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On behalf of the Organizing Committee, I would like to extend our warmest regards to all participants of the 6^th International Conference on Tropical and Coastal Region Eco-Development (ICTCRED) 2020. This annual conference was held on 27-28 October 2020, organized by the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia.

We brought an essential global topic the Sustainable Development in Coastal Area. The conference aims to provide a forum to exchange ideas and their current achievements for researchers, academicians, professionals, and industries to expose and exchange innovative ideas, methods, and experiences in the areas related to tropical life sciences and coastal development.

We have accepted 107 abstracts for oral and poster presentations coming from different universities and research centers from Indonesia, Japan, USA, UK, Netherlands, South Korea, Belgium, and Malaysia, which were consisted of 15 big interests. Besides, we have cordially invited ten highly respected researchers as keynote speakers with different fields to share their knowledge and expertise. We are grateful for each one of them for setting aside their valuable time to participate in this conference.

The 6^th ICTCRED 2020 was firstly planned to be held offline in Semarang, Indonesia. However due to the pandemic COVID-19 situation, we had to adapt the new normal regulation which restrict the face to face meeting to avoid the massive virus transmission. Therefore, the 6^th ICTCRED 2020 was held in virtual format using Zoom application. This event could not be postponed since it has become the annual event of the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Diponegoro. Despite virtual event, we guarantee that the 6^th ICTCRED 2020 was held professionally, following the rule of scientific conference. Starting with the plenary session with the presentation from the keynote speakers, the participants have their presentation in the panel sessions with 10 minute presentation and 10 minute discussion. The presentation of participant was in video recording format to avoid the technical problems during the presentation. However, the presence of participant was an obligation to answer the questions emerging during discussion session. The recording of the plenary session in the first and second day of the 6^th ICTCRED 2020 can be seen on https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7uZx6ebRQg&t=3094s and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UQqZrAsvEJg&t=2990s, respectively.

The committee extent very kind thank all participants for the success of the conference. They were Rector of Universitas Diponegoro, Dean of Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, the keynote speakers. We also would like to acknowledge the Institute of Physics (IOP) for the collaboration in publishing the conference proceedings, our sponsors the Universitas Diponegoro, COREM Undip, ICZM Center Undip, WCU Undip, ISOI, NIOZ, NWO, Tufts University, and TU Delft.

Finally, we proudly present 62 selected papers in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. We do hope that the 6^th ICTCRED 2020 event brings a fruitful knowledge and be a memorable event not only from the scientific perspective but also in the joy of meeting with other scientists for mutual collaboration.

List of Guest Editor, Scientific Committee/Editor, Organizing Committee are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

• Type of peer review: Single-blind / Double-blind / Triple-blind / Open / Other (please describe)

• Conference submission management system: Online submission

• Number of submissions received: 65

• Number of submissions sent for review: 65

• Number of submissions accepted: 62

• Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100): 95%

• Average number of reviews per paper: 2 times

• Total number of reviewers involved: 16 reviewers

• Any additional info on review process: Plagiarisms (<20%) and grammar check were also applied in the review process. We used google form for the submission document during review process. Here is the example : https://s.id/RevisedPaperICTCRED20.

• Contact person for queries:

Dr.Sc. Anindya Wirasatriya, ST, MSi, MSc

Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science

Universitas Diponegoro

Semarang, Indonesia.

Email : anindyawirasatriya@lecturer.undip.ac.id

Distribution of macrozoobenthos species and communities is influenced by several factors, one of the very influential factor is the environment. This research aims to study the diversity and distribution patterns of macrozoobenthos and the environment conditions that influence it. Samples were taken from 31 research stations that spread along the Bulaksetra estuary. Determination of sampling points is done by randomly making zoning point so that the sample points can represent the characteristics of the entire Bulaksetra estuary zone. The data analysis used in this study were the species composition formula, individual abundance, Shannon Wiener diversity index, uniformity index, and Simpson dominance index. The results showed that 12 species of macrozoobenthos consist of 9 genus, 6 families, 4 classes and 2 phylum, with species composition dominated by Faunus ater 64.04%, average individual abundance of 239.95/m², moderate diversity, moderate uniformity, and dominance of biota types faunus ater is classified as moderate but for other types classified as low.

Aquaculture development is thriving to provide fish product demand. One-fifth of mangrove forest destruction in the coastal region is from aquaculture, where ninety percent occurred in South East Asia. The mangrove forest conversion for aquaculture development is also mirroring in Mahakam Delta which started in the early 1980s. In this paper, we examined the impact of aquaculture development in Mahakam Delta on the mangrove forest ecosystems using remote sensing. Thirty years of monitoring data were used using six Landsat images series (Landsat 5 and 8). The result found a massive development of aquaculture in the Mahakam Delta occurred in the late 1990s, in which 41% of mangrove forests converted into ponds. The unstable political situation in Indonesia and the decrease of rupiah exchange rate against the US dollar are the leading factors. Since the mid-2010s, aquaculture productivity has been declining and that many farmers decided to abandon their ponds. The condition made mangrove cover increase up to 4,000 hectares due to natural regeneration. Nevertheless, aquaculture ponds cover 54.8% of Mahakam Delta in 2020. To minimize the impact on the ecosystem, it needs to manage aquaculture sustainably with mangrove conservation.

Floods are natural disasters that have harmed populations in several places in the world. Flooding in urban areas can be caused by coastal floods or river floods. One of the flood-prone areas in Lombok is the Jangkok River, the largest rivers that cross the city of Mataram. Floods have consequences that impact the social and economic activities. Direct impacts of flooding can include damage to property and infrastructure, especially in the settlement area. The purposes of this research are to analyze the flood-prone areas and to build a flood modeling of the Jangkok River. The data used for the analysis combined a topographic map scale 1:5.000, DEM LiDAR, land system, and rainfall data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission. The result shows that along the Jangkok River at a distance of 100 m estimated as the flood-prone areas. River flood modeling shows settlements have very high potential affected by floods caused by overflowing water from the Jangkok River. Modeling of flood inundation for the return period of 10 years, 50 years, and 100 years shows that the area of inundated settlements periodically expands the flooded area of 70.95 ha, 97.17 ha, and 108.41 ha. This study is expected to be an input to improve the preparation of disaster mitigation-based spatial planning in many coastal cities in Indonesia.

Foraminifera is a single-celled marine organism known as a potential proxy for (paleo)environment and (paleo)oceanography conditions. It also has been widely used as an indicator of coral reef health. We analyzed microfauna foraminifera from nine core top of marine sediments. Marine sediments have been collected by gravity core from western Water of Kai Islands, on board Geomarin III of MGI. The study aims to understand the microfaunal community and the oceanographical condition of Kai islands. The result indicates the high abundance and diversity of foraminifera, comprised of 95 species, including 28 species of planktonic and 67 benthic species. Planktonic type is very dominant (95.4% on average), typical for a bathyal environment. The dominant species are Neogloboquadrina dutertrei (21.21% on average), Globorotalia menardii (16.67% on average), Globigerina bulloides (11.73%), and Pulleniatina obliqueloculata (7.83%). Those are indicator species for a high productivity environment. However, Globigerinoides ruber, an oligotrophic warm water type, is also abundant (13.86% on average). Furthermore, the dominant genera of benthic types are Bolivina, Bulimina, dan Uvigerina (1.2% on average). This finding indicates relatively eutrophic and warm water conditions of west waters surrounding Kai Islands, with dysoxic bottom water conditions.

Enzymes are known as a multipurpose catalyst and their potential through time. Various types of enzymes are widely utilized in fermentation and the pharmaceutical industry. One of the most potential enzyme producers is marine fungi, which can be isolated from seaweed. The purposes of this research were to isolate and screen seaweed-associated fungi that exhibited extracellular amylase. The fungi were isolated by tapping method on PDA medium and screened using starch agar, agarase, alginate, and carrageenan medium. Enzyme activity was detected by flooding the starch plates with iodine reagent. The presence of the inhibition zone around the colony indicated enzyme activity. Two potential isolates were identified as Penicillium oligosporum. and showed their activity in producing amylase, agarase, alginate lyase, and carrageenase.

The activities of the petroleum processing industry and marine transportation potentially cause of hydrocarbon pollution. It is assumed that every water area exposed to hydrocarbons also found bacterial species that have biodegradation properties against PAH contaminants. This study aims to analyze the relationship between biodegradable bacteria and the status of marine waters exposed to hydrocarbons. The method of analyzing the type of PAH contaminants for each seawater and sponge samples were processed at 4 different points using GC-MS, the same sample was also carried out isolation, characterization and activity test of bacterial isolates against naphthalene and pyrene type PAH. The analysis showed that the four samples of seawater were contaminated with hydrocarbons. The type of hydrocarbons found in each sample is different and the concentration value varies. The types of bacteria identified in seawater and sponge samples also varied. There were 8 types of isolates selected, each one isolate per sample, all of which showed biodegradation activity against hydrocarbon contaminants, while the order of aromatic contamination levels at the four sampling points Sp. 1 > Sp.2 > Sp.3 > Sp.4. These results indicate that the presence of biodegradable bacteria in water areas can be a bio-indicator for the presence of PAH pollutants.

Brown algae (Phaeophyceae) and red algae (Rhodophyta) are a group of seaweed that scattered all over the ocean. In addition, previous studies have reported the biotechnological potential of its associated fungi. However, there are only a few studies related to the extracellular enzyme of seaweed-associated fungi. The purposes of this research were to isolated brown algae and red algae associated fungi from Sepanjang Beach, GunungKidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, and screen its enzyme production. Padina sp., Asparagopsis sp., and Chondrophycussp. were collected from Sepanjang Beach, GunungKidul, Yogyakarta. Swab tap method on PDA medium and STD medium was conducted to isolate seaweed-associated fungi, while starch agar medium, agar medium, alginate agar medium, and carrageenan agar medium, was utilized to screen the enzyme activity with addition of povidone-iodine 10% reagent. The presence of clear zone around the colony indicated enzyme.

Gelatin is type of protein extracted from the skin collagen tissue, bone or connective tissue of animals. Gelatin is commonly used as a thickener, an edible film, and an emulsifier whether in food, cosmetic or pharmacy. This research aimed to examine the effect of adding gelatin as an emulsifier in cosmetic products, namely body cream. The treatment has tilapia scales gelatin with different concentrations, 0% as a control, 5%, 7%, and 9%. The difference in gelatin concentration had significantly different on the hedonic test, pH value, and specific gravity of body cream. The difference of the result shown in total bacteria and irritation test were significant. Overall, body cream characteristics with 9% gelatin had better values than the control, 5% and 7% gelatin. The body cream with 9% gelatin was pleasant for the panelists with hedonic value of 8.30<μ <8.48, pH 4.86, viscosity 98.13 Poise, specific gravity 1.03 g/mL, no bacteria, and non-irritation symptoms. Thus, tilapia scale gelatin has great potential to be developed as an emulsifier in body creams.

The Banda Sea passes through the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF), and carries seawater mass from the Pacific Ocean toward the Indian Ocean. This influx affects the variations in oceanography parameters, and the monsoon winds aggravate the water complexities. The aim of this research, therefore is to determine seawater mass movements based on temperature and salinity distribution, expressed by the schematic model. These parameters are obtained from HYCOM and processed with ODV, followed by description, using a graphical software. The schematic model created based on the waters' vertical temperature profile, and represented by one layer each. These include the water surface or 0m, which acted as the mixed layer, while the thermocline was observed at a depth of 150m. In addition, the final deep layer was featured at 500m. Particularly, the 0m model featured irregular salinity and temperature movement, possibly due to the influx of freshwater and monsoon winds. The seawater mass at 150m is reserved for a while in the Banda Sea before exiting into the Indian Ocean. Moreover, homogenous values were recorded, with relatively similar movements at 500m.

The rapid urban development activities on the coast of Jakarta has a major impact on the risk of land subsidence. This land subsidence causes significant changes in land elevation. Especially, the coastal areas of Jakarta receive the risk of inundation. The primary purpose of this research was to examine the responses of Jakarta coastal areas based on land subsidence rates of a 24-day baseline data of SAR Sentinel 1A, and local sea-level rise prediction from MOTIWALI data. The methods used in this research were an interferometric SAR (InSAR) and Coastal Response Models. The results of this study indicate that the coastal model response using adjusted elevation based on interferogram elevation and land subsidence rates of SAR Sentinel A1 in a relatively short time (monthly) escalates the evaluation of areas with potential undergoing inundation impacts. Jakarta coastal area receives a greater response with changes in the elevation adjustment based on the local sea-level rise of 0.54 m and land subsidence rates of 0.02. The model demonstrates that the coastal landscape of Jakarta was not possessing the capacity to respond to sea-level rise. Coastal dikes are quite effective as an initial defense in the event of extreme sea waves. The coastal response model using SAR Sentinel 1A data can respond to resource management decisions in coastal areas, and improve assessments quickly that consider the impacts of future land subsidence and local sea-level rise.

The occurrence of convective activity often appears in a localized area and short duration. The formation of a low cloud might give an insight into the formation of bigger cumulus that can be seen as a Convective Initiation (CI) and if constantly developing it may lead to a bigger cloud with extreme rainfall. Detection of convective activity that leads to extreme rainfall is important to people who live near shore and areas that prone to flood. Himawari-8 imagery and data from an automatic weather station in Singkawang, West Kalimantan, was applied to detect short time, low-intensity rainfall that had been observed in the equator, near shore, during midnight and early morning. The appearance of CI was analyzed using rapid cloud-top cooling based on Himawari-8 imagery. It was found that the observed rainfall was in agreement with the cloud formations. Those data were validated by three days of a rain event with maximum cumulative rain of 30 mm observed in a single day. There was also appeared a small low cloud that grows into a bigger cloud above the observed area.

The Georadar (GPR) as a non-destructive technique has been used extensively for geological research. The study was conducted in order to identify coastal sediment characteristics of northern Obi coastal area by performing GPR radar facies analysis. The model of GPR used was Sirveyor 20 with MLF antenna frequency 40 Mhz, penetration depth was 10 meter, and Radan 5 as processing software which include time zero correction, spatial filtering, deconvolution, migration, adjustment amplitude and signal gain. Data interpretation describes georadar image/radargram based on radar facies methodology. The result showed three differences of radar facies unit. The radar facies unit can be divided into 2 facies units in which there are 2 other sub-units, namely unit 1A, 1B, 2A and 2B. Radar facies characterized by medium-high amplitude, continuous parallel-subparallel, medium-weak reflector. At the top part down to 3.75 m is Unit 1A that intersects with 1B. Below 3.75 – 7.75 m depth interval is Unit 2A, and unit 2B is from 7.75-10 meter depth interval. Unit 1 is interpreted as Quartenary alluvium (Qa) and unit B is Woi Formation (Tmpw). Radar facies characteristic indicated the differences of the geological unit.

Sibelis and Kemiri are two important river estuaries in Tegal City, at the northern coast of Central Java. Both estuaries have differences in sources of pollution. Pollutants in Sibelis estuary come from industrial activities, such as the fillet household industry, fishing ports, and domestic pollution. While pollutants of Kemiri estuary come from pond fisheries, agricultural activities, and domestic pollutions. This study aims to assess the water quality of the Sibelis and Kemiri estuaries during the rainy season based on the Water Quality Index of the National Sanitation Foundation. The research was done on January–March 2019 (rainy season) with three sampling stations. Each station was divided into three sites. Eight water quality parameters were measured i.e. temperature, TDS, TSS, pH, BOD₅, DO, PO₄ and NO₃. The results showed that there was an increasing trend in the NSF WQI Index in Sibelis from January to March 2019 (48.02 to 51.25) and included in the poor quality category (49.61). Based on the Indonesian Ministry of Environment Standards (2004), six parameters were out of standard, namely TDS, TSS, BOD₅, DO, PO₄ and NO₃. While the results of Kemiri estuary show a decreasing trend from January to March 2019 (62.36 to 57.88) and fall into the medium quality category (62.08). Only four parameters have outside standards i.e. TDS, TSS, PO₄ and NO₃.

Massive mangrove conversion into intensive pond farming has become environmental problem in Kemujan Island and Karimunjawa Island which affect the water quality. This research aimed to examine the dispersion of DO and BOD related to the current pattern in the seas west of Kemujan Island and Karimunjawa Island by using two-dimensional modelling simulations. Quantitative and descriptive methods were used to provide interpretation and analysis of the modelling simulation results. Modelling simulations were conducted in September 2019. The validation results show that the model and the field measurements has a very good. The results show that the current characteristics are dominated by tidal current, which moves westward with an average magnitude of 0.078 m/s. Furthermore, divergence, convergence and turbulence are also identified. Based on the simulation results, the prediction of DO and BOD concentrations fluctuate in Lagoon Mrican. During spring tide, the DO concentration changes from 7.95 - 8.1 mg/L into 8.55 - >9.45 mg/L and during neap tide, it changes from 8.55 - 8.7 mg/L into 9.15 - >9.45 mg/L. On the other hand, the BOD concentration increases from 0 - 0.08 mg/L to 0.88 - 0.96 mg/L during spring tide and neap tide.

Warm pool and the existence of equatorial processes in the Pacific Ocean have an important role on El-Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The eastward advection of warm and less saline water from the western Pacific together with the westward advection of cold and more saline water from the central-eastern Pacific induces a convergence of water masses at the eastern edge of the warm pool. The aim of this study is to determine convergence zone displacement in Western Pacific Ocean based on oceanography parameters such as temperature, salinity and surface current from insitu Argo Float, satellite and model data. The convergence zone displacement was characterized by proxies variable of isotherm 28,5 °C and isohaline 34,6 psu. The convergence zone is zonally displaced in association with EI Niño-La Niña and wind-driven surface current variations. The displacement of the convergence zone moved as far east as 136 °W in the eastern Pacific during the 2015 Super El Niňo. Otherwise, convergence zone moved westward near 154 °E in the western Pacific, during La Niňa periods. During Super El Niňo, the stronger-than-normal speed of the North Equatorial Counter Current (NECC) was increased by 0,8 m/s and appears to have been a major factor in convergence zone reaching the far eastern Pacific. A strong significant positive correlation (R= 0.88, 0.82 and 0.84) between SST and skipjack tuna catch on Super El Niňo, La Niňa and Normal respectively suggested that changes in skipjack CPUE occurred in phase with movement of convergence zone.

Nowadays, in the case of the coastal structures, wave breaking and access to clean energy are two important issues, which can be addressed by combining breakwater and vibration-based energy harvesting systems. In the study, the mechanical energy harvester which is produced from the transvers wave motion of water particles is developed by the piezoelectric motion in the breakwater and resulting electrical energy. To study the application of this system, a theoretical model is presented. This study has the objective to know the wind analysis, wave estimation and potential of power produced by sea waves on Enggano Bengkulu island is an area with large potential of sea wave energy. From the result of the research is the wave height 1.035 m and wavelength 44.902 m is also strongly suggest to produce energy for 7.51 kW into breakwater. The results of this project demonstrated that wind analysis, wave estimation with Weibull method and the design of breakwater with piezoelectric system can be utilized to absorb wave energy. This research develops breakwater construction with piezoelectricity as a result, potential novel renewable energy by offshore infrastructure.

Tectonic processes and high energy waves, tidal phases, generally formed the coasts of southern Java. The grain size of the beach is generally gravel, and large stones. Some pristine beaches consist of pebbly, rocky, sandy beaches or a mixture of sand, gravel, and rocks / boulders. Steep gravel beaches are always associated with coastal erosion. On the other hand, a beach with pebbles and boulders can be a stable natural defense. This location is a preservation of various fossil markers of sea level change and also as a habitat for marine life. A study on geomorphology and sediment types was carried out around the coast of Pameungpeuk, South West Java in May 2016. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the importance of gravel beaches as natural protection in maintaining stability of coastal habitats and as a barrier from high waves. On the other hand, sandy beaches are highly susceptible to erosion. Exposure to gravel and boulders in front of the beach can act as a barrier to erosion from the beating of waves. Pameumpeuk beach and its surroundings are also a habitat for lobsters because many rock structures are found with holes and their position behind the rock barrier as natural protection.

Natural disasters in coastal areas and small islands in Indonesia occurred several times in the last decade. Banten Province coastal region was directly affected by the tsunami waves last December 2018 due to the Anak Krakatau Volcano's activities, covering Pandeglang and Serang Regencies. Regional and spatial planning in a coastal buffer zone is mandated by laws and regulations, both central and local, but still sometimes neglected. The spatial analysis was carried out by identifying land use/cover in Banten Province coastal area using high and medium resolution images acquired from the Google Earth website. The results of the land use/cover map observations, which validated with field data, showed that the built-up area from the tourism sector in the form of buildings, facilities, and infrastructures dominate the coastal buffer zone, both in Pandeglang and Serang Regencies, especially in Anyer District (22.3 ha), Carita District (10.7 ha), and Cinangka District (7.2 ha). Moreover, human settlements and supporting public facilities also contribute and dominate the built-up area on the coastal buffer zone in Panimbang District (15.8 ha) and Sumur District (6.4 ha). Implementation of a coastal buffer zone in a vulnerable area such as Banten Province should be evaluated to minimize the impact in the future.

Meulaboh city which is devastated by the tsunami of 26 December 2004, is situated on the west coast of northern part of Sumatra Island. The city is located on a tombolo that currently also acts as a peninsula in the existing coastline system. West coast of the tombolo which is consists of natural sandy beach coastline in high energy condition of coastal waters was studied for its response to the tsunami. Images from Google Earth were the main data in this study and used for coastal landform analysis before and after the tsunami. Photograph data from various sources and fieldwork data from 2002 also used. Results of this study show that the tsunami was eroded the sandy beach and resulted in an irregular coastline patterns, but the general shape of the coastline pattern remains curved. The erosion had been produced many incised channels and low cliffed coast. Recovery processes was start in a week after the tsunami. The plan shape of the sandy beach was recovered in accordance with eliminating the cliffed coast and closing of incised channel and producing enclosed water bodies. Almost all traces of the tsunami were lost following sandy beach recovery with an exception of enclosed water bodies that far enough from reaching by normal wave activities.

The Natuna Sea is located at the northwestern part of Indonesia. Previous studies had showed that ENSO has a stronger impact on SST than chlorophyll-a. According to several studies, Indonesian oceans are heavily impacted by IOD. This study uses SST data with high-resolution satellite imagery (MODIS and Pathfinder) and rainfall and wind data from the Reanalysis Model (ERA-5) which is processed using a composite method and correlation grid. This research results, when La-Niña negative IOD SST will decrease 1°C and rainfall rises 7 mm/day while when El-Niño IOD positive SST will increase by 1°C while in rainfall will decrease by 3 mm/day. The variation of SST and rainfall is more influenced by ENSO than IOD.

The impact of Covid-19 has threatened various aspects of life, including sailors. Various regulations have been issued to prevent the spread of Covid-19 on ships, such as Sea Transportation Circular Letter No: SE. 11 of 2020, Circular Letter No. 4202 / Add.4 International Chamber of Shipping (ICS), Circular Letter No. 4202 / Add.3 World Health Organization (WHO), and Circular Letter No. 202 / Add.2 WHO-IMO Joint Statement. The problems faced by seafarers with the existence of this regulation include the difficulty of ships entering the port, delays in issuing shipping approval lines and even the effects of these port entry restrictions or port closure causing crew changes to be prohibited. Based on the background of the problems mentioned above, The study aims at the introduction, in the new standard era and the solution to the problems of development of international Council of Ships Advice to Ship Safety Operators for Seafarers in the new standard era. In this article, the analysis methodology is the law. By reviewing all laws and regulations concerning legal matters being dealt with the legislative method shall be applied. The study is more oriented towards the approach of the legislation in relation to the introduction of the newly-formed norm era of the use of the international shipping chamber for marine operators. Data Analyse Techniques The approaches used during the analysis are qualitative analytical tools which start with specific hypotheses and certain paradigms as basis for initial findings. Data analysis techniques are deductive analytical tools. Health protocols issued both internationally and domestically are sufficient to become a standard for seafarers. The Ministry of Transportation has not made Standard Guidance for a crew change, resulting in long delays which can lead to high costs such as accommodation while waiting for results, double rapid tests, especially for crews whose mobilization places are far away.

The spatial distribution of lift net (bagan) and the impact on the Sardinella lemuru (lemuru) catches in Senggrong bay - Banyuwangi has been analysed. The data used in this study consists of Pleiades satellite data, aerial photographs of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) or drones and in situ measurements in the same period. Fishery data during 2013 to 2017 were analysed to determine the variability of Lemuru catches. The analysis of bagan spatial distribution was performed using visual interpretation technique. Spatial distribution of bagan was analyzed by overlaying data at different period. The results show that the number of bagan in Senggrong bay were 85 unit and spread evenly throughout the bay. In the northwest monsoon, the bagan were spreadedin the northern part of the bay, while in the southeast monsoon, the bagan were shifted to the south due to the high waves and wind speed. Lemuru spawning time was occured in May – July. During spawning time, the amount of Lemuru catches by bagan was relatively low. The peak of lemuru catch was occurred in the period of October to January. The impact of bagan on the decreasing of lemuru abundance is relatively low.

An understanding of tidal current stratification with a tidal ellipse in coastal oceanography is needed, especially in the development of power density for renewable energy. The movement of the water mass can be converted into power density, by optimizing potential energy (sea level) and kinetic energy (tidal currents). Interaction between tidal current and stratification layer has been of importance to optimize the energy conversion (also turbine selection) at each depth layer. The stratification on the vertical structure can be described by variability of the tidal ellipse, in terms of the semi-major axis, the semi-minor axis, the direction of rotation, ellipticity, inclination angle and phase. ADCP measurement is implemented at Larantuka Strait to examine the tidal behavior on a vertical layer of depth. M₂ tidal constituent presents the highest amplitudes among the tidal constituents, predominantly straight line, being the most energetic in Larantuka Strait. M₂ constituent the highest major-axis at the near-surface layer when compared with S₂ with 243.7 cm/s, 128.9cm/s respectively. Most ellipses rotate clockwise 74° as inclination characterizes the current ellipse orientation. Estimation power density conversion is shown >20.000 kW/m², with power density average 5014.9 Watt/m² in spring tide condition. Power density degenerates at the near-surface layer following changes in the depth layer, major-minor axis, inclination angle, and tidal phase of the tidal ellipse.

Plant cultivation using sand media and conventional soil methods often have time and environmental constraint. One method that is expected to support the supply of quality shallots seeds is to propagate the seeds through tissue culture techniques. This study aims to know the effect of seaweed concentration on the growth of local palu shallot shoot in vitro. This research was carried out at the Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako University, Palu. This study conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) of one factor consisting of five levels, namely, without seaweed extract, seaweed extract the concentration of 5%, seaweed extract concentration of 10%, seaweed extract. The concentration of 15%, and seaweed extract concentration of 20%. Every treatment was quadruplicate; therefore, there were 20 experimental plots. Every unit of the experiment was planted with two explants; thus, the total sample amounted to 40. The results showed, adding 20% seaweed extract, in general, gave better growth in all parameters of the number of leaves and leaf length indicated by the number of leaves (7.50) and leaves size (10.80 cm).

Java barb (P. javanicus) is freshwater fish frequently found in Java and Sumatra waters of Indonesia. Java Barb has a seasonal spawning cycle. Accordingly, the production of java barb seeds is limited by season. Therefore, it is necessary to research on hormonal manipulating systems of reproduction to needs of seeds. This study aimed to determine the effect of sGnRH and domperindone on Java barb reproductive performance. There were 12 female and 12 male java barb broodstock, with 400-500 grams and 300-400 grams bodyweight respectively. The broodstock used on third stage of gonadal maturation. This study used an experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments and 3 replicates. Mixture of GnRH and domperidone was injected intramuscularly. The dosage treatments used were dosage A (control), treatment B (0.3 ml/kg), treatment C (0.4 ml/kg) and treatment D (0.5 ml/kg). The data gathered included latency period, fertilization rate (FR), hatching rate (HR), survival rate (SR) and water quality. The results showed that the injection of sGnRH and domperidone produced different latency periods, significantly affected (P <0.05) fertilization rate (FR) and hatching rate (HR), but had no significant effect on survival (SR). The best results were obtained at treatment. B and treatment C with 0.3 ml/kg and 0,4 ml/kg dosage resulting in 9-12 hours latency period, 80,50±5,57 to 84.33 ± 5.51% of Fertilization Rate (FR), 68,83±6,81 to 71.17 ± 5.35% Hatching Rate (HR) and 53,85±2,35 to 60.69 ± 10.66% of Survival Rate (SR).

Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) is an endemic plant commonly utilized by people in North Sumatera as an additional food ingredient regarding its intense flavor. The previous study has proven that the andaliman fruit showed antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The purposes of this research were to evaluate the antibacterial activity of andaliman fruit ethanol extract against fish pathogenic bacteria and understand its metabolite profile. The extraction was carried out using the maceration method with agitation (115 r.p.m) for 24 hours in ethanol. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and phytochemical test were carried out to characterized the secondary metabolite. The antibacterial activity evaluation was conducted using the paper disc diffusion method against Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio alginolyticus, and Vibrio harveyi. Ethanol extract of andaliman fruit gave 16 spots on the TLC plate, while the phytochemical results showed the presence of tannin, flavonoid, terpenoid steroid, and quinone. Besides, the evaluation of antibacterial activity gave negative results against fish pathogenic bacteria.

Enzyme is a biocatalyst that has been known for its function in various industrial applications. One of the potential natural producers of enzymes is seaweed associated bacteria. Seaweed associated bacteria has been studied as a natural source of carbohydrase such as carrageenase, alginate lyase, and agarase. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of seaweed associated bacteria from Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia as a source of carbohydrase enzymes. A total of 13 bacterial isolates were successfully isolated from Chaetomorpha sp. in Sepanjang Beach. Enzymatic activity was measured through cultivation of each bacterium on semi-solid media with addition of substrate of each enzyme. The results showed that 3 isolates (GK.6.10; GK.6.11; GK.6.12) had clear zones around the growing colonies in medium containing 0,2% starch and 2% κ-carrageenan. Meanwhile, 4 isolates (GK.6.3; GK.6.10; GK.6.11; and GK.6.12) showed clear zones in medium containing 0,5% alginate and 2% agar indicating the production of alginate lyase and agarase enzyme. Bacteria GK.6.10; GK.6.11; and GK.6.12 were identified as Salinicola zeshunii, Bacillus piscis, and Bacillus licheniformis with BLAST homology 95.23%, 99.46%, and 99.26%.

Research about biological characteristics of fish is important to support the conservation of fish resources. The fish population in the Jatibarang Reservoir includes Tilapia, Milkfish, Koan, Red Devil, and Silver Barp Fish (local name is tawes). The aims of this research was to study the abundance of plankton and determine the food habits of Silver Barp (Barbonymus gonionotus), such as Index of Preponderance (IP), proportion of food type (Pi) and ecological niche. it can be used as a management reference to maintened tawes, which is native to the waters of the Jatibarag Reservoir. This research was conducted by taking samples of Silver Barp using gillnet and hook fishing gear. Samples were taken in July and November 2020. The results showed that Chlorophycea is the main food for tawes fish (IP value 52.34%). The phytoplankton in the waters of the Jatibarang Reservoir has abundance of 4200 ind / L with the highest abundance is Chlorophyceae with value of 1780 ind / L (42.38%). Based on the results, Tawes chose food from the Cyanopyceae, Dinophyceae and Zygnematophyceae classes however Dictyochophyceae were not found in the digestive contents of the Tawes. The area of the Tawes niche (Bi) was 2,825, with the largest Pi originating from Chlorophyceae plankton while the smallest Pi is from the class Dictyochophyceae and Fragilariophyceae with a value of 0. (Bi) index is to compare the area of the niche with other fish in a habitat, the higher this value means the wider the type of feed.

Numerous approaches for deriving benthic habitat mapping from visible spectrums of remotely-sensed imagery have been widely used, but image classification without training data for remote benthic habitat remains a few. In many cases, the collection of the needed ground-truth data is often prohibitively expensive or logistically infeasible. This will prevent us from providing training data for image classification purposes. In this paper, we evaluated the accuracy of the classification of benthic habitat from Sentinel 2A imagery in an absence of training data in the optically shallow water of Pari Island, Kepulauan Seribu, Indonesia. Benthic Habitat map was produced from geometrically, radiometrically, and water column corrected Sentinel 2A images. For water column correction, we performed Depth Invariant Index (DII) transformation. It was followed by the classification of Sentinel 2A imagery by applying unsupervised classification, such as IsoData and K-means algorithm. From the experiment, we produced four habitat classes. The analyses result for each unsupervised classification shows that the overall accuracy of IsoData and K-Means was 47.98% and 55.64%. However, the results of the Kappa coefficient show that the IsoData algorithm has slightly better accuracy of benthic habitat mapping (0.39) rather than K-Means (0.30).

Indonesian waters hold the world's mega biodiversity of coral reefs. However, a range of anthropogenic pressures are threatening the coral reefs persistence. Since the early 20^th century, remote sensing data has been assessed to map and monitor coral reefs. The reef habitats are monitored at various hierarchical spatial scales using integrated remote sensing and field data, but the level of detail and accuracy at a single point still questionable. Therefore, this study aims to assess the coral reefs methodology based on an integrated digital image processing approach. The method will employ a multi-pair and a single pair or an initial pair of Depth Invariant Index (DII) transformation bands, pixel-based Isodata and K-Means algorithm, and supervised classification method based on maximum likelihood and nearest neighbor algorithms. Object-based classification images, training areas, and data references were supported by previous research. The findings indicate that the maximum likelihood algorithm is better to apply for supervised classification for a single transformation band, while the K-Means algorithm is better for pixel-based classification since better accuracy can be obtained. However, various remote sensing data, band combinations, and clusters may affect the difference in results.

The agricultural system in Indonesia is now more advanced by combining agriculture and fisheries on the same land, so research like this is carried out. This study aims to investigate the lethal concentration (LC50-48 hours) of the active ingredient biopesticide Azadirectha on tiger shrimp at the post-larvae stage, and to analyze the effect of Azadirectha biopesticide on the behavior of tiger prawn post larvae. The concentration of biopesticides used in the main test was determined from the results of 3 preliminary tests with an upper threshold value of 90,000 ppm and a lower threshold value of 30,000 ppm. Five biopesticide concentrations were used for the main test, i.e. 37,372 ppm, 46,555 ppm, 57,994 ppm, 72,244 ppm, 89,994 ppm, and control. The data analysis technique for LC 50 uses probit analysis. The results obtained by the lethal concentration (LC50-48 hours) with Azadirectha biopesticide on mortality of tiger shrimp post-larvae were 54,719.57 ppm, the effect of biopesticides on post larvae behavior of tiger prawns at a concentration of 40,000 ppm only stayed at the bottom and even died while with a maximum biopesticide. At the concentration of 37,372 ppm, the shrimp showed active behavior, making it a safe concentration limit for the shrimp to sustain a living.

This study investigates the locations of coral bleaching events in Indonesia based on the Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly (SSTA) from the 2015-2019 period. SST was downloaded from the satellite with a resolution of 4 km. The method used was the Hotspot Index and Degree Heating Week issued by the National Ocean Atmospheric Administrations (NOAA) through the Coral Reef Watch (CRW) program. Results obtained from the Hotspots index shows that almost all Indonesian waters have the potential to experience coral bleaching and the area that has a high potential is West Sumatra with the Death Index Degree Heating Week reaching 8-12 °C - weeks with Alert Level 2 status. an increase in temperature by 1.5°C as a result of global warming, then the area with the most massive death impact was West Sumatra with an increase of 3.82 - 6.32°C - weeks. The relationship between SST anomaly and coral reef mortality is 55 - 56%, so it is a strong relationship category.

This study aims to characterize the charcoal from the fins waste of the Kerandang fish, namely from the dorsal (DF), pectoral (PF), ventral (VF), anal (AF), and caudal fin (CF). The charcoal as a source of hydroxyapatite. Qualitative characterization used a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transfer Infra-Red (FTIR), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The charcoal's chemical composition consists of Carbon, Oxygen, Sodium, Magnesium, Phosphor, Sulfur, and Chlorine, Potassium, and Calcium. The highest carbon element was 67.74% in the caudal fins. The lowest chemical element in the element sulfur is 0.197% in the dorsal fins. SEM photos show that the charcoal from the caudal fins has more pores than the other fins. The FTIR results show that the functional groups contained in the charcoal from the fins are NH, OH, CO, C=O, C=C, S1-O, and CH groups, with wave numbers 1032-1036 cm⁻¹. The absorption area of the S1-O group (silica), where the silica group from charcoal, has the highest intensity. XRD results showed that the charcoal from fish fins of Kerandang contained 100% hydroxyapatite.

Turbulent mixing in the ocean has a significant role in weather and climate, especially concerning flux between the ocean and atmosphere. This research aims to study physical oceanography conditions and quantify the turbulent mixing in the Eastern Indian Ocean during the InaPRIMA cruise in November 2019. The CTD data from five meridional stations were processed to determine the oceanographic condition. Water mass stratification was determined by a temperature gradient of 0.05°C/m for thermocline boundaries, and turbulent mixing was calculate using the Thorpe method. The results showed that the mixed layer depth (MLD) varied between 16.41-45.74 m, while the depth of the thermocline layer ranged from 178.3-237.0 m. The MLD was getting deeper to the north, while thermocline depth tends to be shallower associated with the wind speed. The Thorpe analysis for all CTD showed that overturn with size varies between 2.5-30 m was identified. The turbulent kinetic energy was ranged from an order of 10⁻⁸ to 10⁻⁶ Wkg⁻¹, while the turbulent diffusivity was ranged from an order of 10⁻⁴ to 10⁻² m²s⁻¹. Turbulence mixing in MLD suggests driving by wind stress, while in thermocline because of shear instability and double-diffusive salt fingering and in deep layer because of topography.

The upstream-downstream area of the north coast of Central Java is categorized as a rapid development area that results in changes in land use and land cover. This region is also prone to floods, landslides, and drought. Land-use change contributes to climate change, increasing disasters such as sea-level rise, erosion, rising surface temperatures, floods, landslides, and droughts. Moreover, hydrometeorological disasters caused by human activity damages the river basin ecosystems, especially land use and land cover changes. This study aims to prove that land-use difference does matter for hydrometeorological disasters in the North Coast River Basin of Central Java in terms of the upstream and downstream areas using a quantitative method and GIS. The river basins are Jratunseluna, Bodri Kuto, Pemali Comal, and Wiso Gelis. The results indicate that from 2009 to 2018, the midstream and upstream river basins areas show the highest land use change compared to downstream. This study also finds that forests reduced significantly in the Central Java river basin, one of the disaster drivers. Above all, through this research, hydrometeorological disaster mitigation efforts in the north coast river basin in Central Java can be appropriately identified.

Badan Informasi Geospasial (BIG) has developed tide model using 128 tide gauges (TG) data in 2015. During the period of 2016-2020 BIG has established new 31 TG and these stations have not yet been included into the model, one of them was Sebesi TG located in Sunda Strait. The aim of this research was to validate the BIG tide model using latest data of Sebesi TG by comparing Harmonic Constituents (HC) and tide prediction. HC to be compared were M2, S2, N2, K2, K1, O1, P1, Q1 from BIG tide model and Sebesi TG data. Each HC were used to generate tide predictions for August 10-20, 2020 compared with Sebesi TG raw data. HC comparison results showed the maximum amplitude difference was S2(0.011 m) and minimum was Q1(0.001 m). The maximum phase difference was Q1(14.2170) and minimum was N2(1.4510). The RMS generated for tide prediction using BIG tide model HC compared to TG raw data was 17.788cm, while RMS generated for tide prediction using HC from Sebesi TG data compared to TG raw data was 17.707cm. The correlation between raw data and tide prediction using BIG tide model HC was 0.977 while the correlation between raw data and tide prediction using Sebesi TG HC was 0.980.

The north Maluku Sea has a high wind speed in the southeast season caused an increase in the Ekman transport at the coastal area so affects in rising of chlorophyll-a and the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) is cooling, who indicates the upwelling phenomenon. Upwelling in the North Maluku Sea is a type of coastal Upwelling where it occurs on the coast with a depth of more than 1500 m. The intensity of Upwelling is influenced by climate variability, one of which is El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). By using remote sensing is chlorophyll-a data, SST, wind obtained from satellite imagery, and the value Ekman Mass Transport (EMT) with method composite formula. This research aims to know the influence of climate variability ENSO against the phenomenon of upwelling that occurred in the North Maluku Sea in the southeast season. Effect of climate variability ENSO at the time of El Niño (La Niña), chlorophyll-a concentration has positive (negative) anomalies, negative (positive) SST anomaly and wind conditions thus causing EMT energy to increase (decrease).

The high activity of tin (Sn) mining in the coastal areas of Bangka waters has an impact on turbidity, suspended solids, and increased levels of heavy metals (Pb, Cu). The study was conducted from February until April 2020 aims to determine the relationship between turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), and concentrations of Pb and Cu in the Tanah Merah beach waters (TM) and Semujur Island waters (SM) which are characterized by the presence or absence of tin mining. (Sn) as a source of pollution. The results showed that the level of turbidity in TM (0.8-3.4 mg/l) was higher than in SM (0.4-0.8 mg/l) and Total Suspended Solid values in TM (149-185 mg/l) were lower than in SM (165-202 mg/l) and between (155-175 mg/l). The concentrations of heavy metals Pb in TM (0.05-0.09 mg/l) and Cu in TM (0.01-0.02 mg/l) were lower than in SM (Pb: 0.12-0.14 mg/l) and Cu (0.04-0.1 mg/l). Turbidity levels and high TSS values can be affected by the speed and direction of ocean currents. Heavy metals Pb and Cu are thought to be bound very effectively by TSS, their distribution is strongly influenced by the direction of the current and the velocity of the current formed.

The Coastal area is transitional areas between terrestrial and marine ecosystems which are still affected by changes on land and in the sea. Various activities carried out on the coast make this area vulnerable to environmental changes that originate from natural phenomena and human activities. The north coast of Bekasi is prone to water quality degradation due to its proximity to Jakarta Bay and the mouth of the Citarum River to the Java Sea. The decline in the quality of Bekasi coastal waters can be measured by several parameters such as salinity, turbidity, brightness, chlorophyll concentration and Total Suspended Solid (TSS), the presence of organic or inorganic material. Landsat 8 can estimate the concentration and distribution of TSS spatially and temporally. This study aims to develop an empirical model for estimating TSS concentrations in the coastal area of Bekasi Regency by using Landsat 8 data. This method used a combination regression from five channels. The results showed there are four empirical models with a value of R² of 0.5. The calculation of the accuracy value using RMSE is still high, which is around 100, but the construction of this model is better than the previous algorithm. Another alternative is to use multiple linear regression to see the relationship between the interaction variables of each band and the TSS concentration.

This paper presents the characteristics of coastal and marine sediments of the northern part of Obi Island, Molucca. Grain size analyses were conducted on 24 coastal sediment and 32 marine sediment samples. Taphonomy of Homotrema rubrum was studied on three samples from coral reef that grows on the slope off Laiwui to determine current direction. The mean grain size ranges between 0.01 – 2.6 mm, very well sorted to very poorly sorted, and while skewness varies from very finely skewed to very coarsely skewed. While lithic fragments predominate coastal sediments, biogenic fragments form the majority of marine sediment grains. Textural parameters and sediment composition show three distinctive groups that represent: 1) Akeleletango in the west that is characterized by moderately sorted coarse to fine sand; 2) Tabuji – Laiwui that is characterized by poor to moderately sorted fine granules to fine sand that is interpreted as debris flow deposit; and 3) Anggai in the east that is characterized by poorly sorted coarse sand. Linear discriminate function analysis shows the dominance of shallow marine deposits in beach sediments with strong fluvial influence. The taphonomy of H. rubrum indicates that the prevailing current direction off Obi is westward, which is supported by current observation.

The sea surface temperature and total suspended matter is important for fisheries industry to increase the opportunity to catch the fish. Traditional methods to monitor this phenomenon is by using the remote sensing techniques. However, conventional remote sensing methods is need higher computer specifications as well as larger space of hard disk drive and commercial software to process the datasets. The availability of cloud-computing platform such as Google Earth Engine that available free for public will provide benefit for researcher to increase the efficiency and effectivity of large-scale imageries processing. This study proposed the sate-of-the-art cloud-computing platform of GEE to monitor and map the sea surface temperature and total suspended matter for long periods of analysis of Timor Sea, Van Diemen Gulf, and Beagle Gulf, Australia. In total there more than 600 images of Landsat 8 Collection 1 Tier 1 calibrated top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance is used and obtained within the GEE platform. The Radiative transfer equation (RTE) method is used to extract the surface temperature. To extract the total suspended matter, the Sentinel-3 Ocean and Land Color Instrument Earth Observation Full Resolution (OLCI EFR) is used. The Case-2 Regional CoastColour (C2RCC) processor within the SentiNel Application Platform (SNAP) software is used. The result show that the GEE platform is successfully captured the dynamic sea surface temperature as well as the total suspended matter with high efficiency in term of time and hard disk drive consumption.

Morphometric analysis is one of the procedures that can be used for identifying organism species. Determination of the long and shortfin eel (Anguilla sp.) is usually based on the specific measurements of the dorsal and anal fin. This study aims to evaluate a variety of pre-dorsal (PD/TL %), pre-anal (PA/TL %), and ano-dorsal ratio (AD %) in the different eel size classes and variation of sizes among Central Java estuaries. Samples (148 eels) were taken from riverine, marshes, and impounding seawater of Central Java estuaries in July 2019. The results show that the widest ranges of PD/TL, PA/TL, and AD ratios (%) were 12.98 – 48.18 %, 19.03 – 50.78 %, and -6.56 to 32.88 %, respectively, which were found in Gatel riverine of Nusawungu. Those values overlap with the species of Anguilla interioris, A. megastoma, A. nebulosa nebulosa, A. labiata, A. marmorata, A. bicolor bicolor, and even A. b. pacifica. Percentage value in a certain ranges of A-D were dominated by 0 - 3.6 % (96.3 %) and 14.1 – 19.3 % (3.7 %). This can be concluded that during the months of July, the short-fin eel (known as A. b. bicolor) had been dominated to be caught from Southern Central Java Estuaries than a long-fin eel.

Barbodes binotatus is a group of freshwater fish and this species is an endemic and most dominant category of freshwater species in Indonesia. Morphological examinations at the level of intraspecific populations by involving extensive sampling localities have never been conducted before. Morphological characteristics through truss morphometry analysis of body shape can be used to analyze shape changes during growth, discriminate genera or species as well as identify good quality of population for fish broodstock. This aims of research were to determine the relationship between fluctuating asymmetry and morphological character of B. binotatus across different regions from Java. A total of 650 samples were analyzed and collected from a total of 24 sampling sites around Java Island. Individual specimens for each population were analyzed using thin plate spline (tpsDig) method with a total of 14 anatomical landmarks. The result of this research inform that PCA analysis showed highly significant different of each population. Research with genetic approach is needed to determine population groupings across distribution area.

Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) production in Indonesia for 5 (five) years has increased by 18%. Increased production of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) will result in an increase in fish waste and by-products, such as viscera, skin, bones, and scales. This waste can have an impact on environmental, health, social, and economic problems if not appropriately managed. Hydrolysis technology can turn viscera tilapia waste into more useful hydrolysate. This article aims to obtain a profile of the potential hydrolysates of tilapia viscera as an anti-inflammatory by bioinformatics analysis. The material used in this study was tilapia viscera waste. The waste is then hydrolyzed with alcalase enzyme to produce hydrolysate. LC-HRMS screening shows that there are 99 compounds and eight peptides. PASS analysis is used to predict the potential for biological activity. Most of the total hydrolysate content of tilapia viscera waste has potential biological activity as an anti-inflammatory. These results indicate that tilapia viscera waste hydrolysate has the potential as an anti-inflammatory.

Dried salted striped catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) is one of dried fish produced by salt fermentation and drying process. Drying temperature, time, and methods cause specific characteristic of the product. Human visualization is limited and the conventional method to analyze the characteristic of the product is time consuming so that accurate method is needed with digital image analysis or image processing. The study aimed to determine mathematic model which show the characteristics of dried salted striped catfish cause by different drying process and to observe the visual transformations which is stated in image parameter of RGB, L*a*b, hue, saturation, intensity, area, and texture (entropy, energy, contrast, and homogeneity). This research did by using the temperature settings of 40, 50, and 60°C for 12 hours. Moisture content was carried out every two hours. The images were taken per hour for accurate results. The mathematical models used are Lewis, Henderson and Pabis, and Page. The mathematical models were obtained from the regression analysis. The research showed that the drying constant (k) was directly proportional to temperature increase. Model Page is more suitable than the other mathematical models because it has the highest R² value and the lowest value of SEE (Standard Error of Estimate). The result of diffusivity effective for each temperature with the value of 8.776 × 10⁻³; 31.922 × 10⁻³; 48.389 × 10⁻³, with the activation energy of 74.34 kJ/g mol. The digital image has a strong correlation with moisture content reduction with R² > 0.8. The results of entropy and energy on textures were continued with Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) analysis produce equation of Moisture Content (%) = 188.721 + (Energy x 40.249) + (Entropy × (-25.801)).

The application of shock induction is concerned with the sporulation. The essential indicator of the vegetative cell and spore quantities is influenced by the absorption of the organic compound components. The principal objective of this experiment was to establish the impact of starting shocking time on organic carbon, total nitrogen, and organic matter absorbed by B. megaterium BM1 in vegetative and sporulation phases. This research was conducted in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks with 200 ml media and was added with 1% (v/v) bacterial starter (1.7 × 10⁸ cells/ml⁻¹). The test media were incubated at 37 °C and shocking started at 5, 10, and 15 hours after inoculation, respectively. The sample from each test medium was measured as much as 15 ml to calculate organic compound uptake. The results showed that the carbon and nitrogen concentrations in the culture media are decreasing from the vegetative phase to the sporulation period throughout the given treatments. The highest organic carbon and total nitrogen absorption in vegetative phase occurred at the starting shocking at 10^th hour and 15^th hour with a value of more than 30%. However, in the sporulation, the highest of three parameters happened in the starting shocking time at the 5^th hour.

Porridge is a cereal based meal which may be combined with tuna meat and bone meal for improved nutritional content, particularly calcium. Good quality tuna porridge canned must be beneficial to health, of high nutritional value and acceptable to sensory organs. This research aims at obtaining a formulation of tuna porridge canned product with fortified tuna bone meal with good organoleptic quality and acceptable to the society. The use of completely randomized design with fortification treatments 0%, 1%, 2% and 3% and three repetitions in the research method is expected to present an overview of the organoleptic quality of tuna porridge canned. The research result shows that fortified tuna bone meal significantly influences the organoleptic quality of taste and texture and does not significantly influence the organoleptic quality of color and smell. The analysis using the Bayes method results in the best product of tuna porridge canned with fortified tuna bone meal 1%.

Soap is a daily necessity for cleaning the body and face. There are many types of soap products on the market that soap is containing Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS) / Sodium Laureth Sulphate (SLES) and SLS / SLES free soap. Mostly, mass-produced soap (cosmetic industry) and home industry use additives by utilizing the potential of natural resources from terrestrial and marine. This paper is a review on the potential of marine resource that is Eucheuma sp. for solid soap, especially SLS / SLES free solid soap. The results of several research of soap formulation using seaweed as raw materials have been done that were extraction of Eucheuma sp. using maceration method by alcohol compounds solvent and water solvent. This review article is expected to be a reference for researcher and algae soap entrepreneurs in determining their formulation by paying attention to methods that are environmentally friendly and easy to adopt.

Concentrated unsaturated fatty acids are processed from refined catfish oil extracted from belly meat which is the byproduct of the industry processing pangasius fillets. This belly part contains high enough fat which can be used as a source of essential fatty acids. This essential fatty acid is useful for human health and can reduce the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physical and chemical characteristics of the encapsulated concentrated unsaturated fatty acids that have been produced. This study used a combination of coatings (maltodextrin and sodium caseinate; 9:1, 8:2, 7:3) with a ratio of unsaturated fatty acid concentrate with coating 1:5. The physicochemical characteristics analyzed were microencapsulation efficiency, dried encapsulated yield, emulsion viscosity, wettability, water solubility, morphology (SEM) and hygroscopicity. Based on the results of the study show that the ratio of 9:1 is the most optimal comparison in this study which have the lowest emulsion viscosity 12.60 cP with the efficiency of microencapsulation of 40.91% and the dried encapsulated yield of 47.82%

The purpose of this research was to determine the formulation of flakes made from millet flour and snakehead fish Koya based on its physical, chemical, and sensory properties. The ingredients used were millet flour, snakehead fish koya, sugar, margarine, skim milk and egg. Koya is a savory powder and usually added to traditional Indonesian foods such as Soto and noodles. The initial formulation was determined with a mass balance of the ingredients. The variations of millet flour and snakehead fish koya were 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, and 40:60. All treatments were carried out sensory evaluation using a hedonic test, proximate analysis, calories analysis using bomb calorimetry methods, and physical analysis using a texture profile analyzer. The Compensatory model was used in this study to determine the best formula based on all parameters. The results of this study showed that the best formula of flakes had compositions of millet flour 60% and snakehead fish koya 40%. The physical properties showed that its hardness, fracturablity, crispness, and crunchiness in milk values respectively were 1.41 N, 1.02 N, 39.90, and 8.09 minutes. Chemical properties showed that its moisture, ash, protein, fat, carbohydrate, and total calorie content were 2.23%, 3.18%, 14.01%, 19.32%, 61.25%, and 240.81 kcal/50 g, respectively. Sensory analysis showed a brownish color, fishy aroma, fishy taste, and crunchy texture.

Analysis of the bargaining position of traditional shipping in its integration to the marine toll in Tanjung Emas Port of Semarang should be carried out to evaluate its appropriateness. This research was aimed to identify the internal (strength, weakness) and external (opportunity, threat) factors concerning the integration of traditional shipping into the marine toll, as well as to determine the priority of supporting aspects of improvements. The research was carried out through interviews with some experts. Data analysis was carried out using SWOT and AHP. The research identified 12 internal and 12 external factors related to the integration of traditional shipping business in Tanjung Emas Port of Semarang. SWOT analysis showed that traditional shipping has a strong and opportunistic position with an index position of +0.16; +1.79. AHP analysis showed that policy support is the most important aspect of the integration of traditional shipping into the marine toll, followed by competitiveness and market insurance. According to the result, the policy may have a larger implication on the factors affecting the strength and opportunity of traditional shipping in its integration to the marine toll.

The disharmony between land and marine spatial planning is threatening the planning of sustainable coastal development. In Indonesia, land spatial planning has firstly been implemented, followed by the spatial zonation of coastal waters. Therefore, to achieve sustainable coastal zone management, the harmonization between the regional spatial plan or RTRW with the zoning plan for coastal waters and small islands or RZWP3K is urgently needed. This paper aims to examine the spatial problems in the process of integrating these two spatial plans. Using the spatial review method, the stages of study consist of forming the seamless spatial planning maps of 8 provincial regions in Indonesia that have stipulated the second regional regulation on spatial planning regimes and then integrated them with the coastal waters spatial planning zonation map (rzwp3k). The findings show the potential conflict in some areas, especially in protected areas with cultivation and public use, and between the cultivation areas, fisheries, and industries. Other findings are on the technical aspect, which shows the differences in the coastal area due to the use of two different coastlines and base maps. Regarding substance, there are differences in the content of the framework of the RTRW and RZWP3K mandates in regional regulation.

Geodatabase or digital spatial database is one of the GIS applications with an integrated database that has become a data source center that can be accessed for information and analysis needs by various existing applications. Participatory digital database has the potency to be used for inventorizing and collecting a complete, comprehensive, and detailed village/sub-district potentials spatial data. This research aims to provide knowledge as well as skills to the community, especially sub-district officials about a standardized spatial-based digital database of village potentials. The study took place in Langnga village, Mattiro Sompe District, Pinrang Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Methods used in this research are UAV Data Processing, Geodatabase System Compilation, Census and Cadastre Surveys, and Integration of Non-Spatial Data with Spatial Data. By compiling village potentials geodatabases, we constructed a Langnga village's potentials map which can be used as a reference for planning and development of the village.

Central Java Province is among the largest aquaculture producers in Indonesia. This hefty contribution also comes with a challenge of degraded coastal areas primarily due to mangrove conversion into ponds, land subsidence, and raising sea surface. In Demak Regency, abrasion and robs flood have adversely affected the farmers' aquaculture ponds since the past decades. The changing coastal environment and lack of knowledge to adapt in aquaculture management led to declining production that hampered the community's resilience in the future. To help the farmers to thrive, an initiative called Coastal Field School (CFS) was implemented in 10 villages in Demak. Principally, CFS is a participatory learning method that emphasizes problem solving and discovery based on learning toward their production systems. The entire CFS program took place in 2015 – 2020, however this study only focused on the CFS conducted in Bedono village during May 2019 – September 2019. This paper discusses the CFS impact on the farmers' knowledge change using the indicators of farmers' program participation level, pre-test and post-test result to determine the knowledge improvement, aquaculture management technique, and productivity rate. The test was analyzed using a paired t-test where the knowledge level of farmers increased significantly (p < 0.001). The farming productivity rate also improved by nearly 30%. It is concluded that CFS can strengthen the farmers' resilience in the degraded coastal area in Demak.

This research aimed to evaluate the length-weight relationship (LWR) and condition factor of the endemic fish Oryzias nigrimas in Lake Poso and took place from May 2017 until April 2018. A total of 645 O. nigrimas samples were analysed (137 males and 508 females). The length-weight equation was 1.55 × 10⁶ L^2.346 for males and W = 3.95 × 10⁶ L^2.107 for females. The LWR coefficient b was b = 2.346 for males and b = 2.107 for females (combined value 2.155) which means that b < 3, indicating O. nigrimas is a fish with an allometric negative growth pattern. The condition factor ranged from 0.945-1.091 for males and 0.940-1.107 for females. Overall, the condition factor (Kn) ranged from 0.940 - 1.091, indicating that the sampled fish could be considered in a normal condition. Kn appeared to be related to reproduction with the average Kn value of both male and female fish, being highest in September and February during peak spawning seasons.

The development of seaweed cultivation method that support marine conservation needs to be done on Kemojan Island. The use of basket to cultivate seaweed can reduce the conflict between seaweed farmers and sea turtle protection compared to the longline method that used by local people on Kemojan Island at the present. The purpose of this study was to analyze the seaweed growth (E. cottonii) using the basket method compared to the simple longline method. Seaweed cultivavtion was conducted for 21 days. We measured the growth variables include biomass growth and daily growth rate. This study proved that the simple longline method produces higher seaweed growth than the basket method. However, the simple longline method is more prone to harvest failure than the basket method. In the absence of disease, the growth of seaweed on the simple longline method was 1.8% per day, while in the basket method was 1.2% per day.

Karimunjawa is one of the National Parks in Indonesia, a marine conservation area known for its diverse coral reefs, and mangrove forest. This study aims to determine coral reef status in Menyawakan Island at the northwest part of Karimunjawa Archipelago. Coral coverage as well as reef fish data were collected from the South, West, North, and East side of Menyawakan Island. Surveys were conducted at a depth of 5 and 10 meters, using the Line Intercept Transect (LIT) for coral coverage and visual census for reef fish abundance. The highest coral cover, categorized as good condition, was found in the North side of Menyawakan Island at a depth of 5 m (64.94%). Pomacentrus shows the greatest abundance with 291 individuals on the South side of Menyawakan Island. Overall coral cover in Menyawakan Island is categorized as medium to good condition, while the highest reef fish abundance is dominated with family of Pomacentridae, which are native habitat in coral reef area.

Threadfin bream or Nemipterus sp. becomes one of the fish resources utilized in Banten Bay waters. The catch of threadfin bream decreased from year to year. Therefore, threadfin bream resources in the Banten Bay waters have alleged over-exploited. This study aims to analyze the optimum utilization of threadfin bream fish resources, seen from three management positions namely maximum sustainable yield (MSY), maximum economic yield (MEY) and open access equilibrium (OAE). Bio-economic analysis was carried out using the Gordon Schaefer model. Economic parameters that used in this research are price and fishing cost. Biological parameters are estimated using the Schaefer model. The set gillnet, Danish seine, and trammel net are the fishing gear for catching the threadfin bream in this research. The result shows that the maximum sustainable yield of threadfin bream is 1,344 tons/year and the optimum effort is 2,298 units/year. The productions rate of threadfin bream from 2007 continued to decrease until 2016. The highest economic profit was obtained in MEY of IDR 12.9 billion. The actual condition of threadfin bream fisheries is still under the condition of MEY management. The utilization of threadfin bream can still be optimized, but it needs to be done carefully and wisely so as not to cause damage to fish resources and the environment. The decrease in catch and CPUE needs to be aware of symptoms of overfishing.

Climate change and abrasion have had a wide impact in various regions of the world. In the area of Central Java Province, such as the coast of Semarang-Demak, there has been a significant change from being an agrarian society to become a coastal area. This raises the potential for coastal disaster-based ecotourism. However, there are many challenges that need to be assessed first to provide a basis for the development direction. Ecotourism provides direct benefits for nature and community conservation in the context of revitalizing resources to rebuild socio-economic conditions that have not been properly managed. The purpose of this study is to examine the development of Disaster-Marine-Ecotourism using a SWOT analysis. The application of SWOT analysis in maritime tourism planning in Bedono village found some specific and unique points. The biggest challenge are developing the competence of local leaders in the tourism sector and improving tourism support infrastructure. Meanwhile, the biggest threat from outside is environmental conditions which are getting worse every year. So synergy from various parties, especially the government, is needed in providing disaster response programs in the area.

Fish paste is one of fisheries products made by fermentation of small shrimp or non economically fishes and became popular in Indonesia as a condiment related rich in umami taste. Fish paste from different region have not same appearance and nutritional as result of processing variety such as raw material, composition and fermentation time. Most people think that the reddish brown fish paste color tends to be more attractive than the brown or blackish brown ones. This study aims to investigate the effect of brazilin extract of the dried heartwood of Caesalpinia sappan L (BEC) on the physiochemical properties of fish paste from ponyfish (FPP). The powder of BEC was extracted using solution contain 96% ethanol and 1% HCl with ratio of the dried heartwood (in sawdust form) and solution are about 1:5. FPP was produced using three different concentration of BEC: 5%; 7.5%; 10% and without BEC (0%) as a control treatment. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance and Kruskall-Wallis. Addition of the 5% and 10% BEC in fish paste resulted in lower lightness and higher redness compared with control (p<0.05). The 7.5% of BEC resulted significant difference (p<0.05) to color compared other treatments with Hue value test ranges from 18-54⁰ (indicates high red color). The other parameters such as moisture content, amount of Lactic Acid Bacteria and sensory attributes did not show any difference. In conclusion, the 7.5% of BEC exhibited the effectiveness in color performance and sensory attributes in FPP.

Based on the map, parts of Gresik were known as coastal area. Condition of traditional vessel in development and application propulsion systems still use previous vessels as a references. Traditional vessel should follows Indonesia Classification Bureau (Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia or BKI) guidance, however Gresik traditional vessels hasn't fulfill the BKI guidance. Hence, in this research aim to inventory shaft and propeller of traditional vessel and to calculate according the BKI. The research method is collect literature review, collect vessel data and calculate it according guidance. This research was carried out on vessel data collection in three sub-districts, namely Panceng sub-district, Ujung Pangkah sub-istrict and Gresik sub-district. There are 3 results in this research, the first one is minimum shaft diameter (Ds) which weren't fulfill BKI guidance is Panceng Sub-district with 20% of 10 vessels. Second results is maximum bearings distance which weren't fulfill BKI guidance is Panceng Sub-district with 40% of 10 vessels. And the last is all sub-district has fulfill minimum thickness 0,25 propeller radius (t_0,25R). Based on the results, importance applying BKI guidance should be introduced for owner or crew of gresik traditional vessels.

Gorgonian is one of marine invertebrates that is still underexplored as a source of bioactive compounds. This study aimed to discover the biological properties of Astrogorgia sp. and its phytochemical content. A consecutive extraction method using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol was conducted to obtain secondary metabolites from the sample. Antimicrobial assay was performed against ESBL E. coli, MRSA, C. albicans, and M. furfur; cytotoxicity against P388 Murine Leukaemia Cancer Cells, antioxidant was tested using DPPH method. The consecutive extraction method gave yield (%) as follows: 0.21 ± 0.22 from n-hexane; 0.67 ± 0.17 from acetyl acetate; and 1.20 ± 0.50 from methanol. All fractions gave positive results on antibacterial assay against all pathogens while only gave antifungal activity against C. albicans. Methanol fraction had the highest antioxidant activity, while n-hexane fraction showed the best cytotoxicity.

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