Table of contents

International Scientific and Practical Conference "Forest ecosystems as global resource of the biosphere: calls, threats, solutions" (Forestry-2019) continued a series of events that started in 2008. The event was jointly organized by Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G. F. Morozov (Russia), Madrid Polytechnic University (Spain), Belgrade University (Serbia), Belarusian State Technical University (Belarus), Czech Academy of Agrarian Sciences (Czech Republic), Zvolen Technical University (Slovakia), and Research Institute of Forest Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology (Russia), in October, 23-24, 2019, Voronezh, Russia.

Forestry-2019 welcomed practitioners, academicians and young researchers from different disciplines with an interest in forest to present research and state-of-the-art knowledge and theories in forestry and to strengthen collaboration between institutions in forest science, management and industry.

The Conference explored the research covering (1) Forestry, forest management and multi-purpose use of forests; (2) Genetics, selection, seed production, reproduction and biotechnology in forestry; (3) Biodiversity of forest ecosystems, protection and defense of forests; (4) Forest park and landscape architecture; (5) Economics and management in the forestry complex; (6) Historical and social aspects of nature management; (7) Forest industry and mechanization of the forest complex; and (8) Innovations in the forestry complex.

The Organizing Committee is highly grateful for the contribution of the Participants, Institutions and Sponsors supporting the event. All the manuscripts included to the Proceedings went through intensive reviews by notable experts in various scientific areas from Italy, Poland, Argentina, Russia, Spain, Romania, Mexico, Czech Republic, USA, China, Hungary, Sweden, UK, India, Kazakhstan, France, Austria, Thailand, Germany, Canada, Italy, Latvia, Turkey, Australia, Portugal, Malaysia, Ukraine, South Africa, Japan, Belgium, Indonesia, and Korea. The Editors expresses profound gratitude to all the reviewers, whose enthusiasm amplified the high quality of the papers.

The conference was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research and Federal Forestry Agency (Russia).

Web page of the Forestry-2019: https://vgltu-conference.wixsite.com/forestry2019

Organizing Committee:

Dr. Svetlana Morkovina, Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, Russia

Editors of the Special Issue Forestry-2019:

Dr. Anna Godymchuk, National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Russia

Dr. Liudmyla Rieznichenko, F.D. Ovcharenko Institute of Biocolloidal Chemistry of National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine

Dr. Antonio García-Abril, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

Histological characteristics of lamina tissues (numerical values, area of stomata and width of stomatal pore), indicators of photosynthetic and enzymatic activity of the leaves of poplar (Populus alba L. × Populus tremula L.) and birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) microclones have been studied as criteria levels of stability degrees of plant tissue resistance to drought and fungal diseases. The stimulation of microclone potential resistance to the effects of various stressors has been revealed when adding a solution of TiO₂ and ZnO nanoparticles into a cultivation substrate.

The paper proposes a new method to evaluate technical, technological and organizational parameters of the developed automated system for designing logging operations based on multi-level structural improvement in the processing procedure. To justify the optimal technology of this procedure, the complex indicator of specific energy consumption was introduced, and a mathematical apparatus sensitive to changes in a wide range of the worker's characteristics was developed. Besides, the natural environment of the parameters of gasoline-powered tools, technology and process organization, and the worker's individual characteristics such as qualification and fatigue were considered. The algorithms and programming software written in Delphi were elaborated to reliably predict the operation of various sets of gasoline-powered tools in 12 possible technological sequences based on the mathematical apparatus obtained. The discrepancy between the experimental and modeling data was found not to exceed 3-6 %. As a result of using the considered tools and software, it became possible to improve the performance of processing operations by identifying optimal technical and technological solutions under the given conditions of production and the natural environment at the stage of technological design.

Natural replacement of grasslands by forests during the Late Holocene and in the modern period was observed. Soil changes as reaction to this phenomena were analyzed. Long-term transformation of steppe Chernozems into forest Phaeozems and Luvisols has been studied in archaeological landscapes in 5 key sites by comparison of paleosols buried under Early Iron Age defensive ramparts, with modern background soils of broad-leaved natural environments. Short-term changes of Chernozems covered by tree cover were studied in 3 key sites, presented by 55 yrs broad-leaved shelterbelts, planted on initially open spaces with Chernozems in agroforestry landscapes. Long-term (during the last 2800-2000 yrs) steppe Chernozems transformation into the forest categories of soils leaded to decrease of humus pools in the soil profiles more than 2 times. After 55 years of steppe Chernozems existence under a tree canopy (in shelterbelts) soil profiles exhibited an increase of humus stocks to depths 1 m in average on 13% at initial values. Stages of Chernozem evolution in response to changing land cover from forest to grassland is discussed. Natural advancement of forest over grasslands continues in the contemporary period. From 1970–2014 rates of climatically determined frontal advancement of forests edges onto grasslands, studied in 6 key sites in different regions of forest steppe, have linear connection with the hydrothermal coefficient (HTC). According to this linear trend, rate of forests advancement to grasslands in modern period declines to zero at HTC 0.75 (the index of the center of steppe zone).

The paper presents an ecological trail created in the area affected by enterprises of the Tobolsk Industrial Site (Tyumen region, Russia). This ecological trail is aimed at preserving old-growth forest areas, creating a vision of harmonious coexistence between a large petrochemical facility and the surrounding natural environment and, therefore, helping to preserve rare, protected and indicator species of the biota identified near the Tobolsk Industrial Site. As a result of the research conducted on the ecological trail, thirteen rare and protected species of flora were identified and preserved. These are: Lobaria pulmonaria L. Hoffm., Phegopteris connectilis (Michx.) Watt., Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh., Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott., Tilia cordata Mill., Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull., Allium microdictyon Prokh., Neottianthe cucullata L. Schlechter., Malaxis monophyllos L., Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) Soo, Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich., Cypripedium guttatum Sw., Listera ovata (L.) R. Br. The area reserved for the ecological trail will be protected from deforestation and construction.

The study examined six sites in the right-bank floodplain of the lower reaches of the Irtysh River, Russia, in the part located near the riverbed. The sites were spaced at a considerable distance from each other. The species composition of plants was analyzed. Forty-four species of vascular plants were identified at the studied sites. In terms of the number of species, the sites were ranked as follows: 1→3→6→5→2→4. The plants at sites 2 and 4 are under anthropogenic pressure and stress, which affect the species composition, density, biological productivity, oxygen productivity, and morphometric indicators of plant communities. The assessment of the productivity of floodplain communities performed in this study can be further used to determine the natural resources potential of floodplain areas and to ensure the rational use of their natural resources.

Currently, recreation is the most common use of natural areas. Silvicultural assessment of the state and stability of pine biogeocenoses has been used for conducting a systematic analysis of the recreational potential of forest areas exposed to recreational impact. Functional recreational zones in various categories of recreational landscape are highlighted. The results show that species diversity of underwood trees decreases, projective cover of the ground cover and proportion of forest species increases, specific resistance of the upper soil layer grows with an increase in the recreational load. Specific resistivity is 20.5 kg/cm² at a depth of 20-25 cm while approximately equal resistance is already observed at a depth of 3-5 cm in the fifth type section (forest road). Unsatisfactory organization of landscape structure has led to a decrease in sustainability in forest ecosystems of the Somovsky forest district. The chosen forest landscape category occupies 6,262 ha on the territory of the Somovsky forest district, forest-park area – 2,912 ha, the subzone of "Organized Mass Leisure" – 46.5 ha, the subzone of "Beach recreation" – 113.5 ha, the subzone of "Mass flashpacking recreation" – 2,752 ha. The obtained data indicate the necessity to introduce the regulation modes for recreational use of Somovsky forest district territory.

Taking into account the emerging trend towards temperature increase in the region of the research in recent years, introduction and cultivation of the genus Juglans in the Voronezh region is a pressing issue. The paper reviews 4 species of nuts – black walnut, Manchurian, gray and heartnut, which are the most promising for the creation of forest crops, because they are the most resistant to adverse factors in the area of introduction among all species of the genus Juglans. Taking into account the specific features and the intense form diversity of nuts of the genus Juglans, an assessment scale was proposed and a regional methodology was developed for assessing the quality of fruits. The quality of the fruits of the forms and types of nuts was determined by the total value of the evaluation criteria, taking into account the level of significance of each trait. The trees species which in aggregate have the best resistance to adverse factors and have acceptable quality fruits (EC = 136 and 188) are black walnut and heartnut. It is these types of the genus Juglans that are primarily recommended for full reforestation and afforestation in the Voronezh region.

Correlation between the size of copper nanoparticles and effects they produce on white mustard seedlings were studied in the paper. Copper nanopowders with average particle sizes of 45 and 200 nm with concentrations of 0.01–1000 wt ppm of seeds were used to treat white mustard seeds. Nonlinear dose effects were displayed by copper nanopowders obtained by chemical synthesis with the particle size of 35-60 nm. For 45 nm nanoparticles the highest biological activity with regard to germinating energy, 3-day stem and root weight was registered at 5.0 wt ppm concentration, while for root length and weight of the 7-day stems the 1.0 wt ppm concentration had the most pronounced effect. Copper submicron powder with average particle size of 200 nm displayed some effect only after 7th day of the experiment at high concentrations (from 100 to 1000 wt ppm) according to the measurements of length and weight of the seedlings. The obtained results can be used in the development of copper nanoparticles-based preparations for pre-sowing treatment of seeds.

The study is intended for engineers and small-scale forestry owners because it offers a simple solution for acorns quality improvement by machine grading before sowing. Visible diffuse reflectance spectra of single whole acorns (Quercus robur L.), damaged acorns, acorns pericarp, whole and damaged acorn seeds were scanned with spectrometer USB 4000 (Ocean Optics Inc., USA) from 450 to 900 nm at 1 nm intervals. Near infrared reflectance spectra of single acorns material were scanned with spectrometer NirQuest512 (Ocean Optics Inc., USA) from 900 to 2100 nm at 1 nm intervals. English oak acorns cannot be divided from damaged acorns and acorns pericarp in the visible wavelength range. Hard-to-release damaged acorns with shell cracks are eliminated in the NIR-reflectance at a wavelength range from 1400 to 1500 nm or from 1900 to 2000 nm. After the elimination of damaged acorns, good whole acorns can be grading from the acorns rotten seed and acorns pericarp (only one the inner side of a shell) at a wavelength range from 1600 to 1700 nm. The results of this study are limited to these specific samples and cannot be interpreted for acorns of all Quercus species.

Poplar – Populus L. is a widely-distributed major forestry species in the north hemisphere. Here we investigated poplars selected in the local forests, introduced from different regions, and hybrids during the last 60 years. More than 300 clones and varieties were introduced from 30 locations of the former USSR and more than 4,000 new poplar hybrids were bred in the Voronezh region and maintained in the field collections and field tests of the Central Chernozem region. Based on the variety testing, we selected the most promising clones and varieties as well as developed the assortment for different target forest plantations. Also, the tested varieties were patented by the Federal Registration including the black and white poplars: 'Steppe Lada', 'Breeze', 'Surprise', 'Bolide', 'Veduga'. We developed a new series of hybrids with P. tremula by collaborating with the Germany Ministry of Food and Agriculture. In these series the factorial crossings included the hybrids between the heart rot stable and fast-growing parental forms with unstable to decay parents. Our study will build the way of developing the heart rot stable genotypes of aspen based on the genetic architecture. Our varieties will strengthen the local timber supply and the reclamation of the disturbed lands as well as to replenish the assortments for landscaping in the region and other territories.

The description of the following ten poplar hybrids bred in All-Russian Research Institute of Forest Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology (originator is A P Tsarev): white poplar hybrid 'Veduga', black poplar hybrids 'Vertical' and 'Prolog' and intersectional poplar hybrids 'Strojn', 'Arctur', 'Arta', 'Versija', 'Peredel', 'Saturija' and 'Erida' have been testing in the Shekhman' experience site in the forest-steppe zone of Tambov region is presented. The rootage of 1-year-old hybrids and further its survival during 33 years of research are shown. It is noted that the dry year 2010 significantly affected the survival of plants, which resulted in its reduction in subsequent years in the whole site by almost half. The hybrids 'Versija', 'Peredel', 'Saturija' and 'Erida' have been more drought-resistant, the survival of which by the year 2015 did not fall below 70 %. The promising hybrids for massive, protective and greenery plantings of the region have been allocated. The best hybrids on growth energy and productivity in the region: 'Veduga', 'Erida', 'Peredel' and 'Versija', which in 25 years had average height of 20.4-23.8 m, diameter – 26.2-29.8 cm and volume of the trunk – 0.5-0.7 m³. At the age of 33 their indicators were 23-25 m, 28-32 cm and 0.55-0.8 m³ respectively.

The aim of the article is to find effective growth points for the Russian economy, identify problems hindering the sustainable development according to the green paradigm. The benefits of Russia's participation in international logistic project of recreating the new Silk Road are researched for forestry industry. Positive dynamics of the forest industry was achieved in 2018: in 10 months of 2018, the industrial production index in the woodworking sector was 109%, in the pulp and paper industry – 113%. Despite the positive trends, the capacity of the industry is far from fully revealed. The share of Russia in world forest turnover is 3% of the global volume unlike such countries as Finland (8%), Sweden (10%), the USA (13%), Canada (17%). The main consumers are China (76%), the Republic of Korea (20%), Japan (4%). Processed timber is acquired by China (83%), the Republic of Korea and Japan (17%). The development of export-oriented woodworking enterprises with high-value-added products in Russia demands a significant transformation of the transport-logistics complex. The article researches the main limitations of the transport system (low density of roads, the high demanding infrastructure investments, high costs of transportation), which do not allow enterprises to work effectively in foreign markets.

Foothill forest plantations of the Karachay-Cherkessia Republic are considered in this paper. The plantations are created by sowing and planting, strip or group tree espacement, both clear and mixed in composition. Thirteen permanent test plots with a total area of 4 hectares were laid. Six of them were laid in the Cherkessk-Elista-Volgograd State Forest Protection Zone (the Stalin's Nature Transformation Plan of 1948). Complete enumeration of trees was carried out on each trial plot, defining their preservation, condition and quality. Models (from the trees of medium diameter and height) were selected. The graphs of growth progress in height and diameter were constructed. The calculation of barrel and stock volume was based on special tables. Environmental and economic assessment of the plantations (Kuban forestry, the Karachay-Cherkessia Republic) was carried out. The assessment was based on the methodology by V Tarankov. The calculation of carbon reserves was carried out by the calculation and measurement method using special tables. The current growth of plant phytomass was calculated through the intensity of carbon sequestration. Assessment of carbon dioxide absorption and oxygen evolution was carried out by the calculation method. The research is based on the method of comparison and analysis using variation statistics, which significantly improved the reliability of the data. For the first time, the experience of creating forest plantations in the foothills of the Karachay-Cherkessia Republic is summarized. The research makes a basis for planning and reconstruction of artificial stands in the foothills of the North Caucasus (eastern part).

The Russian forest sector is now undergoing global changes related to the development of digitalization and innovation. Raising the innovation level is a strategically important task for the country. It depends on the conditions created for the development of intellectual resources. Forest is a natural capital, partially forming the country's national wealth. Russia occupies leading positions in the world forest yield. Attraction of innovation to the forest sector is the urgent task. For a long time, forest sector was unattractive for businesses and investors due to the long cultivation cycle, natural risks and large fire losses. Here innovations should come to rescue. They enable to automate biological processes and gain progress in productivity growth. Innovations should not be borrowed technologies, but created using our own resources. Today, scientists from Germany, Italy, and Costa Rica are looking for different approaches increasing forestry innovative potential. We propose to use knowledge for innovative development of the forest sector: there is a direct relationship between the levels of innovative activity and education. The aim of this article is to create instruments for the forestry innovative development, based on the knowledge economy, leading to the innovation formation.

Nuclear microsatellite markers are considered to be among the most powerful tools for assessing genetic resources. To date, a great variety of primers for SSR loci of pines has been developed. As regards Scots pine, selection of neutral steadily amplifiable loci not containing null alleles and their multiplexing are high-priority tasks, as there are no generally accepted multiplex panels of loci for this species. Authors of published multiplexes tend not to use loci due to their unstable amplification or the presence of single nucleotide repeats. The aim of the paper was to create the new multiplexes of reliable previously published pine nSSR loci in view of preliminary data based on the analysis of melting curves of products after Real-Time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for each locus separately. Initially, microsatellite multiplexes were created using Multiplex Manager 1.0. DNA was extracted by the CTAB method from samples of pine needles. Real-Time PCR was performed in CFX96 thermal cyclers (BIO-RAD, USA). Fragment analysis of PCR products labeled with FAM, HEX and ROX dyes was performed on a 3500 genetic analyzer (Applied Biosystems). GeneScanTM 500 LIZ size standard was used. As a result of the study, 3 multiplexes have been proposed.

This work focuses on the principles of green economy in relation to the role of the forest sector in combating the effects of climate change. The threat to humanity comes from deforestation and forest degradation, leading to an increase in global carbon dioxide emissions. It is indicated that the implementation of the "green" principles of forestry development is aimed at reducing carbon emissions, efficient use of resources and social integration. The key elements of the developed mechanism are institutional and economic tools, "green" principles, indicators and a set of measures for the preservation and increase of natural capital, carbon sequestration, prevention of loss of ecosystem services and biodiversity, income growth and employment. Green economy is an important subsystem of sustainable development that integrates low-carbon, resource efficiency and social welfare. It has been proven that criteria and indicators are an important tool for the implementation of forest policy. Introduction of the green economy principles in the forest sector is aimed at fulfilling international obligations, introducing a system for regulating greenhouse gas emissions, obtaining additional income from tax collections, land rent, protecting the interests of all stakeholders, including the population and forest workers, efficient use of resources forests, taking into account the value of ecosystem services when making decisions.

The article presents the results of studies on how the unsystematic impact of recreational loads leads to deterioration in the soil cover of the Black Sea coast. The impact of anthropogenic factors leads to severe degradation of the soil cover and greatly changes the level of soil moisture reserve. The objectives of the study included studying the composition of soils in the forest territories of the Novorossiysk, Gelendzhiks, Abinsky, Afipsky forestry, analysis of the properties and condition of soils, and the assessment of various indicators as a result of the impact of recreation. The main problem in the conditions of recreation is the decrease in thickness and fertile layer in forest soils of the Black Sea coast due to trampling and degradation of the litter. The main quantitative indicators of damage to the soil cover during recreation affects the dynamics of soil moisture are presented in the tables 1 and 2, where the soils in the pine and rock oak formations (the main forest-forming species of the Krasnodar Territory). The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that studies of the state of forest soils under conditions of increasing recreational loads are rarely carried out. Scientists and forestry workers study the soil as a biological source for the growth of woody plants in various types of soils. Novelty is that the study of soils is carried out not only under conditions of recreational stress, but also in mountainous terrain.

The classical assessment method of trees infestation by phytopathogenic fungi is the collection of infected plant specimens and their morphological description. However, this method captures pathogenic fungi by the presence of fruiting bodies, which are not formed neither at the beginning of infection nor annually. This makes difficult the early pathogen detection. Molecular methods make it possible to accurately determine the genus (and in some cases - the species) of the fungus that infects the plant, even in the early stages of invasion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the application of molecular analysis methods on phytopathogenic fungi of Pinus sylvestris L. and Quercus robur L. for monitoring the pathogen contamination of tree plantations of natural and urban systems in the Central European part of Russia. We isolated eukaryotic microorganisms from infected leaves and wood of P. sylvestris L. and Q. robur L. and performed DNA barcoding of these microorganisms. Fusarium sp., Hyphodontia pallidula, and Gibellulopis nigrescens were identified in P. sylvestris. During the molecular identification of eukaryotic microorganisms isolated from Q. robur we found that in 90 % of the cases the fungus Rhizopus oryzae was detected, in 10% of the cases - Sordaria sp. In this paper, we discuss the possibility of identification of plant pathogens by classical methods in combination with molecular methods.

The aim of the study is to develop a methodology for assessing the sustainability of agricultural production in the region based on the consideration of factors of two groups: economic and environmental. The task of the research is to develop mathematical tools that allow, based on standard multi-level fuzzy [0,1] - classifiers, to form a comprehensive assessment of the sustainability of agricultural production in the region using a set of heterogeneous ranked indicators. A method was developed that allows: 1) to form a comprehensive assessment of the intensity of agricultural production in the region based on aggregation of indicators of the level of production intensification in agriculture, as well as significant indicators of the level of economic efficiency of production intensification in agriculture for a period of n years; 2) calculate a comprehensive assessment of the impact of agricultural production on the ecology of the region based on the aggregation of indicators reflecting the dynamics of the chemical load on the ecology of the region, soil fertility, the dynamics of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere for the relevant periods; 3) aggregate the obtained estimates into a comprehensive assessment of the sustainability of agricultural production in the region.

The paper discusses the topical issues of investment activities enhancement in the forest sector of the Russian economy by implementing the mechanism of priority investment projects in the field of forest exploitation – economic model of public-private partnership proposed by the forest owner (the State) for the private sector. The aim of the considered investment projects is the development of a timber-processing infrastructure, which is reliably provided with wood raw materials. It becomes possible to ensure certain preferences for businessmen that encourage them to invest money into the forest sector. Thus, the other objective is to develop recommendations for attracting investments into the forest sector of the Russian economy in the framework of priority investment projects. The paper analyzes a ten-year experience in the practice of applying priority investment projects in forest exploitation using an integrated approach to studying project management issues and method of comparison. The research identifies positive moments and a number of organizational and methodological shortcomings related to the development and implementation of investment projects in the forest sector of the Russian Federation. A number of areas contributing to the development of investment activities in forest exploitation is proposed.

Trends in the development of forestry enterprises indicate the presence of problems in their activities that contribute to the emergence of crises. The measures taken in a crisis have been identified with the help of a manager survey at the enterprises of the studied industry. It has been determined that optimization of the internal environment of enterprises directly depends on management decisions of management. The effective interaction with the external environment is impossible without support and regulation from the state. The analysis of the activities and development of forestry enterprises and the forest industry has made it possible to formulate a list of key problems hindering the development of the forestry complex in the Russian Federation. The enterprises are not able to solve the identified problems on their own. Government regulation and support are necessary, which is especially important during a crisis. It was determined that the existing regulatory and legal acts and measures for state support, including the promotion of the enterprise development in the industry, the development of exports and technologies, do not fully ensure the development of the forest complex and require substantial revision. The imperfection of the existing support mechanism, the presence of a number of problem points requiring a systematic approach has been proven. The directions for improving state support in times of crisis have been substantiated to ensure the sustainability of forestry enterprises, taking into account the peculiarities of their functioning. The obtained results open up new areas of research.

The study sites is located in an iron-mining district of European part of Russia, called The Kursk Magnetic Anomaly. Birch tree (Betula pendula Roth) plantation was created in 1972 in two different types of heap dumps (hydraulic-mine dumps and mining dumps). Afforested dumps are mainly consisted of cenomanian and aptian sands with the admixture of mesozoic carbonate rocks. In particular hydraulic-mine dumps are formed with sand material and mining dumps are formed with sandy-lime material. For improving poor properties of sand substrate before the planting birch trees on hydraulic-mine dumps were used the technique of soil transfer. The re-spreading fertile layer of soil varies from 30 to 80 cm. Substrate quality varied considerably. Long-term growth and survival of birch tree were analyzed and volume per ha were calculated in different slope parts. Study results show that double-layer substrate with fertile layer (30-40 cm) on the top would not appear to be the best way to rehabilitate mine ecosystems and it has significant disadvantages. At the age of 38 years, common birch is characterized by sufficiently high growth parameters, but low survival.

The article discusses new methods for producing woody forest plants used in traditional in vitro micro-cloning technology. Each method is considered from the point of view of economic and biological effectiveness. Organizational models for each method have been developed and constructed with the help of a specialized software product. The stages of obtaining woody forest plants have been described. Standard and technological sheets have been constructed and economic indicators of growing forest trees have been determined under optimal production conditions for each method of in vitro micro-cloning technology. The production costs for the in vitro cultivation of woody forest seedlings are determined using the considered methods. And their economic and ecological-biological efficiency is proved. It has been established that the high cost of the applied methods of biotechnology in obtaining woody forest plants does not allow competing with plants obtained by traditional microcloning technologies in vitro. A way out of the situation is possible only due to the transition from laboratory to production conditions. It reduces the complexity of work through the use of specialized equipment and automation of microclone growing processes.

The paper presents the study results of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) effectiveness for woody species explants sterilization as exemplified by hairy birch (Betula pubescens) at various stages of micro-clone propagation. It was shown that simultaneous application of 0.03% AgNPs+15% NaOCl at the stage of explant sterilization resulted in consistently sterile (90%) cell cultures throughout the 28-days cultivation period. When the growth medium was modified with AgNPs at concentrations of 1.5 - 3 μg/l at the multiplication and rooting stages it dramatically reduced phytopathogenic contamination of the explants and regenerants thus increasing the number of surviving plantlets up to 100%. Besides, the analysis results carried out for the photosynthetic and enzyme activity display high stress-resistance potential of the studied plants compared with the control. The obtained results allow one to conclude that AgNPs have high effectiveness and application potential when used in microclonal propagation of woody plants.

The transfer of microclones to nonsterile conditions is one of the critical stages of micropropagation. Nanoparticles and nanomaterials can significantly improve effectiveness of this technique if used as substances increasing adaptive capabilities of the propagated plants. We have studied the impact of silver nanoparticles and zirconium trisulphide nanoplates on the adaptation of microclones of white poplar × aspen hybrid, hairy birch, crack willow, red oak and scots pine upon transfer to ex vitro conditions. The performed study has revealed that foliage application of colloidal aqueous solutions of zirconium trisulphide and silver nanoparticles at 3 μg/l concentration to in vitro microclones was more effective than the reference growth regulator. The best results were observed in the experiments with red oak microclones, where the number of surviving and adapted plants increased by 50-60 %. Increase in biomorphological parameters was accompanied by improvement of photosynthetic activity. The results indicate high potential of zirconium trisulphide nanoplates and silver nanoparticles for protecting woody species microclones during their transfer to non-sterile conditions of glasshouse.

The subject of this research is new wood polymer-sand composite and the study of its frost resistance using computer experiment. Industrial waste in the form of sawdust, chips, lumpy waste and polyethylene terephthalate are used as the filler. A computer program has been developed for modelling the structure and physical properties of building blocks from wood polymer-sand composite. The program enables to set (in the windows of the interface form in the program code) geometric and physical parameters of building block and material components, as well as test conditions for cyclic heating and cooling to the maximum temperature during operation. It explores the effect of parameters on internal and surface destruction of building blocks. The program is applicable for a wide range of composite component concentrations, building blocks' geometric parameters, variety of mechanical and thermal cycling tests. The influence of wood polymer-sand composite formulation on the structure has been studied during thermocyclic testing. The dependences of broken bonds on wood concentration, cartograms of bond breaking of wood polymer-sand composite with a wood concentration from 20 to 80% have been obtained. Recommendations for optimizing the formulation of wood polymer-sand composite blocks are given to minimize bond breaking during thermal cycling.

Monitoring of hydrophysical rocks features of the Kursk Magnet Anomaly (KMA) composing chalk marl dumps seems relevant for the evaluation of reliable information on the changes, assessment of the efficiency of reclamation works and for further anticipation of the growth and forest crops state. The object of the study is the Shchigrovsky phosphate rock deposit chalk marl dump planned in 1974 in Kursk region. The aim of the research is to study hydrophysical characteristics of chalk marl rocks and specific features of ontogenesis of Scots pine culture (Pínus sylvéstris). It has been found that chalk marl rocks accumulate and retain moisture 2.1...2.3 times more than zonal humus carbonate soils. The hardness of chalk marl rocks in neo-landscapes increases with age. The preservation of Pínus sylvestris cultures in the first years reaches over 82%. This indicator decreases with age and is about 35% by the age of 40. 40-year old Pínus sylvеstris culture grows according to V bonitet on chalk marl rocks. It is necessary to apply more fertile ameliorative layer to the surface, with better hydrophysical features in order to improve forest growing conditions of the root zone of the chalk marl dumps in neo-landscapes for forest reclamation.

The purpose of the article is to determine the development trends of the best available technique installation mechanism and innovative institutions as suppliers of Russian analogues of such techniques in Russia and its regions. The best available techniques are considered in this article as the latest techniques, initially formed in the innovative sector with their subsequent implementation and inclusion in the category of the best available ones. The sources of this technique are considered as regional innovation systems, in which the innovative investigations are created and tested. In this regard, when forming a mechanism for the best available technique installation in the Russian regions, including the forest sector, it is necessary to ensure communication with the innovation sector, which would form the industrial enterprises' demand for innovative environmental investigations. Taking into consideration the manufacturing industries' linkage, the necessary innovations in the forest sector have been analyzed. Forestry is a supplier of raw materials for furniture and paper industries. Therefore, the modernization of reference books on the industries should be appropriate and comply with the programs for the forestry development in the Russian Federation.

The relevance of the study is explained by the deterioration of plants in the parkland of Voronezh. The important issue is the assessment of urban plants and the impact of the anthropogenic factors of urban environment. The purpose of the study is to analyze the state of the existing plants and the park state, and to recommend measures to improve the structure of the park by updating the planning decisions, introducing the additional assortment of plants and changing the type of spatial structure of plants, as a sustainable part of the green infrastructure of Voronezh. The assessment of the current state of the plants has revealed a systematically decreasing share of the public green space and the reduction of the relative plant life under anthropogenic loads. The dead trees accounting for 35 % must be removed. The expansion of the assortment of plants and updating the planning decisions will form a positive trend in the reconstruction of public parks. Changing the city spaces will create the favorable conditions and environment-forming functions of green plants, and make for the comfortable life of people of Voronezh.

Effective interaction of society, government and business in a market economy is one of the main factors affecting the sustainable development of all sectors of the economy, including the forest industry. The aim of this work is to develop a concept and tools for assessing the impact of management decisions of individual economic entities of the forest industry on the sustainable development of the region as a whole. All economic management decisions are essentially divided into three groups: operational and production decisions, decisions on wages and decisions on profit distribution. The authors propose a tool to assess the impact of management decisions of forest industry enterprises on the sustainable development of the region using an integral indicator calculated as a result of summation of indicators characterizing the impact of management decisions of enterprises operating in the municipalities of the region.

The visual landscape is a part of the total landscape related to the aesthetics of the observed environment and the personal preferences of the observer. The visual landscape must be considered in landscape management and planning processes, in impact assessments and other activities such as biodiversity conservation and implementation of best practices in forestry. There are criteria that can be applied to avoid impacts and contribute to the conservation at the landscape scale for a given forest type. Mature and virgin boreal forests have characteristics that make them very important for the landscape quality, and they are necessary elements to preserve biodiversity. These forests are the type of forest that is most often destroyed and even today, their area in the boreal biome is shrinking due to clear cuts and forest fires. Preserving and managing these forests in a sustainable way is urgent as they are key elements in the landscape of boreal areas. Fortunately, there is knowledge and previous experiences that make it possible to create and manage complex forest environments from simplified forest structures, and that are economically profitable and present attributes of old-growth forest.

The article is devoted to the history of the use and destruction of forests in the Voronezh region. The main task of the study is to establish when the active anthropogenic impact on Voronezh forests began, and from what moment can we talk about their extermination for human needs. The article used the historical, comparative, analytical methods. To achieve the results, we used the data obtained by Voronezh historians and archaeologists, and materials of research in the field of forestry. The combination of these two areas of knowledge is a new method of research. It enables to establish that the first human settlements on the territory of the Voronezh region in the Upper Paleolithic (40-35 thousand years ago) did not leave traces of wooden products or constructions. The authors concluded that the Mesolithic man already actively used wood not only for heating and cooking, but also for building dwellings and for making tools. They hardly exerted a noticeable influence on the formation and evolution of tree stands by the virtue of their small number. The impact of people of the Neolithic and Early Aeneolithic could already be felt, but only in the immediate vicinity of the settlement itself. Arrival of Bronze Age cultures has greatly increased deforestation in the Middle Don region in the 3-2 millennium BC. Especially this process has accelerated with the advent of iron tools. Consequently, in our opinion, the middle of the 2nd millennium BC should be considered the starting point of the history of the Voronezh forest extermination, when slash-and-burn agriculture came to the forest-steppe.

Hybrids of some species of birch trees form completely sterile seeds (laboratory germination is zero in some hybrids, such as Karelian birch × Chinese white birch of inbred and outbred origin). It was noted analyzing the size distribution of birch pollen. Six size classes of pollen grains were identified, the modal values of which are arranged in increasing order as follows: 17 µm, 22 µm, 28 µm, 33 µm, 39 µm and 44 µm. The process of development of the male generative sphere proceeds without significant deviations in the studied black and gray alder trees. It ends with the formation of high-quality, aligned pollen. The obtained data indicate that one group of trees show normal formation of the reproductive sphere. It indicates the reasonableness of including them in the breeding process

Forestation during recultivation of disturbed lands may become an additional measure to expand the flow of greenhouse gases for the Russian Federation. The study of forestation potential on disturbed lands is based on analysis of public statistical data on the land distribution according to the grounds as well as data on the areas and growing stocks of forested lands for tree species and age classes in the Leningrad region. In order to establish an potential absorption capacity of recultivated lands, forest stands of the first and second age-classes were chosen as model (with pine, spruce and birch as dominating tree species). On the basis of model forest stands by the method of regional assessment of the forest carbon budget the feasible forestation potential for recultivation of disturbed lands for the areas of Leningrad region is established. Forestation in the stands of the first and second age-classes with dominating of spruce may increase the absorption capacity of the Leningrad region by 1.9 %, stands with dominating of birch by 1.5 % and stands with dominating of pine by 1.3 % per year.

Machines and equipment used in contemporary forestry are based on electronic components. Development, design and production of high-tech products such as chip, IP-cores and other is a complex and expensive process. The cost of an error at one stage of the product life cycle can reach from several tens of thousands of dollars to hundreds of thousands or more if a faulty chip gets into the finished product.– an airplane, a rocket, a spacecraft, a nuclear power plant, etc.). Therefore, the process of management of high-tech industries needs informed management decisions. Management should be based on modern technical means, specialized software, management information systems and integration of the latter. When developing complex systems, it is not enough to make decisions based on an intuitive understanding of the problem by the decision maker. The use of mathematical methods in management systems will provide impartiality, adequacy, and optimality of solutions, taking into account all qualitative and quantitative factors. The study provides an example of the use of mathematical apparatus in the management of high-tech industries, the economics assessment of errors in management. The study will be interesting for decision-makers, top managers of high-tech industries, scientists, students, masters, graduate students in the field of management and management decision-making.

The relevance of enterprise development management issues paves the way for elaborating and studying a managing mechanism. In the present paper, priority factors of the internal environment, which determine the development of an enterprise, are monitored and identified to formulate recommendations on development management. The factors identified were characterized by a number of relative indicators used for development assessment. Methods for assessing the enterprise development, by which comprehensive analysis and identification of promising and current development priorities were proposed, create an effective enterprise management system that can be positioned in a competitive environment. Various options for management decisions, determined by the type of the enterprise development, were proposed as tools for ensuring the enterprise development. The type of development is based on the combination of aggregated indicators by subsystems, which are called complex indicators. Based on the identified factors and the methods, a mechanism for managing the development of enterprises was elaborated. The application of this mechanism at the enterprise level will facilitate the adoption of strategically sound management decisions and increase the efficiency of economic management.

The ways of innovations in the forestry sector and the main problems arising in this regard are discussed in the present paper. The following reasons restraining innovative activities in forestry may take place, among the others, were pointed out: 1) inadequacy of the legal framework, together with forms, content and procedure, for submitting reports on the implementation of delegated authorities; 2) insufficient interest of the federal and regional governments in the Russian Federation in the field of forestry relations regarding innovations; 3) imperfection of the algorithm for the integration of research and advanced development results into the forestry practice; and 4) weak intersectoral management on providing coordination over activities to find an integrated solution to the problem of increasing the economic efficiency of the forest industry. Furthermore, mechanisms ensuring the formation and implementation of innovation policy in forestry were considered. It was noted that there is an urgent need for developing ways to broadly implement research and development results in leased forest areas provided for all types of using, for instant, cultivation of planting material, hunting, recreational activities, etc. Possible directions in the implementation of these mechanisms were proposed taking into account the successful experience of the Federal Forestry Agency and its subordinate organizations.

The relevance of improving the efficiency of a timber truck used for timber transportation due to the use of a recuperative hydraulic drive in its design is substantiated. The analysis is made of the use of recuperative hydraulic drives of technological machines with mechanisms for the recovery of kinetic energy of rotation and potential energy of lowering the load. A mathematical and, based on it, simulation model has been developed for the hydraulic subsystem of the manipulator of a timber truck, including mechanisms of boom, handle and column recuperation that have also been developed. Dependencies are obtained that make it possible to determine the maximum amount of recuperated energy for one loading cycle by changing the volume of the pneumohydraulic accumulator, the height of the assortment, and the time of one loading cycle.

The relevance of using a recuperative hydraulic drive to control the hydraulic manipulator of a timber truck used in conducting selective sanitary cutting of forest care has been substantiated. A mathematical model of the mechanical subsystem of a hydraulic manipulator with a regenerative hydraulic actuator is presented, which describes the movement of a hydraulic manipulator with an assortment in space. Successive states of boom, handle and column of hydraulic manipulator during loading of grades into body of forest truck at different moments of computer experiment time are considered. The research results obtained on the basis of the developed computer program are described.

Forests are an important component of the economic development of the state and people's livelihoods. They provide not only the needs of the economy for timber, food, but also perform important environmental functions related to the purification of water and air, soil formation, etc. At the same time, in many regions of the world, forest conditions are deteriorating, which determines negative socio-economic and environmental results, which violates the principles of sustainable forest management. The term "sustainable forest management" came into use in 1993, but questions still arise about how to put this concept into practice? The authors of the article concluded that the safety of socio-economic and environmental processes should become a prerequisite for sustainable development. It is economic security with the identification of threats and their further neutralization that can lead the forest industries to the path of sustainable development. Within the framework of expert assessments of the authors and analysis of domestic and foreign literature, four components of the economic security of the forest complex of the Russian Federation were identified: entrepreneurial, food, environmental and foreign economic. Threats to the economic security of the forest complex were characterized. The results of the study show the relationship between the components of economic security and the criteria for sustainable development of management. Meeting the criteria will contribute to the safe development of the forest complex of the Russian Federation.

The purpose of the research was to determine the effect of short-term salt stress on the morphometric, anatomical and biochemical traits of fast-growing woody plants and to evaluate the promising poplar genotypes according to their degree of resistance. The experiments were conducted on five annual varieties in containers. The fourth leaf from the top of apical shoot, 80% of which corresponds to a maximum leaf area and high photosynthetic activity, was used in the experiment. The studies showed the nature of changes in the specific surface density and water content of the leaf of annual shoots. A short-term salt stress causes changes in leaf anatomy. Thus, the less stable genotype of poplar 'Kitayskiy' responds by the reduction of the leaf thickness. The changes in leaf anatomy of the experimental plants also include a decrease in height of the palisade and spongy parenchyma cells, which leads to the reduction of assimilation surface area and unproductive water loss. The study included analysis of changes in the proline concentration as a result of short-term salinization of the experimental plants. All samples showed a change in proline levels in response to stress, but most intense reaction was shown by genotypes 'Veduga' and 'Hybrid e.s.-38'. In general, greater stability and plasticity at the initial stage of salinization is characteristic of poplars 'Volosistoplodny', 'Sacrau-59', 'Hybrid e.s.-38' and 'Veduga', which allows us to recommend them for reforestation and afforestation on irrigated soils.

Studies conducted in a forest nursery (Moscow region, Russia) have established the following. Seeds, additionally sorted by size and weight, should be used for the cultivation of large spruce seedlings (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.). Lightweight seeds must be removed. Only heavy and medium weight seeds should be used for sowing. When sowing, the seeds must be distributed uniformly in the sowing line with the same distance between them. The rate of sowing of spruce seeds should ensure the optimal plant density in the sowing line in the amount of 20-30 pieces per meter. Horizontal pruning of spruce seedling roots must be carried out at a depth of 12-15 cm at the age of three in the second half of July. This enables to form a fibrous root system and developed crown of plants. Innovative technology of cultivation of large spruce seedlings in the sowing section of the nursery enables to get planting material which is similar to transplants.

Modern methods of assessing the state of forests are verbal (descriptive). They are usually based on the assessment of environmental factors (air and soil pollution, meteorological data, etc.). The models are deterministic or probabilistic in nature (sometimes the combination of these approaches is observed). Forests are multi-tiered complex systems. The study of such complex systems is poorly designed and fragmentary at the moment. The simulation does not have a serious fundamental concept. The reasons are due to the lack of experimental methods for measuring the main characteristics of the state of forests with controlled accuracy. The fundamental concept of multi-layered representation of forests is justified in the article. The concept enables to develop a formalized model for assessing the relative moisture content in each layer at any time. The current state parameters have a transparent physical meaning. The concept takes into account the impact of the object of such natural factors as rainfall and evaporation rate on the state of the object. The potential difference measured along the radius of the tree trunks with changes in ambient temperature can be an indicator of the moisture content of tree trunks.

The demand for wood products grows every year. There is an urgent need of fast-growing and economically valuable tree species. One of such species undoubtedly is Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, the fastest growing coniferous species with valuable wood. It was introduced in Russia a century ago but there is still virtually no research proving its efficiency and suitability for the Central Chernozem Region of Russia. Moreover, mass reproduction of Pseudotsuga menziesii in Russia has been held back by lack of parent trees and effective scientifically-based cultivation techniques. In this study we analyze the effectiveness of both generative and vegetative reproduction of the species in the studied region. Our findings show that the germination capacity of Pseudotsuga menziesii seeds ranges from 63 to 95% depending on the age of parent trees and growing conditions. Cold stratification is proved to be the optimal method of pre-sowing seed treatment for the species. Grafting can be used to introduce rare and decorative subvarieties of the genus. And on the whole, Pseudotsuga menziesii can be considered promising for forestry practice and green building of the region.

To better understand the space-time dynamics and the effect of urban growth on the transformation of territory, this article presents the results of Iber 2D simulation tests to analyze flood events in the lower Sabinal river basin, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico. First, Landsat 5 and Landsat 8 satellite images from 1986 and 2014 years were processed to generate classified images of the land cover of the study area. From the identified coverages, the soil roughness values were defined, as well as the infiltration parameter of water in the soil. Both values were used as input data in an Iber 2D simulation model to analyze and compare the maximum flood level with different precipitation values in the two reference years. Between 1986 and 2014, the coverage of urbanizations increased considerably, while the coverage of trees, pastures and agriculture decreased. Due to this change in coverages, in 2014 rainfall caused higher values of direct runoff, increasing water heights levels and therefore the risk of overflowing the Sabinal River. With the model shown here, it is possible to calculate the depth and water heights reached and identify the points and moments of overflow of the river. This model can be used to provide feedback to flood risk warning systems and to analyze basins that lack monitoring infrastructure.

The growth features of needles and shoots for 13 species of coniferous woody plants from the pine family have been revealed in Voronezh region (Russia). Eleven species are representatives of the main genera of the Pinoid clade. The factors affecting vegetation have been identified according to the results of phenological observation and length measurements. Pinus sylvestris showed the largest annual shoots growth, Picea abies and Picea pungens – smallest. The longest needles have trees of genus Pinus (for example: P. flexilis – 7.7 cm, P. pallasiana – 7.0 cm). The most important factor for the beginning of the vegetation is the air temperature in April, threshold temperature (triggering the growth processes) is +2...+ 4°C. The species having late beginning and late ending of growth (Pinus sylvestris, Pinus flexilis, P. strobus) are less hardy than the earlier growth species. All the studied species are in good sanitary condition. They enter the phases of pollen dispersion and seed-bearing, are fully adapted to the Central Black Soil region. All of them can be introduced into the range of plants for landscaping and reforestation of the region and the regions having close climatic conditions.

The article presents the research results of the sowing process (Norway spruce seeds) using a sowing machine under various modes of its operation. It has been established that the rotation frequency of sowing tools has a significant impact on the sowing rate of Norway spruce seeds and the uniformity of their distribution in the sowing line. The rate of spruce seed sowing and the uniformity of their distribution in the sowing line are determined. It is understood that rotation frequencies of sowing tools are 4.3, 7.0, 10.5 and 14.5 rpm and the forward speed of the unit is 900 m/h. To meet the requirements of growing spruce seedlings according to the generally accepted technology (with a seed sowing rate of about 50 kg/ha (1.5 g/m) the rotational speed of sewing machines should be 10.5 rpm. The rotational speed of sewing machines is recommended to be equal to 7.0 rpm when growing large spruce seedlings in the nursery with a seed sowing rate of about 24 kg/ha (0.7 g/m) Rational modes of operation sewing machines have been substantiated. These modes provide existing and advanced technologies for growing spruce seedlings in forest nurseries.

The paper deals with nine years analyzing of physical, physicochemical and chemical properties of sod-forest gley-eluvial soil in the territory of Usmansky pinery in European Russia exposed to large-scale fire in 2010. We discovered that in a layer of 0-10 cm there is a decrease in the content of the clay fraction by 6.15%, that is 63.4% in relative percentages, also the content of medium dust decreased by 0.16%, that is 3.02% in relative percentages and fine dust by 1.21%, that is 47.5% in relative percentages. It was revealed that in 2011 the year after the forest fire, the soil had higher pH_H2O it went up from 4.12 (reference soil) to 5.36 (pyrogenic soils) and lower hydrolytic acidity, which decreased from 6.38 (reference soil) up to 5.98 (post-pyrogenic soils 2018) [mmol (eq) / 100 g of soil] compared to 2010. Due to fire the humus content decreased from 3.93 (reference soil) up to 2.82 % (post-pyrogenic soils 2018), decrease of exchange cations from 8.16 up to 7.65 [mmol (eq) / 100 g of soil]. From 2011 to 2018 there has been a decrease in the content of alkaline-hydrogenated nitrogen from 9.02 (reference soil) up to 6.06 (pyrogenic soils 2011).

Macromycete are an integral component of the forest biogeocoenosis. They play an important role in ecosystem functioning. Being the most important heterotrophic element, macromycete take an active part in mineralization and humification processes. 56 species of macromycete, belonging to 17 families, are identified in the recreational plantations of Voronezh city. Most of these families belong to the order Agaricales. Mycorhiza-formers, litter and humus saprotrophic, xylotrophic and coprotrophic species are noted among the trophic groups of fungi. The greatest species diversity characterizes mycorhiza-forming agents and xylotrophic forms. Single coprotrophic and humus saprotrophic forms can be seen. Litter saprotrophic species occupy an intermediate position. In recreational plantations, about 38% of mushroom species are edible, 25% are conditionally edible species, and 37% are inedible and poisonous species. Moreover, most macromycete grow solitary or in small groups. The most significant functions of macromycete in the conditions of recreational plantings are their ability to form mycorhiza, which is important for the growth and development of the main forest-forming species (oak and pine); participation of saprotrophic mycobiota in the circulation of substances, as well as the nutritional value of certain types of macromycete.

A brief review of the methods used to simulate the interaction of soil-tillage tool is given. The EDEM Academic program was used to practically test the possibilities of using the discrete element method (DEM). A brief description of the physical models of this application used to simulate the interaction of the soil-tillage tool is given. To evaluate the selected physical models (Hertz-Mindlin, Hertz-Mindlin JKR, Hysteretic Spring), a virtual soil channel and a model of a simple tillage tool of rectangular shape have been created. The basic parameters of the soil channel, discrete particles and physical models are described. As a result of the research, two components of the traction resistance vector were obtained, the longitudinal component X and the vertical component Z. Data analysis showed that the average values of forces calculated using physical models of Hysteretic Spring and Hertz-Mindlin JKR differ slightly. With a particle radius of 10 mm, they are equal to X – 597 and 592H; Z – 111 and 97H, respectively. More significant differences when comparing these models with the base model Hertz-Mindlin. For example, in comparison with the physical model of the Hysteretic Spring, the component forces X and Z are less than 18.1%. This is due to the introduction of additional forces imitating the adhesion of particles.

The study assessed the carbon balance of the forests in Russia according to long-term plans for the economic development of the forest sector until 2050, taking into account the expected climate changes. The calculated data of the regional climate model for the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) RCP-8.5 plan to assess the impact of changes in physical abiotic factors on the forest ecosystems were used in the work. Two key parameters were taken into account in calculations that could be affected by expected climate change that are forest fires and plant productivity. The forecast is carried out according to three scenarios for the development of the forest complex of Russia: inertial, basic and strategic. The overall carbon balance of Russia is expected to be at the level of 187.5-251.2 MtC per year, depending on the scenarios of forest management and growth of forests productivity, these data accord the current values. Maintaining a positive carbon balance in forests will require the development of measures to improve fire control in forestry, timber technologies and reforestation.

The paper discusses the necessity to apply the innovative irrigation technology when creating artificial landscapes in the South of the European part of Russia. The artificial green areas of the Rostov agglomeration significantly differ from the traditional steppe plant associations. They are presented, as a rule, by tree plantings or grassy introduced species which are used to create the city microclimate and also for protection from the eastern winds. Unfortunately climatic conditions and increasing anthropogenic load don't provide the stable rooting and development of plants without additional moistening, despite the Chernozem high agronomic value. The process of the soil cover replanting of its central part and the phenologically old trees replacing is actively under way. This process should be accompanied by compliance with the requirements for enhanced, both in frequency and volume, irrigation of young trees. But the use of automatic and semi-automatic irrigation systems is associated with the absence of a regulatory framework for the design, installation, and further operation of irrigation systems under the conditions of the Russian Federation. This issue requires the solving with the direct participation of specialists from various fields, both theorists and construction practitioners, land reclamation specialists, soil scientists, landscape designers.

The problem of sustainable forest reproduction, belonging to the sparsely forested regions, is becoming more acute and urgent every year due to progressive aging and degradation of existing forests. The forest legislation in the Russian Federation is imperfect. Most legal acts do not have clear standards for assessing forest quality at different stages of their cultivation, necessary to control the reproduction of highly productive and sustainable stands of the main forest-forming tree species that successfully perform various useful functions. Accounting and measuring work was performed to assess the current state and trends of forest reproduction of the Chernozem region. The following has been found. Natural oak regeneration under the forest canopy is completely absent in mature and over-mature stands. Only two ways of oak forest reproduction are possible: either natural revegetation by preliminary acorning 1-2 years before the mother plantation cutting, or by artificial reforestation, which requires large financial and labor costs. Regeneration cutting should be restarted in mature and over-mature oak stands. The main reason for poor quality and unsatisfactory condition of closing and closed pine and oak forest stands under the age of 10-20 years is the lack of timely silviculture, leading to their inhibition by deciduous species. Therefore, artificial reforestation should include all types of thinning.

The process of interaction between elastically fastened tillage tools and obstacles is investigated by means of computer applications that simulate the dynamics of the movement of 3d-models (MDB) created in the CAD. Design of the virtual stand and dynamometer block, implemented in the SolidWorks CAD system and the application for modeling the movement dynamics of SolidWorks Motion are described. The virtual stand enables to simultaneously capture all the components of traction resistance vector (R_X, R_Y, R_Z). Measured volumetric power characteristics of the process of stump overcoming by a section of a modular disk cultivator and the forces arising on the spring of a safety mechanism are given as an example of the virtual stand use. The discrepancy between experimental data and modeling data at the entrance to the stump is 8 ... 10%. In the future, virtual test data can be used to optimize the structures of tillage tools and safety mechanisms, as well as to reliably simulate disturbances in modeling the working process of the machine-tractor unit as a whole.

Currently, the most of enterprises of the global timber industry undergo significant changes in their structure due to the introduction of new innovative technologies into production processes. As a result, the established production and cooperation ties are drastically transformed. Currently, little attention is paid to research into the issue of technological development of timber industry enterprises, as well as strategic management of this process. The purpose of this study is to elaborate the theoretical and methodological frameworks for the strategic management of technological development of timber enterprises. The methods of system, comparative and logical analysis, and scientific forecasting are used. The indicators of technological development of timber industry enterprises in the Krasnoyarsk Territory are analysed. The necessity for the medium- and long-term technological development strategy for a private enterprise of the timber industry is justified. The basic principles of forming a technological strategy development for private enterprises considering current trends in global timber industry are presented.

Purpose of the work. Establishing the patterns of a flexible belt movement on a drive pulley, to determine the parameters of power and kinematic interaction of the belt with the drive pulley, taking into account mechanical characteristics of the drive, belt and their contact interaction. Method of the work. Computer simulation of belt movement on the drive pulley as a multi-body system using the Universal Mechanism software package. Results. A computer-based multi-body model of the belt movement on the drive pulley has been developed. The model allows determining the parameters of the force and kinematic interaction of the belt with drive pulleys taking into account the viscoelastic properties of the belt, the nonlinear dependence of the friction force on the sliding speed and the elasticity of the contacting surfaces. The model includes a closed belt covering the drive and brake pulleys. The belt represented by 36 discrete bodies connected by elastic-dissipative elements. The computer model was verified using theoretical dependences. A technique for analyzing the belt movement on the drive pulley is demonstrated. The computer model and methodology are intended to analyze the operation of friction belt drives, belt conveyors, belt grinding machines in the design of woodworking equipment.

The analysis of the work processes of technical equipment used for forest fire control and preventive activities has revealed that they do not meet the requirements of the process flows. The aim of the work was to increase the efficiency of the work processes of new forest fire-fighting soil-thrower by optimizing the parameters of the milling thrower. The optimization task has been to search for the values of the length and width of the milling thrower blades. These values should provide the highest productivity and smallest supplied power with the average range of soil displacement. Based on the optimization results, the optimal blade length of the milling thrower was revealed in the range of 200-230 mm, and the width of the blade was 150-220 mm. With optimal parameters of the working body, a fire-fighting machine throws soil into the fire zone at a distance of up to 21 m. It consumes no more than 38 kW of power, and its productivity is 0.22 m³/s on the average.

The article suggests an analytical evaluation of social, environmental and economic balanced development of the regional economy on the example of the Voronezh region. The assessment is based on a correlation analysis of indicators. The calculation of correlation coefficients revealed similarity and direction of the relationship of the studied parameters. Analytical assessment reflects the interrelation of indicators in the three main components of the regional economic sectors (economy, nature and society). Any development of economic activity causes significant harm to the environment by emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, discharges of polluted effluents into surface water bodies, formation of a huge amount of production and consumption waste. The measure of this impact are different in their strength, as well as the magnitude of the applied social, environmental and economic damage to the environment in different periods of economic development of the countries. The process of innovative development in production creation of new materials and other fields, (as well as any technogenic impact) can cause a negative, adverse impact on the environment. Environment protection becomes one of the priority tasks of modern eco-oriented economic development. This assessment can be further used in regional management to diagnose the current situation, identify cause and affect relationships between indicators and predict the parameters of balanced development.

The technology of continuous lowering of stumps below the soil surface throughout the area of cutting is proposed to reduce the loads on the working bodies and frames of tillage tools and ensures complete mechanization of the reforestation process. A technological process has been developed to prepare stumps for lowering below the ground surface, which consists in creating platform-deepenings around stumps and cleaning their lateral surface from the soil within the depth of the platform. An aggregate for its implementation consisting of a tractor, a hydraulic manipulator, a screw rotator and a platform-maker with flexible working bodies has been designed. A mathematical model of the aggregate operation has been created. It enables to evaluate the efficiency of the manipulator placement of platform-maker and to determine the influence of the parameters of the hydraulic manipulator on the performance of the aggregate. The influences of the stump distribution density, the boom of the manipulator and the maximum angle of its rotation on the performance of the platform-maker have been determined. It was revealed that the productivity of the aggregate increases with an increase in the density of stump distribution on the cutting and the main geometrical parameters of the hydraulic manipulator.

In modern soil ecology, there is a need to develop a unified approach to assessing the ecological functions of the soil cover. Analysis of publications on this topic shows that this question is open. There are many criteria for evaluation individual soil properties. However, there is no general approach to assessing the eco-functions of the soil. The purpose of the work is the development of universal criteria for evaluation the ecological functions of soils. In this paper, it is proposed to use 2 criteria for assessing the ecological functions of the soil cover. These criteria are based on the fixation of changes in properties and their favorableness to the ecosystem. The proposed criteria were used to evaluate 5 biogeocenotic soil functions. This assessment approach is acceptable for agricultural soils.

The article shows a study to assess the structure of the timber industry complex of Russia in the pioneering days of a new industrialization. It is a radically new stage of scientific and technological progress that has no historical analogues in the degree of influence on human civilization. New industrial technologies, possessing enormous potential for changing the direction of technological development, at the same time have ambiguous social and environmental consequences. The timber industry complex is one of the most important and interesting objects for research, since the products of the industry are distributed throughout the world and play an important role for the economies of all countries. In developed countries, the forest industry complex accounts for about 10% of the total industrial production. Wood is an important type of raw material. Even considering the competition from new technologies and materials, the proportion in the structure of the global gross domestic product is almost not reduced. The fundamental problem of assessing and predicting the effects of new industrialization based on technological transformation using quantitative indicators forms the need to create a multisigmoidal innovation cycle for changing the structure: from obtaining new fundamental knowledge to their practical use.

The article analyzes the five-year experience of observing the distribution of snow cover and moisture accumulation in snow. It has been made in the system of protective forest belts with different field areas. The studies have been conducted on the basis of the Stone-Steppe oasis. A brief description of climatic conditions, ameliorative role of protective plantings is given. It is noted that the height of snow cover is different in various field areas. At the same time the amount of moisture in snow does not change, which indicates different density. It is established that the larger the area of the field, the higher the density of snow. In spring, the highest moisture content is observed in the forest belts themselves and in the zones adjacent to them on both sides, where the snow trails were located. The length of the zone with increased moisture reserves in spring coincides with the length of the trails. It has been noted that the greatest effect of forest shelter belts was obtained in fields of 90–95 hectares. Such a system of forest belts occupies a smaller area of arable land, without reducing the protective effectiveness of plantations.

Wood species has great influence on the service life and quality of compressed wood. Currently, the industry lacks high-quality wood, so one of the solutions to this problem is the possibility of expanding the species composition used for the manufacture of compressed wood. The predominant group of species is soft hardwoods. It is advisable to use birch wood for the production of compressed wood. This conclusion is made on the bases of wood species stock and its physical and mechanical properties. Information on the nature of raw materials is needed to implement the pressing wood technology. Wood is a biological material whose properties change in the tree trunk. Changes in moisture content and wood density in the height of the tree trunk have been studied. The necessary degree of pressing has been determined on the basis of these data. It takes into account the required final density of compressed wood. Initial thickness of the specimens has also been calculated. This has made it possible to obtain a uniform density of compressed wood. It also reduces raw material consumption, taking into account from what part of the tree trunk the wood was taken.

Cold climate regions need railroad ties with improved operational characteristics during the construction and repair of railroad tracks. The aim of the study is to create a technology and equipment allowing the manufacture of such sleepers. Low-value soft hardwoods, oily antiseptic, and drying press chamber are needed for the production of sleepers with improved performance characteristics. Technological modes for producing sleepers with high performance characteristics of softwood have been tested using the installation which enables to combine technological operations - drying, treatment, and wood pressing. The resulting sleepers can be used in the Extreme North conditions. The half ties have been laid at Chistye Prudy metro station in Moscow, and the ties have been laid at Scherbenka station on the experimental ring of Russian Railways (JSCo «RZD»). The tests have been carried out for four years in underground railway system and for two years on the ring of Russian Railways. The test results have found that wear of modified sleepers and half ties is about 3 times less than wear of pine sleepers and the average service life of sleepers made of modified wood will be about 50 years. An experimental batch is currently being manufactured.

The article contains the results of the scientific study about plants as a legal object. The basis of the work is the hypothesis that plants belong to the objects of wildlife, because there are metabolism and other biological processes in them. In this regard, it is unacceptable to identify plants with animate nature objects, as only a "living organism" is capable to transmit and replicate genetic material, including genetic material obtained by modern biotechnology. The result of rethinking traditional approaches to the concept of an object is a set of new legal techniques. These techniques, according to the authors, allow to determine the location of live objects in the system of civil rights objects and to develop a classification to optimize legal regulation on the basis of a new methodological approach. Authors propose ways to improve legal regulation of relations in which various types of plants are concerned as legal objects, to give recommendations on the use of plants in civil law, taking into account the proposed classification.

Forest improvement systems in agricultural territories of the central forest-steppe of Russia are designed to ensure a stable ecological state of landscapes, reduce the risks of adverse natural phenomena and anthropogenic load. The area of preserved protective plantings is about 600 thousand hectares in the conditions of the Central Chernozem region. The effectiveness of such biological objects depends, first of all, on the structure of the transverse plantation profile. Linear plantations change the ecological conditions of plantation, the productivity of artificial phytocenoses during the growing season. Under the influence of forest belts, an increase in the moisture content of the surface air layer (by 1.8–6.9%), biological activity of the soil (by 3.6–5.3%), a decrease in the temperature regime of the surface layer of the soil (by 1.0–1.9 °C) and air (0.4-1.5 °C) takes place. Such changes contribute to an increase in the yield of winter wheat by 3.3-5.5 c/ha. The best in influencing the ecological indicators of the landscape are protective stands of the blown, open-blown and open structures, where the range of influence extends to 15-30 planting heights. The formation of protective plantings of optimal structures provide the most complete protection of agrolandscapes from negative natural phenomena, increase the ecological capacity and contributes to obtaining stable and maximum yields of agricultural crops.

The research analysis of dynamics of technological machine work processes has been carried out. The aim of the work is improvement of work processes of the grapple slewing gear in forest transport machines by justification of energy saving hydraulic drive parameters. It enables to reduce dynamic loading and power consumption of the carried-out technological process. The computer program including the design data of new power-saving hydraulic drive of the grapple slewing gear affecting the efficiency of working processes is developed on the basis of a mathematical model of work process. As a result of computer experiments it is established that the energy-saving hydraulic drive with optimum parameters reduces the maximum pressure of actuating fluid during column braking. The pressure becomes equal to 3MPa. Recovery energy when turning the column is 25% of the spent energy. Amplitude of load swinging with a frequency of 0.8–1.5 Hz with the sharp change of the column movement mode decreases in 2–3 times.

Recently, great interest in agricultural production has been manifested to preparations of biological origin. Production of biostimulants is in great demand, as small concentrations of these substances are able to maximize the potential of plants, increase their quality and productivity. One of the promising sources of biostimulants is keratin-containing raw materials. It is characterized by a high content of keratin protein. The peculiarities of its chemical composition and structural and mechanical properties require a concretization of the approach to the methods of processing and processing of this unconventional type of waste. Due to enzymatic hydrolysis of keratin preparation of actinomycete Str. chromogenes s. g. 0832 managed to obtain a highly effective biostimulator for plants. The content of free amino acids in it is 82.2%. Hydrolysate contains all essential amino acids; the sum of essential amino acids was 42.66 %. In the comparative evaluation of the biostimulator from keratin pen and the preparation of plant origin "Ribav Extra" the best results were obtained when processing corn seeds with hydrolysate of animal origin. The germination energy in this case was higher than the control samples by 18%, germination increased by 10% compared to the control and by 5% compared to Ribav Extra.

The conditions for obtaining the maximum gross yield of pine nuts on the grafting plantations have been considered. Nut production plantations are created in the most productive vegetative conditions (not lower than II-III quality class). The selection of areas was carried out on the basis of forest vegetation zoning, bioecological properties and climatic conditions. First of all, plantations are laid in the zone of ecological optimum, outside the natural range (zone of coniferous-deciduous forests of the European part of Russia). Valuable clone genotypes of Siberian cedar for seed and pollen productivity have been selected on graft plantations and in the archives of plus tree clones. Mixing of clones is carried out taking into account the reproductive differentiation of genotypes, providing a biologically possible output of full-grain seeds from the cone. Clones of various reproductive types and seed productivity are placed on the plantation in the absence of natural sources of pollination. Dates of flowering and pollen dispersion must be the same. The distance between the trees should ensure the yield increase with full crowns for at least 50-80 years. Maximum distance between high-yielding grafts and pollinating grafts is not more than 15 m.

The main target of the paper is to study structure of main pine forest types in Usmansky and Khrenovskoy pine forests, their chemical composition of essential oil (EO) monoterpene fraction. This paper is on problems of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) breeding and seed-growing in the forest-steppe European part. It is done for forest culture improvement, based on genetics and breeding. The characteristic of main components of pine-needles essential oil in free and controlled cross-breeding was investigated. The established peculiarities of monoterpene biosynthesis in pine-needless essential oil are genetically motivated. The long-term opportunity for essential oil composition usage as characteristics of Pinus sylvestris breeding on resistibility to diseases and pests was defined. The structures of main forest types in Usmansky and Khrenovskoy pine forests according to basic monometric and biochemical indices were studied. The data on composition, changeability and inheritance regularity of monoterpenes may be used for recommendations on creating of Pinus sylvestris seed base on genetic and breeding bases.

Wildlife preservation and protection is a necessary condition for the implementation of sustainable development. It is a determining factor in the possibility of continued human existence as a species at the present stage of biosphere development. The reduction of natural ecosystems' territories, and, as a result of this, the reduction of their biodiversity, negatively affects the quality of life of different regions and of humanity as a whole. One of the ways to optimize the environment, preserve natural ecosystems and improve the quality of human environment is creation of ecological frameworks of the regions. Shipov Forest, Tellerman Forest, Khopersky Reserve, Voronezh State Nature Reserve named after V.M. Peskov, a forest-green zone of the city of Voronezh (currently under construction) will be the main centers of the ecological framework of the Voronezh region. At the same time, there are 244 specially protected natural territories of regional and local subordination in the Voronezh region. They belong to different areas of protected territories, categories and profiles. When creating an ecological framework, these territories are included into ecological framework, thereby expanding its territory and strengthen its environment-forming functions.

Entrepreneurial activity in the sphere of forest management is characterized by a system of extensive relations and entrepreneurs seek to gain maximum profit from the use of economic, social and natural resources. In the article, the authors focus on the theoretical aspects of the study of forest management in modern Russia and analyze the key legal provisions regulating the activities of businessmen involved in the sphere of forest management. Based on the use of statistical analysis methods, the authors assess the state of forestry and reforestation process in Russia. According to the calculations, the authors conclude that the increase in forest cutting brings about a decrease in forest restoration (including artificial reforestation). Thus, entrepreneurs face certain problems related to the forest resources valuation. The authors conclude that an overestimation of the value of forest resources (rental rates) leads to a decrease in the entrepreneurial activity in the sphere of forest management. On the other hand, low cost of forest resources attracts unreliable investors, which has a negative effect. The researchers suggest that a concession is an effective mechanism for interaction between the authorities and business structures in forest management. They argue that this will make the use of forest resources more effective thanks to the process of reforestation.

There are significant tilts of the working body, clamping, hitting an insurmountable obstacle when the machine is working in the forest, due to the unevenness of the soil, stumps, and fallen trees. Therefore, circular saws and cutters often fail. Flexible working body is able to deviate from insurmountable obstacles, which increases the reliability of the machine. Since each link of the flexible working body can move relative to the other, the use of analytical methods for describing kinematics is possible only for the cases with a large number of known input parameters, which we have shown in the mathematical model of the rotor. A virtual prototype of a rotor with a flexible working body has been created to describe the movement of a flexible working body with a minimum number of input parameters. 3d contact between the links, their geometrical parameters, initial position, weight, gravity, torque applied to the shaft are given in the simulation model of the rotor. Thus, (having only geometric and mass characteristics of the links of a flexible working body at the input based on a simulation experiment) dependencies have been obtained to determine the kinematics of the links of a flexible working body, taking into account its bending in the vertical and horizontal plane.

In the Russians forests, from 10 to 15 thousand forest fires are annually registered, and according to forecasts, the tendency of increasing damage from fires in the country's forests will grow. The final annual damage from forest fires in 2010 amounted to 550.4 thousand hectares of forest covered by fire. The article discusses the risks of forest fires determined by a combination of natural, economic and social factors. Based on an expert survey, an assessment was made of the probability of occurrence of risk events taking into account the categories of forests in Russia. The expert assessment used two criteria - the probability of a forest fire and the extent of expected losses from the occurrence of risk. It is shown that the most vulnerable to forest fires are forests located near homes, social and industrial facilities, as well as recreational forests. Three categories of forests have been proposed for the purpose of continuous monitoring of fire danger, firstly, forests located near dwellings, social and industrial facilities, secondly, forests with a developed network of roads and having a high level of timber value.

The "hot-cold baths" impregnation of birch wood samples by a number of oils (original engine oil, waste motor, spent transmission, spent corn and sunflower oils) were studied in order to choose a base for impregnating composition. Specimens of wood flour from coniferous and hardwood species, oak, birch and pine bark were used as fillers of impregnating compositions. Physical-chemical characteristics (absorbed amount of impregnated compound, water absorption, swelling in tangential and radial directions, wetting angle) of wood samples treated with impregnation compositions were determined and compared to the most common oil antiseptic ZHTK-2. A strong decrease of water absorption and swelling of wood samples was observed for birch wood samples impregnated composition on the base of spent engine oil. Use of softwood flour as a filler of impregnating composition caused stronger enhancing of wood hydrophobicity, mainly, due to abietic acid dissolution in spent engine oil. 1 w.% of softwood filler of the impregnating composition was found the optimum providing the wood shape and water stability. The developed composition is recommended for impregnation of birch wood to be used in railway sleepers production.

The article considers the most promising directions of innovative development of the forest complex, the most suitable conditions for the digitalization of the economy. The study was conducted using a complex of General scientific and private methods: dialectical, historical, abstract-logical, as well as systemic, situational and scenario approaches, comparative analysis, empirical generalization. As a result, the efficiency and prospects of using a wide range of digital technologies for the development of the forest complex are proved. It is proposed to create and use a digital platform of the forest complex, aimed at the concentration of resources necessary for the digitalization of the forest complex, as well as the systematization and harmonization of the activities of stakeholders in this direction. The main goal of creating a digital platform of the forest complex is a significant increase in production efficiency due to the large-scale introduction of digital technologies. The goal is concretized by a number of tasks related to theoretical and methodological justification of expediency and efficiency of digital technologies in the forest complex. The implementation of this project will significantly improve the efficiency of economic activity in the forest complex of the country.

The paper presents an analysis of the wood-based energy market in Russian Federation. There are highlighted a number of problems with the types of Wood Energy Sources identification in Russian classification for production and consuption. According to statistics, domestic consumption of WES in Russia does not develop as rapidly as its exports. The paper considers studies of the WES market development examples in some European countries. It is formulated a set of problems including in the area of domestic consumption of Wood Energy Sources Russian market development. T Analyses based on dynamics of the production volumes, trading and prices of the Russian wood pellets and briquettes as the main spicies of Wood Energy Sources The export prices and trading on wood pellets were analyzed according incoterms. The export volume of wood pellets by destination countries in 2016-2018 is compared. The supply volume of wood pellets by various types of transport is analyzed. The main problems and premises for the Wood Energy Sources market development in the Russian Federation, based on the study results, are formulated, and facility development actions are proposed.

Sustainable development is a priority in a modern world. The essence of sustainable development is to ensure such economic growth that allows to preserve the natural environment for present and future generations. One of the effective tools for this is the development of green economy. The authors consider the problems of sustainable development and a green economy on the example of Russia. The purpose of the study: (1) to develop a method for assessing the development of a green economy based on a comparison of environmental and economic indicators; (2) to test this method on the materials of the Russian regions, to assess their economic activity greening level; (3) to offer recommendations for improving policies and regulation in the development of the green economy. In this study, in order to assess the level of ecologization of the regional economy, a method of assessing ecological and economic territorial development is used, based on the calculation of the integral index. This technique allows for a comparative analysis of Russian regions in terms of environmental and economic development. The authors give a comparative quantitative assessment of the level of greening of the Russian regions. On this basis, the priorities and directions of development of the green economy are proposed. It is recommended to use these proposals in the regulation of regional development in order to achieve the main goal – sustainable development. These recommendations do not reflect only the specifics of the Russian Federation, and therefore may also be applicable in the international practice.