Table of contents

The paper presents the results of numerical determination of water-flooding contours (or as they are called, depression curves) of a flat porous region from a source with a smooth convex boundary. Based on the Green integral formula, formulas are obtained for determining the values of the harmonic function of the fluid pressure at each point in the region. Areas with constant permeability and variable are considered. Based on the obtained integral identity, a numerical algorithm for determining filtration rates for these and other areas are constructed using the boundary element method is constructed, and depression curves are constructed for sources with a round and elliptical boundary. The eccentricities of the region's water-flooding conditions are determined. To compare the numerical and analytical results, calculations were made for the test example. You can control the accuracy of calculations by changing the number of nodes on the boundary of the simulated area.

Water resources of Russia are a national wealth and not only the level of economic development of the country, but also health of the population depends on their state. Rational use of water resources at the industrial enterprises is provided with the independent, closed water supply systems equipped with devices of vaporizing cooling of water. The systems of reverse water supply are one of the most important elements of a technological complex of the enterprises of many industries: chemical, oil processing, petrochemical, machine-building, metallurgical, etc. Capacity of processing equipment, quality and cost of the product, a specific consumption of raw materials and the electric power depend on quality and overall performance of systems of reverse water supply. One of elements of a system of reverse water supply is the cooler. In this article the design of the water catcher of the cooler Application of the Offered Design is described will allow to reduce considerably moisture content in the steam-gas stream released by the cooler into the atmosphere.

The research was carried out in the north of forest steppe zone of Russia. The research subjects are soils under which apple trees of fruit-bearing age are located (16-24 years). Over the years of the research 50 soil cuts were laid in the apple orchards. United soil samples were formed by mixing the samples from near-stalk stripes and row-spacing. The total depth of searched cuts was 220 m. All the soil moisture capacity categories were determined by thermostat weight method: maximum water adsorption after airy dry soil condition in desiccators at air humidity close to 100%, limit field or the least soil moisture capacity after moist soil condition on the plaster casts and after free gravitational moisture coming down the profile on the flooded areas, the capillary bonding breakage humidity by multiplication of limit field soil moisture capacity and coefficient of 0.6. The total moisture stock was calculated as multiplication of soil density, layer thickness and limit field soil moisture capacity. Remote moisture stock was calculated as multiplication of soil density, layer thickness, maximum water adsorption and coefficient of 1.37. It was established that limit field soil moisture capacity significantly varies not only within one searched farm but inside soil type and soil subtype. Productive moisture stock in spring in ploughing soil layer occupied by the apple orchids of forest steppe north are described as good and represent 406-720 m³/ha (41-72 mm). Productive moisture stock in one-meter soil layer of apple orchards are assessed as very good and vary from 2993 to 4822 m³/ha (293-482 mm). According to productive moisture stock increasing in a meter layer apple orchards soils of forest steppe north can be placed in the following order: podzolic chernozem < chernozem moist meadow < grey forest < chernozem meadow < typical chernozem < leached chernozem < meadow chernozem < meadowish chernozem.

A statistical analysis of the incidence rate of various types of diseases in a population for different age groups was carried out: children (up to 14 years old inclusive), adolescents (15-17 years old), adults (18 years old and older), depending on environmental factors such as concentration of atmospheric impurities, as well as drinking water quality indicators. A dynamic autoregressive model for panel data was used to determine the quantitative dependence of the incidence rate in a population on environmental pollution factors. Panel data on population morbidity indicators, air pollution and the drinking water quality were built on the basis of official statistics for the districts of the Voronezh region and the city of Voronezh over a multi-year period. Considering that the incidence levels in the districts of the Voronezh region and in the city of Voronezh linearly depend on determining factors, linear dynamic models were constructed to describe the level of the disease classes recorded for the year, depending on the level of the corresponding disease classes for the previous year, as well as those registered for the analyzed year of concentrations of chemical impurities in the atmosphere or, accordingly, the values of drinking water quality indicators. As a result of the analysis, statistically significant quantitative dependences on the recorded factors of technogenic environmental pollution were obtained for certain classes of morbidity.

The article discusses the aspect of environmental engineering as an innovative technology for architecture and construction development of and Russia as a whole, determining directions to optimize the existing "green" standards. Innovation and greening are currently the most important trends in the development of any state economy, which cannot be achieved without the corresponding development of green certification systems aimed at ensuring sustainable growth and environmental protection. It is proved that environmental engineering issues are especially important for Russia in view of the prioritization of the innovative development vector and the actualization of the role of green innovations in architecture and construction as a prerequisite for our country to join the ranks of developed countries. Based on the evolution analysis of Russian "green" standards, factors were identified that determined the "imperfection" of their formation. Comparison of the structure and goals of existing Russian certification systems made it possible to identify their main characteristics and specifics, both contributing and leveling processes of sustainable development. Based on the research data obtained, directions for optimizing "green" standards are proposed, which implementation ensures the effective implementation of innovative environmental engineering technologies, with the latter contributing to the creation of favorable conditions for the development of the state as a whole.

The article considers the heat treating process of edible vegetable raw materials in the system "emitter - material" as the simplest case of heating and drying a homogeneous and isotropic body. It is accepted that the cooling conditions, the ambient temperature and the heat transfer coefficient in time remain constant, and there are no internal heat sources. Based on the study of the fundamental works of famous scientists in the field of food drying, the problem of determining the time constant of raw material heat treatment is solved. This parameter during heat treatment directly depends only on the physical properties of the material, the cooling process on its surface, geometric shape and body size. Knowing the values of the heating time constant, it is possible to determine the time and speed of heating the material to a given temperature.

The task of automation and increasing the efficiency of calculating the parameters of the rectifying column for the needs of chemical production is being solved. Rectification is one of the most time-consuming chemical-technological processes responsible for the separation of liquid mixtures into practically pure components, which differ in boiling points, by repeated evaporation of the liquid and vapor condensation. The possibility of separation of the liquid mixture into its constituent components by distillation is due to the fact that the composition of the vapor formed above the liquid mixture differs from the composition of the liquid mixture under the conditions of the equilibrium state of steam and liquid. To select the optimal working conditions, it is necessary to take into account the heat consumption, temperature and pressure of the heat carrier - heating steam and cooling water, as well as the necessary dimensions of the columns and connecting elements with it by heat exchangers. All these factors are interrelated and depend, in particular, on the temperature and state of aggregation of the mixture supplied for separation. When calculating the processes of rectification, the compositions of liquids are usually given in mass fractions or percent, and for practical calculation it is more convenient to use the compositions of liquids and steam, expressed in molar fractions or percent. The software being developed will automate the calculation of distillation plants, which will increase the calculation speed. In most existing installations, rectification is not clear. The resulting components of light and oil distillates do not correspond to the required fractional composition, overgrowth of fractions is observed, some of the heaviest fractions of light diesel oil products fall into the bottom of the column, into fuel oil. Therefore, much attention is paid to the study and analysis of the operation of distillation columns, improving the methods of their calculation. The software created as a result of the project will be used directly by technologists, chemists and professors.

Honey is a unique product of nectar and pollen processing by bees, which is a sweet, viscous substance rich in amino acids, macro- and microelements. Honey in the modern world is used in many directions: cosmetology, cooking, medicine, as well as in the home for eating, treating cold diseases, massage, etc. Honey has high taste and nutritional qualities, is easily absorbed by the body. It is also a dietary food for the human body. The object of the study is honey purchased from individual entrepreneurs of Solikamsk and Osinsky districts of Perm region of Russia. The purpose of the study: to study veterinary - sanitary indicators of the honey sold on the counter of the city of Solikamsk, which came both from local producers and from the Osinsky district of Perm region. The priority task of this work was to assess the veterinary and sanitary quality of honey produced by beekeepers of Solikamsk city and compare its quality with honey from ecologically clean Osinsky district of Perm region. Studies were carried out to determine the basic physical and chemical values of the selected honey samples by free acidity, diastase number; mass fraction of water; The weight fraction of water insoluble substances; Weight ratio of reducing sugars, weight ratio of sucrose and other indicators. Studies have shown that some honey samples had an increased percentage of sucrose – 7.87, with a maximum allowed value of 5%. No excess of heavy metal ions was detected, which meets the safety requirements of the Technical Regulation.

The article considers the rationale for the adapter parameters of wheeled tractors using high-speed tillage units. Models and an algorithm for optimizing the traction-speed regime and the specific gravity of wheeled tractors for operational tillage technologies were proposed. As the basic factors of influence, we used the characteristics of the towing and coupling properties of tractors and the resistivity of serial and high-speed working machines in tillage operations, which were established based on the results of modeling and experiments. The maximum speed mode of the units was established from the condition of a minimum of energy costs attributed to the product of specific productivity and speed, and minimum with a minimum value of the ratio of specific energy consumption and productivity. The rational value of the specific gravity of the tractor for an individual operation or a group of related tillage operations in terms of energy intensity corresponds to the nominal traction and speed mode with maximum traction efficiency and nominal speed, which ensures an increase in specific energy consumption of no more than 10-12%. The specific gravity was 66-69 kg/kW for moldboard plowing by high-speed plows at 2.5 m/s (9.0 km/h), which is achieved by installing on the tractor, depending on the basic configuration, removable ballast with a specific gravity of 7-13 kg/kW. In operations of the second and third energy-intensive groups, the mass of ballast must be reduced to 0-5 kg/W. When working with serial mounted plows in the speed range of 7-9 km/h, to increase the specific gravity to 71-74 kg/kW, it is advisable to use a tractor hydraulic loader.

In 85 Holstein calves aged 2-28 days, indicators characterizing respiratory moisture loss (RML) and their association with airway inflammation were studied. Animals were evaluated by clinical scoring system WI. 66 calves had a WI clinical score of more than 3 points or less (healthy), 19-more than 3 points (sick). To study RML in animals, exhaled breath condensate was collected using a special device (patent RU 134772 U1) and its volume generated in 1 minute and from 100 L of exhaled air was measured. It was found that in healthy calves, RML is 0.030-0.124 mL per minute and 0.242-1.506 mL per 100 L of exhaled air, in sick calves they increase on average by 24.3% (P <0.01) and 50.4% (P <0.001), respectively. Thus, airway inflammation increases RML in animals. Current results show that RML intensity in calves increases markedly with increasing body temperature, WI clinical score and correlates with pulmonary ventilation.

Theoretical researches have been carried out and the obtained mathematical expressions characterize a periodic cycle loader with a center pivot frame articulation as a moving mechanical system. The type and the nature of movement of the loader operating element have been considered. The design parameters and the operating modes affect crucially on the interaction between the bucket and the cargo. We have obtained the interdependence between the velocity and the digging depth of a bucket frontlift into the bulk cargo, as well as the kinetic energy of a bucket frontlift as a system, in its initial position. During the force analysis it has been determined the impact of the studied factors on the tractive power of the frontlift and the total digging force, which depends on the tangent tractive power, rolling resistance force and frictional sliding force of a frontlift.

Intracisternal drug treatment of bovine mastitis involves the use of sterile instruments, eliminating re-infection or infection from animal to animal. The use of the ozone-air mixture showed the possibility of effective use for disinfection of milk catheters, work surfaces and instruments made of various materials. The experiments were carried out on metal, wood and plastic test materials and milk catheters. The optimal exposure time for the disinfection of milk catheters and test material made of metal was 30 minutes, of wood - 60 minutes, and of plastic - 70 minutes.

The article provides statistical grounds for the formation of a data array to be used at estimating the interrelation between the chemical and microbiological groundwater quality indices substantially exceeding sanitation and hygiene standards. This has provided relevant data on low linear dependence between the nitrate content and total bacterial count, and absence of linear dependence between the nitrate content and coliform index in the groundwater of 29 springs in Kaluga Region for the period from 2011 to 2016.

In creating new competitive varieties, the leading role belongs to plant genetic resources. Researches are devoted to the study of 823 samples of domestic and foreign breeding of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare. L.), winter and spring soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), durum wheat (Triticum durum Dest.), And buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), buckwheat Tatar (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.) buckwheat semi-umbrella (Fagopyrum cymosum Meissn.) from world collection of Russian National Instituteof Plants Genetic Resources (VIR). High-yield source varieties, resistant to lodging, adapted to the conditions of the monsoon climate have been identified. A bioresource feature collection has been formed. As a result of targeted research, new varieties of spring wheat (Nikolskaya), spring barley (Primorets) and buckwheat (Ussurochka) adapted to the conditions of the monsoon climate of the Far East have been created.

The article discusses the results of hydrochemical study of water of the small Filinovka River, the left-bank tributary of the Amur River, flowing along the south of the Zeya-Bureya Plain. Water is characterized by high oxygen content. The content of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds in water undergoes seasonal dynamics. The water of the small Filinovka River is characterized by a high content of iron and manganese, which are caused by the natural factor. The content of zinc and copper in water is higher than the fisheries standard. Macrophytes Najas marina and Ceratophyllum oryzetorum and feathers of birds Grus monacha and Grus vipio contain a high concentration of lead and cadmium. The results of studying the hydrochemical parameters of the water ecosystem of a small river flowing along the south of the Zeya-Bureya plain are the basis for studying the agricultural load on small rivers.

The article discusses the rationale for a generalized indicator of the net productivity of high-speed units in zonal natural and production conditions. Models and an optimization algorithm were compiled for a generalized indicator of the net performance of mobile units for various technological purposes. The optimal value of net productivity was found from the condition of its minimum per unit product of the square of the corresponding operational productivity and coefficient of utilization of the shift time equivalent to the lowest specific energy consumption. According to the results of modeling the influence of natural and production conditions on the optimal adaptation indicator of aggregates, the following was identified: an increase in the length of the head from 200 to 1000 m is accompanied by an increase in the optimal net productivity by 2.0-2.4 times and the corresponding operational productivity by 2.4-2.8 times; a decrease in the energy intensity of the technological operation, determined by the characteristic of the resistivity of the working machine, leads to an increase in the net productivity shown with a simultaneous decrease in the utilization factor of the shift time, regardless of the rut, which determines the nature of the change in operational productivity and the width of the machine at nominal speed. They substantiated the optimal values of the generalized adaptation indicator of mobile units for a set of natural and production conditions, which are the basis of the system for the formation of requirements standards and a qualitative update of the machine and tractor fleet of the agricultural zone, taking into account the achieved level of operational technologies development and the target program for technical support of crop production.

Technological emergencies because of a flame in a production is one of the leading catastrophe factors with significant negative consequences for the environment. To minimize burning risk in a production facility is a system of measures to prevent company infrastructure components burning or to detect them operatively and put them out. The production fire safety is provided with engineer cyber-systems (ECS) installed in the floor or in the ceiling (hanging down). Each ECS protects from burning one of the production cyber-systems (CS). Each CS protected with putting out means of an ECS forms a cyber-production fire protected cell. There is a scheme proposed for a CS fire protected cell, which is the cyber-production base. There is a scheme of a continuous production section equipped with technological CSs and ECSs for fire extinguishing. A system of anti-fire measure is described, which has a room isolation to block inlet and outlet ventilation and to control the isolated sections with rolling doors, which may react on a burning source in a cyber-production. The company fire safety conditions cyber-monitoring system is done as the intellectual production environment. To put out the fire they apply the fire extinguishing ECS assets placed in the floor, which extinguish the fire with a low-dispersed aerosol substance with inertia gases.

The article analyzes the impact of air pollutants in Atyrau on public health, taking into account hygiene standards. Atyrau region is characterized by the development of oil and gas production and processing activities and is located on the coastal lowlands of the Caspian Sea. An oil refinery is located in the city, and as a result, atmospheric air is characterized by pollution of a number of chemical substances that are priority ones, such as hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen dioxide, formaldehyde, suspended solids, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide. Most of these substances affect the respiratory system. Calculation of the inhalation risk according to the results of Kazhydromet shows that even in acute and chronic exposure, the most elevated pollutants are short-term exposure to hydrogen sulfide (HQ = 7.4), suspended particles (HQ = 4) and fine particles (HQ = 7.13) for long-term exposure. The results of field studies conducted by ECOSERVICE-S LLP show that the calculation of the risk to public health during the inhalation of pollutants is characterized by increased values under acute exposure to nitrogen (IV) dioxide (HQ = 44.03051) and hydrogen sulfide (HQ = 35, 41465). The maximum risk of acute exposure during inhalation of pollutants is formed in the area of settlement point 6 - Kursai district.

The coal mining industry in Russia is developing rapidly. In this regard, the increase in emissions of coal dust into the environment leads to a serious threat to the safety and health of employees of enterprises and to deterioration of environmental situation. One of the methods in the fight against coal dust pollution is the use of dust-settling reagents. Studies for developing the composition of dust-binding mixtures, characterized by a minimum adhesion (wettability) of coal dust particles, have been conducted. The kinetics of the process of wetting dust with various dust-settling reagents has been studied. It is established that the use of solutions of sodium oleate with the addition of linseed oil is a good dust-settling reagent of natural origin. The adhesion time significantly reduces by adding linseed oil. The greatest efficiency of dust deposition was noted when interacting with a solution of sodium oleate with the addition of linseed oil with a concentration of 4 g/l, when the moisture content of dust was 60 %. The results obtained will contribute to improve the environmental and sanitary conditions of settlements located near operating coal mining enterprises and reduce the incidence of specific diseases among employees of the enterprise.

Currently, various technical devices for cleaning and sorting grain material are being developed intensively, which use new innovative technical vision devices. The use of technical vision devices makes it possible to more effectively separate the main grain from various impurities, including difficult-to-separate impurities. The development of such technical devices largely depends on the calibration of the digital vision system, and this affects the correctness and accuracy of reading the main particle sizes of grain material. Knowing the location of the intersection of the surface under study with the optical line of the camera's photo lens, it is possible to configure the camera. To set up the technical vision system, it is necessary to determine the external and internal technical characteristics of digital cameras. We have proposed a system for changing the focal position of the camera's photo lens to determine the intersection of the optical axis of the camera's lenses with the working surface of the device.

The paper presents the results of the study on the cultivation of lettuce (lactuca sativa kucheryavec odesskiy) in an aquaponics installation using soil in the conditions of closed water supply systems installations developed on the basis of the Russian-Scandinavian aquaculture center of the BiRH Institute of K. G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management, Moscow. As a result of which, growth and productivity indicators of lettuce in an aquaponics installation were obtained. Hydrochemical studies made it possible to determine the efficiency of consumption of nitrates and phosphates at the maximum plant phytomass and to calculate the optimal power of the hydroponic installation for a given volume of fish tanks.

The analyzed indicators indicate that the industrial complex consumes the largest volume of water resources, while not all water resources that are discharged into water bodies are subject to treatment, which, of course, affects the state of water basins. It was substantiated in the work that in order to achieve and increase the effective use of water resources, it is advisable to develop a coordinated policy to reduce water consumption and preserve the environment for future generations. At the end of the study, the necessary conclusions were drawn on the results of the work done.

It is proved that the use of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) can not only effectively reduce the content of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in diesel, but also reduce the entire range of toxic components by reducing the volume of exhaust gases (EG). A scheme of the device implementing the control law bypass EG depending on the operating mode of the gas-diesel engine.

It is substantiated in the work that in recent years, the transition to new technologies, including in the transport sector, has reduced the environmental burden on the environment and can reduce the use of energy resources. As part of the study, an assessment was made of the level of development of electric transport. The work-analyzed indicators reflecting the level of development of public electric transport, because of which it was concluded that until 2016, the development of public electric transport was observed, but today its reduction is observed. The study found that the number of cities using electric transport is insignificant, but reduced. The analyzed volume of electric energy consumption by urban transport remains an uneven trend. The study proposed a model for ensuring the development of electric transport in Russia, because of which stages were, identified that aimed at achieving the research goal.

At present, the problem of compensation for damage caused to the environment by the negative impact of humans and economic entities is one of the most important for all countries of the world, including the Russian Federation. The result of human impact on the environment is climate change, as well as the condition of individual objects of the environment that are essential for human life. Depletion and pollution of the environment are enormous. Forms of human use of environmental objects are becoming more numerous and diverse. No less diverse are the sources of damage. This requires the development of effective legal mechanisms for compensation for damage in order to maintain the familiar state of the environment.

Modeling and identification of the SDRC rubber synthesis process under the conditions of chain transmission and cross-growth reactions are carried out. The mechanism of process of polymerization of butadiene on cobalt-containing catalytic system is set up.

Improving working conditions is a policy that primarily targets workers. This strategy is aimed at increasing the degree of protection and reducing risks at the workplace, organizing modern technologies and simultaneously safe workers. The concept, as a single defining task or order of submissions, provides an opportunity to acquire a common understanding of the process or phenomenon under study. The article considers modern concepts on labor protection organization, analyzed the state of labor protection management systems and dynamics of industrial injuries at three oil and gas processing enterprises in order to identify the most effective concepts on labor protection organization.

Improving the fuel and energy performance of internal combustion engines is an urgent task, since the level of air pollution in a number of cities significantly exceeds sanitary standards, and the shortage of fuel resources is increasing. Experience shows that the development of a fundamentally new environmentally friendly and at the same time highly economical engine is associated with deep and long - term research, so according to the accepted methodology for conducting research on the use of natural gas (NG), NG with cooled recirculation (EGR), methanol-(MFE) and ethanol-fuel emulsions (EFE), comparative tests of diesel running on the diesel process (DP), gas-diesel process (GDP), GDP with EGR, MFE and EFE are presented.

The purpose of the work was to assess the prospects of using the microbial proteinase from Bacillus pumilus for processing meat raw materials with a high content of connective tissue fibers. This proteinase has broad substrate specificity and is capable of deep hydrolysis of proteins. The effect of protease from Bacillus pumilus on meat raw materials was studied with the prospect of using in the production technology. Proteinase is very effective at the structural elements of meat raw materials, in particular water-soluble and salt-soluble protein complexes, as confirmed by spectrophotometric studies. Enzymatic treatment with proteinase from B. pumilus destructively affects cellular structures, leads to swelling and loosening of collagen fibers. The accumulation of free amino acids was recorded during processing, the degree of hydrolysis was estimated, which amounted to an average of 15-20% depending on the type of protein fraction. The positive effect of the use of proteinase to improve the functional and technological properties of raw meat was established, which resulted in an increase in its water-binding and water-holding capacity, as well as the yield of finished products after heat treatment. Based on the results of the work, it was concluded that proteinase from B. Pumilus is promising for the processing of meat raw materials with reduced functional and technological properties, which is unsuitable for the production of meat products without additional processing.

The article discusses alternative ways of protecting ornamental crops from stress factors of a biotic nature by increasing passive immunity when using vermicompost as the main source of macro- and microelements and biologically active substances, which differ in adaptogenic and immunomodulating properties. The change in the anatomical and physiological characteristics of ornamental plants of anthropogenic and cultural landscapes, which determine their environmental resistance to stress factors and harmful objects, is shown. The thickness of the epidermis of leaves of Rosa L. increased 1.5 times; Tulipa L. - 1.4; Gladiolus L. - 1.6 times; leaf mesophyll thickness of 1.9; 1.4; 1.6 times respectively; leaf thickness of Rosa L. and Gladiolus L. plants increased 1.2 times; Tulipa L. - 1.7 times. A significant increase in the osmotic pressure of plant cells of Tulipa L. and Gladiolus L. is significantly increased (by 26.8 and 28.3 kPa); different varieties of Rosa L. Weak opening of stomata was observed in experimental variants of Tulipa L. and Gladiolus L., as well as highly resistant varieties of Rosa L.

The research of the chemical kinetics of the SDRC rubber synthesis is performed under the optimal water content in the conditions of the chain transfer and cross-growth reactions. The main reactions of the butadiene polymerization mechanism on a cobalt-containing catalytic system that are a chain growth, a chain transfer to monomer, a chain transfer to polymer, spontaneous chain transfer, a chain cross growth reaction are presented. The main assumptions of the presented kinetic scheme are that active centres of one type are formed at the optimum water concentration, the total concentration of active centres is constant and equal to the initiator concentration, at the optimum water concentration the process is considered "uninterrupted" (there is no deactivation). The article presents the theoretical foundations of chemical kinetics of the SDRC rubber synthesis. The cross-growth reaction of polybutadiene macromolecules is possible only through conjugated double bonds, the number of which in the macromolecule is limited. Therefore, this reaction can carry out without gelation to large monomer conversion values. In this regard, the mechanism of the butadiene polymerization reaction on a cobalt catalyst based on the cross growth reaction of "living" macromolecules with "living" and "dead" macromolecules was also considered.

Experimental data on the dynamics of the most important agrophysical indicators of soil fertility which were obtained against the background of various fertilizer systems and predecessors in the development of degraded reclaimed lands that were withdrawn from circulation are presented. It has been shown that the rate of formation of a macrostructure that is valuable in production (0.25-10 mm) strongly depends on the amount of organic matter entering the soil in the form of high doses of all types of organic fertilizers, green manure and crop-root residues, upon decomposition of which an active humus is formed, which, when interacting with calcium, impregnates and cements the soil lumps, transforming them into a water-insoluble form. The greatest positive influence on the structural coefficient is exerted by cultivation of barley according to the organic background with the introduction of manure (40 ... 80 t / ha) or liquid runoff of livestock complexes (120 t / ha) in combination with sowing application 10 kg a.v. P2O5 and 30 kg a.m. nitrogen as a top dressing per 1 ha. It has been established that in order to improve agrophysical parameters when degraded lands are involved in agricultural production, along with the introduction of high doses of organic fertilizers, crops with a deeply penetrating, powerfully developed root system that can not only condense the arable and plow layers, reduce acidity should be sown soil, but also at the same time improve its structure.

The solution to the problem of obtaining water that is safe against organohalogen pollutants, including trichloroethylene, can be the use of adsorption purification methods. For engineering calculations of the treatment plant, adsorption constants, kinetic parameters and dynamic characteristics of the adsorption process are required. It is advisable, at the stage of technology development, to optimize the parameters and modes of the sorption columns using mathematical modeling based on equations of external diffusion dynamics of adsorption.

A system for reducing toxicity has been developed that includes the use of compressed natural gas (CNG) and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and is intended for both new tractors and those in service. The use of CNG does not require expensive equipment, significant design changes, and re-equipment is possible in specialized workshops of farms and repair and technical enterprises.

The production processes have some negative consequences for the environment. The potentially ecologically dangerous technologies and equipment require a constant attention form the company board and the controlling State structures. The technical means to provide the production technological safety equal to the appearing technological risks are engineer cyber-system (ECS) to neutralize toxins throwing away to the nature. The ECS support the company life ability and locally placed in categorized production rooms given for auxiliary equipment. The company production and ECS procedure algorithms are done with the intellectual production system to react operatively for critical values of emergencies with negative ecology influences. The production infrastructure conditions correct evaluation is reached with ECSs inquiry to prevent the emergencies from happening. There is a system to classify ECSs, which provide the company technological safety. There is ecologically safe automatic cyber-production architecture where the most efficient format is done with three coils, which constantly interact in production components.

In recent decades, in our country insufficient attention has been paid to the study of soil mechanics. Currently, there is a need to study the mechanical processes in the soil when it interacts with the working bodies of tillage machines and operating systems of mobile agricultural equipment. With existing technologies for cultivating crops, various machines pass through the field from 10 to 15 times. The tools used have a centuries-old history of development and improvement, both of individual types of working parts, and of technological tillage complexes as a whole. At the same time, the scientific basis for tillage has not yet been fully developed. The article explores soil mechanics and intensification of agriculture; saturating it with heavy machines, and increasing the energy saturation of tractors put forward new tasks that cannot be solved without the development of theoretical and applied research in the field of soil mechanics. Depending on the formulation of the tasks of the interaction of tillage organs and movers with soil, degenerate models can be used that contain only those rheological properties of the soil that define the main goal of the technological problem.

The sets of bands in the IR and UV – spectra are the same specific a characteristic of a substance, like a person's fingerprint. According to these spectra, the substance it can be identified if its vibrational spectrum is already known. In addition, by IR and UV –spectra determine the symmetry and structure of unexplored molecules. Frequencies the main vibrations found from the spectra are necessary for calculating thermodynamic properties of substances. Measuring the intensity of bands in the spectra allows you to quantitative analysis, study chemical equilibria and kinetics of chemical reactions, monitor the progress of technological processes. Nickel (II) ion forms many stable complexes. This work is devoted to the preparation and study of the stereochemistry of nickelphosphine complexes. We obtained nickelphosphine complexes NiBr₂(PPh₃)₂; NiBr₂(PCy₃)₂, and analysed to determine the structure. We studied the magnetic moments of solids from the following spectra in UV-visible (electronic spectra), infrared spectrum (normal range) and far infrared spectrum.

The purpose of the article was to study the effect of blue spectrum light on the nisin producer Lactobacillus lactis. It was found that photostimulation of a Lactobacillus Lactis culture with blue spectrum light (435-470 nm) with a light flux intensity of 1800 mcd for 50-60 minutes positively affects the activity of nisin (increases by 60.1%), while the titer of the Lactobacillus culture lactis is 2 times higher. At the same time, there is a slight decrease in nisin titer after 24 hours of incubation, which is explained by the peculiarities of nisin biosynthesis: nisin is less active at the beginning of biosynthesis; during the period of the exponential growth phase, an increase in the biosynthesis of nisin is noted; the greatest activity of nisin is noted at the beginning of the stationary phase; nisin synthesis is reduced in the middle of the stationary phase of the cells; self-regulation of nisin synthesis (increased nisin synthesis leads to increased competition for metabolites of the substrate and energy material, nisin molecules act as an external factor that regulates synthesis). Light treatment of the nisin producer Lactobacillus lactis increases its resistance to oxidative stress and enhances its viability. As a result of studies during storage of the Lactobacillus lactis culture in skimmed milk, the positive effect of light on the high preservation of nisin activity was proved. Thus, photostimulation of the bioproducer of nisin - Lactobacillus Lactis culture with blue light with a light flux intensity of 1800 mcd for 50-60 minutes has a positive effect on its viability and allows us to recommend the use of blue light to increase nisin production.

When combine harvesters work, about half of the engine power is spent on extracting grain from ears of grain crops. The high energy costs for extracting grain from ears are due to the need to drag straw through a threshing device, the small displacement between the drum or rotor and deck, as well as to extract grain from ears of grain crops mainly by impact. Upon impact, grain damage also occurs. Therefore, the task was to develop a combine harvester that extracts grains from the ears of grain crops by grinding. For modeling, the assumption was made that the spike fell on the deck, after which it was clamped between the working branch of the conveyor and the deck strictly perpendicular to the direction of movement of the conveyor branch. The conveyor belt moves uniformly, and the deck oscillates. The movement of the conveyor and deck from the initial position is considered in the opposite direction. To efficiently removesingle grains from the ears, when the conveyor belt and deck are moved in opposite directions, it must rotate 360°. As a result of the simulation, the kinematic parameters of the process were detected during the opposite movement of the conveyor and deck. The following are determined: the speed of the belt of the upper conveyor, the angular speed of the drive shaft of the upper conveyor, the period of oscillation of the deck, the movement and the angle of rotation of the ear located between the working branch of the conveyor and the deck, when they are counter-moving. The simulation will then allow us to consider the movement of the ear during the movement of the conveyor and deck from the starting position and, based on the calculations, to identify the structural and kinematic parameters of the conveyor and deck.

The article presents the results of the study of structural-sorption performance and absorption properties of both raw materials and carbon sorbents obtained in the carbonization process, in terms of their ability to absorb petroleum products from water and contribute to the preservation of environmental infrastructure. Under the proposed mode of carbonization received hydrophobic sorbents. The analysis of the obtained results shows that carbon materials based on pine sawdust, obtained at a temperature of 300 °C for 8-10 minutes, have the best buoyancy – 97-100%. This can be explained by the fact that in the process of carbonization of cellulose-containing raw materials the last of the components of plant tissues decomposes lignin (active decomposition of lignin occurs in the temperature range 280-325 °C). As a result of research it is established that in the process of low-temperature one-stage carbonization of vegetable raw materials unauthorized hydrophobization of the sorbent surface is carried out. For fast and efficient collection of oil and oil products, the sorbent must have the maximum sorption rate, which will reduce the absorption time of pollutants. The highest sorption rate is shown by a mixture of pine sawdust carbonate: expanded graphite (50:50) and carbon material based on pine sawdust, which can be explained by the developed porous structure and surface chemistry of the materials.

The use of alcohol biofuel (BF) for internal combustion engines (ICE) is justified. Possible ways of using methanol (CH₃OH), ethanol (C₂H₅OH), butanol (C₄H₉OH) and methyl ether are analyzed. Experimental characteristics on these alcohols and esters are presented and their ecological advantage in relation to diesel fuel (DF) is proved.

The goal of the present work was to evaluate the possibility to improve bioleaching of Cu-Zn concentrate containing tennantite by means of using alkaline sulfide leaching (ASL). Concentrate contained 18.1% Cu, 6.2% Zn, and 1.7% As. ASL allows removing arsenic by means of destruction tennantite (Cu₁₂A_s4S₁₃) that results in the formation of dissolved thioarsenite and CuS and CuS2 in solid residues. ASL was performed under the following conditions: 95°C, pulp density 20%, residence time 6 h, NaOH concentration 3.5M, Na₂S concentration 1.5M. ASL residue contained 17.8% Cu, 6.4% Zn, and 0.2% As. Bioleaching of the concentrate and ASL solid residue was performed in stirred tank reactor under the following conditions: 40°C, pulp density 10%, residence time 20 d. Cu extraction reached 21 and 37%, while Zn extraction was 38 and 47% during concentrate and ASL residue bioleaching. The results obtained demonstrated that ASL pretreatment of the concentrate containing tennantite led to significant increase in copper extraction. Therefore, two-stage leaching including ASL and bioleaching may be considered as promising approach for processing tennantite-containing products since it allows avoiding emission of toxic gases and providing comparatively high copper and zinc extraction.

The agrochernozems of the Kansk forest-steppe used for the cultivation of rapeseed and camelina were characterized by a high humus content both in the 0–20 and 0–40 cm layer. The carbon content of humus (C_humus) (D_ump) and carbon of water-soluble organic matter (CH₂O) had a weak spatial variability (Cv = 1.3-11.7%), the content of carbon extracted with 0.1 n alkali (C_{0.1 n NaOH}) had an average and very high degree of spatial variability (Cv = 18.7-66.1% ) The heterogeneity of the soil cover was a factor determining the average statistical decrease in the content of stocks of all fractions of humic substances, with the exception of water-soluble carbon of humus. Fields with a pronounced meso- and microrelief and the presence of thinner types of agrochernozems are recommended for use for the cultivation of camelina, as a crop less demanding on soil conditions than rape.

The life activity of living organisms depends largely on the ecological state of their habitat. Based on the environmental monitoring of apiaries in the Tyumen region, the content of chemical elements in the soil and honey plants was studied. Based on the results of assessing the content of trace elements in the soil and plants, the soil contamination coefficient (CO) and the biological absorption coefficient (BAC) of plants were calculated. Studies have shown that the level of chemical elements in the soils and plants of apiaries in certain areas differs significantly. The reason for this is the natural and geographical conditions of these areas, as well as the proximity of anthropogenic sources of pollution. In spring, the content of the studied elements in the soil and in honey plants is higher than in summer. This is due to the fact that the soil receives pollutants that have accumulated in the snow cover during the winter due to atmospheric transport. The analysis of the obtained results showed that apiaries of Tyumen, Yarkovsky and Nizhnetavdinsky administrative districts of the Tyumen region are experiencing the greatest technogenic load. The apiaries of Berdyuzhsky and Sladkovsky districts can be considered environmentally safe. The flowers of coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara L), dandelion, woundwort (Stachus gen.) and willow herb (Epilobium avgustifolium) have a low BAC of the studied elements from honeybees.

We have investigated the early colonization of plants on the highly disturbed glaciofluvlial deposits of the Aktru valley. The modern colonization of the deposits are occurs in their middle part. It was impossible until the modern climate changes because of harsh disturbance regime which was prevented any colonization in this area by regular destruction of both plants and habitats. Now the regime is milder. 100 species from 31 family and 64 genera are participating in colonization now. The most of involved species are high-mountain ones and belong to Poaceae, Asteraceae and Salicaceae families. Most common growth forms of these plants are perennial hers and shrubs. The colonizing Larix trees are exist only as shrub growth form. The formed communities are underdeveloped and may be considered as existing on the pioneer stage of succession. The plant communities development is slow because of harsh disturbance regime thus forming of young forest similar to those in the higher part of the deposits will require a lot of time.

Based on the pyrogenic successions of Big Ushkan Island (Baikal Lake) being a part of the Zabaybalsky National Park, the changes in the vegetation on the North Baikal islands are studied. The paper presents the outcomes of the first stage of the monitoring. The general features and specificity of changes in the vegetation after the fire of 2015 on the island compared to the valley side are discovered. Fires reduce the diversity of species and increase the biodiversity of the landscape. The biomass of the field layer increases, but that of the wood layer decreases. At the initial stages of the pyrogenic successions, the species composition of the communities depends on the type of fire, the floristic composition of the pre-fire community and the biodiversity of the surrounding territories. The island and the continent feature different paces of the succession processes.

For the rational and sustainable forest use, some representative (reference) areas of ecosystems being high conservation value forests within the leasing estate of Tolshmenskoe, LLC, were selected. After that, the monitoring study for the assessment of the forest breeding, environmental and medium stabilizing functions and the reproduction capacity of the preserved forest ecosystems was carried out. Within the ecosystems, six sample sites were drawn and the survey based on the standard forest ecology methods was performed. The objects of the study (sample sites) were shaped to cover the maximum of all types of forest communities available at the leasing estate. Generally, the monitoring observation showed that the arboreal plants growing in the studied sample sites featured high resistance. The forest formation process is continuous but requires some silvicultural practices, such as appropriate care to stimulate the domination of the economically valuable wood species.

Taking into account the complexity and duration of creating the optimal shape of the flow part of the intake system, it is advisable to use mathematical models in its design and modernization. This not only reduces the cost and speeds up the creation of an optimal air path, but also provides conditions for automating the design process. The calculated determination of the flow coefficient using modern methods allows you to significantly reduce the amount of experimental research and solve the main problems by choosing the optimal combination of structural elements of the intake channels at the design and finishing stage of the engine. A method is proposed for calculating the flow rate through the intake system of an internal combustion engine (ICE) depending on the design features of the intake system elements: the flow resistance coefficient, the average speed of the piston, the cross-section area of the cylinder, the average effective flow of the valve slot, the number of valves, the value of the valve lift, the diameter of the neck. The influence of total losses from gas dynamic resistance is estimated.

Currently, the population of cities is in constant acoustic discomfort, both in production and transport, and in everyday life. Noise sources in cities are diverse. The reason for noise in cities can be mechanical engineering, light and construction industries, while the main source of noise is transport. Its share is 70-80% of the total background noise transmitted through the atmosphere. On major highways, the noise level is 85-92 dB with a maximum sound pressure in the frequency range of 400-800 Hz. In an industrial city, a high percentage of freight transport on highways is common. An increase in the total traffic flow of trucks, especially heavy trucks with diesel engines, leads to an increase in noise levels. Therefore, the development of methods to reduce the noise impact of various man-made sources on the environment of urban areas has become urgent. According to the developed method, you can determine the noise level near the city's roads.

In connection with the active production development and nanomaterials use, a new urgent task has appeared - the determination of the potential harm of nanoparticles to human health. This article analyses the influence of nanoparticles formed as a result of the extraction, processing and transportation of granite crushed stone. The paper presents data from an industrial survey of ventilation systems and the results of dust analysis of crushed stone production at the Angasolskoye field in the Irkutsk Region, which stands out at different stages of the technological cycle for producing granite crushed stone. Based on the results of the dispersion analysis of granite dust, functional dependences of the integral distribution over the equivalent size of dust particles are given. The main sources of small dust particles (nanoparticles) in the environment are determined.

The recognition of the spectra of expendable materials for traditional convection offset printing is shown. The theoretical analysis (calculation) of thermodynamic compatibility and assessment of dynamics of interaction of various liquids with polymer that is part of offset blanket is carried out.

In the South Trans-Urals, the Satyridae family is represented by 24 species, including P. afra and E. medusa, the species listed among the endangered species of Kurgan Oblast. Among the Satyridae inhabiting the region, C. tullia is the only species found in the Holarctic habitat; the rest belong to the Palearctic butterflies. In the region, the majority of the species spend the winter as a larva; two species live through the winter as a pupa. For three species, C. hero, P. afra, and C. persephone, the winter stage has not been found. By the trophic specialization of the larvae, the Satyridae are represented by broadly oligophagous and broadly polyphagous larvae. Based on the emergence timing, the imagoes of the Satyridae living in the South Trans Urals can be divided into three phenological groups: early summer (6 species), summer (15 species) and late summer (1 species). Generally, the Satyridae fauna of the region can be referred to as inhabitant in the forest-steppe area. By the landscape and biotopic allocation, the Satyridae of the region can be conventionally divided into four ecological groups: the inhabitants of the pine and small-leaved forests, the inhabitants of the forest-outlier and meadow landscape, inhabitants of the steppe-heaths and eurybionts. The greatest diversity of the species was found in the open space fauna (clearcuts and forest openings) of the pine and small-leaved forests. The similarity of the species composition of the Satyridae inhabitant in the forest-outlier and steppe landscapes constitutes 53%. This is explained, first of all, by the abundance of the Poaceae being the fodder plans of the caterpillars for the majority of the species.

Currently, the search for alternative renewable fuels for internal combustion engines is becoming strategic. At the same time, it is necessary to work on adapting and improving the design of power transport units, conduct research on optimizing the composition of fuels, their quality and safety, and improve the combustion process of fuels in the cylinder. Vegetable oil-based fuels and alcohol-based fuels are well established and widely distributed. Their valuable property is that when burned, they are less prone to the formation of toxic components and carcinogens. The purpose of this work was to analyze the characteristics of the diesel engine and the combustion process when working on ethanol and rapeseed oil when changing the ratio of cyclic feeds. At the same time, diesel fuel was not used and alcohol fuel was injected into the combustion chamber by a separate injector and ignited with a flame from the rapeseed oil. A 2F10,5/12,0 tractor diesel was upgraded to run on alternative fuels. The article presents the effective characteristics, indicator diagrams, the functions of heat dissipation and the average gas temperature at various portions of the rapeseed oil. The optimal relations portions of the fuels (ethanol and rapeseed oil) is established and justified.

The paper considers issues related to the emissivity of the flame generated in the cylinder of a high-speed piston internal combustion engine and, in particular, diesel and the effect of soot particles formed during the combustion of motor fuel on this process. The factors determining this process are presented, the data of various researchers involved in these processes are analyzed. Data are presented that establish the relationship between the amount of soot particles formed and the emission characteristics of the flame, on which the thermal loading of the parts of the cylinder-piston group depends.

Typically, in the technological processes of agricultural production, machines and equipment are used, where self-loading containers, bunkers, operating on the principle of natural gravitational leakage of friable, grain materials are used for transportation or overload of bulk materials. But the use of such components is justified only for use in the process of harvesting maize ears in the swaths and provided that the start is fed to the collecting hopper of the combine harvester, and after filling it is overloaded in the technological transport by the principle of "dump truck". When trying to go beyond these limitations to increase transportation or overload of bulk materials, there are objective difficulties that arise from the freezing and sticking of the bulk material in the absence of the gravitational leakage phenomenon. As part of the study described in this article, an analytical description of overcoming these difficulties is proposed. It is based on the fact that the analytical equations of motion of a grain mixture, such as quasi-liquids, allow taking into account the bunker's turn around the fastening axis during unloading of the grain mixture. This analytical approach allows us to further substantiate the kinematic parameters of self-propelled bunkers of harvesting machines. The mode of the technological process of unloading the dump of the hopper with grain material with a minimum unloading time is analyzed. This means that the obtained scientific result in the form of the equation of motion of a grain mixture, as quasi-liquids, on a sloping plane is interesting from the theoretical point of view. From the practical point of view, the analytical equations of motion of the grain mixture, such as quasi-liquids, allow us to determine the conditions of use of combine harvesters in the technology of plant production. Thus, the applied aspect of using the obtained scientific result is the possibility of improving the typical technological process of harvesting agricultural crops. This is a prerequisite for the transfer of technological solutions to agro-industrial production.

In this paper, we consider methods for processing experimental data regarding the determination of the sizes of soot particles selected in the exhaust system, as well as their size distribution in order to find the relationship between the sizes of soot particles and their shares in the total particle array. Corresponding data on the distribution of soot particles by size for an automobile diesel engine of dimension 4CHN 11,0/12,5 are presented, mathematical dependencies describing this distribution are established.

NO_x can be formed in the incineration chamber within high-temperature oxidation of azote in the air, as a result of low-temperature oxidation of azote-containing ignitable compounds, due to the collision of hydrocarbon radicals with azote molecules in the incineration reaction zone in the presence of temperature fluctuations. To analyze the education of NO_x in the topper of inland incineration CI engine, attempts have been made to apply a bimolecular mechanism. In some cases, using the indicated mechanism, a fairly good agreement was obtained between the experimental and calculated cluster of NO_x. The data obtained on variations in the indexes of the massive cluster of NO_x within the operation of a CI engine on methyl hydroxide are presented in this article. The readings were taken experimentally on a two-topper CI engine at various plant corners for determining ignitable shot.

In recent years, energy indepence from petroleum fuel has been of considerable interest in agriculture. In fact, occasional tightening of standards on toxic emissions combined with rising prices for diesel fuel, force scientists to look for alternative fuels. In this article, such fuels are represented by methyl alcohol, as the main fuel, and rapeseed oil methyl ether, as the fuel that is needed for the ignition of alcohol. The paper shows the characteristics of combusting these fuels in the diesel engine 2F 10.5/12.0 under various loading conditions when using a dual fuel system. The graphs of the indicator pressure and roughness of the combustion process during the operation of a diesel engine at a frequency corresponding to the nominal operation mode and maximum torque are presented. The article presents the analysis of the obtained diagrams and conclusions on the use of the above mentioned fuels in diesel engines.

When analyzing the content of harmful substances in diesel exhaust gases, in particular soot particles, it is necessary to determine the sampling methodology. In addition, this is a determining parameter in the further study of the obtained samples using microscopes. In this paper, we consider options for sampling exhaust gases and methods for preparing the obtained samples for further research. The results of these studies are presented.

The use of alcohols as an alternative fuel has long been a necessary phenomenon, since it allows you to save oil fuel and improve the environmental situation. Vyatka agricultural Academy continues to study the impact of alcohol consumption in diesel engines when they are powered by a dual fuel supply system. The article presents a method for calculating the main parameters of fuel supply.

In studies of carbon black education on a model setting during the injection of secondary liquid fuel into the combustion products, the existence of an poise operation temperature, i.e., the temperature at which the operation is characterized by poise between the combustion and decay rates of the fuel in thermal terms has been established. The cluster of smokiness education varies depending on changes in the setting fuel injection angle of a CI engine. At the same time, it is possible to determine with certainty the optimal fuel supply angles in the diesel cylinder both when working on diesel oil, and when working on methyl hydroxide with a pilot portion of hydrocarbon fuel.

Research aimed at finding new alternative fuels is becoming more and more urgent with each day, due to depletion of the world's oil deposits and pollution of the atmosphere with toxic emissions of exhaust gases produced by the internal combustion engine. The article below describes the results of using alternative renewable fuels, such as methyl alcohol and methyl ether of rapeseed oil and their effects on the process of heat generation in diesel engine under various load conditions. The object of research is a 2F 10.5/12.0 engine with a dual fuel supply system installed on it. The obtained results showed that the optimal fixer advance angle of fuel injection is equal to 34° to the top dead centre for both types of fuel. The use of alternative fuels does not significantly affect the operational process. At the same time, it was noted that emissions of toxic agents, such as nitrogen oxides and soot, have significantly decreased.

For a comprehensive assessment of the negative impact of mining waste on environmental objects, the biotesting method was used; phytotesting is a special case of it. The test objects were the tailings of loparite ores, soil and lake water samples in the zone of influence of Lovozero Mining and Processing Plant LLC, located in the Murmansk region. Test cultures - seed oats Avena sativa L., soft wheat Triticum aestivum L., watercress Lepidium sativum. Assessment of the impact of enterprise waste is given on the basis of the joint application of several test cultures and phytotesting methods. A decrease in test functions for a number of objects was found, but no toxic effect was detected. The V hazard class of the tailings of the enrichment of loparite ores stored by the enterprise has been experimentally confirmed, the low probability of overgrowing of the surface of the tailings has been demonstrated.

This article presents the results of the education of output values of the volumetric upkeep of NO_x in the EG. There are three ways of education of NO_x, differing in the method of origin. The education of NO_x can occur in the flame front, in which clusters of atomic oxygen and hydroxyl radical are observed, which are several orders of magnitude higher than the equilibrium ones in the zone of ignition products. The calculated data on the education of NO_x in the CI motor cylinder by two reactions of the chain mechanism and the reaction of the bimolecular mechanism by equilibrium clusters in the zone of ignition products are in good agreement with the experimental ones.

At present, the use of renewable alternative fuels of non-petroleum origin has become a challenge. Primarily, this is due to the fact that oil resources are gradually being depleted, and their cost is growing proportionally every year. Switching to renewable fuels will reduce air pollution and ensure independence from crude oil. The article presented describes the results of bench tests of an air-cooled diesel engine 2F 10.5/12.0 running on methyl alcohol and methyl ether of rapeseed oil. Herewith, a dual fuel supply system was used. That allowed ensuring synchronous fuel feeding into the engine cylinder. The article also presents diagrams of indicator pressure, heat release and roughness of the combustion process of a diesel engine running on alternative fuels, depending on the change in the crankshaft speed. Along with this, positive environmental effects were also revealed in terms of the amount of toxic agents in the exhaust gases of a tractor diesel engine. Thus, there is a significant reduction in nitrogen oxides (by 47.4%) as compared to the diesel process, and the soot content in the exhaust gases has decreased by 10.42 times.

Recently, the problem of expanding the raw material base of automobile fuels and at the same time reducing their negative impact on the environment through the use of non-traditional or alternative fuels has become acute. Among them, compressed natural gas and alcohols are most popular in road transport. Vyatka agricultural Academy continues to study the impact of alcohol consumption in diesels when they are fed using a dual fuel supply system. Despite the fact that the ignition delay period takes up a small fraction of the operating cycle and in diesels is only a few milliseconds, the value of this parameter in providing the required efficient and environmentally friendly characteristics of piston engines is huge. The calculation of the ignition delay period when working on alternative fuels is particularly relevant. The article presents a method for calculating the ignition delay period when working on alcohol.

Based on the research work on the use of various alcohols as an alternative motor fuel for various internal combustion engines, a number of conclusions were drawn on the stages of formation of the main combustion products. This article presents a part of theoretical studies when using methyl alcohol in the form of a fuel emulsion as an alternative motor fuel. One of the most dangerous toxic components of liquid fuel combustion products is soot. Therefore, it is necessary to find ways to reduce its content. To do this, you need to know the methods and stages of soot formation, which affect the final concentration by weight. The most important task can be called the determination of the prevailing mechanisms of the appearance of soot in the combustion of liquid fuels in the cylinders of engines. A variable zonal model of soot formation in a 4 H 11.0 / 12.5 high-speed diesel engine is presented when working on an alternative emulsified alcohol fuel - methanol-fuel emulsion. The stages of the formation of carbon particles during the oxidation of fuel inside the cylinder are considered.

The paper analyzes the use of natural gas as a motor fuel for an automobile diesel engine of 4CHN 11,0/12,5 dimension and its effect on the indicators of the combustion process depending on the change in the value of the installation angle of advance of fuel injection. It was found that when switching to gas engine fuel, the installation angle of the fuel injection advance can be maintained at the level of basic modification, which makes the conversion process technically simple from the point of view of operation. The values of the parameters characterizing the combustion process when converted to natural gas are within acceptable limits, and a number of parameters even improve their value.

The study showed the cytocompatibility, matrix, and osteoinductive properties of collagen-fibronectin hydrogel impregnated with rhBMP-2. After 7 days of MSCs incubated with osteoplastic material the cell viability was 93.4 ± 3.6%. Expression of osteoblast-related genes after 14 days was increased by 1.4-4.8 times. Furthermore alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium ion quantity in cell lysates were increased by 2 and 2.7 times. It was accompanied by extracellular matrix mineralization. The results indicate that rhBMP-2 fully retains its activity inside the collagen-based material. The use of rhBMP-2 at a concentration of 1 μg/ml was ineffective and unable to induce osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. An effective osteoinductive concentration of rhBMP-2 was determined as 10 μg/ml.

It should be noted that the harmful substances emitted by manufacturing enterprises are concentrated over a huge radius in a certain area, and the EG of automobiles are distributed throughout the territory of the settlement. At the same time, cars pollute the atmosphere with hydrocarbons and NOx by 30%, carbon oxides by 90%. Under adverse conditions, toxic mists are formed in the surface layers of the atmosphere, the so-called smogs, which contain toxic components of EG - hydrocarbons and NOx. There are over 100 different components in the EG of automobile motors, most of which are toxic. The approximate composition of the EG of gasoline and CI motors. The reason for the formation of hydrocarbons CH is the heterogeneity of the composition of the combustible mixture in the combustion chamber of the motor, as well as the unevenness of temperature and pressure in its various parts. In some combustion zones, the fuel practically does not burn out, as the chain reaction of hydrocarbon oxidation breaks.

To study the features of the combustion process in a 2CH 10.5/12.0 diesel engine when working on methanol with a portion of diesel fuel in accordance with the purpose, research objectives and methodology, tests were conducted at the nominal speed mode at a speed of n = 1800 min⁻¹ and at the maximum torque mode at n = 1400 min⁻¹. Indicator diagrams were taken at the optimal setting of the fuel injection angle, with a constant cyclic supply of diesel fuel and a cyclic supply of methanol, which ensures that the value of the average effective pressure is maintained at the level at which the experimental diesel was shown. Based on the results of processing indicator diagrams, heat release graphs were constructed, the analysis of which is presented in this article.

In the course of burning, the processes of gas movement intensively occur in the cylinder, which contribute to heat transfer to the cylinder walls. A diesel engine has different heat dissipation conditions than a gas engine. Due to the higher compression ratio, the temperature of the gases leaving the cylinder is much lower. The temperature of the gases in the cylinder in the course of burning reaches 2000-2300 °C. Using methyl hydroxide and changing the installing angles of advancing fuel injection there is a tendency to change the temperature of the cycle in the cylinder of the diesel engine. Starting from a certain position of the piston in the course of the compression stroke, the air temperature becomes higher than the wall temperatures, and the heat flux changes direction, i.e., heat is transferred from the air to the cylinder walls.

The transport complex is the most important element of the country's economic and social infrastructure. Among all types of transport, a special place belongs to the car, which is able to meet the needs of society in the transportation of goods and passengers with the greatest efficiency. The use of alcohols as an alternative fuel has long been a necessary phenomenon, since it allows you to save oil fuel and improve the environmental situation. In addition to alco&-hols, alternative motor fuels may include: petroleum gas, biogas, synthetic liquid fuels, generator gas, hydrogen, and dimethyl ether. The main factors determining the economic feasibility of switching to alternative fuels are the ratio of fuel prices. Vyatka agricultural Academy continues to study the impact of alcohol consumption on diesels when they are fed using a dual fuel supply system. The article presents the influence of alcohol consumption on toxic indicators.

The paper presents the results of bench tests of a four-cylinder diesel engine D-245.12C, in which the indicators of fuel combustion in the engine cylinder and the processes characterizing the heat release in this case were studied. The studies were carried out in a comparative way, since we were interested in how these indicators would change when the engine was converted to a new type of fuel. The entire range of engine load changes is considered - from minimum to maximum, the necessary calculations are carried out, recommendations are given on adjusting and loading modes that allow introducing the proposed type of fuel and the engines running on it into production. Two values of the rotational speed of the crankshaft were taken as the calculated ones: the frequency corresponding to the nominal rotation frequency and the rotation frequency corresponding to the maximum torque mode, 2400 and 1900 rpm, respectively. The results are shown in graphical form and allow you to evaluate the change in the main parameters depending on the change in load.

The use of alcohols as motor fuel is very important both for saving fuel oil and for reducing the environmental burden. One of the most promising alcohol fuels for the internal combustion engine is methanol. Its production is possible from almost any raw material containing carbon, but the largest amount of methanol is produced in Russia from natural gas. There is an extensive raw material available for the production of methanol, and its cost is low compared to other alternative fuels. In addition, methanol can solve the problem of reducing the main, most toxic components of exhaust gases, nitrogen oxides and soot. Vyatka agricultural Academy continues to study the effect of alcohol consumption on diesel engines when they are fed with methanol using various methods. The article presents the features of using alcohol when it is used with the supply of an experimental portion of diesel fuel.

Nanogenerator Technology is gaining more and more popularity among the scientist society. The triboelectric nanogenerators in particular already are used in different industries. The aim of the work was to see the achievements in the field, and what the state of art of triboelectric technology can offer to solve some of the problems agriculture industry is facing today. A way to implement the technology to a greenhouse was introduced in the work, to reduce the cost for the usage of LED lighting in the greenhouse. It was calculated that triboelectric nanogenerator system that is a kilometre long and a metre wide can potentialy support LED lighting in a greenhouse with an actual area of coverage of more than 650 hectares. The actual numbers are expected to be very different since there are no evidences of the technology being implemented at this stage of its development into the agriculture as a LED energy source. The system was suggested to be made near a busy motor way to convert the kinetic energy of the cars into the electrical power. The system is expected to have many advantages over the conventional electromagnetic power generating system, but due to obvious disadvantages of the dependence of the energy generated on the traffic, the technology is suggested best to be used in combination with electricity from public network.

The use of emulsified motor fuels with the addition of alcohols to improve the environmental performance of the engine and reduce the use of standard fuels. Features of the use of emulsified fuels. Based on the research work on the use of various alcohols as an alternative motor fuel for various internal combustion engines, a number of conclusions were drawn about the formation, characteristics of the process of evaporation and combustion of emulsified fuels. This article presents a part of theoretical studies when using alcohol in the form of a fuel emulsion with standard fuel as an alternative motor fuel. The processes of injection, heating, evaporation, the formation of foci of self-ignition and the passage of chain reactions during the burning of alternative emulsified alcohol motor fuels with an ethanol content of up to 30% are considered. Methods and features of preparing changes in the physical properties of emulsified alcohol-containing motor fuels are considered.

Soybean in the Amur Region occupies up to 30% of its area in Russia. With a high content of protein and oil, it is an energy-efficient crop, and its processed products are widely used in the food industry and animal husbandry. An increase in soybean production is planned by improving the structure of sown areas, introducing new varieties, and intensifying crop production. It is possible to increase its productivity through the use of high-quality and most productive seeds that can be isolated, separately collected in a combine harvester during harvesting and used without seeds after harvesting. For this, it is necessary to use combines of two-phase threshing, with the separation of threshed mass by the first threshing drum, cleaning and collecting this mass in an additional hopper. To avoid pinching and damage during transportation, it is necessary to use screws with a brush frame for the working edge of the screw and brush conveyor belts. The selected soybean seeds of the first fraction for all sowing quality indicators correspond to the second class of the state standard, and their laboratory and field germination, 96 and 91.5%, corresponds to the seeds of the first class. The use of the first seed fraction during sowing, without additional purification, reduces material costs, increases soybean yield by 3.0 kg / ha and increases profit.

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of oil pollution on the transformation of algocenoses of water-ground ecotone. The species composition, abundance, occurrence of cyanobacteria and algae in water-ground ecotone under the influence of oil pollution has been studied. A comparison of the algoflora of different ecotone sites was made taking into account the nature of the higher plants. Sixty-five taxa of algae were identified with a rank below the genus belonging to the 4th divisions. The division dominant in the number of species is Bacillariophyta (37%), Cyanoprokaryota (Cyanophyta) (31%), Chlorophyta (27%), Xanthophyta (5%). The leading families were Pseudanabaenaceae, Phormidiaceae, Cocconeidaceae. Among the genera, the genus Leptolyngbya is in first place. The littoral zone of the lake was dominated by diatomic algae. A wide range of species of cyanobacteria and green algae were observed in soil samples, leading families and genera by species occurrence were members of the families Nostocaceae, Pseudanabaenaceae. Environmental analysis has shown that hydrophilic and edadophilic species belonging to P-, Ch-, CF-, C and B-life forms play a significant role in the formation of soil algae communities. The nature of the higher plants is less than oil pollution determines the composition of the algoflora. With the emergence of oil contamination in the ecotone, the number of cyanobacteria and algae, the survival rate of soil algae and, to a lesser extent, benthic species is reduced.

This article presents the results of complex assessment of the resources needed to carry out the reclamation of technogenic landscapes at coal-mining enterprises in Khakasia. An assessment based on analysis of regional natural factors (climate, soil-forming rocks, soil and vegetation cover). According to the results, regionalization of the territory by resource availability was carried out. It is shown that the region is characterized by a deficit of moisture, which is growing from south to north. The resources of potentially fertile rocks and the fertile soil layer range from acute deficiency to sufficient. In the southern part of Khakasia, where coal mining sections are located, insufficient resources of the fertile soil layer are noted. In such conditions, the implementation of the main areas of reclamation is limited.

The high content of chemical elements in the sources of drinking water in addition to anthropogenic contamination may be due to the presence of the source in a particular geochemical provinces, creating the initially high background levels of chemicals of concern in water. It was found that among 14 geochemical provinces of Perm region in 4 there was the excess of the maximum allowable concentrations in water sources: the manganese to 2.3 MAC and strontium to 17.0 MAC. It is shown that, despite the use of modern methods of water treatment used in the economic activity and for the purpose of drinking water, in drinking water after treatment manganese, fluorine, strontium, beryllium and Nickel exceeding to 20.0 MPC, substance characteristic water sources within the boundaries of the geochemical provinces, are recorded. The event production control does not always include a program of sampling on the specific geochemical provinces of the substance, such as boron, bromine, barium, etc. In the course of the assessment of health risk from consumption of drinking water from sources located within the boundaries of geochemical provinces obtained that the coefficients of the danger (HQ) exceeded the acceptable level to 2.2 times for a number of substances, and the hazard index (HI) of health disorders exceeded the permissible level up to 2.5 times. The total contribution of the typical geochemical provinces of substances has reached 100,0 % for some organs and target systems.

The study of deformation hardening of single crystals for modern engineering is an important task due to the emergence of new promising methods of processing metal materials. Although in practice we usually deal with polycrystalline metals and alloys, it is advisable to start the analysis with simpler objects – single crystals of pure metals, where you can most clearly and fully identify the main patterns of deformation hardening. The article considers the temperature range limited by the interval of intensive thermal return.

The study concerns the problem of analyzing the quality of ambient air in the Russian Federation over the past twenty years and determining the causes that influence its change. It is shown that the air quality in urban and rural settlements improves, despite the absence of sustainable positive dynamics in reducing gross emissions of stationary and mobile sources. To explain this phenomenon, it has been suggested that as a result of the spatial redistribution of the location of the emissions sources, residential, recreational and other standardized zones, the sources of exposure to atmospheric air are removed from the places of population. The main substances that affect the atmospheric air quality in the Russian Federation are benzo(a)pyrene, ethylbenzene, carbon, suspended solids, hydrogen fluoride, mercury, hydroxybenzene, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide and acrolein. The study showed that atmospheric pollution with benzo(a)pyrene decreased 3.14 times, with suspended solids 9.36 times, with carbon monoxide 9.28 times, and with hydroxybenzene 8.74 times. There was a reduction in exposure of carbon monoxide emissions (by 1.236 million tons, VOCs (by 580 thousand tons) and nitrogen oxides (by 297 thousand tons). The quality of ambient air and its change in the Russian Federation was influenced by a number of natural and anthropogenic factors such as adverse weather conditions for dispersion of impurities in the atmosphere, forest fires, industrial accidents and disasters, implementation of planning decisions on the territory of urban and rural settlements, allowing to place emission sources into the ambient air at the necessary distance from residential areas, and to implement the principle of distance protection and etc.

The article discusses the features of the formation of a rock-like fault, which is formed at an elevated temperature and is enriched with partially soluble phases. These are small particles, films, or fused eutectic. To study the regularities of this defect, 8 different melts were studied and micro-samples were made for further research. The study of the structure revealed the main parameters that have a destructive effect on the metal. In general, the studied defect can be corrected by homogenization, which is determined by the degree of stability of the rock-like crack - the more stable it is, the higher the heating temperature should be and the longer the exposure at this temperature.

Existing and currently being upgraded simplified models of the internal combustion engine workflow have very limited capabilities in terms of describing the fuel combustion process. Gorenje it is known that the most important means of studying the combustion in diesel fuel is the analysis of the indicator diagram for heat release. By analyzing the shape of the indicator chart, you can get information about the process of heat release during fuel combustion. The heat release characteristic is a function of the amount of heat released in the cylinder, from the angle of rotation of the crankshaft or time. The heat release characteristics are expressed in different ways: as a dependency of the absolute amount of heat from the current corner p.c.v., the integrated characteristic or the so-called dependence of heat release rate — differential characteristic. In most cases, the characteristics of relative heat release are used, rather than absolute. Vyatka agricultural Academy continues to study the impact of alcohol consumption in diesel engines when they are fed using a dual fuel supply system. The article presents the effect of methanol consumption on the characteristics of heat release.

Protection of passenger cars involved in agricultural work and maintenance of agricultural machinery from corrosion contributes to accident-free and long-term operation. A special feature of passenger cars used in agricultural production is the seasonality of its use. The durability of the body, the most expensive element of the car, during normal operation is regulated by the corrosion resistance of the panels. The most susceptible to corrosion are the wings, sills, underbody, and wheel arches. The article deals with the main models of «AVTOVAZ» cars and methods of applying paint coatings to the elements of body parts. The advantages and disadvantages of cataphoresis and anaphoresis coatings are also considered.

The chemistry of the formation of soot particles in a cylinder of a diesel engine when working on alternative motor fuel in the form of an emulsion containing methanol alcohol is considered. One of the most dangerous toxic components of liquid fuel combustion products is soot. Therefore, it is necessary to find ways to reduce its content. To do this, you need to know the methods and stages of soot formation, which affect the final concentration by weight. The most important task can be called the determination of the prevailing mechanisms of the appearance of soot in the combustion of liquid fuels in the cylinders of engines. A variable zonal model of soot formation in a 4 H 11.0 / 12.5 high-speed diesel engine is presented when working on an alternative emulsified alcohol fuel - methanol-fuel emulsion. The stages of the formation of carbon particles during the oxidation of fuel inside the cylinder are considered.

The oil storage and transhipment are usually located outside the boundaries of settlements, often on agricultural lands. Environmental pollution will inevitably have a negative impact on land productivity and products quality. The study deals with the problem of atmospheric air and soil quality in the impact zones of objects of storage and oil reloading. It is established that the quality of atmospheric air and soil in the zones of influence of such facilities does not meet the environmental legislation requirements. The main sources of environmental pollution are: the reservoirs of raw materials and final products, pumping station pumps and place of the final product loading in automotive, rail tank cars and other containers. The priority pollutants include hydrogen sulfide, phenol, benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, xylenes, mercaptans, saturated hydrocarbons C1-C5 and C6-C10. It is established that the greatest threat of the environment pollution is: the imported product low quality; a legacy hardware design of the petroleum products storage and handling, improper waste management. Economic subjects recommended to organize the incoming quality control of oil confirmation of compliance of its members with supporting documents. In terms of improving the hardware design of the technological process is proposed: application of loopback vapors during road tankers discharge, creating a covered loading with an oil overload from storage tanks to rail tank cars, the use of nitrogen cushions or pontoons in oil storage, the use of modern technologies of storage and/or disposal of oil sludge liquidation and sludge pits recultivation.

The article analyzes experimental data obtained during bench tests of tractor diesel 4CH 11.0/12.5 using alternative fuelethanol. Ethanol was supplied to the diesel cylinder as part of an emulsion, this method allows for minor modifications of the diesel fuel system to use alternative fuel with a sufficiently high efficiency. In the Vyatka state agricultural Academy on the basis of the Department of heat engines, cars and tractors, a diesel engine was developed to work on ethanol-fuel emulsion. The article substantiates the possibility of establishing the maximum permissible concentration of ethanol in the emulsion for this diesel, it is 25% of the total fuel and provides sufficient conditions for the organization of a stable combustion process without skipping ignition. The article presents experimental studies of the working process of diesel when working on ethanol-fuel emulsion, which were brought to the maximum.

The article is devoted to the use of ethanol-fuel emulsion as an alternative energy carrier in tractor diesel 4CH 11,0/12,5. In the Vyatka state agricultural Academy on the basis of the Department of heat engines, cars and tractors, a diesel engine was developed to work on ethanol-fuel emulsion. The article substantiates the possibility of establishing the maximum permissible concentration of ethanol in the emulsion for this diesel, it is 25% of the total fuel and provides sufficient conditions for the organization of a stable combustion process without skipping ignition. Experimental studies of the working process of diesel when working on ethanol-fuel emulsion determined the values of the main environmental indicators.

Internal combustion engines play a significant role in environmental pollution. In large cities, they are one of the main sources of toxic substances released into the atmosphere. One of the main tasks, along with improving the economic performance of diesels, is to reduce the toxcity of their exhaust gases. For these purposes, it is necessary to study the operation of diesels using alternative fuels. However, their use usually requires significant changes in the design of engines compared to diesels running on petroleum fuel. To study the main performance properties of ethanol-fuel emulsions as a substitute for petroleum fuels in the conditions of expanding the raw material base of automobile fuels and simultaneously reducing their negative impact on the environment, the Vyatka agricultural Academy continues to study the impact of alcohol use in diesels when they are fed using emulsions. The article presents the results of the research.

The article considers the degree of arsenic, cadmium and lead contamination in soils of the municipal settlement the city of Svirsk, Irkutsk region. The responses of various types of agricultural plants to contamination by arsenic, cadmium and lead and their accumulation in green mass and fruits is presented. All cultivated plants accumulate arsenic, cadmium and lead, their content exceeds the maximum available concentration (MPC) and cannot be used for food production, as well as for feeding farm animals. The highest content of arsenic, cadmium and lead was observed in vegetable crops: red beet (Beta vulgaris), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), onion (Allium cepa), pea (Pisum sativum), lettuce (Acetaria), garlic (Allium sativum), potato (Solanum tuberosum), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), as well as in the green mass of feed crops: alfalfa (Medicago sativa), elytrigia (Elytrigia repens), Hungarian sainfoin (Onobrychis arenaria), highlander spread (Polygonum divaricatum), Turkish wartycabbage (Bunias orientalis). Indicator plants include red beet (Beta vulgaris), excluder plants - potato (Solanum tuberosum), accumulator plants - Turkish wartycabbage (Buniasorientalis). The authors propose that all used agricultural land be withdrawn from agriculture and preserved.

The paper presents the results of a comparative study of the effects of three light source types on micropropagation efficiency of Berlin poplar (Populus berolinensis). As a model explant type for regeneration root segments were used. Three types of light sources were compared: fluorescent cool white light lamps LED-based purple (red+blue) light phyto lamps and LED-based neutral white light phyto lamps. The poplar regeneration was more effective under fluorescent lamp illumination treatment then at both types of LED phyto lamps. Among two studied LED light sources, the best result was obtained for white light lamps. The quantity and size of regenerants obtained under LED white light lamps illumination were comparable with those got under fluorescence lamps. The least regeneration efficiency was observed under the purple light LED lamps illumination with a limited spectrum range of emitted light. Nevertheless, in case of discontinuation of fluorescent lamps due to the policy of efficient energy consumption and environment protection optimized LED phyto lamps illumination has prospects in micropropagation of plants.

The article considers the complex composts role from the wastewater residues and beer pellets on the Esenia fetida vermiculture growth dynamics in closed ground conditions as the Yugra territory sustainable development regional aspect. The substrates used: the soil with a total humus content of 1.83 ± 0.51%, the wastewater residues, the brewer pellet, the plants, the food waste, the paper, the bird droppings, the Tamir microbiological preparation, as well as 50 immature worms, the hybrid Prospector. The experiment lasted 30 days. In each compost variant, there were 7 replicates with the MP and worms, as well as 2 controls without worms: with MP and without it. The complex composts showed a positive trend in the increase in the earthworms number and their total mass. The decrease in the substrate mass after vermicomposting using the Tamir microbiological preparation was observed in all variants. A statistically regular decrease in the substrate mass over time due to the growth of the worms was found. The optimum temperature for the worm's development is +21 degrees, and the pH values at which a high worms number were observed are in the range from 7.8 to 8.2. Thus, it is possible to use all the complex composts variants. The decomposition process and the growth of the worms positive dynamics were observed everywhere at different rates. The beer pellets use in the raw state is possible when adding 10-25% of the compostable substrate total mass with the organic components that have sorption capacity.

These studies are devoted to assessing the impact of exhaust gases of internal combustion engines on the environment and methods for neutralizing nitrogen oxides. With intensive urbanization and the growth of megacities, road transport has become the most adverse environmental factor in protecting human health and the environment. The formation of toxic substances-products of incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuel and compounds of atomic nitrogen with oxygen in the engine cylinder during combustion occurs in fundamentally different ways. Only a comprehensive analysis of this issue will allow us to develop new promising ways to reduce the toxicity of exhaust gases.