presence in terms of number was of edible oaks, followed by tannins oak in second place, at a rate ranging from (29.84%, 6.35%).

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of LED lighting on the growth of seedlings of hybrid tomato plants. Four hybrids (Captain F1, Refiner F1, Coral Reef F1 and Fire F1), seven treatments of irradiators (monochromatic red, green, blue, white) and three dual light treatments (green+blue, blue+red, green+red) were carried out in the laboratory of artificial climate. Radiation with monochromatic had a role in increasing hypocotyl length, the height of plant, transpiration and stomata connection. The results have shown a significant effect on radiation with monochromatic red on hypocotyl length (73.00mm) and the height of plant (30.94cm). Plants radiation with monochromatic blue gave the highest transpiration (4.69 mmol/m².s) and stomatal conductance (0.30 mol./m².s). The dual radiation had a role in increasing dry weight for the plant and leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD). Radiation with (green+red) provided the best stem dry weight (0.91g). Plants irradiated with (green+blue) exhibited the highest leaf dry weight and root dry weight (1.96g and 3.12g respectively). Plants radiation with (blue + red) showed the highest leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD) (559.19). In the monochromatic light, the effect of hybrid Fire F1 showed the highest hypocotyl length (64.11mm) and height of plant (29.00 cm), and hybrid Refind F1 had the highest transpiration (3.58 mmol/m².s) and stomatal conductance (0.23 mol./m².s). In the binary spectral effect, the hybrid Coral reef F1 resulted the highest stem dry weight, leaf dry weight and root dry weight (0.68 g,1.76 g and 2.39g respectively), and hybrid Refind F1 had the highest leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD) (468.27).

The experiment was conducted in high school of Al-Hilla agricultural for the summer and autumn season 2020 to study the effect of humic acid and foliar application of gibberellin and tryptophan acid on the growth of the goldenrods plant resulting from the cultivation of solidago candasis which took it from residues of plant seeds growing. However, the first factor was humic acid, plants treated with humic acid were (H0 control, H1=5 ml/L), the second factor was the foliar application of gibberellin acid with the two levels (G1=100 mg/liter, G2=200 mg/L) and third factor was tryptophan acid with two three levels (T0=without treated, T1=100 mg/L, T2=150 mg/L). The experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment (2×3×3) with split-plot design according to the randomized complete blocks design (R.C.B.D) with three replicates. The results showed that humic acid fertilization improved the studied characteristics of the goldenrods plant. While treatment with gibberellin acid at concentration of 100 mg/liter due to improve the number of branches, leaf area and the number of inflorescences and the percentage of carbohydrates, whereas, treatment with concentration of 200 mg/liter leds to improve of plant height, length of inflorescence and vase life. As for the treatment with tryptophan acid, the concentration 150 mg/L improved all the studied parameters.

Three groups of energy drinks have been examined for sodium benzoate and caffeine using HPLC and spectrophotometer methods. Those brands include original UK brand which coded (RE), another two brands of (RL and B) which are imported from Austria to local companies, and the rest produced locally which are coded (T, FB, S and FE). The results showed that all brands contain sodium benzoate at different concentrations. FB brand comes out on top by containing around 416mg/l which was far above the permitted level by FAO/WHO, on the other hand the RE brand contained the lowest amount of sodium benzoate when analysed using HPLC. Results of caffeine examination showed that all samples contained lower levels of caffeine as it is claimed in their label to contain 300mg/l, in contrary to sodium benzoate the lowest concentration of caffeine found in the FB brand which was 13.78mg/l and the highest level of caffeine was found in FE brand which was 208.95mg/l. From the obtained results it is clear that none of the energy drink brands declared the actual content of both caffeine and sodium benzoate which usually required by food legislation and law. Therefore, it is considered as mislabelling which is recommended that the health authorities in our country to subject the local producers and the importers to present the required information on the labels without misleading consumers. It is also recommended to educate the population and put restriction on the local shops and supermarkets not to sell energy drinks to individuals under 16 years old.

A field experiment was conducted during the winter semester 2020-2021 in Wasit Governorate - University of Wasit - College of Agriculture, Iraq. In loamy sandy soils to study the effect of dates application for Biohealth biological fertilizer in (growth stage, elongation stage and growth and elongation stage) + with (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) from the mineral fertilizer recommendation for some plant traits in Broad bean (Vicia Faba L.). The experiment was Indicated according to a split-plots system using a randomized complete block design by three replications. A results of the study showed significant superiority in adding biological fertilizer in growth and elongation stage with highest mean of the yield and its components, Amount to (plant pods number 15.45 pod plant^-1 and the number of seeds per pods 5.02 seed pod^-1 and 100 seed weights 119.17 g and green pods yield 14.29 t ha^-1 and seed yield 4.45 t ha^-1 and biological yield 11.00 t ha^-1). It also significantly outpered the addition of biological fertilizer + with 75% of the recommendation for mineral fertilizer with highest mean of yield and its components, Amount to (plant pods number17.75 pod plant^-1 and number of seeds per pods 5.71 seed pod^-1 and 100 seed weights 122.72 g and green pods yield 16.21 t ha^-1 and seed yield 4.72 t ha^-1 and biological yield 11.57 t ha^-1). The interactions showed a significant effect on yield characteristics and its studied components, as the interaction treatment exceeded date of adding biological fertilizer + with 75% of fertilizer recommendation at growth and elongation stage highest mean of studied characteristics.

A total of 10 samples involving five bread and five rice types and five cooked rice were selected. The iron and Zn contents were analyzed using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrophotometer (ICP-MS), and phytic acid content was analyzed using a rapid colorimetric method using a spectrophotometer. Phytic acid to Fe and Zn molar ratios were also determined using their molar weight to determine the potential bioavailability of selected nutrients. A one-way ANOVA test was used to statistically analyze the means differences between the phytate and mineral contents between the bread and rice samples. The variation of Fe and Zn (mg kg^-1) in the bread samples was 24.1-65.6 and 13.3-22.8, in row rice was 10.8 to 45.3 and 8.66-17.4, and in cooked rice was 10.0-45.2 and 6.03-15.5 respectively. The PA concentration in (g 100g^-1) was 0.77-1.14 for bread, 0.61-1.10 for row rice, and 0.31-0.77 for cooked rice. And also, PA/Fe and PA/Zn ratios were 2.58-6.01 and 8.07-13.4 for bread, 0.25-1.35, and 39.7-110 for row rice, and 0.11-0.89 and 23.0-125 for cooked rice, respectively. The results indicated that soaking and cooking processes caused the reduction in the Fe, Zn, and PA concentrations by 22.4, 5.54, and 27.7 %, respectively. These results from PA/Fe and PA/Zn molar ratios show that Fe had moderate bioavailability while Zn had low bioavailability. The results may be valuable for generate cultivars of wheat and rice varieties with suitable concentrations of PA and micronutrients, which can lead to the improvement of micronutrient-rich cultivars to reduce malnutrition.

This study was conducted in a private orchard in Al-Kifl District/Babylon province for the season 2020, 54 fig trees of the Aswad Diyala cultivar, aged 8 years, were selected, homogeneous in size and growing strength as much as possible and planted on dimensions (5 x 5 m). Trees are irrigated as a tourist and fertilized with nitrogen and compound fertilizers in two batches in the third and fifth months annually at an average of 1 kg/tree^-1, as well as fertilized with decomposed organic fertilizer every two years depending on a source for fertilizer recommendations. The study included 18 treatments, and each treatment was replicated three times (each tree was considered an experimental unit). The randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) 'Research design: The experiment is implemented by following the Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) as a factorial experiment (3 x 3 x 2) of Paisen were (0, 100, 200) mg/L^-1 (Paisen is a natural cytokinin extracted from the roots of grape vines) and Populuseuphratica bud extract (0, 20, 30) g/L^-1 and copper sulfate (0, 2.5) g/L^-1 spraying on the vegetative growth in three periods. And the highest results obtained were for) Paisen 200 mg/L^-1 + extract 30 g/L^-1 + copper sulfate 2.5 g/L^-1 ( (yield quantity - fruit weight - fruit size - chlorophyll content of leaves and leaf area) and were recorded (27.12 kg – 38.05 g – 33.97cm³ – 115.93 mg/kg fresh weight – 174.19 cm² ) respectively) when using the highest concentrations of each of the study factors combined compared to the lowest results when the control treatment and reached ( 21.03 kg – 30.68 g – 25.07 cm³ – 111.77 mg/kg fresh weight – 152.26 cm²) respectively.

This study was conducted in lath house of Mussaib Technical College during the growing season 2020-2021 to know the role of fertilizers and foliar feeding with nano-fertilizer and the amino acid DRIN in some chemical traits and leaf nutrient content of one-year-age fig seedlings.It was implemented as a factorial experiment (4*3*3) with a completely randomized design and with three replications. The experiment included three factors if the first factor included: four ground additions of biofertilizers, namely (BioHealth WSG at a rate of 10 g. pot^-1 and mycorrhiza 10 g. Pot^-1 and a mixture of Mycorrhizae and BioHealth WSG at average of 10 g Pot-1) in addition to the control treatment. As for the second factor, it included three levels of foliar feeding with Chelated Nano Fertilizers (KHAZRA), which are 0, 2, 4 g.L^-1, while the third factor included three concentrations of foliar nutrition with DRIN, which are 0, 4, 8 ml. L^-1. The results confirmed the excelled triple interaction treatment between (ground addition between Mycorrhizae and BioHealth WSG at average of 10 g. pot-¹ and foliar nutrition with nano-fertilizer at a concentration of 4 g.L^-1 and amino acid DRIN at a concentration of 8 ml.L^-1) significantly on all treatments in the chemical properties (chlorophyll and carbohydrates) and the nutrients content of the leaves (nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, iron and manganese).

The study was conducted in the fields of the Department of Horticulture and Landscaping/College of Agriculture/University of Al-Qadisiyah/Al-Nouriah district - for the 2019-2020 agricultural season to study the effect of spraying with organic sulfur and hydrogen peroxide on the growth and yield of onions, Allium cepa L, where the study included two factors: the first factor was spraying organic sulfur at concentration (0, 2)., 4 ml. L-1) and symbol S1, S2, S3 and the second factor spraying with hydrogen peroxide at a concentration (0, 2, 4 ml. L-1) and symbolized by B1, B2, B3 and the interaction between them. A factorial experiment was conducted according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and the comparison between the treatments was done using the least significant difference test L.S.D at the probability level of 0.05. The results showed that spraying with organic sulfur or spraying with hydrogen peroxide in a single form led to a significant increase in all studied traits, as well as the interaction between the two factors, where the treatment S3B3 recorded the highest significant increase in plant height, leaf length, number of leaves, leaf neck diameter and yield weight per hectare of 82.00 cm plant. -1, 63.0 cm, 11.00 leaf. Plant-1, 55.67 mm. Onion-1, 22.67 mm. Onion-1, 4.146 tons. hectare-1, respectively.

The experiment was carried out at the Field Crops Research Station, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad in Jadiriyah, with the aim of evaluating the performance of partial diallel hybrids and inbred lines of maize and estimating general combining ability(GCA), specific combining ability (SCA) and some genetic parameters. The experiment was carried out in two seasons, spring and fall 2020. Eight inbred lines of maize were used in the study (BI9/834, BSW18, LW/5 L8/844, ZA17W194, Z117W, ZI17W9, ZI7W4), numbered (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8), It was sowed in the spring season and entered into a cross-program according to a partial diallel crossing system to obtain twelve partially cross-hybrids, and it was compared with its eight parents in a comparison experiment in the fall season using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with split plots arrangement with three replication. The plant densities of 70 and 90 thousand plants ha^-1 represented the main plots, while the partial diallel hybrids and their parents represented the secondary plots. The results of the study showed that the ratio between GCA and SCA) GCA/SCA) It was more than 1 for yield traits, ear length, number of rows and number of row grains in both low and high densities, which indicates the control of the additive genetic action on these traits. While the ratio was less than one for the traits of the ear diameter under the low density, which indicates the control of dominance genes on this trait in the mentioned density, while the trait of the number of ear grains, the ratio between the general and specific combining abilities was less than one in the high density. Inbred line 8 had the highest effect for the general ability to combine under low density, which amounted to 11.075, while inbred line 2 was superior by giving the highest effect to the general ability to combine at low density, which amounted to 17.80, followed by inbred 8.

The soil washing technique is considered one of the quick and effective techniques for treating soil contaminated with heavy metals. In this study, EDTA-Na₂ and Oxalic were used as washing solutions to removing Pb from calcareous and gypsum soils contaminated with Pb only and with Pb in addition to the used engine oil. The soil samples were contaminated with different concentrations of Pb only using Pb(NO₃)₂ to soils sample for each concentration separately then the sample was divided into two equal parts. The first part represents the calcareous and gypsum soil samples contaminated with Pb. The second part was taken after air-dried, and then the used engine oil was added and homogenized well. Five parameters (pH, contact time, Pb concentrations, temperature, and liquid/solid ratio) were applied to test their effect on Pb removal. In general, the results of this study varied based on the effect of the variables.

A field experiment was carried out in Al-Fadhiliya city, Dhi Qar province during the winter agricultural season 2019-2020 to find out the effect of stimulation (soaking) wheat seeds with gibberellin and use of mineral and nano fertilization on some growth and yield characteristics of the Ibaa variety 99. Using RCBD Design with split plot arrangement with three replications. The first factor (main plot) included fertilization levels (F) mineral fertilizer recommendation for N, P ( F1 ), Nano fertilizer recommendation for N, P ( F2 ) and 0.5 mineral fertilizer recommendation + 0.5 Nano fertilizer recommendation ( F3 ).The second factor (sub plot) included the seed stimulation levels (drenching) with gibberellin (G) for 12 hour: 0.0 mg.G.L^-1 (water only) ( G1 ), 50 mg G.L^-1 (G2), 100 mg G.L^-1(G3). The results showed superior the level of fertilization (F3) in traits (plant height 110.33 cm, flag leaf area 54.45 cm ², number of tillers 389.00 tiller.m^-2, number of grains per spike 67.11 grain.spike^-1, grain yield 7.589 t.ha^-1). While, the level of fertilization (F2) exceeding in adjective (weight 1000 grain 49.18 g). However, the level of stimulation (G2) superior in traits (plant height 106.00 cm, flag leaf area 54.267 cm ^{- 2}, number of tillers 381.44 tillers.m^-2 and the total grain yield 7.344 t.ha^-1). Whereas, the level of stimulation (G3) exceeding in adjectives( number of grain per spike 71.22 grain.spike^-1 and weight 1000 grain g). Interaction treatment (F3G2) gave the highest average of total grain yield by 8.133 t.ha^-1.

The conservation of natural resources like soil and water and reduces chemical pollution in the environment is the desired goal of the directions of improving the performance of important crops that to meet the global food demand. However System of Rice Intensification (SRI), is a rice cropping system that is consistent with Conservation Agricultural (CA) and Sustainable Agriculture (SA). The current study was aimed to investigate the effects of SRI method on grain yield and its components in two rice varieties compared with conventional practice in farmers' fields (CFM) in different environmental conditions in Iraq. Study was conducted in the fields during the rice season 2019 in three provinces in south of Iraq (Najaf, Diwaniya and Muthanna ). Anber33 and Jasmine rice varieties were grown in each location and the traits were conducted at sites having two donum of land (5,000 m²). The trial was performed as factorial expriments based on a randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) having three blocks. The results showed superior significant of SRI method compared to CFM method in traits (plant height and panicle length, number per panicle and percentage of unfilled grains). Furthermore, SRI method gave higher grain yield as percentage with both varieties in each province (25.6% in at Muthanna, 24.5% in Najaf and 13.2% in Diwaniya province) compared to CFM. However, grain yield in Jasmine variety was higher than on Anber33 approximately 50% in three locations in this study. Overall, our results suggest that SRI method is the most convenient method in Iraq conditions due to the increased grain yield in rice compared to the CFM method.

Two field experiments were carrid out in Abi Gharaq, Al-Masaleeb in Autumn season, 2020 and Spring season, 2021 in the fields of Technical college/Musayyib for finding out the effect of planting distances in several genotypes of yellow maize (Zea Mays L.). Five genotypes are used as parents and the first one of it is used in planting the second season and in three experimental units for both distancing and genotypes. The distances were (60cm, 70cm, and 80cm) among the species for each five species from each experimental unit (three experimental units) and the soil was structured for five genotypes. The characteristics of the crop and its ingredients (the average number of kernels in the plant, the average kernel height(cm), the average number of rows in a kernel, the average number of seeds in a row, the average number of kernel seeds, the average weight of 300 seeds (gm), and the average crop seeds for the plant (gm)/a plant) are studied for each experimental unit. The data are analyzed statistically for each characteristic according to variance analysis and using a least significant difference test (LSD) under the level of 5% for autumn and spring seasons using the standard design for agricultural experiments (RCBD). The results have shown the excess of the first density in most of the characteristics studied. As for the species, the results have shown the excess the of the first genotype over all other genotypes.

The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy test of a chemical compound (pyrrolidinium bis - bromide salt) laboratory-prepared in the life of the southern cowpea beetle Callosobruchus maculatus, which is one of the most important pulses stored pest. The compound N1 was prepared and the structure was proved using¹H NMR, IR technique. For treating the seeds out, three concentrations from N1, 500, 1500, 3000 ppm, were prepared. The results showed that the compound outperformed the percentage of repellent (prevention of laying eggs), with the concentration of 500 ppm registered the lowest number of eggs laid, with 96.67 eggs and an repellent rate of 53.97 %, compared to 210.00 eggs. While the results showed a significant effect when the concentration increased. This caused a 66.32 % drop in first-generation personnel from the highest rate of 95.00. The higher concentration also showed the lowest productivity compared with the rest of the concentrations, at 21.05 % compared to controlling sample 45.45%, and had no significant effect on increasing the duration of the pupal stage by 7.83 days compared to 7.50 days. Compared to 7.50 days of control, it affected the increase in the 7.50-day period of the larvae stage compared to the control of 5.50 days. The 1500 ppm concentration did not affect the vitality of the seeds after being treated as they were not significantly different from control. The results also showed that not all of the compound's concentrations had a repellent effect against the southern cowpea beetle.