Table of contents

The global health crisis has occurred since the Covid-19 outbreak shocked the world for about 1.5 years. Partial and complete lockdown practiced in some countries and/or areas within a country are consequences that limit most of our regular activities. In particular to livestock-related fields, this pandemic also creates new challenges in many aspects such as food supply chain, feed availability, workers hygiene in the processing plant and foodservice, etc. At the same time, the supply of livestock and animal-based food must still be supplied every day, whatever will be. As part of our academic duty, it is our responsibility also to provide preference strategies in facing many challenges on animal production and agroecotechnology as fit with our conference theme this year. ICAPFS is the right place for us to share the latest research, viewpoints, progress, critical issues, programs, and policies to provide practical options to respond to such challenges.

The conference is the second time we present ICAPFS after the achievement of 1st ICAPFS in 2018. Unlike what we conducted four years ago, the forum is transformed offline to an online presence today. Since the covid-19 pandemic spread out to almost all world countries started last 2019, many things changed our daily activities. Somehow, the acceleration of digital technology cannot limit our academic efforts to spread the latest progress in animal science.

List of Conference committee are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

• Type of peer review: Single-blind

• Conference submission management system: via email icapfs@ansci.unand.ac.id, managed by Indri Juliyarsi, Robi Amizar, Sri Melia, and Ade Sukma

• Number of submissions received: 162

• Number of submissions sent for review: 113

• Number of submissions accepted: 85

• Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100): 52,47

• Average number of reviews per paper: 2

• Total number of reviewers involved: 18

• Any additional info on review process: proofread and turnitin

• Contact person for queries:

Name: Dr. Indri Juliyarsi

Affiliation: Universitas Andalas

Email: indrijuliyarsi@ansci.unand.ac.id

The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) gene has been linked to controlling feeding behavior and body weight. The objective of this study was to detect the polymorphism within the 5'-UTR region of the MC4R gene in Garut sheep. A total of 36 blood samples were isolated and amplified using primers (forward: 5'-TTCGTTTGGGGCAAGTCAAG-3' and reverse: 5'-GGAAACGCTCACCAACATGT-3'). Two SNPs, g.396C/T and g.399C/G, were discovered in the 5'UTR region based on sequence alignment (position number based on Genbank acc no. NC_040274). For both SNPs, only two genotypes were found in the samples. Both SNPs had identical allele and genotype frequencies. The C allele (86%, n=26) was higher than the T (g.396C/T) and G allele (g.399C/G) (14%, n=10). The homozygous CC genotype has a higher frequency (72%) in both SNP g.396C/T and g.399C/G, followed by CT and CG genotype (28%), respectively. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium analysis resulted in the sample population did not deviate (χ2<5.59). Further analysis could be suggested to provide an overview of this polymorphism effect in Garut sheep's growth traits.

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the MC4R gene has been known to be associated with feed intake and growth performance. Our objective was to analyze the association of SNP g.880A>G to birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), and 6-month body weight (MW) in F1 cross Dorper x Garut sheep. In forty-one F1 cross Dorper x Garut sheep with phenotypic records, genotyping based on SNP g.880A>G was achieved using the direct-sequencing process. As a result, the homozygous AA genotype was absent in the samples. The frequency of the G allele (90%) was higher than the A allele (10%), followed by GG (80%) and AG (20%) genotypes. The population did not deviate from Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium (p > 0.05) based on SNP g.880A>G. The SNP g.880A>G was significantly associated with MW but not significant in BW and WW. The GG genotype (32.33 ± 4.81 kg) was higher MW than the AG genotype (27.19 ± 1.86 kg). In conclusion, the findings suggested that SNP g.880A>G of the MC4R gene could be used as a potential selection tool for high MW in F1 cross Dorper x Garut sheep.

This study aimed to determine the type, intensity, degree of ectoparasite infestation and its correlation to the total V. parahaemolyticus bacteria in super-intensive pacific white shrimp culture. In this study, sampling was carried out in 3 super-intensive pacific white shrimp pond areas spread out in East Java, namely Bangil, Tuban, and Lamongan with 50 shrimps (PL30-PL 40). The obtained data underwent regression and correlation analysis. Based on the results, there were three types of ectoparasites, namely Zoothamnium sp., Epistylis sp. and Vorticella sp. High ectoparasite intensity was found in pacific white shrimp from Lamongan and Tuban ponds, namely 76 and 55 individuals/shrimp, respectively, showing the heavy infestation. High total V. parahaemolyticus bacteria was found in Tuban (1.16 × 10⁵ CFU/gr) and Lamongan (1.16 × 10⁵ CFU / gr) ponds. Based on the results, the coefficient value was R = 0.807 showing positive correlation of V. parahaemolyticus with the increasing parasite intensity and low oxygen levels.

This study aims to evaluate the milk lactose, specific gravity, and mineral of Etawa Crossbreed Dairy Goat (ECDG) fed with palm kernel cake-based concentrate (PKCC), tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia), sweet potato leaves, (Ipomoea batatas L.), and Gamal (Gliricidia sepium) as a source of roughage. The design of the experiment used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatment rations and four replications. Treatment formulations are as follow A). 100% basal ration (BR); B). 50% BR + 50% Concentrate Based Palm Kernel Cake (CPKC) + tithonia; C). 50% BR+ % CPKCC + sweet potato leaves; D).50% BR + 50% CPKC + Gamal (Gliricidia sepium). The ratio of concentrate and roughage is 50:50. The concentrate ratio consists of 30% palm kernel cake, 40% tofu waste, 20% rice bran, 9 % corn, and 1% mineral. The parameters were milk lactose, specific gravity, and mineral of milk. Data were analysed by Analysis of Varian (ANOVA) and DMRT (Duncans Multiple Range Test) according to Steel and Torrie (2002). The results showed that the treatment had no significant effect (P> 0.05) on lactose, specific gravity, and mineral of milk. From this study, it can be concluded that the use of PKC, titonia, sweet potato, and gamal can replace basal ration without affecting the quality of milk (lactose, specific grafity and mineral)

Research examined the formation of prostaglandin nanoparticles and their effect on corpus luteum (CL) regression carried out at IRIAP. The nanoparticles formation was carried out using the ionic gelation method. The nanoparticles have a particle size of 316.80±0.14 nm, polydispersion index of 0,453±0,001, zeta potential of +17,40±0,85 mV with 69,69±8.81% hormone entrapment. The effectiveness of nanoparticle in CL regression was observed (prostaglandin vs prostaglandin nanoparticles) using ultrasound observation, hormone profile and estrus response. Further, the size of the ovulating follicle, the time of ovulation, the size of the CL and the onset of estrus after the administration of the prostaglandins were observed. The observation showed that the intramuscular administration of prostaglandin and prostaglandin nanoparticles did not significantly differ on the onset of estrus, time of ovulation, the ovulating follicle size, size of CL and progesterone concentration. The onset of estrus occurred on 2.50 ± 0.58 and 2.33 ± 0.52 days, the ovulation time after hormone administration was on days 3.50 ± 0.55 and 2.83 ± 0.75 with the ovulation follicle size of 16, 62 ± 0.96 and 17.03 ± 1.13 mm, while the CL measures at H-3 were 13.56 ± 2.28 and 10.45 ± 0.88, the progesterone H-2 concentrations were 0.299 and 0.395, respectively for prostaglandin and prostaglandin nanoparticles. It can be concluded that the formation of nanoparticles did not impair the effectiveness of hormones in CL regression so that it can be used to increase the effectiveness of estrus synchronization

This study aims to evaluate the performance of Bali cows in different management systems in the Field Station of Sekolah Peternakan Rakyat (SL-SPR) Kuamang Abadi. The linear body measurement and reproductive performances of one hundred twenty-six Bali cows owned by 64 farmers located in 4 villages in SL-SPR Kuamang Abadi were measured and recorded. Survey and observation were done from October to November 2020. Data were analyzed using statistical and descriptive methods. The parameters of linear body measurement included chest circle (CC), body length (BL), and body height (BH). The reproductive performance included age first calving (AFC), calving interval (CI), days open (DO), and service per conception (S/C). The result of linear body measurement showed that the largest CC was in a semi-intensive system at 158,03 cm; the largest BL and BH in the intensive system were 119,35 cm and 111,2 cm, respectively. The result of the reproductive performance showed that cattle in the semi-intensive systems had lower averages AFC, CI, DO, and S/C, i.e., 958,7 days, 375,1 days, 90,1 days, and 1,7, respectively. The results obtained can be used as the basis for improving maintenance management and the development of breeding Bali cattle in SL-SPR Kuamang Abadi.

Etawa crossbreed (PE) goat farm has been well developed in Kokap, Kulonprogo, and Yogyakarta. The important aspects that support it are doe's health and reproductive performance. This study aimed to determine the relationship between subclinical mastitis incidence and reproductive performance of the does. This study used 84 does from four different farms, which tested using California Mastitis Test (CMT) to determine the mastitis status. The reproductive performance data gained through a questionnaire and the relation to the mastitis status was analyzed using Chi-square. The result showed that the prevalence of subclinical mastitis was 16.67 % (14 does). In the non-mastitis does, 75.71% had long calving interval (CI), 88.57% had long days open (DO), 44.29% had Litter size (LS) 1, and 12.86% had service per conception (S/C) more than 2. Meanwhile, in the mastitis group, the does with long CI was 71.43%, long DO was 85.71%, LS 1 was 28.57%, and S/C > 2 was 14.29%. The chi-square analyses showed no relationship between subclinical mastitis cases with long CI (X²=0.22), long DO (X²=0.09), LS 1 (X²=1.19), and high S/C (X²=0.02). It can be concluded that there was no relation of mastitis cases to reproductive performance of PE does in Kokap, Kuloprogo, and Yogyakarta.

This study aims to improve the production performance of Murrah buffalo which covers average weight gain, feed consumption, and feed conversion by increasing probiotic feed. The research was conducted on the herd of Murrah buffalo at Kelok Rambai, Kapau Village, West Sumatera, Indonesia. Fifteen Murrah buffaloes with three to five years of age were used in the research. There were three treatments conducted including P1 = basal feed + probiotics; P2 = P1 + concentrate (cassava leaf pellet); and P3 = P1 + commercial concentrate (pellet). All three treatments were also given 7 cc/head/month of probiotics. The results of the study with probiotic feeding on Murrah buffalo showed the average feed consumption of P2 (36.55), P3 (35.99), P1 (35.74) and daily weight gain (DWG) P2 (1.09 kg/head/day), P3 (0.91 kg/head/day), P1 (0.55 kg/head/day) did not show a significant difference, while in feed conversion, P2 (0.68 ), P1 (0.46), P3 (0. 31) it showed a significant difference (p>0.05). This study concludes that the provision of basal ration plus cassava leaf pellets showed significant results on feed conversion in Murrah buffalo but did not show significant differences in feed consumption and DWG. However, it showed a substantial enough average of P2 that could be used as a feed supplement in Murrah buffalo.

The production of local chickens in Indonesia is determined by the availability of high-quality local chicken stocks. However, information on local chicken performance is limited, therefore, this study aims to determine the live weight performance of three local Indonesian chicken namely Merawang, Murung Panggang, and KUB in the starter phase. The study was conducted at chicken farm located in Semanu Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta. Meanwhile, the live weight data were collected at the starter phase (0, 2, and 4 weeks. The samples consisted of 196 Merawang, 157 Murung Panggang, and 416 KUB chickens reared in a battery cage in a closed house under similar conditions. Furthermore, the live weight performance data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). As a result, the Merawang chicken had the highest live weight (P<0.05) at the day-old chick (DOC) age. At the same age, no significant difference was detected between the KUB and Murung Panggang chicken (P>0.05). However, the live weight of Murung Panggang was significantly higher at 2 and 4 weeks compared to others (P< 0.05). Therefore, it was concluded that there are variations in the live weight of the three local chickens during the starter phase.

Body weight is a critical parameter to monitor in chickens due to its correlation with better performance during the production phase. Hence, this study aimed to present an overview of the body weight performance of indigenous Indonesian chickens in the grower phase. The study was conducted in Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta. Data of body weight performance data of 227 Merawang, 157 Murung Panggang, and 416 KUB chickens in the grower phase were collected. These weights were measured 4 times at 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks while rearing the chickens in battery cages in a closed house under similar management. The result showed that the Murung Panggang chickens at each age had the highest body weight and uniformity value (P<0.05), followed by Merawang and KUB. The body growth curve of the Merawang, Murung Panggang, and KUB chickens at the 6^th week showed similar weights, ranging between 400-600 g. However, at the 8^th, 10^th, and 12^th weeks, the Merawang and Murung Panggang chickens had higher body weight performance. Therefore, this study suggested that Merawang and Murung Panggang chickens may have a greater potential to attain higher final body weights.

Follicle Stimulating Hormone Receptor (FSHR) is a gene that has function to regulate reproductive performance by controlling oogenesis in females and also spermatogenesis in male. Since dairy cattle operation lies on the reproductive trait efficiency, therefore it's became a logical reason to use FSHR genes as part of selection criteria. This study aimed to determine allele and genotype variation of FSHR gene in local Indonesian Friesian Holstein (IFH) dairy cattle in Boyolali District, Central Java. In total 20 IFH cattle we sampled for DNA source. Allele and genotype variation was determined by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) using AluI restriction enzyme. The methods started with DNA extraction, PCR, and DNA digestion, followed by allele and genotype frequencies calculation. Two alleles were observed in this study, C and G with respective frequencies 0.75 and 0.25. According to that, we found three genotype combinations that are CC, CG, and GG, the frequencies were 0.56, 0.38, and 0.06, respectively. To use that result as a part of selection criteria in dairy cattle, especially in females, further association study with reproductive trait needs to be done.

Local chickens in developing countries, including Indonesia, have great potential to be developed into natural superior breeds to support food security and improve farmer welfare. Meanwhile, the major endemic subspecies found in the Bengkulu province are burgo and kampung chicken, as well as ketarras which are recently bred intensively. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the disparities in the morphometrics of three subspecies of local male chickens specifically on the body weight, length, chest girth and length, as well as wing span. Based on the results, the male burgo chicken morphometrical size was significantly smaller than ketarras, while the ketarras chicken was significantly smaller than kampung (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the average body weights for the burgo, ketarras and kampung chicken were 1.0, 1.2 and 1.9 kg cock-1, respectively, while the average of body length, chest and chest length, as well as wing span were 29.9, 40.0, 47.7 cm cock-1; 26.2, 30.1, 36.3 cm cock-1; 12.6, 17.8, 20.3 cm cock-1, and 34.4, 41.9, 55.9 cm cock-1, respectively. Therefore, it was concluded that the burgo and kampung chicken have the smallest and biggest morphometric sizes respectively.

Madura cattle is a one of the native cattle that are genetically tolerant of tropical climates. Madura cattle are one of the beef cattle breeds in Indonesia. Madura cattle can be a superior breed, but improving growth trait in Madura cattle needs to be conducted. The early step that was needed was for detecting the genes which were involved in growth traits. The purpose of this research was for detecting GHR gene polymorphisms and its association with body weight of Madura cattle population in Indonesian Beef Cattle Research Station. This study used 110 DNA samples of Madura cattle that was collected from the experimental barn at Indonesian Beef Cattle Research Station. DNA samples were extracted by DNA extraction kit. Genotype of GHR gene was detected by PCR-RFLP method using AluI restriction enzymes. In this study, association genotype and body weight was analysed by univariate GLM method. The birth weight, weaning weight, yearling weight and 18 months weight of Madura cattle were 16.8±0.3 kg; 82.4±2.3 kg; 124.6±3.7 kg and 166.7±5.0 kg, respectively. The GHR genes of Madura cattle had 3 genotypes AA, AG and GG and genotype frequencies of GHR gene were 0.273 (AA), 0.373 (AG), 0.355 (GG), respectively. Whereas the allele frequencies of A was 0.459 and the allele frequencies of G was 0.541. Based on Chi-square (X2) analysis showed that the population sample was not disequilibrium. The result of association analysis was significant (P <0.05) on weaning weight, yearling weight and 18 month weight. It was concluded that the GHR gene has potential as a genetic marker for growth traits and can be used as MAS in Madura cattle in Indonesian Beef Cattle Research Station.

The Indonesian Beef Cattle Research Station (BCRS) has undertaken conservation and improvement of Grati-Ongole crossbred cattle (POGASI Agrinak) by distributing selected cattle into some provinces in Indonesia. This study aimed to evaluate the productive performance of the calves born in different agroecological zones. Sixty-seven male and female POGASI Agrinak were distributed in Indonesia including in upland (e.g., in 50 Kota, Payakumbuh, one bull, and nine cows and Pule, Trenggalek, one bull, and eight cows) and in low land (e.g., in Jember, one bull and six cows, Indramayu, one bull and six cows, Situbondo, 25 bulls and Tanahlaut, South Kalimantan, ten bulls). The cattle were kept under diverse environmental and management systems. The natural mating system was applied in communal pens using selected bulls. The parameters observed were the number of calves and the birth weight. It resulted in 168 calves born in the upland and five calves born in low land. While the birth weight of calves born in lowland and upland was 25.8 + 1.6 kg and 25.2 + 2.4 kg respectively. Meanwhile, the birth weight of calves in BCRS was 25.3 + 25 kg. To conclude, the birth weight both in BCRS and in those sites' ex-situ was comparable.

KUB-2 chicken is an improved local chicken originally from KUB-1 chicken. KUB-2 has been assembled in the Indonesian Research Institute for Animal Production (IRIAP), and it has two sub-populations, namely KUB-2 Balai and KUB-2 kk. KUB-2 has dual purpose functions, for either meat or egg production. For farmers who raise a local chicken to yield meat, growth is an important trait. The study had the objective to evaluate the growth performance of KUB-2 chicken. About 2,540 6^th generation KUB-2 chickens, consisting of 1,240 KUB-2 Balai and 1,300 KUB-2 kk were used in the study. Data were analyzed using a t-test. The average ten-week body weight of male and female KUB-2 kk was statistically higher than KUB-2 Balai (P<0.05). The ten-week body weight of KUB-2 Balai and KUB-2 kk chickens were 1,045.91 g and 1,211.80 g for males, and 832.74 g and 956.02 g for females. The feed conversion was 2.81 for KUB-2 Balai and 2.83 for KUB-2 kk chicken. For meat production, KUB-2 kk seemed more profitable compared to KUB-2 Balai since it had higher body weight and similar feed conversion. It also could be yielded at shorter age than KUB-2 Balai for the same body weight.

Superovulation plays an important role in embryo transfer program. A preliminary study carried out in the Research Institute for Animal Production evaluated superovulatory responses in Murrah buffalo cows using pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) hormone. The three buffalo cows were estrus synchronized using 5 ml prostaglandin (PGF) twice, with an interval of 11 days. PMSG was injected intra-muscularly 3000 IU on day-10 after estrus. Prostaglandins were administered 48 hours after PMSG injection. Fixed-Time artificial insemination (FTAI) was carried out at 72 hours after the last PGF treatment. Administration of hCG 2 ml/head was given at the time of FTAI. A non-surgery flushing was performed on day 6 after FTAI. Parameters observed using ultrasonography (USG) were diameter of follicle (DFL), total follicle (TFL), and number embryos (NE). Data were analyzed descriptively. The mean of DFL before PMSG treatment was 8.2 mm and after PMSG treatment was 12.5 mm. The mean of TFL before PMSG treatment was 7.7 and after PMSG treatment was 16.1. The NE obtained was one degenerative embryo. Superovulation using PMSG increased TCL and DFL. It can be concluded that the Murrah buffalo cows superovulated by PMSG showed a good response but no transferable embryo was found.

Unavoidable transportation as a supporting factor in meat production is a common cause of stress that may affect economic loss and welfare concerns. This study was evaluated sheep's economic losses and physiological responses with two and three-level deck numbers. This study was used 127 heads of local Indonesian sheep, 8-10 months in age with 18-24 kg live body weight. A total of 72 heads of sheep were used for three deck levels (study 1) and 52 heads of two deck levels (study 2). All the sheep were loaded on the pick up at a 0.14 m²/head of density and transported for 22 hours without fed and water access during the journey. During the study, ambient temperature and relative humidity fluctuated between 29 and 34^oC and 74 and 93%, indicating that the season was thermally stressful and unfavorable for sheep transport. The results showed that transported sheep using an open pick up for 20 hours in Indonesian conditions significantly affected physiological and blood parameters as indicator stress and inventory loss caused economic losses. It can be concluded that transported sheep into two or three levels of the deck in tropical climate had a high risk for sheep in terms of economic and animal welfare concerns.

This study aimed to evaluate the productivity of the Belgian Blue x POGASI crossbred cattle raised at the Beef Cattle Research Station located at Grati, Pasuruan. Therefore, data on productivity, such as body measurements, birth, weaning, and yearling weight, as well as reproductive performances, were collected and analyzed using t-tests from 11 calves of Belgian Blue x POGASI (F1) crossbred cattle consisting of 5 males and 6 females, and also 11 calves of POGASI cattle consisting of 3 males and 8 females. From the results, there were significant differences (P<0.05) in body measurements between Belgian Blue x POGASI crosses and the POGASI cattle. Specifically, the Belgian Blue x POGASI crossbred calves had birth, weaning, and a yearling weight of 34.45±6.55 kg, 218.08±37.99 kg and 368.05±41.77 kg, respectively, as well as age at first estrus and libido of 12.99±3.13 months and 16.53±1.45 months, respectively. Also, the crossbred calves had body weight at first estrus and libido of 413.25±38.46 kg and 489.75±42.60 kg, respectively. In conclusion, the productivity of Belgian Blue x POGASI crossbred calves was higher than that of POGASI calves. Therefore, it was concluded that BB x POGASI calves produced greater performances than POGASI calves.

The purpose of this research is to compare the protein profile of herbals egg and non herbal egg using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). This research used HPLC Shimadzu 6.1 with column C18, flow rate mobile phase 1 ml/min, wavelenght detector UV Vis 220 nm and temperature 50^o C. Mobile fase that used in this research was 10 and 60 % acetonitril (CH₃CN) in water containing 0,05% triflouroacetic acid. Supplementation of herb containing bioactive antioxidant compounds affect the formation of egg yolk protein containing immunoglobulin. In this study, herbal eggs and non-herbal eggs were seen from their protein profile using the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method and then analyzed using descriptive qualitative analysis. The result show that herbal egg yolk sample has a dominant protein with a molecular weight of 50.41 kDa. Herbal egg yolk protein appears at a retention time (RT) of 56.87 minutes, an area of 3303488 units of area, and the peak height of the graph / peak at 50,974 µAU. Meanwhile, non-herbal egg yolk sample has a dominant protein with a molecular weight of 49.94 kDa. This protein appears at a retention time of 1.307 minutes, an area of 149445550 units of area, and the peak height of the graph / peak at 402.6026 µAU. The results showed that the the peak of HPLC indicated an antioxidants were bound to the bioactive protein fractions of egg yolk. It could be concluded that bioactive herbal bound to egg yolk igY, but the bioactive compounds have not been identified yet.

The Fimbrial type 4 gene is one of the virulence factor genes associated with bacterial adhesion and colonization factors in Pasteurella multocida. The activity of this gene has a surface covering effect on the host it is ridden on. So that the cell surface in the host is difficult to function. Pasteurella multocida is a microorganism that attacks the upper respiratory tract, especially in buffalo and cattle, causing infection. The aim of this activity was to analyzed the expression and characterization recombinant ptfA for control and elimination of Pasteurella multocida. Gene transformation was carried out using E coli. The induction of gene expression was carried out with IPTG concentrations ranging from 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 mM and incubated at room temperature. The identification analysis was carried out using SDS PAGE showing the 15 KDa gene bands. The 15 kDa recombinant ptfA gene showed the highest expression at a concentration of 0.5 mM of isopropyl thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG).

The cytolethal distending toxins (cdt) is a multi-subunit toxin consisted of three subunit encoded cdtA, cdtB and cdtC. The cdt played an important role as a virulence factor of Campylobacter infection, including C. fetus subsp venerealis. The cdtA which responsible for binding the cdt to cell membrane, was cloned in plasmid expression and inserted into bacterial cells of Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The research was conducted to evaluate the transformation using the heat shock method of a plasmid containing cdtA3 gene and the protein expression induced by various concentration of IPTG. Transformation was done using the heat shock method at 42^oC for 90 second. Evaluation of the transformation was observed on the presence of E. coli BL21(DE3) colonies on Luria Bertani agar containing Ampicillin antibiotic with 100 µg/mL dosage. The recombinant protein was expressed using IPTG-induction with various concentration (0.1mM, 0.25mM, 0.5mM, 0.75mM and 1 mM). The result showed that the transformation and IPTG-induction 0.1 mM produced higher concentration of protein than other concentration applied. The protein characterization was observed with SDS PAGE and cdtA3 protein was detected on 23,4 kDa.

This study compared the semen quality traits between Etawah grade (EGB) and Senduro bucks (SB) raised in Singosari National Artificial Insemination Center, Indonesia. A total of 96 ejaculated semen were collected from three EGB and three SB with an average age of three years. The ejaculates were evaluated for semen volume (SV), spermatozoa concentration (SC), total spermatozoa (TS), spermatozoa motility (SM), post-thawing spermatozoa motility (PTSM), the recovery rate of spermatozoa motility (RRSM), and frozen semen production (FSP). Data of SV, SM, PTSM, and RRSM were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. While the data of SC, TS, and FSP were analyzed using an independent t-test. The results showed that SV, SM, PTSM, and RRSM were not significantly differed (P>0.05) between breeds. Whereas, SC, TS, and FSP of EGB were significantly higher (P<0.05) than SB. Therefore, it can be concluded that Etawah grade bucks can produce higher total spermatozoa and as a result higher frozen semen production for artificial insemination as compared to Senduro bucks.

Prolactin is a polypeptide hormone, encoded by the prolactin (PRL) gene, synthesized and secreted by anterior pituitary, and affecting milk yield and composition. β-Lactoglobulin (BLG) is the major whey proteinin the milk of ruminants. This study was conducted to identify the PRL and LGB genes polymorphism in the Indonesian FH cattle. A total of 139 individual cattle blood samples from West Java were used to obtain DNA samples through the DNA extraction process. Identification of the PRL and LGB genes was performed using PCR-RFLP method with RsaI (PRL gene) and HaeIII (BLG gene) restriction enzymes. The PRL gene was amplified using forward primer 5'-ccaaatccactgaattatgctt-3' and reverse primer 5'-acagaaatcacctctctcattca-3'. The BLG gene was amplified using forward primer 5'-tgtgctggacaccgactacaaaaag-3' and reverse primer 5'-gctcccggtatatgaccaccctct-3'. The PRL and BLG genes in the Indonesia FH cattle were polymorphic based on the PCR-RFLP analysis but the heterozygosity value was low. There were two alleles (G and A) and three genotypes (GG, GA, and AA) identified in the PRL gene of the Indonesian FH cattle with genotype frequencies were 0.914, 0.079, and 0,007 for GG, GA, and AA genotypes respectively. There were two genotypes (CC and CG) identified in the BLG gene with genotype frequencies were 0.91 (CC), and 0.09 (CG). Information about the PRL and BLG genes polymorphism in this study can be considered for further study to analyse its association with milk yield trait.

The restriction enzyme is important for genotyping using the PCR-RFLP technique. Therefore, this study aims to identify the restriction enzyme mapping in the partial sequence of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) gene in Indonesian local cattle. A total of 29 samples sized 306 bp, were aligned with Genbank sequence acc no. NC_032660, resulting three polymorphic sites, namely g.193G>C, g.227T>C, and g.275A>C. Furthermore, the restriction mapping analysis using the NEBcutter program V2.0 showed that no enzyme recognized the SNP g.275A>C, while the SNP g.193G>C and g.227T>C were identified by the AluI and MscI enzymes, respectively. The AluI enzyme cuts at two positions (193 bp and 243 bp) in the G allele sample producing three fragments namely 50 bp, 63 bp, and 193 bp, meanwhile, in the C allele, the AluI cuts only in position 243 bp, hence, the fragment products are 63 bp and 243 bp. In contrast, the MscI enzyme was only recognized in the T allele, producing fragments sized 77 bp and 229 bp but failed to identify the restriction site along with the PCR products in the C allele. Based on the results, the SNPs (g.193G>C and g.227T>C) and restriction enzymes (AluI and MscI) are applicable for genotyping local Indonesian cattle using the PCR-RFLP technique in future studies.

This research aimed to determine the quality of Etawah crossbreed sperm after sexing with different combinantion of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) concentrations. The parameter of this research were motility, viability, intact plasma membrane (IPM) and intact acrosome cap (IAC) (%). The Completely randomized design (CRD) was applied in this experiment involving 4 treatments of the combination of BSA concentrations (T1=3%:6%, T2 = 4%:8%, T3=5%:10%, T4=6%:12% at upper and lower fraction) and each treatments was repeated 5 times at post chilled and post sexing. Data were analyzed by using analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test. The result showed that thecombination of BSA concentrations affected (P<0.05) motility, viability, IPM and IAC. The highest value of sperm quality in upper and lower fraction was obtained from the combination BSA of 5%:10% (motility 78.60 ± 2.61% and 73.80 ± 2.49%; viability 282 ± 14.30 and 252.8 ± 12.97 hours; IPM-value 79.60 ± 1.98% and 74.70 ± 1.82% and IAC 81.00 ± 1.46% and 76.90 ± 1.29%). Based on the results it can be concluded that the quality of Etawah crossbreed sperm after sexing is affected by the combination of BSA concentrations.

Insulin-induced gene 1 (INSIG1) encoded protein that blocked of proteolysis activity from protein sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBP). The role gene plays of cholesterol, fatty acid, and glucose metabolism. Indonesia has many several beef cattle which has good quality of growth trait. The aim of this study was to identify polymorphism of INSIG1 gene (SNP 4366 (A>G) and 4534 (T>C)) of three local beef cattle in Indonesia (Bali, Pasundan and Ongole Decendent). One hundred and twenty seven samples were used in this study consisting of Bali cattle (46) from Pulukan Bali Island, Pasundan (36) from UPTD BPPT Beef cattle Ciamis West Java and Ongole Grade (OD) (45). DNA was extracted from whole blood using High Salt method then genotyping used PCR-RFLP method with RsaI and TaqI enzymes. Parameters in this study were genotype and allele frequencies, heterozigosity observed (Ho), expected (He), Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) and Polymorphism Information Content (PIC). Result showed that a 428 bp of DNA fragment was successfully amplified and digested. Three variant of genotypes with two alleles were identified. For SNP 4366 (A>G) were AA, AG and GG with dominant of G allele while SNP 4534 (T>C) were CC, CT and TT with dominant C allele. Both of SNPs in each of breed populations was in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and polymorphic. Additionally, PIC value reached moderate. In conclusion, polymorphism was found in beef cattle and it could be early study for genetic diversity

The research was conducted to see the forage production, carry capacity and rotation cycle that was most suitable for grazing cattle in the ecosystem of oil palm plantations. The research was conducted at Tanah Itam Ulu Oil Palm Plantation, Tanah Itam Ulu Village, Lima Puluh District, North Sumatra from January-December 2017. The research used RCBD consisting of 3 x 3 with 3 replications. The first factor is the age of oil palm trees (6, 12 18 years), the second factor is the rotation cycle of forage (40, 50, 60 days). The parameters observed: forage production, cattle capacity, forage nutritional and botanical composition. The research results showed that forage production and carrying capacity had a significantly higher effect (P <0.05) with a harvest interval of 40 days at the location of juvenile oil palm, which was 11,962 kg dry matter /ha/year and carrying capacity was 1.31 AU/ha. Forage quality (protein, NDF and ADF) had no significant effect (P> 0.05). The dominant forage species appeared in almost all observation plots, namely Cyrtococcum and Axonopus. The results of the study concluded that oil palms of 12 years with a harvest rotation of 40 days provided the largest capacity for grazing beef cattle.

This research was conducted to examine the effect of slaughter age and sex class to carcass characteristic from Red Brahman Crossbred Cattle. The research materials were 126 heads (grouped by slaughter age (<1,5 years, 2-2,5 years, and 3 years) and sex class (bull and steer)) with taken from KASA Company, rested for 12-24 hours, and slaughtered in AM FARM abattoir with halal MUI slaughter methods. The research method was used field experiment. The data of research were analysis by using Complete Randomized Factorial Design (2X3) and Duncan Multiple Range Test if there were differences. Parameters of carcass characteristic were slaughter weight, hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, carcass components percentage (meat, bone, fat), MBR, MFR, rib eyes area, and 12^th fat thickness of ribs. The results of this research showed that slaughter age and sex class has significantly (P<0,05) affect to slaughter weight and hot carcass weight. Interactions of slaughter age and sex class has significantly (P<0,05) affect dressing percentage, bone and meat percentage, MBR and MFR, and has not significant (P>0,05) rib eyes area and fat thickness. From these results, it can be concluded that slaughter age and sex class affect carcass characteristics of Red Brahman Crossbred Cattle.

Antibiotics/feed additives are commonly used in poultry rations to prevent disease, increase feed efficiency, and improve performance. Plants are the alternatives to replace antibiotics that are safe and without side effects for chicken meat consumers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of administration of a mixture of plant powder and Anacardium occidentale shell liquid smoke on the total bacteria and Escherichia coli in the broiler ileum. The plant mixture was: Phyllanthus niruri L. (PNP) powder: Anacardium occidentale shell liquid smoke (AOLS): Syzygium aromaticum leaf powder (SAP). The study used a Completely Randomized Design. In total, 80 one-day-old broiler chicks were allotted randomly into eight treatments with two replicates per treatment and 5 birds per replicate. The study with the following treatments: Control, Zn-Bacitracin 0.05%, T1 (1.25%: 0.125%: 0.313%), T2 (1.25%: 0.125%: 0.157%), T3 (0.625%: 0.125%: 0.157%). T4 (0.625%: 0.0625: 0.157%), T5 (0.313%: 0.0313: 0.625%), T6 (0.313%: 0.125%: 0.313%). To find out the total bacteria and Escherichia coli, the chicken is then slaughtered 2 hens per replicates to collect feces from the ileum. The results showed that the treatment of the mixture of PNP: AOLS: SAP was not significantly different (P>0.05) with Zn-bacitracin treatment on the total bacteria and Escherichia coli. However, the number of bacteria in T1 was lower than that of the Zn-bacitracin treatment, while the number of Escherichia coli in T1 was closer to the Zn-bacitracin treatment. It can be concluded that the PNP: AOLS: SAP (1.25%: 0.125%: 0.313%) mixture at T1 treatment has the potential as a natural antibiotic to replace Zn-bacitracin antibiotic in inhibiting total growth of bacteria and Escherichia coli in the ileum of broiler.

This research aimed to evaluate the use of body measurements (chest girth (CG), body length (BL), and shoulder height (SH)) to predict live body weight (BW) of Simmental bulls in Lembang Artificial Insemination Center, West Java. This research was carried out in December 2019 using a survey method of which all Simmental bulls aged 1—12 years were used in this study. Data were analyzed using simple and multiple correlations and regression models using the R program. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze correlation between BW and body measurements, while to find the fittest and more parsimonious regression model we used determination coefficient (R²) and stepwise regression analysis as criteria of selection. The results showed that the average of BW, CG, BL, and SH were 814.54 ± 144.18 kg, 215.72 ± 16.50 cm, 170.13 ± 17.09 cm, and 142.79 ± 11.01 cm, respectively. The results of this study also indicated that CG, BL, and SH positively and significantly correlated with BW, with correlation value of 0.90, 0.85, and 0.79, respectively. Combination of CG, BL, and SH produced the highest correlations value (r = 0.92) with the fittest regression model for predicting BW, namely BW=-888.64 + 4.21*CG + 2.83*BL + 2.20*SH, with R² of 0.86.

This study aims to evaluate Apis cerana javana Fabr. rearing based on differences in the queen cup sizes. A total of four queen bees were used with three different treatments and six replications, meanwhile, this study was conducted at Kembang Joyo Bee Farm, Malang, East Java. The results showed that the differences in the queen cup size had no significant effect on the success rate of queen rearing (p>0.05). The highest percentage of larvae acceptance (79%) was found in P3 treatment, followed by P2 (71%), while the lowest was found in P1 (63%). Furthermore, the highest percentage of larvae to pupae metamorphosis was found in P1 and P2 with a success rate of 100%, while the lowest was found in P3 with 89%. The highest percentage of pupae emergence was found in treatment P1 and P2 with a success rate of 100% and P3 with 94%. Based on the results, the difference queen cup sizes had no significant effect on the success rate of Apis cerana javana Fabr. rearing.

A conservation program of timor deer (Cervus timorensis) is carried out through its breeding approaches in captivity. This study aims to examine the welfare aspects of timor deer (Cervus timorensis) in Bumi Marina captivity based on the principles of animal welfare. This research uses a descriptive method and observation techniques in the captivity. Variables observed in this study are (1) free from hunger and thirst, and (2) free from pain, injury and diseases. The result indicates that the implementation of two welfare aspects of timor deer (Cervus timorensis) kept in the captivity has a 86 point based on the criteria used in this study, and categorised as very good, or grade A. This means that these two welfare components of the timor deer (Cervus timorensis) have fully met the criteria determined by the regulation of Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation No. P.9 / IV-SET / 2011 regarding ethical guidelines and animal welfare in the captivity.

Mastitis is a common disease in small ruminant industry. The present study aimed to determine the presence of protease activated receptor-2 (PAR2) mRNA expression in the mammary gland of mastitis challenged goats. 30 clinically healthy mix breed lactating goats were divided into three groups, consisting of Staphylococcus aureus (Group 1), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (Group 2) and sterile phosphate-buffered saline (Control) groups. The data regarding physical condition of udder and clinical parameters of goats were recorded while milk samples and mammary gland tissues were collected at 24 and 48 hours post infection. Somatic cell count (SCC) was measured by direct microscopic method. The presence of PAR2 mRNA in the mammary gland tissue samples was detected by real-time PCR. Goats from group 1 developed mild to moderate clinical signs while Group 2 exhibited moderate to severe clinical signs. SCC was higher in both challenged groups than control group. PAR2 mRNA expression was detected in all mammary gland samples from Group 1 and Group 2. The gene expression was significantly highly in mammary gland tissue with severe clinical signs. The finding of PAR2 expression in caprine mammary gland is novel and important, suggesting serine proteases involved the development of mastitis in goat.

This study aimed to determine the use of various doses of FSH hormone, the number of lutheum corpus and the number and quality of embryos produced in the superovulation program in Pesisir cattle. The experimental design was Analysis of Variance (Anova) in a completely randomized design. The research material used 16 cows from Pesisir cattle that had been synchronized with estrous with CIDR implants for 13 days and were injected with the PGF2α hormone after the release of CIDR, then scheduled AI was performed. The dose of FSH hormone was 16 ml, 17 ml, 18 ml and 19 ml, each treatment consisting of 4 replications. The injection of the FSH hormone was carried out for 3 days at a decreased dose. Collection of donor embryos was carried out on days 6 to 8 after the scheduled AI. The parameters observed included superovulation response, number of corpus luteum, number of embryos and quality of embryos. The results showed that the response of Pesisir cattle superovulation was 81.25%. The average number of CL obtained was 13.75 and embryos for Pesisir cattle was 11.25. The results also showed that the quality of the embryos obtained were grade A 19, grade B 18, grade C 7, grade D 1. It can be concluded that the use of various doses of FSH hormone at doses of 16 mg, 17 ml, 18 ml and 19 ml had shown a superovulatory response. The 17 ml dose of FSH hormone showed a large number of embryos and had the best embryo quality.

The objective of this research is to examine the physicochemical properties of gathot and its potential as an edible film. The materials used included dried gathot, carrageenan, and glycerol with 4 levels of treatment and 5 repetitions. The treatment was in the form of variation of gathot flour's concentration (0.00; 0.75; 1.00; 1.25 %). The test was conducted on gathot flour, covering scavenging ability, bulk density, water absorbency, color brightness, proximate analysis and crude fiber with descriptive analysis. Gathot flour-derived edible film's characteristics were tested for tensile strength and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) to examine whether gathot flour-derived edible film was able to compete with commercial bioplastics through quantitative statistical analysis and Completely Randomized Design (RAL) and processing with SPSS 23.0. The results of physicochemical test on gathot flour were scavenging ability 49.37%; bulk density 0.57 g/mL; water absorbency 2.37 g/g; color brightness 17.42; water content 9.32%; protein content 4.76%; fat content 0.13%; ash content 0.09%; carbohydrate 85.70%; and crude fiber 3.54%. The average results of edible film's characteristics test with a variation of gathot flour's concentration were tensile strength 1.41-3.00 N/mm² and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) 5.42-6.99%. From the perspective of physicochemical properties, it is concluded that gathot flour is almost equal to wheat flour and tapioca flour. In addition, gathot flour-derived edible film at up to concentration level 1.25% has met the criteria for the edible film with moderate properties and complied with the standard bioplastic packaging.

Dadiah is a natural fermentation of buffalo milk from West Sumatra, which has a distinctive smell and flavor. This causes the dadiah to be less liked, so it is necessary to diversify the processed of dadiah. This study aimed to determine the effect of adding cinnamon flour (Cinnamomum burmanni) in the processing of nugget-like products on antioxidants, cholesterol, the total colony of lactic acid bacteria and organoleptic values. This research used 2000 grams of dadiah and cinnamon bark flour (15 g). The variables observed were antioxidants, cholesterol, the total colony of lactic acid bacteria and organoleptic values. The method used in this study was an experimental method using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments in this study were the addition of cinnamon flour namely A (0%), B (0.5%), C (1%), D (1.5%). The results of this study indicated that the addition of cinnamon flour to nugget-like products had a significant effect (P<0.05) increasing antioxidant levels and decreasing cholesterol levels, not significantly different (P> 0.05) on the total colony test of lactic acid bacteria and the organoleptic test of taste, texture and flavor. The addition of cinnamon flour to nugget-like products in treatment D (1.5%) gave the best results with antioxidant levels of 73.24%, cholesterol levels of 20.32 mg/dl, the total colony of lactic acid bacteria 1.48x10⁷ CFU / ml and taste organoleptic value 3.44, texture 3.68 and flavor 3.80.

The study aimed to reveal the interaction of temperature and duration of incubation onto total LAB yogurt starter producer. The bacteria inoculated was used are Streptococcus termophilus, Lactobacillus fermentum, and Lactobacillus plantarum. The research method was used are randomized block factorial design was A factor variety of temperature A1 (25 0C), A2 (30 0C), A3 (37 0C), and A4 (42 0C), then B factor range of duration of incubation B1 (12 h), B2 (18 h) and B3 (24 h) within three replications. Best treatment determined by the highest Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) level consisted of treatment. Only the best treatment will analyze the proximate. The result showed an interaction between temperature and duration onto total LAB on the yogurt starter producer. It can be concluded that the best results from starter yogurt using three bacterial cultures were obtained at an incubation temperature of 370C for 18 hours with the number of LAB is 5,5 x 1010. Proximate results are the pH value of 4.46, Total Titrations Acid 2.20%, the water content of 82.48%, the protein content of 6.39%, and fat content of 4.36%.

The manufacture of organic fertilizers can be accelerated by adding indigenous microorganisms (IMO) which function as decomposers. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of adding several types of IMO to the N, P, and K content of organic cow manure. This research used animal MOL, namely cow manure IMO and vegetable IMO, namely elephant grass IMO, Aloe vera IMO, pineapple skin IMO and dry cow manures. This study used an experimental method with a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications. The treatments were A: addition of cow manure IMO, B : elephant grass IMO, C : Aloe vera IMO, D : pineapple skin IMO, E : combination IMO (A, B, C, D). The parameters were measured; the N, P and K content. The results showed that the addition of several types of IMO had a significant effect (P<0.05) on phosphorus content of organic cow manure but had no significant effect (P>0.05) on nitrogen and potassium content. The manufacture of organic cow manure with the addition of several types of IMO for 21 days gave the best results in the combination IMO treatment with 1.70% nitrogen, 0.65% phosphorus, and 1.78% potassium content.

This study aimed to investigate the carcinogen content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in commercial charcoal grilled goat satay. Twenty-one portions of commercial raw goat satay and charcoal grilled goat satay samples were obtained from 4 restaurants which are the largest, well-known, and 15-55 years old goat satay restaurant in Batu Municipality, East Java. Sampling of 2 goat satay types (goat satay without sliced fat and goat satay with sliced fat) was carried out 3 replications in 3 consecutive weekends where many tourists visited. The results showed that the temperature of wood charcoal for grilling commercial raw goat satay in various satay restaurants ranged 486.833-548.300 ^oC with a grilling duration of 2-5.5 minutes and grilling distance of 0.5-2 cm. The weight of raw goat satay for a serving (10 skewers) ranged 144.000-194.000 g and after grilling the weight ranged 97.333-148.000 g. Total natural antioxidant activity (Dipheny-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH), fat content and moisture content of raw goat satay with sliced fat and without sliced fat reached up to 36.661 and 34.124%; 13.440-26.100% and 1.5-6.305%; 57.940-66.385% and 71.530-76.810%, respectively. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), the only type of PAHs that is carcinogenic, for charcoal grilled goat satay with sliced fat and without sliced fat in various satay restaurants, ranged from not detected to 6.330 mg/kg and not detected to 0.773 mg/kg, respectively. The levels of BaP in charcoal grilled goat satay in several satay restaurants exceeded the safety limit by National Agency of Drug and Food Control (NA-DFC) of Republic Indonesia. Benzo(a)antharacene (BaA) and pyrene (Pyr) were detected in all grilled goat satay samples in various satay restaurants. Whereas, phenanthrene (Phe), acenaphthene (Acp) and naphthalene (Nap) were not detected in all grilled goat satay samples in various satay restaurants. The conclusion of our study was that the commercial charcoal grilled goat satay that are sold in Batu municipality contains PAH, especially the carcinogenic B(a)P. Therefore practical mitigation efforts are needed for producers to reduce and prevent the formation of carcinogenic B(a)P in commercial charcoal grilled goat satay.

Dadiah is a traditional spontaneous fermentation of buffalo milk from West Sumatra that doesn't go through pasteurized stages. The aim of the study is to find out the biodiversity of α and β diversity of the microbiota in the level of the genus in dadiah. The V3 -V4 hypervariable region of the 16 S rRNA deep sequencing was used to the detected genus of bacteria. The available data were analyzed by Alpha Diversity (richness and evenness) and Beta Diversity (Taxonomy Chart Heatmaps). These studies revealed that the most divergent sample is appropriate to C3 with Shanon diversity Index 2.014; meanwhile, the most evenness fit in to B4 with the Simpson diversity index of 0.573. Further, the highest value of the heatmap taxonomic chart on the B4 sample has its place in Lactococcus. There were differences in dadiah microbiota composition among the samples based on different areas. Each sample was found Lactococcus and Lactobacillus with the largest populations.

Dadih is a traditional food from buffalo milk fermentation in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Which is fermented for 24-48 hours at room temperature.This study aimed to determine the chemical properties of Dadih from Lintau Regency, West Sumatra, Indonesia. The measured Variables were protein content, fat content, water content, and pH. The research method was a descriptive method and analysis in the laboratory. The sample used was taken in Lintau Regency, West Sumatra, Indonesia. The results showed that the nutrition composition of Dadih is: protein content ranged from 7.58-8.92%, fat content ranged from 5.60-6.18%, water content ranged from 72.43-74.86%, and pH ranged from 5.1-5.4. The conclution is that Dadih has good nutritional quality.

The edible film is a thin layer derived from edible materials and formed on top of food components serving as an inhibitor of mass transfer (e.g., moisture, oxygen, fat, and dissolved substances), a carrier of foodstuffs, and an additive to improve food handling. Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) contains lactic acid bacteria that are probiotics and anti-microbial, adding edible whey film to utilize cheese waste into biodegradable packaging. The research aims to study the effect of VCO on barrier, mechanical, and microstructure whey edible films. This research used whey, VCO, glycerol, and Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC). The treatment in this study was the addition of VCO namely A (0%), B (0.5%), C (1%), D (1.5%) and E (2%). The result of the research showed that whey edible films with the addition VCO affected (P<0.05) physical properties (thickness and solubility time) and no effect (P>0.05) on mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation) and microstructure.

Crepes are one of the fast-food snacks from France. Crepes are round pancakes that are folded like a fan and thin. It can be added using chicken meat. This study aimed to determine the physical characteristics and organoleptic of chicken crepes substituted with mocap flour with bamboo shoots. This study used a completely randomized design with six treatments and three replications. There were P0 (rice flour, maize flour, and mocap flour 4.5%, without using bamboo shoot flour); P1 (2.5% mocap flour and 2% bamboo shoot flour); P2 (2% mocap flour and 2.5% bamboo shoot flour); P3 (1.5% mocap flour and 3% bamboo shoot flour); P4 (2% mocap flour and 2.5 percent bamboo shoot flour), P5 (1% mocap flour and 3.5 percent bamboo shoot flour). The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA and continued using the Duncan Multiple Rate test if there was a significant or very significant difference (P˂0.05). The study concluded that the best treatment was on chicken crapes with P1 treatment (2.5% mocap flour and 2% bamboo shoot flour) from the water content test, Water Holding Capacity (WHC), pick up, hygroscopic and organoleptic. The results of the research on chicken crepes did not affect Water Holding Capacity (WHC) and pick-up values obtained (P> 0.05), while the water content and hygroscopic had a significant effect on chicken crepes with a significance value of 0.001 (P˂ 0.05). The organoleptic test results on chicken crapes significantly affected the texture (P˂0.05). Meanwhile, chicken crepes had no significant effect on color, taste, and aroma (P>0.05).

Dadih is a traditional food from buffalo milk fermentation in West Sumatera, Indonesia. which is fermented for 24-48 hours at room temperature. This study aimed to determine the proximate analysis of Dadih from Kapau, Agam Regency West Sumatera, Indonesia. The measured variables were protein content, fat content, water content and, pH. The research method was a descriptive method and analysis in the laboratory. The sample used was taken in Kapau Agam Regency, West Sumatera, Indonesia. The results showed that the nutrition composition of Dadih is: protein content ranged from 7.96%, fat content ranged from 5.53%, water content ranged from 73.55%, pH ranged from 5.16. The conclusion is that Dadih has good nutritional quality.

Experiment was carried out to investigate the influence number of washing treatment (without, single and double washing) on the quality characteristics and acceptability of duck burger made from spent laying Khaki Campbell duck meat. The chemical composition of burger at different number of washing treatment was varied in terms of moisture content, fats and protein content. The number washing cycles treatment were found to increase moisture content and reduce fat and protein content significantly. Increase number of washing treatment showed significantly higher (p <0.05) lightness (L*), hardness, diameter shrinkage and cooking loss. As for sensory evaluation, there was no significantly difference (p >0.05) within the sample and control (chicken burger). The spent laying duck Khaki Campbell produced using different number of washing treatment may have a possible use as raw material in restructured meat products such as burger.

An experiment was carried out to investigate the influence of orifice size (4.5, 6, 8 and 10 mm) on the quality characteristics and acceptability of duck burger made from spent laying Khaki Campbell duck meat. Large orifice size resulted in lower fat and protein content compared to small orifice size. Hardness value also decreased significantly (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the diameter of shrinkage, cooking loss and colour of the burger. However, the hardness value decreased significantly with an increase in orifice size. The sensory evaluation showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) within the samples, but the overall acceptability score for burger prepared using 10 mm grind size was higher compared to those prepared at 4.5, 6 and 8 mm orifice sizes. Hence the 10 mm grind size was adopted as the optimum orifice size for spent laying Khaki Campbell duck burger.

More than fifty different probiotics have been identified with different structures and modes of action. This study aimed to offer an overview of the evidence on the clinical microbiology activity of the probiotics group derived from fermented milk. We conducted a framework for reporting probiotics activity using the MICRO (Microbiology Investigation Criteria for Reporting Objectively) checklist. Two electronic databases (Pubmed and EMBASE) were used to conduct this study. The initial search discovered 22 references (Pubmed 8 and EMBASE 16). We included human study, clinical trial study, English written, and full articles in this review. Of all these original articles, only six articles were included in the review. These included articles reported the testing phase on the pre-analytical and analytical phases. This review found that probiotics such as Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis BB-12 are beneficial in humans' endocrine disorder therapy. This activity includes maintaining serum insulin levels in pregnant women and reducing weight in healthy obese men and women. Thus, probiotics, with their several features, may advance their candidacy as therapeutic agents. However, there is more effort to do. For example, finishing the analytical phase, especially on quality assurance and avoiding bias.

Tempoyak is a traditional food made from durian which has the potential to be a probiotic superfood. Tempoyak is made by fermenting durian fresh in anaerobic conditions. Tempoyak naturally contains probiotic microorganisms called Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB). LAB is one of the most significant organisms and has benefits for help the healing process of various diseases such as diarrhea, constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, and infections. This study aims to determine the total colonies of LAB and chemical properties, namely protein value, fat content, water content, pH, and TTA (Total Titrable Acid) from tempoyak from Agam district. The method used is descriptive method and laboratory analysis. The sample used in this study was durian fresh (Durio zibethinus L.) with three treatments. The first treatment uses durian meat only (TK1), the second treatment uses durian meat with chili (TK2), the third treatment uses durian meat with salt (TK3). The results showed the total colonies of LAB 39x10⁷ - 98x10⁷, the highest was in tempoyak TK3. Protein content 2.84% - 3.90%, the highest was in tempoyak TK1. Fat content 3.37% - 3.74% and the highest was in tempoyak TK1. Water content 75.53% -85.38% and the highest was in tempoyak TK3. pH 4.1-4.3, the highest was in tempoyak TK1. Total Titrable Acid 0.28% - 0.36% and the highest was in tempoyak TK1.

Nira is the fresh liquor taken from the Palm Plant (Arenga pinnata). On the local method, Nira has harvested twice a day, in the morning and the afternoon. Ten hours of spontaneously fermented incubation had faced by the Nira before it ready to serve. The study aimed to determine the chemical properties of Nira, likely protein, fat content, water content, pH, and TTA (Total Titrable Acid) of the Lareh Sago Halaban District. The method used was the descriptive method and analysis in the laboratory. The sample of this study was taken from four different sub-district, which are Padang Tangah (NPT), Batu Payung (NBP), Sitanang (NST), and Lareh nan Panjang (NLP). The result revealed that the protein content was 0,33% -0,38%. The highest was in NPT Nira, 0,14% -0,44% fat content and the highest was in NBP nira, 87,46% -90,29% water content and the highest in NST Nira, pH 6,8-7,0 and highest in NPT and NST Nira, Alcohol content 0-0,66% and highest in NBP Nira. Since fermentation spontaneously happens on Nira, there is always a chance to find Microorganisms to applicate on milk fermented to support human health.

Microorganisms that provide health benefits to the host when consumed in the right proportions are called Probiotics. Certain lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been considered probiotics with proven health benefits. These probiotics have been used extensively for human health. In this study, in vivo evaluation was conducted to determine the count of microflora in the fecal of Wistar rats, which were given fermented milk with probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici BK01. Pediococcus acidilactici BK01 is a LAB with probiotic use, isolated from Bekasam (fermented fish). This research was conducted in vivo on 24 male rats (Wistar Rat). This study contain in 4 treatment groups. Each group contains six male rats. The results showed a significant increase in the group of rats given fermented milk compared to the control group (without fermented milk). The probiotics of fermented milk have significantly reduced the count of E.coli and not on the total aerobic bacteria. The conclusion of this study, probiotic of fermented milk Pediococcus acidilactici BK01, can increase the total microflora of lactic acid bacteria and reduce the number of pathogenic bacteria.

Dadih derive from buffalo milk which is put into a bamboo tube and covered with banana leaves or plastic and then fermented at room temperature for 1-2 days until it forms lumps. This study aims to determine the nutritional value content (protein, fat, moisture content, pH and acidity). The research method is descriptive method and laboratory analysis. The sample used as material for this research is dadih from 5 farmers in Tajung Bonai Regency, Tanah Datar Regency. The results showed that the protein content for Dadihs ranged from 5.08-7.08%, fat content 5.57-8.09%, water content 72.38-78.74%, pH 4.4-4.9 and acidity 1.26-1.51%. From this research, it is concluded that the Tanjung Bonai Dadih has good nutritional value.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of using different types and levels of preservatives on chemical composition and in vitro gas production (IVGP) of cassava peel silage. The following treatments were applied: T0: cassava peel without preservative; T1: T0 + molasses 2%; T2: T0 + molasses 4%; T3: T0 + rice bran 2%; T4: T0 + rice bran 4%; T5: T0 + cassava meal 2% and T6:T0 + cassava meal 4% with 3 replications arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) for the chemical composition variable and randomized block design (RBD) for IVGP variable. The results showed that treatments significantly affected (P<0.01) DM, OM, and EE contents, significantly affected (P<0,05) IVGP but did not significantly affect CP, CF contents, potential, and rate of gas production (P>0.05). Treatment T5 seems to have higher values of IVGP and ME (159.1±7.19 ml/500 mgDM; 11.1±0.36MJ/kg DM, respectively) compared to the other treatments that might have related to a higher OM available for in vitro fermentation process. It can be concluded that the use of cassava meal at 2% level can be considered as the most ideal preservative to use to produce a high-quality cassava peel silage.

This study was designed to evaluate effects of using different levels of cassava meal in a concentrate cassava peel diet on chemical composition, in vitro gas production (IVGP) and rumen fermentation. The treatments applied were: A=cassava peel (20%)+ cassava meal (70%)+cassava leaves (5%)+moringa leaves (5%); B=cassava peel (20%)+ cassava meal (60%)+cassava leaves (10%)+moringa leaves (10%); C=cassava peel (20%)+ cassava meal (50%)+cassava leaves (15%)+moringa leaves (15%) cassava meal; D=cassava peel (20%)+ cassava meal (40%)+cassava leaves (20%)+moringa leaves (20%); E=cassava peel (20%)+ cassava meal (30%)+cassava leaves (25%)+moringa leaves (25%) with 3 replications arranged in a Randomized Block Design (RBD). The result showed that the increasing levels of cassava meal in the ration significantly increased organic matter (OM) and nitrogen-free extract (NFE) content (P<0.05), but reduced crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents. Similarly, a significant increased (P<0.01) were found in values of cumulative in vitro gas production, dry matter and organic matter digestibility, but decreased NH3 concentration (P<0.05) due to the increased of cassava meal. It is concluded that increasing levels of cassava meal in concentrate has led to higher OM content of the ration and being available for rumen fermentation.

This research aims to study and analyze the effect of adding turmeric flour (Curcuma domestica Val) in the rations on the performance of 70 weeks old Isa Brown strain of laying hens. The research method used in this study was an experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD) step with five treatments and four replications. The number of chickens used was as many as 40 laying hens. The treatments given to the sample were P0 = feed without giving turmeric flour (control), P1 = feed with 0.3% turmeric flour, P2 = feed with 0.5% turmeric flour, P3 = feed with 0.7% turmeric flour and treatment P4 = feed by giving turmeric flour 0,9%. The results showed that giving turmeric flour in the rations of the Isa Brown strain of laying hens affected chicken performance and egg quality. This research concludes that giving turmeric flour a percentage of 0.7% in Isa Brown's 70-week old laying hens is the best for ration consumption, Hen Day Production, egg weight, feed conversion, and egg quality: Haught Unit, yolk egg color, yolk egg index, grading egg and egg mass. Based on the haugh unit value, all eggs produced are still in the AA grade category

This study aims to evaluate local forage's potential and nutritional content in the Payo agro-tourism area of Solok, West Sumatra, Indonesia, to be used as a ruminant feed. This study used a survey method by taking a sample of the forage that grows a lot in the area and then analyzed its nutritional content. The nutritional content analyzed were dry matter, ash, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, calcium, and phosphorus minerals. At the same time, the TDN value and the extracted material without nitrogen were calculated based on the formula. The results showed that 12 types of forage have the potential as ruminant feed, namely Panicum maximum, Tithonia diversifolia, Gliricidia sepium, Digitaria sp, Centrocema pubescens, Calliandra calothyrsus, Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, Bidens pilosa, Ipomea triloba, Micania Scandens, Asystasia gangetica, and corn straw. This study shows that Calliandra calothyrsus has the highest crude protein content, and Corn straw contains the lowest crude protein. The highest and lowest TDN values were Gliricidia sepium and Panicum maximum, respectively. Through the linear programming program, these 12 plants can be formulated into 4 ration formulations with 58% TDN and 15-16% crude protein.

The main objective of this study was to characterize (chemical, biological, and physical) of Nano Zn-Fitogenik (NZF) synthesized using guava leaves (P. guajava) extracted using water. Among the stages conducted in the study were extraction of guava leaves, NZF biosynthesis using green synthesis method, and evaluation of NZF characteristics. Parameters detected in the evaluation of the chemical and biological characteristics of the NZF used a completely randomized experimental (CRD) design using 2 main factors (unheated water versus hot water), where each experimental unit was repeated 3 times. The results of this study revealed that chemical characterization study showed that NZF contained 0.15% dry matter (DM) of total phenol, 12.68% DM Zn, and 22.12 mg ml⁻¹ of antioxidant activity (IC50). NZF had the ability as an antibacterial agent against Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteridis. FTIR analysis showed that NZF contained phytogenic compounds sourced from guava leaf extract (Psidium guajava). It can be concluded that NZF is a nanoparticle containing Zn and phytogenic compounds (total phenol) which function as an antioxidant and antibacterial. Therefore, NZF has the potential to be used as a feed additive.

This study aims to determine the mineral content of cuscus' manure and its utilization on the growth of Setaria spachelata grass. The study was designed with a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 treatments (control / P0; cuscus manure from banana fruit feed / P1; and cuscus manure from avocado / P2) and 5 replications. The dose of organic fecal fertilizer for cuscus, 40 grams / polybag. The setaria seedlings used were adult poles measuring 20 cm, which were planted in polybags measuring 30 x 15 cm and weighing 5 kg of soil. The results showed that there were differences content in manure mineral among the types of fruit eaten as feed. Furthermore, its use on setaria grass was able to increase its growth, namely plant height, number of leaves and number of tillers, the control treatment was significantly different from treatment P1 and P2 (P <0.05), but between P1 and P2 did not show any differences. Plant height ranges from 35.10-39.10 cm, the number of leaves is 71-101, while the number of tillers is 13-21 tillers per polybag. The cuscus manure has the potential as organic fertilizer.

The consumption of meat should consider the concept of functional food. The meat had a highquality protein and contain of bioactive peptide compounds. Amino acid was component of bioactive peptides compound. It joined by covalent bonds known as amide or peptide bonds. A lot of research was currently focused on the bioactive peptide compounds isolated from myofibril and sarcoplasmic proteins with the synthesis, extraction, and identification methods. This study used a systematic review to get the structure of amino acids that the source of bioactive components and the principle of synthesis, extraction and identification of bioactive peptide in the meat. This paper highlights were finding on the structure of amino acid in the meat. The proportion of amino acids was also different in each animal body location. The result identified that more than 170 peptides were released from the main structure of the myofibril (actin, myosin) and sarcoplasmic muscle proteins, and the synthesis, extraction and bioactive peptide identification in the meat as well as their potential use as functional food.

An experiment with the objective of improving the utilization of leucaena leaves by culled Bali cows by the inclusion of different sources of carbohydrate was conducted following a completely randomized design using 16 thin cull Bali cows. Four diets were allotted to each animal at any period including La: the animal was offered a diet consisting of 80% dried leucaena leaves and 20% rice straw as a control, LaLb: added with pumpkin, LaJg: added with cornmeal, and LaLbJg: added with pumpkin and cornmeal. All supplemented diets were set to have similar energy and protein level. Variables measured included intake and digestibility of nutrients, rumen environments, and daily weight gain. Results showed that the inclusion of pumpkin and especially cornmeal significantly increased (P<0,05) dry matter and nutrient intake. DM and nutrient digestibility did not differ among treatments except for crude fiber. Rumen concentration of volatile fatty acids was significantly increased but rumen ammonia concentration was reduced with the addition of carbohydrate. Daily weight gain was significantly (P<0,05) improved and the inclusion of cornmeal produced the highest daily weight gain. It can be concluded that the intake and the utilization of leucaena leaves for weight gain by culled Bali cows was improved by the inclusion of carbohydrates with cornmeal exert a better effect over pumpkin.

An experiment with the objective to investigate the effect of different temperature regimes during heat treatment of Gliricidia sepium leaves was conducted following a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 3 replications. Gliricidia leaves were exposed to three temperature regimes namely oven heating at 60^oC (T₆₀), 90^oC (T₉₀), and 120^oC (T₁₂₀) respectively and followed by sun-drying compared to sun drying as control (Con). The dry matter and protein degradation were measured using In Sacco method in three fistulated Bali cows fed a standard diet. Protein solubility (a) and the insoluble but potentially degradable fraction (b) were linearly reduced (P<0,001) by the increased temperature in the oven as compared to sun drying. The degradation rate (c) of protein in the rumen was increased at all heating treatments. The effective dry matter and protein degradation of gliricidia leaf was significantly (P<0,01) reduced by heat treatment in T₉₀ and no further reduction in T₁₂₀. The solubility fraction of DM was significantly reduced (P<0.05) when heated in the oven at 120^oC, meanwhile the b value for DM linearly decline with the increasing heating temperature. Heating also increased the lag time required for the degradation to commence. It, therefore, can be concluded that oven drying at 90^oC is a simple effective means to reduce ruminal protein degradation of gliricidia leaves.

The present experiment aimed to investigate the effect of introducing different pasture legumes on the growth profile and forage production of the selected native pasture grass species at different stages of growth. In a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 5 replications, the mixture of Sorghum plumosum (SP) and Bothriochloa pertusa (BP) was introduced respectively with one of the forage legumes ie. Alysicarpus vaginalis (AV), Pueraria phasoloides (PP), Desmodium incanum (DI), and Clitoria ternatea (CT). Growth profile and forage production were measured at 40, 60, and 80 days after planting. Results showed that CT and PP significantly improved the growth and DM production of SP and suppressed (P<0.05) the growth of BP during the early vegetative stage but did not during the late vegetative stage. Introduction of legumes reduced (P<0.05) DM production of SP and the total forage production but improved (P<0.001) the DM production of B. pertusa as well as a leaf:stem ratio of both types of grass at the generative stage. PP had the highest (P<0.05) contribution of legumes to the total DM forage production during early and vegetative stages, meanwhile AV and DI during the generative stage. In conclusion, the introduction of forage legumes did not improve the DM production of both grass species but modify their growth profile toward a better quality as shown by increased leaf:stem ratio. P. phasoloides provide the highest foliage during the vegetative stage and A. vaginalis and D. incanum during the generative stage.

This research aims to evaluate the various salt addition levels in the pellets on the performance and health of the domestic rabbit urination system. The completely randomized design method was used to determine the 5 levels of salt addition to the treatment, namely P₁, P₂, P₃, P₄, and P₅ with 0%, 0,175%, 0,25%, 0,375%, and 0,50%. The sample consists of 20 male domestic rabbits aged 8 weeks with an average body weight of 897,05 ± 68,27g, which were kept in individual cages. The variables of these rabbits were analyzed to determine their performance and urinalysis using Anova (analysis of variance) and correlation analysis. The Anova results showed that salt addition levels in the pellets had a significant effect on FI, WI, FCR, UV, Nit, Pro (p<0,05), and insignificant on BWG, pH, Leu, Uro, Blo, Ket, Bil, Glu, and SG (p>0,05). The results further showed the correlation on several variables of performance and urinalysis. In conclusion, the optimal level of salt addition in the pellets was 0,25% because it give the lowest value of feed conversion ratio and does not adversely affect the health of the domestic rabbit urination system.

The objectives of this study were (i) to identify the diversity of forages that are usually consumed or fed to the dairy goats, (ii) to assess the mineral composition of dominant forages concerning the soil mineral status of growing areas. Eight dairy goat farms surveyed and collected forage samples to define the diversity and dominant forages used to feed the goat. Samples of three dominant forages (Asystasia gangetica, Axonopus compressus, and Panicum maximum) and soils were then collected in five different areas where the farmers usually derived the forages (banana plantation, idle lands, riverbanks, roadside, and rice field edge). Plant samples were collected by using a plate meter used for the calculation of botanical composition. Fresh samples were then chopped, dried, and then ground in meal form before analysis for dry matter (DM), and minerals of Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, and S. The same minerals were analyzed for soil samples. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) in a completely randomized design of 5x3 consisting of 3 plant species and five growing areas as replications. Data were statistically analyzed using correlation and variance analysis in Random Block Design (RBD). Results showed of the total about 45 types of plants commonly consumed by goats, there were three dominant species, i.e., P. maximum (38.60%), A. gangetica (24.23%), and A. compressus (17.23%). The Ca content of forages highly correlated with the Ca in the soils, while magnesium in the forage was negatively correlated with the magnesium in the soil. It was concluded that the dominant forages were found a good source of Ca and Mg but deficient phosphorus.

The emergence of bacteria with antimicrobial resistance traits such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in food-producing animals is a significant public health concern. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence rate, antibiotic susceptibility and the molecular characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in swine from selected swine farms in Peninsular Malaysia. The oral and nasal swabs of 200 live swine were collected. Screening and isolation of S. aureus isolates were carried out using phenotypic identification techniques. The identity of the bacteria isolates was confirmed by detection of nuc gene (S. aureus) and mecA gene (MRSA). Antibiogram of S. aureus against 19 antibiotics was developed using Kirby-Bauer test. Molecular detections of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes as well spa typing of S. aureus was carried out. 25% of swine were carrying S. aureus with 9% being MRSA carriers. S. aureus and MRSA have shown high resistance against clindamycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, oxacillin, penicillin, erythromycin, cefoxitin and amoxicillin/clavulanate. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes, including tetK, tetL, tetM, ermA, ermB, ermC, msrA and scn genes were detected. 93% of S. aureus were multiple-drug resistant (MDR), suggesting the emergence of MDR S. aureus in swine in Malaysia.

In the long term, fungi attacks will cause a decrease in the quality of corn during storage. In this case, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus have become a serious concern related to food safety because of their ability to produce aflatoxins which are toxic to humans and animals. Nowadays, feed industries use fungicides to control fungal infections before the storage period due to their affordability, but the chemical residues are detrimental to our health. Therefore, an alternative method was needed to prevent and control fungi and aflatoxin formation in corn. One of the potential methods to apply is the gaseous ozonization. This research was conducted to investigate the potential of ozone in preventing fungal attacks and aflatoxin formation in corn, assuring that the corn quality can be maintained during the storage period. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of ozone on maintaining the quality of corn during storage, especially to reduce fungi colonies and aflatoxin formation. The experimental design used in this study was a completely randomized design with two treatment factors, namely temperature (20, 30, and 40°C) and exposure time (30 and 60 minutes). Corn quality parameters observed include moisture content, total fungal, moldy kernels, damaged kernels, and aflatoxin (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2) contamination. The results showed that ozone treatment had an effect on reducing total fungal and aflatoxin contamination in corn, however, it had no effect on the moisture content, moldy kernels, and damaged kernels of corn. The optimum effect was obtained when the ozonization was conducted at a temperature of 20°C for 60 minutes exposure time, which results in the highest reduction in total fungal and total aflatoxin contamination of 36.77% and 92.45% respectively.

This study aims to determine the effect of adding protease enzyme in diets that contains different levels of winged bean seeds on the growth performance of broiler chickens. In this study, a total of 240 one-day-old chicks were randomly grouped within six treatments and four replicates in a 3×2 factorial arrangements. The first factor was the level of winged bean seeds at 0%, 2.5%, and 5%, while the second was the enzyme treatment with and without protease. The results showed that the additive protease interaction and level of winged bean seeds on the diet had a significant effect on the feed conversion ratio value (P<0.05). Meanwhile, on the feed inateke, final, and body weight gain had no significant effect (p>0.05). Furthermore, the protease treatment significantly decreased feed intake in 35-day old broilers. (P<0.05). Based on these results, the addition of protease enzyme at the levels has the potential to offset the effect of winged bean seeds on growth performance of broiler chickens.

This study aims to determine the effect of the addition of phosphorus minerals to palm fronds fermented with Phanerochaete chrysosporium mold on the digestibility of nutrient invitro and to evaluate the total gas production and concentration of volatile fatty acids in fermented palm fronds combined with elephant grass (Pennisetum Purpureum) and Tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia). This research was conducted with an experimental method through 2 experimental stages. Stage 1 consisted of 3 treatment doses of mineral P with 5 replications, namely: A = 1000 ppm, B = 1500 ppm and C = 2000 ppm. Stage 2 consisted of 4 combined treatments of fermented palm fronds (FPF) with elephant grass (EG) and tithonia (T with 4 replications, namely: A = 20% FPF + 80% (EG + T), B = 40% FPF + 60% (EG + T), C = 60% FPF + 40% (EG + T) and D = 80% FPF + 20% (EG + T). The ratio of EG and T is 4: 1. The parameters measured in stage 1 were the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and crude fiber, while in stage 2 were gas production and total and partial VFA concentrations. The results of the research in stage 1 showed that the treatment had a significant effect (P <0.01) on the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and crude fiber. Gas production and total and partial VFA concentrations at stage 2 also showed significant differences (P <0.01) between treatments. This study concludes that the addition of a P dose of 2000 ppm (C) in the fermentation process provides the highest nutrient digestibility value and the combination of 20% FPF and 80% (EG + T) (D) results in the highest gas production and VFA concentration.

This study aims to evaluate the effects of adding nutrient solutions and different harvest ages to the productivity and quality of sorghum forage hydroponically. The study was conducted experimentally using a 3x3 factorial randomized block design with 5 groups. Factor A dose of commercial nutrient solution (0, 3, and 5 ml/l). Factor B is the age of harvest (7, 10, and 13 days). The observed variables were plant productivity, nutrient, fiber fraction, and Hydrogen cianide (HCN) content. The results showed that there was a very significant interaction (P<0.01) between the nutrient solution factor and the age of harvest on the content of dry matter (DM), crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE), ash, and nitrogen free extract (NFE), while the single factor of harvest age had a very significant effect (P<0.01) reducing the content of DM, CP, EE, and NFE. There was no interaction between the addition of nutrient solution and age of harvest to the content of fiber fractions. A single factor in nutrient solution significantly increased (P<0.01) content of acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), cellulose, and lignin, but not hemicellulose. The conclusion is the addition of a nutrient solution to increase growth and fresh production, the content of CF, ash, ADF, NDF, cellulose, lignin and HCN, but a decrease in the content of DM, CP, EE, and NFE. The longer the harvest age will increase growth and fresh production, the content of CF, ash, ADF, cellulose, lignin and HCN, but reduce DM, CP, EE, and NFE.

This study aims to determine the opportunity and characteristics of edamame soybean protein concentrate (eSPC) as a source of amino acid. In this study, edamame soybean protein concentrate (eSPC) was manufactured using various methods of manufacturing solvent-based materials. This experiment consisted of two different methods, namely washing with acid and ethanol solvent. The results of manufacturing eSPC were analyzed for nutrients, especially the protein and amino acids contents. From the presentation and description of data, the best results of edamame soybean processing into protein concentrate (eSPC) was obtained in the acid method with a protein content of 48.83% and a total of 36.66% amino acids. The highest content of lysine was obtained at eSPC processing using 3.77% of acid, while methionine highest was with approximately 1.12%. These results showed that the eSPC is well used as a source of lysine and methionine in poultry feed.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of supplementation of cattle feed supplement (CFS) and concentrate in ruminant diets based on rice straw fermented (R) on in vitro rumen fermentation, microbial biomass synthesis, and enteric methane production. Five experimental diets were evaluated, consist of R = rice straw fermented 100%, RS = R + CFS 10%, RSC1, 2 and 3 = RS + Concentrate levels 10, 20 and 30 (%DM). Supplementation of CFS increased the gas production (P < 0.05) and highest in treatments RSC1 and 2 (44.09 and 44.87 ml/g substrate, respectively) and was decreased proportions of methane by inhibition rate until 49.80%. Ruminal protozoa population increased by CFS dan concentrate supplementation (P<0,05) and was dominated (>80%) of Entodinium genus. The treatments RS dan RSC1 promoted greater (P < 0.01) microbial biomass synthesis (386.32 and 312.39 mg/g substrate, respectively). In conclusion, the supplementation of CFS and concentrate in ruminant diets based on rice straw fermented can promote a greater synthesis of microbial biomass and mitigation of methane production.

Degradation properties of protein feed sources such as tropical legumes is very important to match with microbial protein synthesis and by pass protein requirements in dairy cattle ration formulation. However, the information is still limited. This study aims to determine the degradability of dry matter (DMD) and organic matter (OMD) from several legumes in Indonesia using in sacco method. There are 11 types of tropical legumes that are commonly used in dairy cattle ration have been studied, namely acacia, alfalfa, pterocarpus, gliricidia, indigofera, calliandra, butterfly leaf, leucaena, albizia, tamarind, and sesbania. The dried forage mesh samples were put into nylon bags and incubated in the rumen of two fistulated Friesian Holstein bulls for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 24, 48, and 72 hours. Parameter observed were degradability of dry matter (DMD), and organic matter (OMD), kinetic parameters, and effective degradation. The data were analysed using descriptive statistic and regression from SAS University software. The result that sesbania and indigofera grouped into highly degradable forage (degradability > 80%), while acacia, albizia, calliandra grouped into low degradable forage (degradability < 50%). From this study it can be concluded that each type of legume has different degradability characteristics using in sacco method.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of zinc supplementation in various diets on the performance and health status of IPB-D2 chickens. Subsequently, about 180 one-week-old IPB-D2 chickens were used in the study and were fed the treatment diets for 12 weeks. Also, this study employed a completely randomised factorial design with six treatments and three replications of ten birds each. These treatment diets included A1, which contained nutrients based on SNI (2013) without Zn supplementation, A2 which is a combination of A1 and 60 ppm of Zinc, B1 which contained nutrients 5% higher than SNI without Zn supplementation, B2 which is a combination of B1 and 60 ppm Zinc, C1 which contains nutrients 10% higher than SNI without Zn supplementation, and lastly, C2 which is a combination of C1 and 60 ppm of Zinc. Furthermore, the data were analysed using ANOVA, and the parameters observed were the body weight, body weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, blood profile and the villi surface area of the jejunum. Consequently, the results showed that C2 significantly (P<0.05) increased the body weight and body weight gain when fed to the finisher and grower chickens, respectively. More so, when the finisher chickens were fed the 10% SNI diet, there was an increased body weight gain and also a significantly (P<0.05) decreased feed conversion ratio. Furthermore, the addition of 60 ppm zinc increased haemoglobin significantly (P<0.05), whereas C2 decreased leukocytes significantly (P<0.05) in chicken blood. However, the treatments had no effect on feed consumption in the villi surface area of the jejunum. Therefore, the study concluded that supplementing the IPB-D2 chickens with 60 ppm zinc in a 10% SNI diet resulted in the best performance and health status.

Rabbit has potency to produce meat since it has high growth rate, litter size, and short calving interval. Rabbit can utilize low nutritional feed and wide various of forages as its feed. Recently, Indigofera Zollingeriana (IZ) has been widely used as a green protein source in livestock. The used of IZ in rabbit feed seemed to be able to reduce production cost. The study had objective to observe the effect of IZ supplementation in feed to rabbit performance. A number of 72 heads of 12 weeks old of New Zealand white rabbits were used in the study. Rabbits were distributed in three groups of IZ supplementation levels (R1: 0 %; R2: 20 %, and R3: 30%). The supplementation was applicated for five weeks. Data were analysed using one- way ANOVA. The results showed that IZ supplementation effected body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio, and dry matter and energy digestibility (P<0.05). The R2 was the optimal IZ supplementation in the study. The average BWGs of rabbits were 833.38 ± 232 g, 688.50 ± 88 g, and 485.63 ± 130 g for R1, R2, and R3, respectively. In conclusion, the IZ supplementation up to 20 % could be applicated in rabbit feed to reduce cost

The effects of feed additives are increasing feed digestibility, balance of rumen microbial community, stimulating the immune response and livestock productivity. This study aimed to determine the effects of feed additives combination in the rumen fermentation. The method used in this study was a block randomized design with 9 treatments and 3 replications. The experiment using Theodorou In vitro method for 48 hours with parameters such as pH, kinetics gas and methane production, DMD, OMD, NH_3, and partial VFA. The treatment were P0; control (Basal Diet 70% Concentrate + 30% Forages), P1; P0 + Premix, P2; P1 + Probiotic, P3; P1 + Enzyme, P4; P1 + Plant Extract, P5; P1 + (Probiotics + Enzyme), P6; P1 + (Probiotics + Plant Extract), P7; P1 + (Probiotic + Enzyme + Plant Extract), and P8; P1 + (Enzyme + Plant Extract). The results showed kinetics gas, methane production, NH_3, and partial VFA were significantly affected (P <0.05), while the value of pH, DMD, and OMD was not significant. In conclusion, the addition of mix feed additives can affect the kinetics gas and methane production. However, it does not affect the level of pH, dry matter and organic matter digestibility.

Rumen degradable protein (RDP) needs to be balanced with the adequacy of rumen undegradable protein (RUP) and energy for optimal microbial growth. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the optimal level of the RDP:RUP ratio and the energy level of dairy cattle rations using the in vitro method. The rumen inoculum used to carry out this research, was obtained from two bull rumen fistulated of Friesian Holstein. The treatments consisted of 3 levels of RDP:RUP ratio, namely 50:50, 55:45 and 60:40, while the energy levels consisted of total digestible nutrient (TDN) levels of 65.6% and 68.6%. The experimental design was a factorial randomized block, while data were analyzed using ANOVA and Duncan multi range's test. The result showed the ratio of RDP:RUP had an effect on DMD, OMD, NH3, and rumen microbe. Furthermore, the higher TDN content increased significantly DMD, OMD, total VFA, and partial VFA. The increase in the microbial population was associated with a rise in total VFA and NH3 concentrations. This research concluded, the rations with RDP:RUP (60:40) ratio increased the population of bacteria and protozoa, while the availability of ammonia in the rumen, and the high level of TDN provided a higher supply of VFA, DMD, and OMD.

This study aimed at elucidating the use of three different rumen fluid (RF) of indigenous cattle breeds i.e. Bali, Madura and Crossbred Ongole immediately after slaughtered at abattoir to evaluate the nutritive value of elephant grass( EG) -concentrate mixture using a standard in vitro gas production (IVGP) technique. Approximately 500 mg feed dry matter/syringe was added with 50 ml RF-buffer solution and incubated in a 39 ⁰C water bath for 48 hours where gas production was observed at time intervals. Following termination of incubation the content was transferred into tare glass crucible to measure rumen dry matter (RDMD) and organic matter (ROMD) digestibility. The results showed that there was no significant different (P>0.05) in gas production parameters. In contrast, RDMD and ROMD differed significantly (P<0.01) among cattle breeds. RF from OCB resulted in the highest IVGP, RDMD and ROMD as compared with other RF sources. In conclusion, the use of RF from abattoir for IVGP measurement can be warranted using the same source of RF. The highest values resulted from OCB suggests that the abundance and variation in rumen microbiota may exist among cattle breeds.

Research objectives were to evaluate and to analyze in vitro gas production and cinetical fermentation of Kupang's local feed. The feed materials were dried and grinded for nutrient and gas produced analysis. Collected data were chemical composition, in vitro gas production, cinetical fermentation, short chain fatty acids, energy metabolic, and organic matter digestation. The result showed that the materials have different gas production. Commonly, the higher the carbohydrate content the higher the gas production; the higher the protein and the fat content the lower the gas production. Total gas productions of each material after 96 hours incubation were 53.88 ml/0.5 g DM for the high fat content feed, 92.26 and 159.25 ml/0.5 DM for the high protein and high carbohydrate content. Regarding total production, the fermented fraction gas productions were 44.662; 82.54 and 153.462 ml/0.5 g DM. The short chain fatty acids produced were 0.31; 0.51 and 1.28 mM. The feed organic matter digestations produced were 42.2; 55.91 and 68.8 % for each feed with a high content of fat, protein, and carbohydrate. Conclusively comparing with the protein and carbohydrate feed sources, the higher the fat content the lower the gas production, short chain fatty acids, and organic matter digestion.

This research aimed to reduce the lignin content and increase the nutrients content of sugarcane shoots as forages for a ruminant. This research used an experimental method using a completely randomized design (CRD) in factorial patterns, whereas A factor was a type of fungi (Pleurotus ostreatus and Aspergillus oryzae), and B factor was biodelignification time (14. 21 and 28 days). The variables observed in the experiment were laccase enzyme activity, Crude Protein (CP) content, and the percentage of lignin decreased. The research results showed that biodelignification using Pleurotus ostreatus fungi for 28 days resulted: 1,62 U/ml of laccase enzyme activity, 9.23% crude protein content, and 12.83 % of lignin decreased. From this research, the best treatment for bio-delignification of sugarcane shoots was with Pleurotus ostreatus fungi for 28 days, producing the best sugarcane shoots with 9.23 % of crude protein 12.83% of lignin decreased.

The aim of this research was to get the best treatment for preserving of mangrove (Avicennia marina) leaves as an alternative feed resouces for ruminants. This research used experimental method using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 2 treatments and 5 replications for each treatment. The treatments are: P1 (Mangrove leaves silage) and P2 (Mangrove leaves hay). The variables observed in the in-vitro experiment were in-vitro rument fluid characteristics (pH, NH₃, VFA), total gas production and methane gas production. The results of the in-vitro research showed that the P2 treatment (mangrove hay) produced : pH 6,67, VFA 83 Mm, NH₃ 5,44 mg/100 ml, total production gas for 48 hours 99,7 ml/hour, and methane gas production for 48 hours 65,05 ml/gr DM. From this research can be concluded that the best treatment for preservation of mangrove leaves (Avicennia marina) was the hay treatment based on the total gas and methane gas production. It can be concluded that the hay mangrove leaves (Avicennia marina) can be used as an alternative resource feed for ruminant animals.

Consumers need to search for extensive and impartial information before purchasing to obtain the best product when choosing appropriate beef products. The study aimed to understand the correlation between consumer involvement and consumer purchase decisions concerning in selection of packaged beef. The primary data were collected by the structured questionnaire and disseminated to 303 respondents. Method of the study is a survey, and data were analyzed and interpreted using Spearman Rank Correlation. Studies using a one-sample t-test indicate significantly different involvements to hypothesized value on economic, functional, and symbolic dimensions. Furthermore, the correlation between consumer involvement and consumer purchase decisions showed a positive influence. This study found that consumers remain to prioritize the economic dimensions in case of purchasing packaged beef products. The marketing challenges of livestock products can be overcome by developing a strategy based on consumer involvement.

Study aimed to estimate profit efficiency and determine factors affecting the profit efficiency of beef cattle farming in West Pasaman Regency, West Sumatera Province. A survey was conducted in West Pasaman regency at October 2020. Respondents consisting of 60 beef cattle farmers were questioned using structural questionnaires. Stochastic Frontier Analysis was used to estimate profit efficiency and factors influencing profit efficiency of beef farm in West Pasaman Regency. Important factors affecting the profit efficiency of beef cattle farming business in West Pasaman Regency were feed price, cost of veterinary medicine, fixed cost, labor cost and number of cattle affecting significant to beef cattle farming profit. The average level of profit efficiency was 39, 4%. Considering the importance of profit efficiency beef cattle farming there is a need for improving level of farmer's education and experience in beef cattle farming, but farmers should be of productive age.

This study was implemented to determine benefit distribution from the value chain and analyze Jakarta's local beef market's price determination processes. The research method was a survey, and a purposive sampling technique was used to select key informants. A structured questionnaire was designed to collect the data supplemented with focus group discussion. Data were analyzed using descriptive quantitative statistics. The descriptive statistics revealed a market structure based on the elements to have many consumers and suppliers with ex-imported cattle (98 percent) and local cattle from East Nusa Tenggara and East Java (2 percent) fulfilled the demand in a year. Middlemen in the supply chain have more significant benefits than producers (feedlots and farmers) and consumers. The implication of the study is developing a business model for modern retail or butchering-based meat shops that increases the added value of local meat and benchmarking of a long beef chain efficiency at post-cutting (downstream). The development of a modern retail business model is expected to drive the shifting system sales of beef from a commodity to a product basis.

Dairy cattle productivity has plateaued; average milk production ranges between 8 and 12 liters per day, on a scale of 2-3 maintenance per family breeder breeding. Furthermore, small farms account for 90% of milk production. Permata Ibu's Milk Processing Unit (UPS) in Padang Panjang is one of the business units that processes milk into other derivative products. It produces processed milk pasteurization, yogurt, and other products. The focus of this research was to analyze UPS Permata Ibu's processing performance by calculating the amount of added value and profitability. As measured by the value-added method of performance measurement, the processing of fresh milk into pasteurized milk and yogurt at Permata Ibu milk processing unit generates a variety of added values. Pasteurized milk has better processing performance than yogurt processing, as evidenced by its high added value compared to other processed products, with added value ratios of 22,45 percent and 12,50 percent for pasteurized milk and yogurt, respectively. Based on profitability analysis, it is known that pasteurized milk is still better than yogurt because it has a higher profitability value of 30,30% compared to yogurt, which is only 6,50%. Pasteurized milk processing results in higher profitability and added value than yogurt.

One of the regency in South Sulawesi Province that implements a profit-sharing system is Bone Regency which has been done by farmers for a long time and has been carried out from generation to generation. This system is one of the local wisdoms for the community in managing the beef cattle business. The aim of this study was to analyze the socio-economic factors of farmers in implementing a profit-sharing system in beef cattle business in Bone Regency. The type of the research was an explanatory study with a sample of 175 farmers who were taken simple random. Data were collected through interviews with the help of a questionnaire where each variable measured used a Likert scale, namely 1 = disagree, 2 = disagree less, 3 = agree and analyzed using multiple linear regression. The results of this study indicated that socio-economic factors of farmers have a significant effect on the profit-sharing system in beef cattle business in Bone Regency.

The Payakumbuh City of Rendang is an icon that reflects one of the typical traditional foods with beef, coconut milk, and different kinds of spices as the basic ingredients. The availability of beef is very important for the rendang industry to ensure the production process. The roles of breeders, wholesalers, retailers, and their distribution need to be managed properly from upstream to downstream. This study aims to analyze the availability of beef for the rendang industry in Payakumbuh City using a dynamic model. Survey research methods and dynamic model data analysis method with Powersim software were utilized. The availability of beef to meet the demand for the rendang industry in Payakumbuh City is still very dependent on the results of slaughtered cattle in Payakumbuh City. Imported beef supply is currently used as an alternative option to fulfill the beef needs for the rendang industry in Payakumbuh City.