Table of contents

3^rd International Conference "Advances in Environmental Engineering" (AEE 2021) organised by Faculty of Mining and Geology of the VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic and Faculty of Civil Engineering of the Technical University of Košice, Slovak republic, was held in November 25-26, 2021 online.

This year the conference offered an virtual platform for the dissemination of original research results, new ideas and discovered advances in the field of environmental engineering and related interdisciplinary topics.

List of Preface, Sponsors, Editors, Scientific Committee, Organising Guarantees, Review Statement, List Of Reviewers are available in this pdf.

On the following page you will find the declaration form.

• Please answer each question.

• You should submit the form along with the rest of your submission files.

• The deadline is the submission date written in your publishing agreement.

All conference organisers/editors are required to declare details about their peer review.

We will published the information you provide as part of your proceedings.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

• Type of peer review: Single-blind / Double-blind / Triple-blind / Open / Other (please describe)

Double-blind

• Conference submission management system:

The full texts have been submitted by the authors via web page AEE 2021.

• Number of submissions received: 60

• Number of submissions sent for review: 60

• Number of submissions accepted: 51

• Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100): 85

• Average number of reviews per paper: 2

• Total number of reviewers involved: 60

• Any additional info on review process:

• Contact person for queries:

Name : Jozef Junak

Affiliation: Technical University of Kosice

Email : jozef.junak@tuke.sk

The water footprint is the sustainability indicator, which describes direct and indirect water consumption. In the case of a water reservoir, the water consumption is represented by water evaporation from the free surface water. Most reservoirs are built as multipurpose reservoirs. The water losses from the reservoirs should be allocated among individual benefits to avoid distortion of water needs throughout the life-cycle of individual benefits provided by the reservoir. Allocation procedures, i.e. splitting a specific input between multiple outputs, tend to be problematic because different strategies can be used and it is not always possible to clearly determine which strategy is the most suitable. The allocation method significantly influences the assessment of the sustainability of individual benefits provided by the reservoir. In the article, we proposed the categorization of individual allocation strategies, we tested the strategy based on the pairwise comparison of purposes of the reservoir, and carried out an assessment of the variability of results of individual allocation strategies on the pilot case of the Fláje water reservoir. It has been proposed a simplified allocation model using the Analytic Hierarchy Process which is taken as a reasonable compromise between the processing complexity and the need to differentiate between the water reservoir purposes.

The safety of dams in crisis situations can be divided into several areas that can affect their functions. The aim of this work is to focus on water crisis situations on the technical infrastructure during emergencies, of which there were many in the world. The protective function of dams can be based on a thorough analysis and their measures. In the article there was risk analysis performed on a dam of choice. The ALARP analysis was used to determine risks that have to be addressed and taken precautions against. According to F-N diagram it was determined that ALARP region is located at frequencies of 0,000 1 (1-in-10 000 years) and number of people at risk at 1 – 1 000. Next there was a benefit-cost analysis performed of mitigation project, that concluded beneficial value of the dam and the costs of the mitigation project and the BCA ratio came out > 1, thus the mitigation project was recommended. In conclusion there was recommended to use both methods in comparative manner.

Removal of heavy metals from the environment is important for living beings. The present work investigates the applicability of the natural and MnO₂ - coated zeolite as sorbent for the removal of copper from synthetic solutions. Batch experiments were carried out to identify the influence of initial pH and concentration in the process of adsorption. A maximum removal efficiency of Cu(II) was observed in 10 mg/L for natural (95.6%) and modified (96.4%) zeolite, where the values was almost identical, but at concentration of 500 mg/L was the removal efficiency of modified zeolite three times higher. Based on the correlation factors R², the Langmuir isotherms better describe the decontamination process than Freundlich. The optimum pH value was set at 5.0.

Key factor in the crisis management decision-making process is complete, easy-to-use, and quickly available spatial information on protected interests, preparedness, and vulnerability in the area. Technology progression of geographic information systems help us significantly simplify and speed up this process. It helps us to visualize this essential information for the strategic level of crisis management.

The quantity of management systems standards (MSSs) is increasing every year. Standards are significantly associated with common requirements and differences for many providers of services as well as for manufactures. The drinking water supply management system is certainly one of the important services. The aim of this article is to introduce a basic application of management system (MS) using visual management. The standard applied in a model, defined as a complex solitaire or "singlet", is the Water Efficiency Management Systems (WEMS) standard. Visualised model is built by creating clusters using a software program designated for Small World Networks. This phase is preceded by the compilation of Excel spreadsheets, where requirements are divided into common and specific ones. The resulting cluster of selected areas includes the context of organizations that provide services, considering the common and specific requirements of interesting parties, managing their leadership, planning, support, operation, performance evaluation and improvement. It could be very useful to extend the cluster by another standard depending on the needs of the drinking water supplier and the transport piping systems at the site. This approach to management systems intensively clarifies managerial decision-making processes related to the implementation of the WEMS.

The study was performed to determine the impact of mine water discharges from the Jeremenko pit on water quality in the Ostravice River. Three sampling points marked under the letters "A", "B" and "C" were determined for monitoring. The first of the sampling points was designated before the inflow of mine water to determine the parameters of the river before pollution by mine water. Sampling point "B" indicated the inflow of mine water and the last sampling point was used to determine the parameters after mixing mine water with water from the river Ostravice. According to the research, mine water is strongly mineralized with an increased content of salts, chlorides, sulphates and has an increased temperature of up to 28 °C. Based on the analysis of individual results, a significant effect of the inflow of mine water from the Jeremenko pit on the water in the Ostravice River in its immediate vicinity was proved. When compared with the results of other authors, it was found that the concentration of sulfates and chlorides in mine water decreases in the long run.

This article deals with the recycling of railway bed aggregates. It briefly describes the methods of handling of the obtained material. It evaluates new possibilities of processing gravel from railway superstructure. It describes the development of the maintenance and reconstruction of railway lines. Furthermore, this article deals with the possibilities of using old materials for new purposes. It presents the results of analyzes of railway aggregate extracts and their comparison with the limit values for deposition on the terrain surface.

Our planet is warming due to climate change. Along with this, the incidence of fires is increasing. Fires negatively affect the environment. Fire prevention is one of the safety priorities in the Czech Republic and in the world. One aspect of safety is the evacuation of people, animals and potentially property. The paper will present a case study of escape route ventilation.

This article offers a comparison of the detected defects in sewerage systems operated by water companies and by self-operators, determines their quantity and classifies them into individual categories. The determination of the number of the defects at self-operators is evaluated on the basis of performed camera inspections and compared with data provided by the water company.

The aim of the present work is to provide an overview of the predominant microorganisms that effects structures of cementitious composites, which lead to biocorrosion, subsequently to the degradation of cementitious materials. Research is done by sampling of specimens taken from selected parts of the city of Košice. The sampling was mainly focused on insulated apartment panel buildings, part of the specimens was taken from uninsulated concrete and masonry plastered surfaces. Specimens were taken with sterile lab tubes, scalpels, and swabs by using dry, semi-dry and wet methods. The specimens were preserved in the cold place until their performance for the cultivation process. For cultivation purposes were important to prepare basal media for specimens of microorganisms and proceed isolation of cultures and their cultivation on appropriate media, identification of individual cultures. Data obtained after cultivation confirmed presence of predominant fungi genus such as Aspergillus, Botrytis, Cladosporium, Eutypella, Penicillium, Rhodotorula, Mucor, which create the ground for further research focused on the durability of cement paste based on secondary raw materials and their resistance against the predominant groups of microorganisms occurring in the objective location also by using extracts of several herbals as a prevention of microbial growth.

Pesticides are intensively used for the protection of field crops, orchards and vineyards, but they are also used in the removal of undesirable stands on non-agricultural land (railway embankments, playgrounds, handling areas, etc.), in water management (in coastal management, destruction of growths in irrigation canals), in forestry, etc. Regular application of pesticides increases their content in the aquatic environment and agricultural products. Their occurrence in water is relatively common and it follows that these substances are used in large quantities. Residues of these substances can persist in soils for 2 to 12 weeks. Due to their good solubility in water, they are easily transported from the soil to aquifers.

Several methods can be used to remove pesticides from water, e.g., coagulation, filtration, precipitation, ozonation, adsorption, ion exchange, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis and advanced oxidation processes. Their effectiveness varies considerably and depends mainly on the chemical nature of the pesticide being removed.

This article studies adsorption on two granular activated carbons Filtrasorb 400 and Norit 1240. Mixture of the pesticide standards (acetochlor, alachlor, dimethachlor, propachlor, metazachlor and metolachlor) was added to drinking water with concentration of approximately 1 µg/L. The experiments were performed in the glass bottles with the volume of 200 mL of water. The granular activated carbons (200 mg) were added to the bottles. Subsequently these bottles were regularly stirred, and the samples were taken out at times 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 360 minutes. Samples were taken by pipette into the 40 ml glass vials with added thiosulphate for preservation. Analyses of target pesticides were performed in laboratories of ALS Czech Republic in Prague. LC-MS using the internal standard method was used to determine chlorinated pesticides in water samples. The adsorption efficiency of pesticides removal and the adsorption capacity of granular activated carbon depends on the time of contact of water with the material. The results showed that the efficiency of selected pesticides removal and adsorption capacity for two granular activated carbons used varied. Filtrasorb F400 proved to be a better sorption material than Norit 1240. The efficiency of this material ranged from 18 to 60%, while the efficiency of Norit 1240 was significantly lower.

Adsorption capacity of activated carbons for selected pesticides and reaction kinetics of 0th, 1st, 2nd and 3rd order was also studied.

The paper is focused on the application of new approaches of designs in distric cities like Klatovy. The main part is description of the latest approaches and urban teritorial solution. The emphasis is put on the traffic in city centers, latest trends in parking, implementation of toll or support of all the means, of transport to ensure sustainable mobility including technical trends in traffic. The intention is mainly focused on the implementation of C-ITS, public transport preferences or the introduction of new concepts such as Mobility Hub, which can ensure economic returns on investment and especially sustainable mobility in historic parts of smaller and medium-sized cities.

The paper focuses on the use of glass waste as a substitute for aggregates (0/4, 4/8 and 8/16 mm) in the production of concrete in order to reduce the negative impact of existing waste on the environment. For the study, 5 mixtures were designed with gradual replacement of individual natural aggregate fractions in the concrete mixture by glass cullet. Real density, total water absorption and compressive strength were monitored on cubes with an edge of 100 mm for a period of 14 days to 3 years. The achieved compressive strength of samples with glass as a filler at the level of 50 MPa gives a good precondition for the real use of such concrete in practice. In addition, when combined it with lower real density and total water absorption.

The paper is devoted to surface treatment of recycled brick aggregate with various impregnating substances in order to reduce its absorbency and verify the use of such treated recycled material as a partial replacement of natural aggregate (fraction 4/8) in concrete. Selected properties of the tested samples were monitored after 28 and 60 days of curing. The results show that the treatment of recycled bricks with water glass appears to be a less suitable alternative compared to the use of a hydrophobic solution of silanes and siloxanes.

The paper focuses on the evaluation of the use of vegetation for the removal of contaminants from wastewater through vegetation-based wastewater treatment plants. Subsequently, the specific efficiencies of wastewater treatment using a selected vegetation-based wastewater treatment plant are evaluated. The results show that vegetation-based wastewater treatment plants generally work at relatively high treatment efficiency, but one of the main factors influencing the treatment efficiency is the values of pollution indicators at the inflow to the wastewater treatment plant.

Silting of water reservoirs by sediments detached through soil erosion is a serious water management problem. One of the solutions is direct application of sediments to the soil. The aim of the paper is to monitor the quality of bottom sediments taken from selected water reservoirs in the eastern Slovakia (Hervartov, Nižný Žipov, Byšta) and to evaluate their quality according to legislation. The results showed that the concentrations of total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in sediments are higher than in soils taken from the vicinity of reservoirs.Simultaneously, it was confirmed that the sediment in the evaluated reservoirs meets the physicochemical parameters according to the Act No. 188/2003 Coll. for direct application to the soil.

According to the European Green Deal, climate change and environmental degradation pose an existential threat to Europe and the world. Therefore, Europe needs a new "green" strategy to transform the EU into a modern and competitive, resource-intensive economy, with zero net greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. As a result, economic growth will be decoupled from resource use. The ever-increasing requirements for the urban environment to be carbon neutral lead to the rising needs for buildings from three dimensions of sustainability. It is well known that the construction and operation of buildings are the primary consumers of energy and material resources and significant polluters of the environment during all stages of their life cycle. This paper deals with analysing environmental impacts and life cycle cost of two family houses located in Kosice, eastern Slovakia. The total greenhouse gas emissions for family house 1 generates 45.89% more CO2 emissions during its life cycle. Discounted life cycle cost of a family house 1 is 74.33% higher and nominal even 77.22% higher than the nominal life cycle cost of a family house 2.

Determination of water color is one of the important indicators in assessing water quality. This article compares the available methods used to determine water color according to the international standard ISO 7887 or according to standard methods published by American organizations. The comparison takes into account the specific application of the legislation in the selected countries.

This research was focused on the effects of micromycetes on cement composites with 100% replacement of natural aggregate by the recycled glass from photovoltaic panels. The experiment was performed on samples of small beams measuring 40 x 40 x 8 mm (length x width x height) and cement crumbling with recycled glass from photovoltaic panels in percentages representing 10%, 20% and 40%. The representatives of the selected micromycetes were Aspergillusniger, A. clavatus, Penicilliumglabrum, Cladosporium sp. and Zygomycetes sp. Biocorrosion causes changes in the properties of the material, mainly as a result of the action of microorganisms. Due to their large production of acids and enzymes, micromycetes are an important part of microscopic consortia involved in biocorrosion. This experiment focused on evaluating the effect of micromycetes on cement composites – solid structure and crumbling, with 100% replacement of natural aggregate with photovoltaic glass recyclate. The results show a high growth of biomass on solid composites, while on cement crumbling, the growth was minimal due to high pH value. Longer monitoring time was used in case of adaptation to the environment.

The housing estates were built on the basis of the urban concept as a whole. These units can be viewed with a certain development potential, which they hide in the framework of a sustainable increase in the quality of life. All housing functions, not only in the housing estate, are decisive for the development of the whole society. In the sphere of housing, a person is born, formed and developed as a social and cultural being, therefore it is necessary to deal with the issue of identity, urbanity and the division of housing estates.

Besides other issues, the global pandemic caused by SARS CoV-2 also brought a number of water management questions which mainly concern the likelihood of virus spread through drinking water and possible contamination of wastewater. This paper reviews principal data on the virus and the recent course of the pandemics. It shows that there is no risk of the virus spread through drinking water and that drinking water disinfection is sufficiently effective. On the contrary, wastewater was observed for SARS CoV-2 RNA particles. As a result, a number of papers deal with research in the observation of the virus in wastewater, which may become an early-warning tool before an epidemic develops. The monitoring of the virus in wastewaters may also enable researchers to predict the course of Covid-19 illness rates in the future.

Algae of the Pleurococcus, Trentepohlia and Stichococcus genera were selected for the experiment on the cement composites with total replacement of natural aggregates by recycled photovoltaic glass. The growth of the algae was monitored on cement beams with dimension 40 x 40 x 8 mm (length x width x height) and on the cement crumbling in various proportion. In the case of cement composites with recycled glass from photovoltaic panels, intensive growth was observed in the Trentepohlia genus from the Chlorophyceae class, while in the case of cement crumbling with recycled photovoltaic glass, the most obvious growth in biomass was recorded in the Pleurococcus genus; the Stichococcus and Trentepohlia genera showed minimal or zero growth. This minimal growth is mainly influenced by the pH value and the fact that biocorrosion is accompanied by the effect of symbiotizing microbiota, which mutually support each other, not just one species.

The volume of tires at the end of their life cycle in the EU as well as worldwide has witnessed an increasing trend since 2013. This is the type of waste that is of great interest to scientists in Europe and in the whole world. This article presents the current methods of processing, recycling and disposal of tires at the end of their life cycle. The main attention is focused on the results of research and development, which dealt with the issue of the use of tires at the end of the life cycle in concrete. The building industry segment offers us great opportunities to use by-products in order to save natural resources of raw materials.

The constant growth of the population increases the demands on raw material resources, which is reflected in increasing pressure on the environment. The impact of mankind on the environment is nowadays an increasingly acute problem, which is being addressed by the governments of individual countries, not only the EU, through legislative interventions. The most addressed areas are the issue of production and subsequent waste management. Waste production in the world has been growing for a long time, which causes considerable problems for individual countries. Each country is currently looking for the optimal way of waste management to reuse it as secondary raw material. In this paper, we analysed twenty-eight EU countries in terms of production and waste management and found significant differences between countries. We looked for factors that lead to different results between countries in the production and management of waste, based on the population, the size of the country to the indicators of living standards, and legislation applicable to those countries.

The high demand for mobility around the world means a constant increase in road traffic and a deterioration in parking spaces. The paper focuses on the issue of automatic parking systems in the Czech Republic. It defines automatic parking, functionality and also informs about the possibility of using BIM. It describes in detail the systems located in the city of Ostrava.

One of the contemporary problems is the widespread use of medicaments, which leads to an increased occurrence of these substances in the environment. The efficiency of conventional treatment processes for removing drugs from water is in most cases very little, if not zero. Treatment processes for removal of drugs include adsorption on activated carbon, membrane processes, and advanced oxidation processes. Within a specific university research project, a laboratory test was performed at the Institute of Municipal Water Management of the Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology, to monitor the effectiveness of diclofenac removal by selected sorption materials. Diclofenac was chosen for this experiment as a representative of one of the most widespread groups of drugs - non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The removal of diclofenac from water was performed using columns filled with sorption materials Filtrasorb F100, GEH and Bayoxide E33. The aim of the test was to compare the selected sorption materials in terms of their effectiveness in removing diclofenac from water. From analyses of water taken at predetermined time intervals after filtration through said materials, it was found that the most suitable material for removing diclofenac from water is Filtrasorb F100.

The research focused on the enzyme production/activity of sixteen Aspergillus niger strains isolated from different localities. The soils vary mainly in their pH value, which ranges from an ultra-acidic (< 3.5) to a very strongly alkaline (> 9.0) environment. Contamination caused by several centuries of mining activities at old mining sites persists at all the localities. The concentrations of toxic elements, such as As, Sb, Zn, Cu and Pb, very often exceed the common limit values. Presence of toxic elements in contaminated sites may affect microscopic fungi and cause changes of their physiology, including the production of different metabolites, such as enzymes. Production of esterase, cellulase, lipase and protease was investigated. Changes in physiological properties, such as the growth and enzymatic activity of the sixteen A. niger wild type strains, were determined. Esterase, cellulase and lipase activity was not determined in the sixteen strains tested. Considerable differences were recorded in the size of the colonies also within strains cultivated on the same nutrient medium. The control strain from locality Gabčíkovo formed the smallest colonies when tracking LA, EA and PA compared with the other strains. Lipase production was determined for several strains at different intensities and was highest in the strain isolated from the uncontaminated locality Gabčíkovo. The enzymatic activity of the other strains isolated from contaminated sites was very low. The achieved results confirmed the direct influence of environmental factors on the physiological properties of the studied strains of Aspergillus niger.

This article dealing with the problematic contamination surface water in dumps complex and there were monitoring basic physical and chemical parameters, toxic and strategic metals. There were analysed inorganic ions NH4, Cl, SO4, NO3, NO2 by standard laboratory analysis, and the elements Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni were measured by method ICP MS, and elements Zn, Fe, Mn, Na by method AAS. The case study of the contamination in the Burňa watercourse basin, in industrial landscape of the Ostrava city is unique in solving the problem of ecological burdens of the Ostrava city. One year of monitoring case study showed a significant load on the watercourse with the expected contamination especially by toxic metals. The surface water Burňa watercourse was affected by a dumps complex and their chemistry. The source of the contamination is the impact of former mining, in this post-mining landscape.

The current management of the world's fresh water resources is not optimal. Due to the uneven distribution of water, many parts of the world are entering a passive water management balance due to climate change and the growth of the human population. The Czech Republic is one of the countries with a passive balance. With ongoing climate change, it will be difficult in many regions to maintain sufficient raw water for technological and technical purposes without intensification in the water management process. Scientific progress and current technical possibilities offer ways to increase the way water is treated and the possibilities of re-using the realized water in the area of its use for various purposes, from the water source to the final cycle. One of these possibilities and the way of intensive use of water is dealt with in the following article.

In real practice, almost half of the water, after its technical or technological use in various degrees of pollution, is drained by sewerage systems to wastewater treatment plants and subsequently discharged into the recipients of rivers and streams. The current and especially the future method of urban and industrial wastewater treatment is at such a high level that the treated water, before its discharge into the recipients, has a higher degree of quality than the flowing surface water in the watercourse. Under these ever-improving conditions and possibilities, it is appropriate to use well-treated wastewater not only for the needs of agriculture, but also as an alternative supply of fire water for fire purposes. The dislocation of wastewater treatment plants (hereinafter WWTP) in territorial cadastres with safe access to the opened level of treated water allows its relatively rapid pumping at any time, especially in conditions where there is no other suitable natural or multipurpose source of fire water. The following article suggests in a basic way how to use the given options without the risk that the treated wastewater will not endanger the health of fire brigades or will not have the negative impact on the environment of the extinguished building and its surroundings in which the fire is extinguished.

The paper focuses on the links between sustainability and urbanism with a focus on the environment. In order to achieve the sustainability of cities, it is necessary to monitor the balance between economic, social and environmental interests, and urbanization is closely linked to this. Urbanism with a focus on the environment or ecological urbanism is a type that focuses on projects in ecological aspects, such as humidification, temperature reduction in the city, energy buildings, planting, urban surfaces, etc. Sustainability of cities is also one of the topics of the United Nations which generally addresses Sustainable Development Goals. In order to achieve the goal of sustainable cities, it is necessary to ensure access to trouble-free and affordable housing and services for all citizens by 2030. This development program is set for the time period 2015-2030. As far as the city is concerned, this in itself fundamentally affects the quality of the surrounding environment, especially interventions in undeveloped areas, land use and city administration. Spatial urban development is also focused in detail on searching and regeneration of unused areas which can have a negative impact in the form of slower growth or decline. The newly emerging BIM method, which demonstrably streamlines the management and development of cities, can also contribute to overall sustainability which further leads to the concept of smart cities. It is a concept of smart cities of urban development that moves to the sectors of management, energy, environment, infrastructure and population in an effort to streamline the management and development of cities using new methods. The result of the work is to show cities as the powerful player in reducing of greenhouse gas emissions which can help to build more liveable environment. Cities are not the biggest problem but the biggest opportunity for change.

The aim of the work is to find a suitable way of treatment of steel ladle slag for subsequent use as a partial replacement of the binder component in cement composites. The goal is based on the raw materials policy of the Czech Republic. Within this work is solved the issue of possible use of steel slag as the largest by-product of steel production. The work is focused on a specific ladle slag from ladle furnaces, by which are equipped the modern steel plants. Ladle slag is similar in chemical composition to Portland cement. However, its mineralogical composition should be taken into account in relation to its expansion reactions and lower hydraulic activity. One of the goals is the research of effect of particle size in cement-slag mixtures. The slag was ground for research on two different specific surfaces - coarsely in a vibrating mill and finely in a ball mill. The research within the experimental part of the work verified the positive influence of ladle slag on the properties of fresh and hardened mortar mixtures. Tensile bending strengths and compressive strengths are for some mixtures with ladle slag even higher than the strengths of the reference mixtures.

Various alternative transport options are currently being developed. The business environment as well as legislation must respond to these. It is possible that in a few years we will encounter modes of transport that were unknown until recently. Whether it is air transport by drones or autonomous vehicles, these are just concepts that are at a more advanced stage of implementation. The task of the legislation will be to respond to these stimuli to avoid uncertainty. These changes will have a major impact on the international transport of goods. The advantage of these alternative modes of transport is the lower impact on the environment, when alternative modes are usually used to power them. The aim of this article is to identify opportunities of new modes of transport on international trade relations. The international legal environment must face new challenges and respond in advance to possible modes of alternative transport. The practice is known that if an adequate legal framework is not created, these alternative modes of transport will develop uncontrollably and after that it will be very difficult to introduce any changes or rules. One way to do this is to implement any changes to the Incoterms. There is also a variant of introducing uniform international standards or, in the case of EU directives, that would address this issue.

Water distribution systems should have a high level of reliability and availability. Water distribution system failures should be diagnosed and categorised, according to their consequences, causes, frequency, and other important factors. A failure analysis of the water distribution system is considered in this study, as well as a method for establishing a failure susceptibility index and evaluating the risk of failures within a defined area, based on categories and zonal characteristics. A risk scale, such as tolerable, controlled, and unacceptable, will be used to assess the risk of failure. The methodology is provided to help in the performance and risk assessments of water distribution systems, as well as decision-making.

The European Green Deal (EGD) is a set of policy initiatives by the European Union with the overarching and ambitious aim of making Europe climate neutral in 2050. Being world's first 'climate-neutral bloc' and fulfilling other goals extending to many different sectors, including construction, biodiversity, energy, transport, food and others has also an impact on different sectors of security. The implementation of the tasks set out in the EGD requires taking into account the necessity of sustainability in reaching the goals, including not violating sectoral security in the EU Member States. Nexus approach might be useful in the processes of finding and implementation of particular solutions.

Personal security is one of the key aspects affected by the perception of urban greenery, which plays an important role for city dwellers. The survey conducted in Poland in 2020 (N=394) aimed to check how important for park users in context of perceived security are selected factors related to maintenance of different types of park infrastructure (condition of equipment and pavement, also condition of greenery), level of park cleanliness (filling of the rubbish bins, litter on the ground, and graffiti on different types of facilities), and elements related to the use of park space (paths, varied topography, functional aids, and water). The condition of equipment was assessed as a factor of high impact (average of 4.13 in 5-point Likert scale), as well as the presence of park paths (4.02). The results indicate that all 10 of the examined factors are recognized as important (3 and higher). They also show that both women (compared to men) and older respondents (compared to those under 60) assessed higher the importance of factors related to the condition of elements of infrastructure and pavement, as well as the level of cleanliness in urban parks in shaping their personal sense of security.

As part of property management, there is a constant increase in operating costs, whether they are new or old buildings. The amount of costs and their growth is related, among other things, to the use of space, the provision of services, the optimization of the working environment and the optimal functionality of the technological parts of the property. In the case of large properties or building complexes, it is therefore a separate branch of Facility Management. As part of the ongoing digitization in the field of construction, the development and implementation of facility management for the subsequent management of the building is also accelerating. There is currently several commercially available software that can be used as an effective tool for organizing, planning, and improving facility processes. The main goal of the work is to conduct a survey of existing and available software for facility management (CAFM) in the market environment of the Czech Republic and compare its functions, working environment in relation to the possibility of use in the construction company environment.

An effective solution of the conflict points of different transport modes is a significant issue at the urban level today. With the permanent increase of traffic in cities, it is necessary to look for suitable and sustainable transport solutions to these situations, so that the traffic flow is smooth and the transport remains safe, ecological and economical. The paper deals with the design of a simple decision-making tool for selecting the solution of pedestrian conflict with other traffic modes (classical pedestrian crossing, controlled pedestrian crossing for defined pedestrian and vehicle flows, based on experimental microsimulation. High pedestrian flows their dependence on the delay time of road users are not properly implemented in Czech legislation. The results are verified in a case study of conflict solution within the reconstruction of a public transport terminal in Prague.

Combined mixing and aeration systems are not given priority in the Czech Republic. Still, they are installed at several WWTPs. Their advantage is mixing and aerating at the same time. This article provides data from actual measurements where a combined system was used for drinking water including necessary chemicals. The text below evaluates the course of changes in the concentration of dissolved oxygen in different points in the reactor depending on time.

It is known that the highest contribution to the yearly radiation dose for the population derives from natural radioactivity. About 50% of that is estimated to be caused by exposure to radon (Rn) and its products. Human exposure to indoor Rn is currently considered a relevant research topic, because of the associated epidemiological aspects. This paper aimed at Rn concentration measurement in a selected building in Košice city, Slovakia. The continuous monitoring of indoor radon levels was performed over a period of 40 days. The measured concentrations ranged in a wide interval up to 92 Bq/m³. The WHO limit value of 100 Bq/m³ wasn´t exceeded. Analysing the possible sources, both contributions of radon from the building materials and radon from the soil was observed.

In January 2020, the "Urban and social reconfiguration project of Heredia, and youth population, 1985-2020" starts its operations. Its objective is to analyze the urban capacities for social life, and the imprint of young people has developed between 1985 to 2020 in Heredia. Thus, to achieve the proposed goals, a methodology is established that joins research and teaching areas. Consequences of institutional policies impact this methodology to come from a national emergency of Covid-19, which causes the substantial methodological changes of the project. This preliminary study aims to communicate the methodological challenges in teaching environmental management in the current context. The method is interviews applied to students and academics participating in the project, consultation of secondary sources, records, databases, institutional reports, and observation of areas representing a less epidemiological risk to researchers. The conclusions of this experience are the following: (i) changes in the techniques of the methods and tools used in science; (ii) resilience of academic staff to take on extra hours; development of new learning technologies; and (iii) approach to the pedagogical discussion related to the project in the current conditions, which it makes a solid and enriching panorama for academic issues.

This paper is addressed to comparative study of changes in thermal stability of surface-modified hemp-hurds aggregates long-term incorporated in bio-aggregate-based composites with the original ones before their integration into alternative binder matrix. In this study, the effectiveness of alkaline treatment of hemp hurds compared to the raw bio-aggregates as well as in relation to their behaviour when they are long-term incorporated in the MgO-cement environment is investigated. The differences in the thermal behaviour of the samples are explained by the changed structure of hemp hurds constituents due to the pre-treatment and long-term action of the alternative binder components on the bio-aggregates. Alkaline treatment increases thermal stability of hemp hurds compared to raw sample. Also long-term incorporation of hemp hurds in MgO-cement matrix had a similar effect in case of alkaline modified bio-aggregates. The more alkali ions present in the structure of hemp hurdssamples, the more ash is formed during their thermal decomposition studied by thermal gravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).

Contamination of soil with potential risk elements is one of the most pressing environmental problems in the world and causes serious environmental damage, but also threatens human health. This paper presents the results of research that was focused on analyzing soil contamination in the field of magnesite mining in urban and agrarian land nearby the former factory in Košice (Slovakia). Field and laboratory research were performed. Soil sampling was performed in 10 localities of the studied area. The content of risk elements (Cd, Hg, Pb, Cr, Zn, Cu, As, Ni, Mn, Mg) in soils was analyzed under laboratory conditions. The obtained data expressed as average concentrations of metals in sampled soils, as well as background values of the contents of monitored elements for the soils of the Slovak Republic, were used to assess soil pollution and identify the environmental risk. The acquired knowledge about the contamination of the soil with risk elements in the area around the former magnesite factory in Košice could help in the planning of remediation measures and improve the state of the environment in the studied area.

The aim of this paper is to define the importance of innovation in terms of a sustainable entrepreneurship in environment. The framework is based on a typology of sustainable entrepreneurship, and the application of an entrepreneurial approach in meeting societal goals and changing market contexts, and is related to sustainability innovation. The framework provides guidance to managers on how to implement sustainability innovations and strive for sustainable business.

The main intention of our research is to determine an effective method to suppress invasive plant populations of Helianthus tuberosus spreading uncontrollably in the territory of the Poodří Protected Landscape Area (PLA) in the Czech Republic. This article brings together the results of selected management methods from 2017-2019 (mechanical, chemical and their combination) and their effect on the growth and reproductive characteristics of Helianthus tuberosus as well as the biodiversity of the local habitats. The combination of mowing and application herbicide based on clopyralid, fluroxypyr and MCPA proves to be the most effective. The partial results have been published before [1,2]. We present a complete research overview of the Helianthus tuberosus disposal.

Decontamination of environment according to traditional methods is not only economically inaccessible but also often highly environmentally harmful. It is necessary to apply methods that are environmentally friendly as possible. These methods include bioremediation, which uses organisms able to fight with high concentrations of pollutants to decontaminate the environment. In this study, we observed the biosorption of chromium from the aquatic environment using dried algae Chlorella kessleri. The results of the specific sorption at pH = 4.00 in the chromium model sample had a value of q = 5.9 mg / g, which represented a decrease in the chromium concentration by 74%. The specific sorption in the case of the native chromium sample q after 24 hours reached the highest value (q = 2.74 mg / g) at pH = 4.00. During the experiment, we observed a constant change in the content of photosynthetic pigments in the prepared solutions where it was shown that after 24 h exposure the yield of chlorophyll a was decrease by 95.91% compare to control. In the case of chlorophyll b, the same trend was demonstrated where 91.92% decrease of its content after 24 hours was observed. This type of dried alga has been shown to be a rapid biosorbent, in relatively short time intervals. The results of the study show that in the process of decontamination there was not only the binding of chromium to the cell surface but also its penetration through the cell wall.

The subject of the paper is the elaboration of the topic of modeling and optimization of the reliability of systems for drinking water supply in the town of Hlucin and the adjacent villages Bobrovniky and Darkovicky. The paper points out modern ways of management and maintenance of these buildings, eg in the form of passportization, unification of various types of documentation, records of failures and accidents, etc. The aim is to point out possible ways to optimize these buildings and overall evaluation of the water supply network, including the suitable renewal schedule design. These practices are essential for the efficient operation of water supply networks, especially nowadays, when there is a shortage of water and it is necessary to promote sustainable urban development through its economical management.

The study compares the ability to bioaccumulate toxic metal ions using microscopic filamentous fungi of the genus Aspergillus isolated from the anthropogenically contaminated site of the Ostramo Lagoons (Ostrava, Czech Republic). The experiment comprised six species of indigenous fungal isolates: A. niger, A. candidus, A. iizukae, A. westerdijkiae, A. ochraceus and A. clavatus. Nutrient liquid media enriched with Cu(II), Zn(II), Ni(II) and Cr(III) were individually inoculated with spores of these fungi. After thirty days of incubation, the content of metal ions in the dried fungal biomass and medium was measured by the AAS. It was found that the average bioaccumulation capacity of selected toxic metal within the tested strains decreases in the following order: A. ochraceus > A. candidus > A. clavatus > A. westerdijkiae > A. iizukae > A. niger. The highest bioaccumulation efficiency was achieved by the A. ochraceus strain which accumulated Cu(II) with an efficiency of 57.42 %, Zn(II) with 56.88 %, Cr(III) with 37.73 %. When comparing the ability of bioaccumulation of the toxic metals, the following was found: Zn(II) > Cu(II) > Cr(III) > Ni(II). Understanding of bioaccumulation processes that take place in fungal cells at the molecular level may lead to better strategies for the application of these interesting microorganisms in bioremediation processes.