Table of contents

The 9th International Symposium for Sustainable Humanosphere (The 9th ISSH 2019)

Editorial

On behalf of the organizing committee, I would like to present the Proceeding of the 9th International Symposium for Sustainable Humanosphere (ISSH) which was held at Grand Savero Hotel, Bogor Indonesia on 28-29 October 2019. The symposium was the 9^th annual meeting for ISSH and in conjunction with Humanoshpere Science School (HSS) was also marked as The 409^th Symposium on Sustainable Humanosphere for RISH-Kyoto University, Japan. This annual event is an important and prestigious scientific forum organized by RC Biomaterials-LIPI and RISH-Kyoto University dedicated to gather the researchers, academicians, professionals, and general public to sharing knowledge, disseminating research funding, exchanging success stories and expanding both national and international collaboration.

List of Editorial Board th Proceedings of the 9 International Symposium for Sustainable Humanosphere (The 9^th ISSH 2019), List of Reviewer The Proceeding of the 9th International Symposium for Sustainable Humanosphere (The 9th ISSH 2019), Organizing Committee The 9th International Symposium for Sustainable Humanosphere (The 9th ISSH 2019) are available in the pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

•Type of peer review: Double-blind

•Conference submission management system:

oThe participants registered and submitted their abstract through online system (http://situs.opi.lipi.go.id/hss2019), and after passed the reviewing process for the abstract, the authors sent their Full Paper via email (issh@biomaterial.lipi.go.id) to the committee.

•Number of submissions received: 62

•Number of submissions sent for review: 60

•Number of submissions accepted:55

•Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100): 88.71%

•Average number of reviews per paper: 2

•Total number of reviewers involved: 44

•Any additional info on review process:

•Contact person for queries:

oIkhsan Guswenrivo

oEmail:ikhsan.guswenrivo@biomaterial.lipi.go.id

oPhone: +62-813-1001-9763

In Indonesia, Parkia speciosa (petai) is one of multy purpose tree species (MPTS). It belongs to the Fabaceae family and commonly found in agroforestry land in North Sumatera. This study aimed to map the distribution of land suitability for P. speciosa in Peria-ria Village and Sari Laba Jahe Village, Biru-biru Sub-district, Deli Serdang District, North Sumtera Province, Indonesia. This research was conducted by a survey method to collect soil samples based on the land unit yhat was obtained from overlay soil map, land use map, and slope map. Land suitability was evaluated based on the matching method. The Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to map the distribution of land suitability class. The results showed that the actual land suitability class for P. speciosa were moderately suitable (S2) (8.25%), marginally suitable (S3) (14.26%) and not suitable (N) (77.5%) in this area. Erosion hazard (eh), root zone medium (rc), availability of water (wa), and nutrient retention (nr) were the dominant of limiting factor in this area. The most difficult constrain to counter were root zone medium and water availability.

Research on biodiversity study of several peatland types in Papua had been carried out in Merauke and Mappi. The plot method was used for ecological research and interviews method for ethnobotany research. The results showed that the most important species which have the highest Importance Value Index (IVI) were Beilschmiedia sp., Carallia brachiate (Lour.) Merr., and Kibara coriacea (Blume) Hook. f. & A. Thomps. in Kaliki Village, whereas it was Melaleuca leucadendra (L.) L only in Marga Mulia Village, Merauke. The most important species which have the highest IVI were Semecarpus forstenii Blume, Archidendron clypearia (Jack) I.C. Nielsen, and Campnosperma auriculatum (Blume) Hook.f. in Khanami Village, while they were Calophyllum euryphyllum Lauterb, Diospyros toposiodes King & Gamble, and Syzygium effusum (A.Gray) Müll. Stuttg in Yame Village, Mappi. The plants are used for building materials and ships, medicinal materials, food ingredients, animal feed, energy-producing materials/firewood, and material in traditional rituals.

Traditionally, Indonesian people are used to using bamboo as construction material. Whole bamboo stems (bamboo culm) which is round and hollow, has several segments and tapered. Regarding the development of bamboo utilization for construction material, testing standards and code of practices are needed to ensure the users safety. The quality of bamboo construction can be improved by using a stress grading system. Therefore, this research is needed to obtain the grading variable that influences the modulus of elasticity of Ampel bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris). Based on analysis of their variable, bamboo's dimension and geometry are not affecting modulus elasticity value. This result shows that the further research for grading system is required to obtain identify characteristics parameter of Bambusa vulgaris that correlate with the modulus of elasticity.

In Indonesia, yard or home garden as one of the processed land has not received full attention. One of the roles of the yard is as a "living pharmacy". Research and inventory of plants grown in the yard of 11 villages in Indonesia recorded no less than 120 plant species were used as medicinal herbs. Some were also used as traditional cosmetics and spices. Zingiberaceae family are the most commonly used and cultivated plants. Information on the results of this ethnobotany research is expected to provide input to improve yard development.

Rice husk and rice straw are some of abundantly available agricultural wastes that could substitute the utilization of wood as particleboard raw-materials. Nevertheless, recent studies show that rice husk and rice straw instigated low mechanical and physical properties of particleboard. Modification of rice husk and rice straw particle was investigated in order to improve particleboard properties by immersing rice husk and straw in boiling water (100°C) for 0.5, 1, 2 h and in Na₂CO₃ (80°C) for 1 h, and combination of rice husk as face and back layers and rice straw as core layer. The boards were manufactured under pressing conditions of 200°C for 10 min used citric acid and sucrose as adhesive. Pre-treatment of 1 h boiling water of particle resulted the highest quality of all properties and satisfy the JIS 5908 (2003) requirement in Modulus of Rupture (MOR) and Internal Bonding (IB). Combining rice husk as face and back layer and rice straw as core layer resulting in IB improvement. Compared to the other adhesives, citric acid and sucrose adhesives showed better mechanical and physical properties for rice husk and rice straw particleboard manufacturing.

Diversity of vegetation in three cover types of forest, Mappi, Papua. Mappi District, located in southern part of Papua, is one area that has a unique forest area especially in biodiversity species of flora. The aim of this study is to know tha types of vegetation and their potential. Observations were made using 9 plots, 20 × 20 m² in size of each plot; as tree (DBH [Diameter at Breast Height] > 20 cm), 10 x 10 m² in size; as pole (10 < DBH <20 cm), 5 × 5 m²; as sapling (DBH <10 cm) and 2 × 2 m²; as seedling. All vegetation in the plot are inventoried according to their growth rate. The location of the observation is based on land covers, namely swamp, secondary dryland and primary dryland forests. The results showed that the ecosystem in the swamp forest is located on the banks of the river with vegetation cover varying up to the mainland, such as Pandanus tectorius, Stenoclaena palustris, Cerbera manghas, where the species S. palustris is the species that mostly covers the forest floor. In the secondary forest, the vegetation types were consisted of Tristaniopsis ferruginea, Canarium denticulatum, Rhodamnia cinerea, Aporosa sp. and Palaquium sp. While in the primary dryland forests had stands of several species with high canopy and the forest floor covered by thin litter as lowland forest ecosystems, such as Santiria apiculata, S. laevigata, Cryptocarya crassinervia, Fagraea racemosa, Gonystylus macrophyllus, Vatica rassak and Prunus arborea.

Lipase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis reaction of lipid (triacylglycerol) to glycerol and free fatty acids which has been used in various industrial applications such as food, cosmetics, detergents and pharmaceuticals. Bacillus subtilis C2 isolated from bulk shrimp paste (terasi) in Samarinda East Kalimantan, it showed producing lipase, and able to degrade fat. Lipase activity was determined titrimetrically. The ability of the strain to degrade fatty substrates was investigated in the medium 0.1% of olive oil, virgin coconut oil (VCO), cooking oil, tween 80, and Schleicheraoleosa oil. The activities of lipase treated based on the period of incubation, temperature, and pH. The results showed that the optimum activity of lipase was 1.09 U/mL after five days incubation, 1.43 μmol/mL at 30°C and 1.96 U/mL at pH 9.0. The enzyme gave the highest lipase activity 1.76 μmol/mL used olive oil as a substrate. The physiology analysis showed the bacterium B. subtilis C₂-lipolytic was thermotolerant, halotolerant and strictly aerobic.

Current recombinant human insulin production utilizes two major expression systems, Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae-based expression systems. Methylotropic yeast, Pichia pastoris, has appeared as a promising alternate yeast recombinant host for insulin precursor (IP) expression due to its ability to produce high titers, efficient secretion, and growth to very high cell densities. Similar to the S. cerevisiae system, P. pastoris secreted soluble IP into the culture supernatant. In the previous study, we have established P. pastoris recombinant clones harboring synthetic insulin precursor (IP) expression cassette integrated into their genomes through homologous recombination. It is essential to verify that the expression cassettes of the IP encoding gene remain stably integrated with the genome during such prolonged methanol induction. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the stability of one recombinant clone (CL-4) expressing the human insulin precursor by verifying the stable integration of the IP expression cassette into the genome by PCR, and the IP protein expression after prolonged methanol induction over 70 generations. We found that the expression cassette was stably integrated into the genome of the CL-4 recombinant clone and the IP expression was sustained after 72 generations of cultivations in the culture and induction media without antibiotic selection.

Aquaponic systems of aquatic animal-plant are a model for conversion of waste into plant substrates and its efficacy is estimated depending on the type of feed given. This study aims to investigate the effect of fermented feed in the circulating aquaponics system with catfish (Clarias sp.) on the growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). The study was carried out in a circulated serial aquaculture tanks containing catfish. Various inputs of fermented fish feed was applied including low concentration (6% of fish weight) and high concentration (9% of fish weight). The growth of lettuce, water quality, and total microorganisms were measured. As results, maximum length and width of lettuce were higher in supplementation of higher feed concentrations (9%), as well as tendency height and weight of plant clumps plant.

Colors variation and aging on cloth can be obtained through dyeing repetition and the application of color reinforcement materials. In the present study, cloth was dyed with dyes from the mixed fungi of Aspergillus and Paecilomyces using three different dyeing repetitions (3, 6, and 9 times), three different mordants (CaCO₃, FeSO₄.7H₂O, and KAI (SO₄)₂.12H₂O), and three different other color reinforcement materials (salt, soda ash, and vinegar). The mixed fungi were grown on mineral salt glucose medium in stationary cultures in dark conditions for 4 weeks. By using the RHS color chart, the range of colors developed on dyed materials was measured. The result showed that different dyeing repetitions and the combination of those with color reinforcement materials had a great effect on the color formation of cloth by the mixed fungi dyes. The optimum condition of cloth dyeing by the fungal dyes depends on color reinforcement materials used. The combination of dyeing repetition and color reinforcement materials on the color formation of cloth by the fungal dyes generated various colors, adding a color variation on textile dyeing.

Rhizobium bacteria are bacteria including Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) that are able to fix nitrogen, solubilise phosphate, produce enzymes of protease, IAA hormone and siderophore so that it plays, an important role in increasing agricultural productivity. Several rhizobia have been successfully isolated from 8 legume plants from various regions, with the aim of obtaining Rhizobium isolates which are potential, effective and efficient as biological fertilizer agents. A total of 8 isolates were successfully isolated using selective media for Rhizobium bacteria, namely YEMA, following their activities were tested qualitatively N fixing, solubilise phosphate, protease, IAA hormone and siderophore production. All isolates thrive on YEMA+CR media and showed fast growth in YEMA + BTB.. A total of 11 inoculation treatments were tested on soybean plants consisting of 1. EKP (3), 2. EKP (4), 3. i (1), 4 (combined 1-3), 5. 1 (2), 6. B (1), 7. H (2), 8 ( combined 5-7), 9. A (2), 10.2 (1), 11 (combined 9-10). As a control plant without inoculation and without N fertilizer (K1) and plants without inoculation and with N fertilizer equivalent to 100 kg/ha (K₂). The planting media used for greenhouse experiments were sterile sand media. The experimental design used were a completely randomized design with 3 replications. Plants growth were observed with parameters included plant height and number of leaves (at 1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7 weeks). Soybean plants werw harvested at 50 days after planting, following measurement of dry weight of canopy, roots, root nodules, total plants and chlorophyll content. The results showed that 8 individual isolates and 3 combined isolates inoculated to soybean plants varied, all of which were able to increase growth. Isolates number H(2) and 1(2) (isolates of nodules root of Peanut plants) gave the highest yields on the growth of soybean plants.

The objective of the study was to isolate, identify and characterize phytase producing yeast. The yeast was isolated from various resources, and the identification of yeast was conducted by the sequencing of the ITS region. Of 41 isolates, 24 isolated produced phytase. The highest phytse producing yeast was identified as Candida natalensis YEG 132, Saturnispora quitensis YEg 135, and Candida albicans YEg 226. These isolates were able to use various carbon and nitrogen sources. The maximum phytase production depends on isolates, media composition, pH and incubation temperature. Temperature affected phytase production. All isolates produce the highest phytase was at 30°C. Increased temperature to 35° C and 40°C inhibits phytase production by all strains. S. quitensis was the highest isolate inhibited by an increase of incubation temperature. The pH of cultures affects phytase production and varies depending on isolate. S. quitensis and Candida natalesis produced the highest phytase activities at pH 5.0, while C. albicans was at pH 6.0. All isolates were able to assimilate glucose, dextrose, sucrose, xylose and lactose. In general, glucose was the best carbon source for phytase activity. But each isolate has its preferential on carbon sources. S. quitensis produced the highest phytase on glucose, but not on dextrose. Each isolate has preferential on nitrogen sources. Yeast extract was the best N-sources for C. albicans, while ammonium sulfate was best for C. natalensis, S. quitensis. Ammonium nitrate was not favorable for phytase production by C. natalensis. Candida natalensis YEG 132, Saturnispora quitensis YEg 135, and Candida albicans YEg 226 was a good candidate for phytase production.

Three local Indonesian cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genotypes, Adira 4, Roti, and Ubi Kuning retained their growth under a water deficit environment. To understand the physiological and molecular responses of cassava plants under such stress, we observed leaf stomata characteristics, i.e. stomata dimension (width and length) and density, and molecular expression of aquaporin (AQP) gene, respectively. The observation was performed on all genotypes on day 26 and 45 after water-deficit treatment. Quantification of gene expression was performed by comparing the threshold cycle (Ct) values of AQP with Ct values β-tubulin for each genotype. Results showed that water deficit treatment significantly affected both stomata density, length and width in all genotypes. On day 26 after treatment, the density of stomata in Roti and Ubi Kuning increased two times higher than the stomata density in plants under well-watered supply. Stomata length of Roti and Adira 4 under water stress was 0.4 times shorter than those under normal water supply. Relative expression of AQP, encoding AQP PIP2 proteins, in the Roti genotype showed that the gene transcripts have no significant elevation after experiencing water stress. In Adira 4, the expressions of AQP increased two-times at day 26 under water-deficit treatment compared with AQP expressions in well-watered treatment and continued to elevate up to three times higher at day 45 than those of expressed in Adira 4 plants under well-water treatment. In addition to stomata phenotypic changes, Ubi Kuning may regulate its water channel proteins AQP PIP2 to control turgor pressure in the beginning phase of water stress conditions. These results showed that three cassava genotypes responded differently under water deficit stress and these may serve as basic knowledge for further analysis.

People use peels, stems, leaves, and fruits of plants as a natural colorant. One part of fruit peel that has potentially used as a food colorant is red dragon fruit peels. The pigments found are betacyanin, but betacyanin compounds are easily degraded by heat, pH, and light. Degradation of betacyanin forms betalamic acid compounds (yellow) and cyclo-DOPA acids (cloroless). In this work, an attempt was made to increase the stability of betacyanin pigment against temperature by adding stabilizer such as glucose, sucrose, and lactose. Betacyanin extract was obtained from extraction using water solvent at pH 6 with a ratio of 1:4 (w/v). Extract was diluted and added stabilizer at concentration 0 ppm, 100 ppm, and 150 ppm. The solution was heated in a water bath at temperature of 60 °C for 1 hour. The content of betacyanin was examined by a UV-VIS spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 534.8 nm every 15 minutes. The retention value for 150 ppm of lactose was the greatest of all the stabilizer with the value of 61.95%. Pigment betacyanin was degraded more slowly in a lactose solution. The highest half-life time increased by 24.24% for dissolution in 150 ppm lactose. Thus, lactose has the potential to increase the stability of betacyanin.

The presence of antibiotics in wastewater discharged to the waterbody has negative effects. The antibiotics can induce bacteria to be persistent. Hence, efforts to limit the concentration of antibiotics in wastewater are required. In this work, the removal of antibiotics was performed by adsorption using nanoporous carbon in the form of a monolith. The carbon monolith was prepared by pyrolysis of templated resorcinol formaldehyde polymer at 600°C and 800°C. The material was characterized systematically by scanning electron microscopy and an N2-sorption analyzer. As a comparison, commercial carbon of coconut shell-derived was also employed in the study. The characterization showed that porous carbon monolith has a high specific surface area up to 594 m²/g. In the adsorption test, the results indicated that carbon monolith was better at adsorbing antibiotics compared to the commercial one.

In molecular biological techniques, bacterial transformation is an essential process to strain improvement. However, transformation rate into wild type bacteria is commonly low because of the cell defense mechanism of the bacteria. Restriction modification (RM) in bacteria cells can prevent the introduction of recombinant plasmids into target bacteria. Previously, the transformation of recombinant shuttle vector pBBRE194 containing protease gene into wild type Bacillus halodurans CM1 (pBBRE194 prot-CM1) has been conducted. However, the transformation rate seemed low, and the stable recombinant clones could not be obtained. Therefore, in vivo methylation of this plasmid in E. coli has to be done before genetic transformation into the wild type bacterium, to obtain stable recombinant CM1 clones. In this study, a plasmid with artificial modification (pPAMC125) harboring genes encoding for the modification enzymes (methylases) from another strain, B. halodurans C-125, and a shuttle E.coli-Bacillus vector pBBRE194 prot-CM1 plasmid were transformed simultaneously into E. coli DH5a and TOP10, respectively. The expression of methylation enzymes genes carried by pPAMC125 in the presence of different L-arabinose concentration was observed via SDS-PAGE analyses. The analysis of the effect of these genes expression towards plasmid pBBRE194 prot-CM1 was performed by digesting the plasmid with the extracted cell of B. halodurans CM1. The digestion pattern was analyzed via DNA electrophoresis. As a result, compared to E. coli DH5a, E. coli TOP10 exhibited better condition for methylase genes expression with the result that pBBRE194 prot-CM1 plasmid was not be completely degraded by B. halodurans CM1 restriction endonuclease.

Bacillus halodurans CM1 is one of the bacterial strains from BPPT Culture Collection which had been isolated from sediments in the Cimanggu hot spring, West Java, previously. The whole genomic DNA of this strain has not yet been deeply studied despite its potential as host to produce several kinds of useful enzymes, such as xylanase, lipase, and protease. Besides the industrial enzymes, potential genes in B. halodurans CM1, for example antibiotic-resistant genes, could be engineered later for further purposes. Earlier experiments showed that CM1 strain has the ability to survive in the media with erythromycin, suggesting there might be genes responsible for this erythromycin resistance. This study aimed to isolate erythromycin-resistant gene from B. halodurans CM1 using a PCR approach. The primers used for PCR were designed based on the GenBank database of whole genome Bacillus halodurans C-125. The PCR product was then ligated into a pGEM-T easy cloning vector, and the recombinant vector then transformed into Escherichia coli DH5a. The DNA fragment with the size of 864 bp was obtained and it encoded 288 deduced amino acids. DNA sequence analysis showed that the gene had 99% similarity with gene encoding erythromycin resistance from B. halodurans C-125 (GenBank No access: BA000004.3, ErmK). There are 3 nucleotides in the ErmK sequence of B. halodurans CM1 that are different from that of another well-known strain B. halodurans C-125. This dissimilar pattern of sequence encodes Leu instead of Ser in 155^th orders of CM1 amino acid sequence.

Bacillus subtilis ATCC 21556 produces the highest an antifungal of iturin A compared to the other three of B. subtilis strains ATCC 15841, ATCC 27505, and ATCC 21770. An Iturin A has a wide antifungal spectrum activity, therefore making it an ideal potential for controlling of the fungal diseases of crop not only for preharvest but also for postharvest control. This research work if very useful to overcome the problem of decreased post-harvest production of chili and tomato that caused by the fungal pathogen. Many of the fungi cause of postharvest disease in various fruits and vegetables. Biological control of postharvest diseases has emerged as an effective alternative control since the impact of chemical control of post-harvest disease cause serious consequences for human health and the environment. Twenty microliters of B. subtilis ATCC 21556 (approximately 1 x 10⁷ cell mL^-1) were injected into the fruit of red chillies and tomatoes to control its postharvest diseases caused by fungal of Colletotrichum scovillei 244830. The lesion diameter of C. scovillei 244830 significantly (p<0.005) reduced about 52-64% in chili and 39-44% in tomato. An invitro test showed that percent growth inhibition of B. subtilis ATCC 21556 against C. scovillei 244830 was about 52.38% at 14 days of the incubation time. For successful infection of the fungal pathogens into the host plants, they produce the extracellular enzymes. Qualitative test of the extracellular enzymes showed that C. scovillei 244830 produced the enzymes of amylase, laccase, lipase, pectate lyase, and protease and it did not produce polygalacturonase.

Artocarpus heterophyllus (Ah) is a plant that grows in many parts of Indonesia. Its leaves are widely used for traditional uses, one of which is for facial skin care. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of its extract on facial skin smoothness. Ethanol extract of Ah (EEA) was prepared as clay mask formulation (FI: 1, F2: 3 and F3:5%) and then was applied on volunteer face. Skin smoothness improvement was measured using a skin analyzer. Standardization of simplicia and phytochemical screening of EEA were done before the test. Data were analyzed using Kruskall Wallis and Mann Whitney. Standardization yielded as follows: total water-: 5.33%, total water-soluble 15.67%, total ethanol-soluble 13.61% and total ash 10.29%. Smoothness value showed as normal skin with improvement to smooth level on EEA-treated group: FI: 9.4%; F2: 5.6%; F3:10.0%. The highest improvement percentage of skin was found in F3. Statistically, there was significantly different (p=0.046) between F0-F3. The study concludes that F3 is able to improve facial skin smoothness.

The purpose of this study was to apply microbial suspension of which formulated as bio-insecticide to observe its effectiveness in controlling insect pest on chili plants, Capsicum annum L. The efficacy of bio-insecticide was evaluated based on potential entomopathogenic microorganisms used in the microbial suspension. The bio-insecticide consisted of entomopathogenic fungal and bacterial suspensions. The experiment was carried out in chili cultivation area in Situ Gede, Bogor. The application used spray method with multiple various doses. The observation showed that the plant treated with spore suspensions of entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium sp. T4B23, B2-2, and cell suspensions of entomopathogenic bacteria Bt + SP4, were able to resist against insect pests, such as whitefly, grasshopper, and armyworm. In addition, the treated plant had more vigorous growth and yield than the control treatment.

The wood-rot fungus is one of the most destructive organisms for wood, wood products and building structures besides termites and beetles. Until today, wood-root fungi are still difficult to control, so it is necessary to search for new natural ingredients to be developed as wood preservatives. The purpose of this study was to screen some plant extracts from the area surrounding Lake Toba as anti-wood-rot fungi. This study evaluated antifungal properties of 6 different plant extracts dissolved in methanol against 9 species of wood-rot fungi. The activity was determined using the method of Mohareb [1] by growing the fungi on PDA supplemented with the plant extracts. Parameters observed included diameter of fungal growth and inhibition percentage of fungal growth by plant extracts. Extracts of Tithonia diversifolia, Chromolaena odorata, Saurauia bracteosa dan Azadirachta indica displayed extraordinary activity in inhibiting the growth of wood rot, up to 100%, therefore these plant extracts have the potential to be further investigated as wood rot control agent.

Nitriles are toxic organo-cyanide compounds, but extensively used in various industries as solvents, plastics, synthetic rubber, pharmaceuticals, herbicides, and starting materials for other industrially important chemicals. The wider use of these toxic compounds could lead to an environmental pollution, which have a negative impact on health. Some microbes are reported to be able to utilize both aliphatic and aromatic nitrile s as growth substrates and convert them into non-toxic compounds, some of which also have economic value as well. An indigenous bacterial isolate I-benzo, capable of growing on and utilizing of a high concentration of acetonitrile (CH₃CN) and benzonitrile (C₆H₅CN), could be isolated from leather tanning waste by the enrichment-culture technique. Based on 16S rDNA sequence, the strain was identified as Rhodococcus pyridinivorans. These bacterium was shown to able to grow on acetonitrile (0.2-2.0 M) and on benzonitrile (5-25 mM), as a sole source of energy, carbon and nitrogen, respectively. The best growth of R. pyridinivorans strain I-benzo was on 500 mM acetonitrile and on 15 mM benzonitrile. During the degradation of both nitriles using whole cells of the bacterium, amide and carboxilic acid were detected in the reaction media, indicating that nitrile hydratase and amidase involved in the metabolism of the substrate. The involvement of both enzymes on the conversion of acetonitrile and benzonitrile was also proved by the ability of R. Pyridinivorans I-benzo to grow on their intermediate degradation products, acetamide (CH₃CONH₂) and benzamide (C₆H₅ONH₂), respectively. Based on these results, R. pyridinivorans strain I-benzo could be expected as a potential candidate for biological treatment for nitriles-containing wastes, although further research is still needed before being applied on a field scale.

Collaboration test of rhizobacteria as biostimulant, vesicular arbuscular mycorhizza (VAM) and graded dose of NPK fertilizer was a preliminary experiment to re-fertilize marginal soils. The objective of this experiment was to obtain the suitable collaboration of rhizobacteria as biostimulant, VAM and NPK dose that effectively supports the productivity of the growth media (zeolite) and the growth of bok choy plants. The experiments design was RCD factorial with 2 treatments which were NPK dose (0 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 100 %) and microbial biostimulant. Rhizobacteria acting as biostimulant used were nitrogen fixing bacteria (NFB) (Azospirillum sp., Azotobacter sp., Rhizobium radiobacter InaCCB835), phosphate solubilization bacteria (PSB) (Serratia sp., Klebsiella variicola InaCC B827, Mangrovibacter plantisponsor InaCC B841, Tolumonas osonensis InaCCB831) and VAM. Each treatment, including control, was repeated 3 times. Bok choy seeds from each treatment were planted individually on zeolite media and grown in a greenhouse for 40 days. The results showed that the treatment of MIXN1 (NFB + PSB + VAM + NPK 25%) and MIXN2 (NFB + PSB + VAM + NPK 50%) were effective collaborations of biostimulating rhizobacteria, VAM and NPK dose on supporting the fertility of growth media with the number of rhizobacteria of 10⁷ cfu g^-1 zeolite and supporting optimization of bok choy plant growth and the percentage of bok choy root colonization by VAM with a very high level of infection.

Laccase is one important enzyme in decolorization of textile dyes. This research aims to study the optimization of laccase production from Trametes sp. EDN134 under several variation of substrates (bagasse, bamboo, Jabon wood, oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB), and sorghum fibers), time incubation (1-15 d), growth temperature (25, 27, 30, 32, 35 and 37°C), and concentrations of inducer CuSO4 (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mM). The results showed that optimum laccase specific activity (14,838 U/g) detected in the OPEFB medium at 10 days incubation, temperature 30°C and CuSO₄ 2 mM. The study suggests that these parameters could be used for the optimization of laccase production from a newly isolated Trametes sp. EDN134.

Indole acetic acid (IAA) is a phytohormone which one of the important compounds for plant growth and development, affecting as inducing cell elongation, cell enlargement and cell division. IAA synthesized both in the plants and microorganisms. For microorganisms, production of phytohormone IAA is one of the essential criteria for plant growth promotion. The aim of the present study was to isolate and screen IAA producing bacteria from peat land area in West Kalimantan and optimized some culture conditions for maximum IAA production. The production of IAA was determined in TSB and YEMB liquid medium and the optimization of IAA production in culture media was carried out at different of incubation time, L-Tryptophan concentrations, carbon and nitrogen sources, pH and temperature. The result revealed that maximum IAA production of Bacillus siamensis was achieved at 96 hours of incubation. The YEMB medium supplemented with 250 ppm of tryptophan was obtained as the best medium for IAA production (9.89 μg/ml). This bacterium produced optimum levels of IAA in the presence of sucrose (10.23 μg/ml) and tryptone (16.61 μg/ml) as carbon and nitrogen sources respectively. In the physical parameters, the maximum production of IAA was recorded at T 35°C (8.42 μg/ml) and a pH of 8.0 (13.29 μg/ml).

Probiotics are living organisms with many beneficial effects on the health of host if consumed in sufficient quantities. These beneficial effects have been initiating efforts directed towards exploring strains Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) as probiotic from fermented food such tempe and tape. Although several groups of microorganism from fermented foods such as tempe and tape were reported, the potential LAB derived from those food sources is limited. The aim of this study was to assess probiotic candidate from LAB strains isolated from tempe and tape based on in vitro analysis. A total of 30 LAB isolates were tested for probiotic properties including tolerance to bile salt and acid, antimicrobial activity, simulated gastric juice (SGJ) and simulated intestinal juice (SIJ), physiology and enzymatic properties. The results showed eight bacterial isolates (Pediococcus pentosaceus Su-ls13, P. pentosaceus Su-ls14, Enterococcus faecalis Su-ls15, P. pentosaceus Su-ls16, P. pentosaceus Su-ls21, P. pentosaceus Su-ls22, P. pentosaceus Su-ls24 and Lactobacillus plantarum Su-ls29) fulfilled the criteria as probiotic candidates, including the capability of producing antimicrobial activity by inhibiting the growth of 12 pathogenic bacteria, have survivability under the condition of (or high tolerance to) low pH, and being exposed to bile salt, simulated gastric juice and simulated intestinal juice. All isolates were able to grow at NaCl 3-6.5%, 30-45°C and produce phytase. In addition, six isolates (Su-ls13, Su-ls14, Su-ls15, Su-ls16, Su-ls21, Su-ls22) were able to produce protease and two isolates (Su-ls22, Su-ls24) were able to produce amylase.

The Early Morning Precipitation (EMP) over coastal region is an uncommon pattern in the diurnal cycle due to land-see breeze regular mechanism. This phase shift of diurnal cycle could hinder a numerical weather prediction to capture precipitation. This study aims to investigate sensitivity of WRF model on simulating EMP over north coast of West Java. Some cases (26 January 2006, 4 February 2008) representing heavy precipitation have been simulated in capturing EMP over the north coast of West Java to examine model sensitivity on convection scheme and domain size. The results showed the Betts-Miller-Janjic (BMJ) scheme could simulate EMP quite well on phase, whereas the Kain-Fritsch (KF) scheme capture out of phase on diurnal cycle. For model sensitivity on domain size, the larger domain displayed more realistically in phase to simulate EMP. For synoptic condition during heavy precipitation, it appeared that Cross Equatorial Northerly Surge (CENS) which is enhanced by South China Sea-Cold Tongue (SCS-CT) played main role to develop EMP.

Remote sensing data can be used to help disaster management and environmental management because this data has advantages in terms of speed, is more efficient, can reach large and remote areas. Aside from that, it has consistency in measurement, can make repeated measurements, and has measurable accuracy. Floods in Lake Tempe occur almost every year due to overflowing of Lake Tempe. This research will detect flood inundation from Sentinel-1 data with single-polarization of flooding in Lake Tempe, South Sulawesi. The data used were Sentinel-1 data before flooding (2 May 2018) and after flooding (26 May 2018). The Single polarization of the Sentinel-1 can be used very well to identify floods event. The difference of input band uses the threshold of -6, and enables smoothing of 10. Utilization of tidal junction between Lake Tempe and Lake Sidenreng for agriculture and settlement has caused flooding due to lake water overflowing in the rainy season. This single polarization method can already be used in flooded areas, although in some locations it is still overestimates.

This study examined Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) simulation with different closure type of Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) in six PBL schemes. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of PBL scheme in representing the vertical profile of the atmosphere over Kototabang. Intensive observation during boreal spring in 2002 using radiosonde and Automatic Weather Station (AWS) provided were used to verify the results of WRF. Our finding showed that most of PBL scheme successfully simulated diurnal variations of PBL, temperature and relative humidity. However, the bias in magnitude were found during the daytime. This study shows that ACM2, applying mixed local and non-local closure type, performed more realistic temperature and relative humidity profile with minimum bias compared to other schemes.

Stability index data obtained from the Radiosonde launch at the Space and Atmospheric Observation Station Agam District (West Sumatera-Indonesia) in 30 August to 2 September 2016 (three times launches a day), 5 March to 9 March 2018 (twice launches a day) and 29 April to 2 May 2019 (once launch a day) used Vaisala RS41-SG. The purpose of this study was to investigate the stability indices variations and finding the best indicators for convective disturbances at Kototabang in the tropical region. The stability indices studied were CINH, CAPE, K-index, Ko-index, S-index, SI, LI, TT-index, and the values of temperature, pressure, and height of the stability layers (LCL, LFC, CCL, and EL). K-index, S-index, and TT-index indicated that atmospheric conditions were always unstable. The indices fluctuated slightly as well as temperatures and pressures at stability level. While CAPE, Ko-Index, LI, SI, CINH, temperature and pressure of EL, and the elevations of LCL, LFC, CCL, El were very fluctuating and showed clearly the stable and unstable conditions. Three different observation periods produced three sets of characters for each index. Based on variability analysis and two assessment derived CAPE, CINH, SI and EL-Z can be used as the rainfall predictors.

Thermal images of Landsat satellite can be utilized by estimating the land surface temperature. Moreover, retrieving the temperature estimation before the current event can be done using temporal analysis. Land surface temperature estimation requires Land Surface Emissivity (LSE) value through the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) approach. The result showed that the average land surface temperature in West Aceh District in 2013 was 26.07 °C. The result also showed that the spatial distribution of temperature spread accordingly following the transect pattern. The temperature in the coastal areas was higher than the hinterland. This phenomenon is due to high built-up in the coastal regions, whereby vegetation is dominant in the hinterland areas.

Tropical cyclones are an important part of the atmospheric circulation system, which transfers heat from the equatorial region to higher latitudes. The birth of a tropical cyclone will have an impact on increasing the intensity of heavy rain, wave height, strong winds, and the potential for lightning. The purpose of this study is to analyse tropical cyclones and their impact on ocean and atmospheric conditions that occur in the southern of Java. The data used in this study is hourly rainfall data, Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO), wind (direction and speed), significant wave height, sea surface temperature, and sea level pressure hourly from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The method used in this study is averaging hourly data into daily data for each sea-atmospheric parameter during the 16-years observation period (2004-2019), and representing it in the form of descriptive daily on before, being and after the occurrence of tropical cyclones. From the results of the analysis it can be concluded that there were 17 tropical cyclones which mostly occurred in April, resulting in a significant increase in intensity of sea-atmospheric parameters (rainfall, significant wave height, and wind direction & speed), but decreased for sea level pressure. As from the Riley tropical cyclone event that occurred on (24-26) January 2019, rainfall increased in intensity to 951 mm/day, significant wave heights reaching more than 4 m with wind speeds of more than 17 m/sec, sea level pressure is less than 947 hPa, and the average MJO condition is in phase 2, 3, 4, or 5, with a strong period.

The tropical cyclones (TCs) are a serious danger to marine and coastal areas in the tropics because they cause strong winds and extreme sea wave height. The combination of these two parameters will be dangerous for shipping safety. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Tropical cyclone on significant wave heights and surface winds in the southern sea of Java with case studies of TC Cempaka (21-29 November 2017) and TC Dahlia (26 November-4 December 2017). The relationship between two parameters was also discussed in this paper. Both of these tropical cyclone events are interesting to study because they occured in the southern sea of Java and in adjacent time periods. Special attention was paid to the southern sea of Java because it had high shipping traffic where 8 locations were used as case studies. Significant wave height and wind conditions were evaluated using data obtained from the European Mid-Term Weather Forecast Center (ECMWF) with 6 hourly temporal resolution (time UTC 00.00, 06.00, 12.00, 18.00) and 0.5 x 0.5 degrees spatial resolution. The obtained results showed that the influence of TC Dahlia on significant wave height and surface wind appears stronger than the influence of TC Cempaka. During TC Dahlia, the strongest relationship between wind and significant wave height was in the southern sea of Central Java 01 and Yogyakarta 01 with correlation coefficients of 0.84 and 0.81, respectively. While the frequency of extreme wave height of 55.56% appeared to occur in the southern seas of West Java 01 and Central Java 01.

Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) is a statistical post-processing method for producing probabilistic forecasts from ensemble prediction in the form of predictive Probability Density Function (PDF). It is known that BMA is able to improve the reliability of the probabilistic forecast of short-and medium-range rainfall forecasts. This study aims to develop the application of BMA to calibrate long-range forecast in order to improve the quality of the seasonal forecast in Indonesia. The seasonal forecast that has been used is monthly rainfall from the output of the ensemble prediction European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) system 4 model (ECS4). This model was calibrated against observational data at 26 stations of Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics of Republic of Indonesia (BMKG) over Java Island in 1981-2018. BMA predictive PDF was generated with a Gamma distribution which was obtained based on Training Window Sequential (TWS) and Conditional (TWC) training windows. Output of BMA-TWC was slightly better than BMA-TWS. Nevertheless, both of them were superior to raw model ECS4. BMA-TWC or BMA-TWS output was varying depend on spatial and temporal, but in general, the best result was in the dry season and during the El Nino phase. BMA was able to improve the distribution characteristics of ensemble prediction. BMA also increased the skill, resolution, and reliability of probability forecast of Below Normal (BN) and Above Normal (AN). Furthermore, the reliability of BN and AN of BMA output were also have the categories of "still very useful" and "perfect" compared to raw model ECS4 that were in the "dangerous" and "not useful" categories. The reliability "still very useful" and "perfect" show that the probabilistic forecast of BN and AN event can be used for making decisions related to seasonal forecast especially over Java island.

Several decorrelation phenomena of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) have led researchers to develop various multitemporal InSAR (MT-InSAR) techniques with the application of time series/stack of images. In this study, we present the land surface movement monitoring using MT-InSAR techniques in the Central of Aceh-Indonesia, and focus on the temporal and spatial pattern of uplift and subsidence by using multi InSAR methods such as Quasi-Persistent Scatterer (Q-PS) and Small Baseline Subset (SBAS). A total of 18 scenes of Sentinel-1A(S-1A) and 14 scenes of ALOS PALSAR-1(PALSAR-1) images were acquired between 2018 and 2019, as well as 2007 and 2010, where then the multitemporal methods and techniques were applied sequentially to a set of those data. The results showed that the either the S-1A and PALSAR-1 velocity subsidence at Nunang and Musara Alun villages were range from 2.4 to 5.7 and 0.6 to 2.3 mm/year, respectively which corresponded to the results obtained by other research publication. The deformation in Central Aceh needs continuous monitoring using InSAR as the place is a landslide prone area because of the nature of the terrain.

The use of Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) in Indonesia is quite high, the volume reaches 6.7 million tons per year. Indonesia currently still imports 70% of its domestic consumption of LPG, or about IDR 40 trillion. Imports of Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) continues to increase every year. Dimethyl ether (DME) is one alternative to renewable fuels because its availability in the country is quite abundant. When DME applied as household fuels, some components such as metals and rubber should include resistance to DME, such as stoves, rubber hoses, rubber components in regulators and tube valves. Lemigas has succeeded in developing a DME resistant stove but still not found a rubber that is resistant to DME. This research aims to find a natural rubber formula that is resistant to DME and DME / LPG mixture. The study was conducted by varying the dose of sulphur (0.5, 1.5, and 3.5 phr) using 2 types of elastomer, Natural Rubber (NR) and Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR). Immersion was carried out in DME and 3 variations of the DME/LPG mixture (10/90, 20/80, 30/70). The results showed that the compound formula using natural rubber with a sulphur dose of 1.5 phr has the best resistance to DME and DME/LPG mixtures.

A selective sensor based on carbon paste electrode with ferrocene (Fc/CPE) has been investigated. The Fc/CPE was prepared for selective dopamine (DA) in presence of interference compounds as ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA). The Fc/CPE can well resolve the peak oxidation of DA, AA and UA. The modified electrode exhibited better electrocatalytic activity and catalytic efficiency 3.5 times higher than using the unmodified electrode. The electrochemical behaviours of DA at the surface of the modified electrode were studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV). Using differential sweep voltammetry (DPV) at the optimum condition the determination of DA was measured in the concentration range of 0.5 μत -10 μत with a detection limit of 0.2437 μM and a correlation coefficient of 0.9995. The Fc/CPE has been applied to determination of DA spike into simulated sample and showed good recovery.

Oil palm leaves (Elaeis guineensis Jacq), which have been underutilized by the community and become waste that usually stacked around the trees, have a potential to be used as active ingredients for making antibacterial solid bar soap. The chemical content of oil palm leaves are tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids that known had antibacterial activity. This research aims to produce oil palm leaves extracts into an active ingredient of solid bar soap formulation with antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and also to evaluate the quality of the solid bar soap. The soap was formulated into 3 formulas with varying concentrations of oil palm leaves ethanolic extract that was F1 (1% ), F2 (2%), and F3 (4%). Oil palm leaves extract was prepared with maceration using ethanol 70%. Antibacterial activity assay of the solid bar soap was carried out using a disc diffusion method with tetracycline as the positive control (K+) and distilled water as the negative control (K-). The soap quality was evaluated for its organoleptic, foam level and foam stability, pH, hardness, water content and free fatty acid. The results showed that all three solid soap formulas meet the soap quality requirements of SNI No. 3532-2016. The solid bar soap did not have inhibition properties against Escherichia coli. However, had inhibition effect against Staphylococcus aureus with an average Inhibition Zone Diameter (IZD) on soap base, F1, F2, and F3 was 8.02 mm, 8.53 mm, 10.53 mm, 12.91 mm respectively.

Five Indonesian wood include sengon (Falcataria moluccana), manii (Maesopsis eminii), pinus (Pinus merkusii), duabanga (Duabanga mollucana) and maniani (Flindersia pimenteliana) were treated with polystyrene. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical and mechanical properties of treated wood. Air-dried samples were placed under vacuum at 600 mmHg for 30 minutes, which was followed by immersion in monomer styrene and pressure at 10 kg/cm² used varied for 30, 60, and 90 minutes respectively. The wood samples were then wrapped in aluminium foil and placed in an oven at 103±2 °C for 24 hours. Furthermore, the aluminium foil was removed and the samples were weighed for polymer loading calculation. The test of impregnated wood conducted by refers to the British Standard BS 373:1957, comprised of moisture content, density, water absorption, shrinkage swelling, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and hardness. Results showed that wood treatment with polystyrene could improve the physical and mechanical properties of wood.

Wood Identification is an important task, especially for wood anatomist. The identification process is required in many fields, such as custom ports, forest survey, and wood industries. However, expertise-in wood identification is limited due to a few wood anatomists. To enable wood identification can be performed in a broader area, a mobile-based application is proposed to realise these purposes. The paper presents the development of a mobile-based application for wood identification. A dataset of Indonesian commercial wood images of cross-section surface was collected from Xylarium Bogoriense, The Ministry of Environment and Forestry of The Republic of Indonesia. The images were collected using a smartphone camera at optical magnification level around 200 times and a minimum resolution of 12 megapixels. The collected images were then used to develop a deep learning-based algorithm to classify wood species. These images are considered as the training datasets, whereas testing dataset is collected in another session. The final model obtained through the training process is then stored in a cloud-based server at Research Center for Informatics, Indonesian Institute of Sciences. A mobile application, namely AIKO stands of Indonesian words-Alat Identifikasi Kayu Otomatis (Automatic Tool for Wood Identification), is developed to enable image acquisition and images transferring to the server. AIKO application sends the acquired image to the trained identification model in the server. The output of the identification model is the species name of the observed images. Besides species/botanical name, AIKO also provides information on trade names, specific gravity and density, durability class, strength class, commercial timber classification, and recommended utilization.

The purpose of this research is to study the kinetics of soursop leaves antioxidant extraction using microwave-assisted extraction. The kinetics was approached by a homogeneous mechanism using the first and second-order rate law. The extraction was conducted with ethanol as the solvent (1:13 v/v) using a modified microwave oven operated at various powers (300, 450, and 600 W) for 2-10 minutes. The soursop leaves extraction with ethanol using microwave-assisted extraction obtained a maximum yield of 33.98% (with total phenol of 24.10 mgGAE/g extract) at 600 W and 8 minutes. The kinetics of soursop leaves antioxidant extraction can be quantitatively described by the homogeneous rate law, where the second-order model is better than the first one. The extraction capacity and constant rate increase as the microwave power does. At 300, 450, and 600 W, respectively, the extraction capacities were about 500, 588, and 667 mg/l and the constant rates were 8.5 × 10^-4, 9 × 10^-4, and 1.18 × 10^-3 l/mg/min.

Composite for food packaging is mostly made from petroleum-based synthetic polymers that require a long period to be degraded naturally. This condition encourages the study of the use of cellulose microfibrils or organic materials as fillers and reinforcement for food packaging composites to reduce the dominance of synthetic polymers. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of polyvinyl alcohol composites with fibrillated cellulose microfibrils from Ampel bamboo pulp (Bambusa vulgaris), both bleached and un-bleached. Pulp from Ampel bamboo produced by the soda process was fibrillated using a disc refiner in 10, 20, and 30 times repetition variations. Microfibril concentration of 0.1 wt% dry based on the weight of the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix. Composite preparation was carried out by dissolving polyvinyl alcohol using a hot plate stirrer at 80 °C, 300 rpm for 30 minutes. The composite solution is poured in a mold measuring 20 × 16 × 0.1 cm. Morphology characteristics from microfibrils were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanical characteristics tested with UTM Shimadzu 1 kN in accordance to ASTM D 882-75b standard. PVA composites filled with cellulose microfibrils from bleached Ampel bamboo pulp have better mechanical characteristics than composites with unbleached pulp. Mechanical treatment in various replications in the disc refiner machine can increase tensile strength, tensile modulus, and composite elongation.

The Iron/Steel industry is currently facing serious problem due to excessively dependent on metallurgical coke, which is produced a large amount of CO₂ emission and it was limited source in Indonesia. Coke-free iron-making is one of the efficient method to reduce the amount of cokes. Carbon-infiltrated iron ores were prepared by impregnation process from coaltar solution and goethite ore at 500 °C and 600 °C to promote direct reduction in iron making. These variables were systematically characterized by XRD and SEM/EDX. Pore distribution and BET surface area were determined by N₂ adsorption-desorption measurement. The XRD signals attributed to Fe₂O₃ in the goethite ore were completely disappeared and replaced by signals attributed to Fe₃O₄ after impregnation process. Cross-sectional analyses of composite particles prepared using both temperatures showed that tar-derived carbonaceous materials have completely either impregnated or vapor infiltrated into the mesoporous in pyrolyzed goethite ore. Carbon-infiltrated goethite ore showed a higher reduction degree than conventional coke. It is confirmed that high reactivity of carbon-infiltrated iron ores is due to close contact between the goethite ore and carbon in its nanoporous interior facilitated the fast reduction.

Modification and synthesis of cellulose have attracted growing interest in the last decade due to applicable for many fields on advanced materials. Organic acid hydrolysis could be as an effective process for functionalization and size reduction of cellulose in one-pot reaction. The objective of this research is to study the effectivity of maleic acid anhydrous for functionalization and isolation of nanocellulose. Unbleached and Bleached Pulp of Betung Bamboo were used as cellulose resources. Concentrated maleic acid anhydride in 50% up to 60% (w/w) for 45 up to 90 minutes at 100 °C of reaction temperature were conducted to isolate cellulose nanocrsytals from betung bamboo pulp. Fibrillation treatment on fiber solid residue using ultrasonication result micrometers scale less than 1 μm for unbleached (UBB) and bleached (BB) fibrillated cellulose. Functionalization of carboxyl groups is more effective on UBB than BB with surface charge up to -48.5 mV and specific groups of carboxyl are detected in 1716 cm^-1 and 1273 cm^-1. Thermal stability also has similar tendency by T_onset in 313.69 °C and T_max in 336.02 °C for UBB.

Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNF) was successfully obtained by TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical)-mediated oxidation with the addition of different oxidant namely NaClO (Sodium Hypochlorite) i.e. 3, 4, 7, 10 and 15 mL followed by ultra-sonication treatment. Size distribution of nanocellulose was observed using particle size analyzer, while surface charged was measured using zeta potentiometer. At different level of oxidant, CNF obtained different charged with different size distribution. As the amount of oxidant increased, the size distribution of CNF increased which correlated to the higher CNF yield, however it decreased at maximum oxidant addition. Although, in general the yield for nanocellulose was very low. With zeta potential value about -48 mV, it showed very stable suspension in water for more than 8 months observation. An optimum oxidant level promoted thinner and longer CNF which further beneficial for better entanglement in the hydrogel formation application.

Since the 8th century, the South Kalimantan region was known as a diamond producer, especially in the Cempaka Sub-District, Banjarbaru City. Local communities have carried out the work as a traditional diamond miner for generations in groups with a system of division of labor and results. This study aims to determine the effect of diamond mining on the socio-economic conditions of the miners, especially related to income and expenditure. Primary data collection was carried out in May-Augustst 2018 in the Cempaka diamond mining location through field observations, in-depth interviews, FGDs, and questionnaires. Based on David Ricardo's theory, the informants and respondents were grouped into three categories: diamond miners, landowners, and diamond polisher. The analysis showed that diamond mining contributes to all, but with different income levels. The average monthly income of diamond miners (Rp 1,147,222.22) is the smallest compared to diamond polisher (Rp 2,125,000.00) and landowners (Rp 3,625,000.00). For average expenditures per month, each of which is sequentially Rp 1,186,239.35; Rp 1,020,658.33; and Rp 1,273,950.00. This indicates a deficit between income and expenditure of diamond miners. The deficit was covered by various programs from the government, such as food assistance for poor households ('Raskin'). The study also showed differences in the socio-economic characteristics of diamond miners, diamond polishers, and landowners.

A series of regulations to realize 'the ASEAN Haze Free Policy in 2020' have been made, starting from the international level to the local level, including the ban on the use of fire for traditional agricultural land clearing (sonor) that was commonly used by rural communities in Sumatra. This study analyzes the livelihood strategies of rural communities after the issuance of the policy. The data used are primary and secondary. Primary data were collected through interviews, FGDs, and field observations in June-August 2019 at the district level (Ogan Komering Ilir District), community and member of the community (household) in Lebung Gajah Village, Tulung Selapan Sub-District. On the other hand, the secondary data were conducted during January-September 2019. Analysis conducted using the Scoones' Sustainable Livelihood Approach found that to ensure the sustainability of their livelihoods, various households in the rural community carried out strategies: (1) agriculture intensification ('Kebun Pangan Mandiri Program'), (2) livelihood diversification (raising livestock, catching fish, building swallow houses, & becoming construction worker), and (3) activating women's groups (household financial and business management). In implementing their strategies, they exchange their access to livelihood assets that are owned and available through social institutions and formal organizations in the village.